Article(id=1322218735499334493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741622400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-11, revisedDate=1743955200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171112178, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1748534400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171112178, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171112178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171112178, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218660677140862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1029', pageEnd='1144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748534400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171094339, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325331065, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865576456868294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865576456868295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1081, endPage=1091, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218735830684510, articleId=1322218735499334493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Efficacy of different doses of methylprednisolone on AECOPD mice induced by influenza A virus infection, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the efficacy of varying doses of methylprednisolone (MP) on mice with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) induced with influenza A virus (IAV).

Methods‍

Mouse model of COPD was established using LPS combined with smoking for 12 weeks, and then these COPD mice were treated with administration of 40 μL IAV via nasal drip to establish a AECOPD model. A total of 15 AECOPD mice were randomly divided into low-, medium- and high-dose MP groups, oseltamivir group and blank group. The body weight and survival time were monitored within 10 d after IAV infection. On days 1, 3, and 5 post-treatment, lung function was assessed using whole-body plethysmography (WBP), inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were quantified with ELISA, viral titers in BALF were determined using plaque assays, and colony-forming units were evaluated with blood agar plates. Immunofluorescence analysis: ①Pulmonary immunofluorescence assay: Mice were randomly categorized into (n=4): LPS 1-day group, LPS 3-day group, and LPS+MP treatment group. All groups received an initial dose of LPS via atomization; subsequently, the LPS+MP treatment group received a single gavage dose of MP. Lung tissues were harvested from the 1-day LPS group on 1 d post-treatment, and from the 3-day LPS and LPS+MP groups on 3 d for immunofluorescence staining. ②Cellular immunofluorescence assay: Mouse bone marrow neutrophils were classified into blank control (no intervention), LPS stimulation (LPS group), MP intervention with LPS stimulation (LPS+MP group), and MP intervention alone (MP group). The above cells were collected in 4 h after corresponding interventions for subsequent cellular immunofluorescence analysis.

Results‍

①The medium-dose MP group demonstrated the most significant improvement in survival rate, weight recovery, and lung function when compared to other groups (P<0.05). ② Treatment of medium-dose MP obviously reduced the levels of IL-6 and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (P<0.05), while, elevated inflammatory factors and NETs were observed in the high-dose MP group on day 5 post-treatment. ③ Notable decline in the lung injury score was found in the medium-dose MP group than the other groups (P<0.05). ④The high-dose MP group exhibited substantial bacterial proliferation and delayed viral clearance since day 5 after treatment.

Conclusion‍

Medium-dose MP shows best efficacy in treatment of IAV-induced AECOPD, and the dose neither delays viral clearance nor increases the risk of bacterial infection following viral infection.

, authors=Lei XUE1, Rui GUI2, 4, Qiang ZENG1, Wu LI1, Cheng LIANG1, Weijia ZHOU1, Xiaotian DAI3, Guohong DENG2, 4, Wei XIONG1, authorsList=Lei XUE, Rui GUI, Qiang ZENG, Wu LI, Cheng LIANG, Weijia ZHOU, Xiaotian DAI, Guohong DENG, Wei XIONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guohong DENG, Wei XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322218740075320176, articleId=1322218735499334493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=不同剂量甲泼尼龙对甲型流感病毒感染诱导的AECOPD小鼠的疗效观察, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨不同剂量甲泼尼龙(methylprednisolone,MP)对甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IAV)感染诱发慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)小鼠的治疗效应。

方法

通过LPS联合烟熏12周建立COPD小鼠模型,经鼻滴注IAV(40 μL)诱导AECOPD,建模成功后按照随机数字表法分5组(n=15):低剂量甲泼尼龙组、中剂量甲泼尼龙组、高剂量甲泼尼龙组、奥司他韦组、空白组,观察10天内各组小鼠的体质量以及生存时间,于第1、3、5天使用WBP检测小鼠肺功能、ELISA法检测BALF炎症因子、空斑实验检测BALF病毒滴度、血平板检测BALF菌落形成单位。进行免疫荧光:①肺组织免疫荧光:将模型小鼠按照随机数字表法分3组(n=4):将小鼠分为LPS 1天组、LPS 3天组、LPS+MP组,均予以LPS雾化1次,LPS+MP组在LPS雾化后予以MP灌胃1次,第1天取LPS 1天组肺组织,第3天取LPS 3天组和LPS+MP组肺组织,进行肺组织免疫荧光染色;②细胞免疫荧光:取小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞,分为空白组、LPS组、LPS+MP组、MP组,干预4 h后收集样本进行细胞免疫荧光检测。

结果

①中剂量甲泼尼龙组提高生存率、促进体质量恢复及改善肺功能效果最显著,相较于其余各组有明显差异(P<0.05)。②中剂量甲泼尼龙组降低IL-6和中性粒细胞胞外捕获网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)水平更显著(P<0.05),高剂量甲泼尼龙组治疗第5天出现炎症因子及NETs升高。③中剂量甲泼尼龙组的肺损伤评分下降较其余组均有显著差异(P<0.05)。④高剂量甲泼尼龙组治疗第5天出现细菌大量增殖以及病毒清除延迟。

结论

中剂量甲泼尼龙对IAV诱导的 AECOPD 治疗效果最好,同时不会延迟病毒清除或增加病毒感染后细菌感染的风险。

, authors=薛磊1, 桂锐2, 4, 曾强1, 李武1, 梁成1, 周维佳1, 戴晓天3, 邓国宏2, 4, 熊玮1, authorsList=薛磊, 桂锐, 曾强, 李武, 梁成, 周维佳, 戴晓天, 邓国宏, 熊玮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓国宏, 熊玮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
熊 玮,E-mail:
邓国宏,E-mail:
XIONG Wei,E-mail:
DENG Guohong,E-mail:
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a:P<0.05,与中剂量甲泼尼龙组相比A:各组小鼠IAV感染后生存曲线;B:各组小鼠IAV感染后体质量百分比;C:各组小鼠IAV感染后体质量曲线下面积

, figureFileSmall=+IzkWThHNstX55mlV0Vxtw==, figureFileBig=5ZXHeiJt7lTL1uLrP+loow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218748317127608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218735499334493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=38s2HDrI7JGhaY1XUPdVCA==, figureFileBig=BnbfWGRyNBV91K8Y+xg8uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218748401013689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218735499334493, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组小鼠肺功能

a:P<0.05,与中剂量甲泼尼龙组相比A:各组小鼠第1、3、5天 Penh值; B:各组小鼠第1、3、5天呼气峰值时间比率(Rpef)值

, figureFileSmall=38s2HDrI7JGhaY1XUPdVCA==, figureFileBig=BnbfWGRyNBV91K8Y+xg8uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218748526842810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218735499334493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JJ/+KEZaOux3BBnuXUR0Vw==, figureFileBig=si5Jl5pocuJNXcJrd0+bAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218748610728891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218735499334493, language=CN, label=图4, caption=小鼠BALF中炎症因子和NETs浓度

a:P<0.05,与中剂量甲泼尼龙组相比; b:P<0.05,与高剂量甲泼尼龙组相比A:各组小鼠第1、3、5天IL-1β浓度; B:各组小鼠第1、3、5天TNF-α浓度; C:各组小鼠第1、3、5天 IL-6浓度; D:各组小鼠第1、3、5天 NETs浓度

, figureFileSmall=JJ/+KEZaOux3BBnuXUR0Vw==, figureFileBig=si5Jl5pocuJNXcJrd0+bAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218748694614972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218735499334493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KULHhNxfP0+ByXZwgIkKcw==, figureFileBig=OqSr5f7rIzH2H1/cLmPkkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218748807861181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218735499334493, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小鼠肺组织病理改变及肺损伤评分

A:各组小鼠第1、3、5天肺组织HE染色;B:各组小鼠第1、3、5天肺组织损伤评分 a:P<0.05,与中剂量甲泼尼龙组相比; b:P<0.05,与高剂量甲泼尼龙组相比

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A:各组小鼠第1 d和第3 d肺组织NETs免疫荧光染色(×40);B:小鼠各组中性粒细胞NETs免疫荧光染色(×20)

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a:P<0.05,与空白组相比;b:P<0.05,与高剂量甲泼尼龙组相比A:各组小鼠第1、3、5 天BALF中病毒滴度;B:BALF细菌菌落计数倍率变化; C:各组小鼠第1天和第5天BALF中细菌培养情况

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不同剂量甲泼尼龙对甲型流感病毒感染诱导的AECOPD小鼠的疗效观察
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薛磊 1 , 桂锐 2, 4 , 曾强 1 , 李武 1 , 梁成 1 , 周维佳 1 , 戴晓天 3 , 邓国宏 2, 4 , 熊玮 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(10): 1081-1091
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (10) : 1081 -1091
不同剂量甲泼尼龙对甲型流感病毒感染诱导的AECOPD小鼠的疗效观察
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薛磊1, 桂锐2, 4, 曾强1, 李武1, 梁成1, 周维佳1, 戴晓天3, 邓国宏2, 4 , 熊玮1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院:老年医学与特勤医学科,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院:感染科,重庆
  • 3陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院:呼吸与危重症科,重庆
  • 4渝粤病理科学研究中心,重庆
通讯作者:
熊 玮,E-mail:
邓国宏,E-mail:
XIONG Wei,E-mail:
DENG Guohong,E-mail:
Efficacy of different doses of methylprednisolone on AECOPD mice induced by influenza A virus infection
Lei XUE1, Rui GUI2, 4, Qiang ZENG1, Wu LI1, Cheng LIANG1, Weijia ZHOU1, Xiaotian DAI3, Guohong DENG2, 4 , Wei XIONG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Geriatrics and Special Medical Services,
  • 2Department of Infectious Diseases,
  • 3Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 4Yu-Yue Pathology Scientific Research Center,Chongqing,China.
出版时间: 2025-05-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503041
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目的

探讨不同剂量甲泼尼龙(methylprednisolone,MP)对甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IAV)感染诱发慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)小鼠的治疗效应。

方法

通过LPS联合烟熏12周建立COPD小鼠模型,经鼻滴注IAV(40 μL)诱导AECOPD,建模成功后按照随机数字表法分5组(n=15):低剂量甲泼尼龙组、中剂量甲泼尼龙组、高剂量甲泼尼龙组、奥司他韦组、空白组,观察10天内各组小鼠的体质量以及生存时间,于第1、3、5天使用WBP检测小鼠肺功能、ELISA法检测BALF炎症因子、空斑实验检测BALF病毒滴度、血平板检测BALF菌落形成单位。进行免疫荧光:①肺组织免疫荧光:将模型小鼠按照随机数字表法分3组(n=4):将小鼠分为LPS 1天组、LPS 3天组、LPS+MP组,均予以LPS雾化1次,LPS+MP组在LPS雾化后予以MP灌胃1次,第1天取LPS 1天组肺组织,第3天取LPS 3天组和LPS+MP组肺组织,进行肺组织免疫荧光染色;②细胞免疫荧光:取小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞,分为空白组、LPS组、LPS+MP组、MP组,干预4 h后收集样本进行细胞免疫荧光检测。

结果

①中剂量甲泼尼龙组提高生存率、促进体质量恢复及改善肺功能效果最显著,相较于其余各组有明显差异(P<0.05)。②中剂量甲泼尼龙组降低IL-6和中性粒细胞胞外捕获网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)水平更显著(P<0.05),高剂量甲泼尼龙组治疗第5天出现炎症因子及NETs升高。③中剂量甲泼尼龙组的肺损伤评分下降较其余组均有显著差异(P<0.05)。④高剂量甲泼尼龙组治疗第5天出现细菌大量增殖以及病毒清除延迟。

结论

中剂量甲泼尼龙对IAV诱导的 AECOPD 治疗效果最好,同时不会延迟病毒清除或增加病毒感染后细菌感染的风险。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期  /  甲型流感病毒  /  糖皮质激素  /  甲泼尼龙
Objective

To investigate the efficacy of varying doses of methylprednisolone (MP) on mice with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) induced with influenza A virus (IAV).

Methods‍

Mouse model of COPD was established using LPS combined with smoking for 12 weeks, and then these COPD mice were treated with administration of 40 μL IAV via nasal drip to establish a AECOPD model. A total of 15 AECOPD mice were randomly divided into low-, medium- and high-dose MP groups, oseltamivir group and blank group. The body weight and survival time were monitored within 10 d after IAV infection. On days 1, 3, and 5 post-treatment, lung function was assessed using whole-body plethysmography (WBP), inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were quantified with ELISA, viral titers in BALF were determined using plaque assays, and colony-forming units were evaluated with blood agar plates. Immunofluorescence analysis: ①Pulmonary immunofluorescence assay: Mice were randomly categorized into (n=4): LPS 1-day group, LPS 3-day group, and LPS+MP treatment group. All groups received an initial dose of LPS via atomization; subsequently, the LPS+MP treatment group received a single gavage dose of MP. Lung tissues were harvested from the 1-day LPS group on 1 d post-treatment, and from the 3-day LPS and LPS+MP groups on 3 d for immunofluorescence staining. ②Cellular immunofluorescence assay: Mouse bone marrow neutrophils were classified into blank control (no intervention), LPS stimulation (LPS group), MP intervention with LPS stimulation (LPS+MP group), and MP intervention alone (MP group). The above cells were collected in 4 h after corresponding interventions for subsequent cellular immunofluorescence analysis.

Results‍

①The medium-dose MP group demonstrated the most significant improvement in survival rate, weight recovery, and lung function when compared to other groups (P<0.05). ② Treatment of medium-dose MP obviously reduced the levels of IL-6 and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (P<0.05), while, elevated inflammatory factors and NETs were observed in the high-dose MP group on day 5 post-treatment. ③ Notable decline in the lung injury score was found in the medium-dose MP group than the other groups (P<0.05). ④The high-dose MP group exhibited substantial bacterial proliferation and delayed viral clearance since day 5 after treatment.

Conclusion‍

Medium-dose MP shows best efficacy in treatment of IAV-induced AECOPD, and the dose neither delays viral clearance nor increases the risk of bacterial infection following viral infection.

‍acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  /  influenza A virus  /  glucocorticoids  /  methylprednisolone
薛磊, 桂锐, 曾强, 李武, 梁成, 周维佳, 戴晓天, 邓国宏, 熊玮. 不同剂量甲泼尼龙对甲型流感病毒感染诱导的AECOPD小鼠的疗效观察. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (10) : 1081 -1091 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503041
Lei XUE, Rui GUI, Qiang ZENG, Wu LI, Cheng LIANG, Weijia ZHOU, Xiaotian DAI, Guohong DENG, Wei XIONG. Efficacy of different doses of methylprednisolone on AECOPD mice induced by influenza A virus infection[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (10) : 1081 -1091 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503041
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种常见的呼吸系统疾病,其患病率在老年人群中尤为显著[1]。随着全球人口老龄化加剧,COPD已成为全球第三大死亡原因,构成重大公共卫生负担[2]。慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)是COPD患者死亡的重要驱动因素[3]。规范用药对于AECOPD治疗至关重要。目前AECOPD的治疗主要是抗病原微生物与抗炎等联合用药模式[4,28]。其中在抗病原微生物治疗中,可以根据感染病原微生物而进行精准治疗,但在抗炎药物的使用上仍缺乏统一标准[5]。
甲泼尼龙(methylprednisolone,MP)是一种广泛应用于临床的糖皮质激素(glucocorticoids,GCs),常用于治疗哮喘、AECOPD等疾病[6-7]。主要通过抑制炎症,减轻炎症反应强度发挥作用。然而,长期使用甲泼尼龙会导致骨质疏松、糖尿病和肌肉萎缩等不良反应[8-9],并增加细菌感染的风险[10]。因此,临床需权衡其抗炎疗效与潜在不良反应,尤其在调控炎症反应与规避免疫抑制相关感染风险之间需谨慎权衡。
上呼吸道病毒感染是 AECOPD 常见的触发因素[11],但目前对病毒诱导的AECOPD的研究尚显不足。在当前全球甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IAV)爆发流行的背景下,对于病毒诱发的AECOPD 更应引起广泛关注。临床上常用GCs作为AECOPD治疗中的抗炎药物,但其对疾病的临床获益仍不完全明确[26]。在新型冠状病毒引起的重症病毒性肺炎中使用GCs可降低病死率[12,27],但在IAV引起的病毒性肺炎中使用GCs治疗并不能提高患者生存率[13]且有增加继发细菌感染的风险[14]。因此,在AECOPD中,GCs的使用仍需进一步探索。本研究使用不同剂量甲泼尼龙联合奥司他韦对IAV感染诱导的AECOPD小鼠进行干预治疗,于第1、3、5天连续性观察小鼠肺功能、炎症因子、病毒载量以及肺部病理的变化情况,以评估甲泼尼龙对IAV感染诱导的AECOPD小鼠治疗的影响,以期获得甲泼尼龙联合奥司他韦(Oseltamivir,OSE)治疗中的最佳方案,为临床IAV诱发的AECOPD的激素使用提供参考。
120只雄性C57BL/6小鼠(7周龄,体质量18~22 g),购自陆军军医大学动物房,适应性喂养1周。小鼠饲养在25 ℃的恒温环境中,12 h光照/12 h黑暗,并可自由获取标准颗粒鼠粮和水。所有实验程序均经陆军军医大学伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20237055),并按照《美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)实验动物护理和使用指南》中的指南执行,遵循《到达指南》。IAV(H1N1 PR8株,GenBank:CY147539.1,5×106 TCID50/mL)来自陆军军医大学附属第一医院感染科动物传代株。符合预定义的人道终点标准的动物立即使用二氧化碳吸入对动物实施安乐死。所有参与动物处理和程序的研究人员都接受了动物护理、处理和福利方面的专业培训。培训包括识别痛苦的迹象、正确进行治疗以及符合机构和国家动物福利标准的人道安乐死技术。
脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)购自Sigma-Aldrich公司;香烟(焦油量11 mg,烟气烟碱量1.2 mg,烟气一氧化碳12 mg)购自重庆中烟工业有限责任公司;甲泼尼龙购自MCE生物科技公司;奥司他韦购自MCE生物科技公司;磷酸盐缓冲液(Phosphate buffer saline,PBS)购自博士德生物工程有限公司;异氟烷购自瑞沃德生命科技有限公司;血琼脂平板购自环凯生物科技有限公司;4%多聚甲醛、0.5%TritonX-100(PBS配制)、山羊血清购自Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;Anti-CitH3 (1∶200;ab5103)购自Abcam公司;Anti-Ly6G (1∶200;ab25377)购自Abcam公司;Alexa Fluor 488山羊抗大鼠抗体(1∶400)购自Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;Alexa Fluor 555山羊抗兔抗体(1∶400)购自Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;4′,6-二氨基-2-苯基吲哚(4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)购自碧云天生物技术有限公司; TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、中性粒细胞胞外捕获网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)ELISA试剂盒购自酶联生物科技有限公司;小动物肺功能仪(whole-body plethysmograph,WBP)购自BUXCO公司;VS200全玻片扫描仪购自奥林巴斯公司。
小鼠在气管内注射LPS(200 μg/mL),随后暴露于香烟烟雾中,烟雾暴露方法为2支/12 min,60 min/次,2次/d,连续暴露12周[15,32]。然后使用异氟烷气体麻醉小鼠,用IAV 40 μL滴鼻,监测小鼠体温及临床状态;2天后小鼠出现活动减少、呼吸急促、毛发竖立、体质量下降提示AECOPD造模成功[17,29]。期间小鼠体质量减轻超过25%、食欲完全丧失、体温持续低于 37 ℃、对刺激无反应或反应显著下降被认为已达到临床终点。每天至少监测一次动物的疾病临床体征,包括体质量减轻、呼吸窘迫、嗜睡和异常行为。
本研究依据《糖皮质激素类药物临床应用指导原则(2011版)》及临床实践,并根据体表面积等效剂量换算原则(小鼠∶人类=9.01∶1.00),AEOPD模型小鼠将随机分为5组(n=15):①低剂量甲泼尼龙组,予以75 μg甲泼尼龙+300 μg奥司他韦灌胃;②中剂量甲泼尼龙组,予以150 μg甲泼尼龙+300 μg奥司他韦灌胃;③高剂量甲泼尼龙组:予以300 μg甲泼尼龙+300 μg奥司他韦灌胃;④奥司他韦组,予以PBS+300 μg奥司他韦灌胃;⑤空白组,予以PBS灌胃。流感病毒滴鼻2 d后根据分组进行干预,采集小鼠肺组织、肺泡灌洗液(broncho alveolar lavage fluid,BALF)进行进一步处理和分析。
使用异氟烷吸入麻醉后予以三溴乙醇腹腔注射麻醉小鼠,待小鼠完全麻醉后分离气管,使用手术缝合线将小鼠气管插管固定在气管内,吸取1 mL冷藏PBS(4 ℃)注入肺部反复冲洗3次[16]。收集的肺泡灌洗液置于离心管离心(4 ℃,1 000×g,10 min),取上清液保存在-80 ℃冰箱用于炎症因子定量分析。
取100 μL肺泡灌洗液滴于血琼脂培养基上,使用L型涂布棒将肺泡灌洗液上清均匀涂抹在培养基上,将培养基放在恒温孵箱(5% CO2,37 ℃)中培养24 h,24 h后观察细菌生长情况。第5天菌落计数和第1 天菌落计数进行倍数比较,倍数变化用于统计分析。
造模完成后,麻醉并进行灌注,取小鼠肺组织,置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定。行脱水和石蜡包埋后切片(5 μm),HE染色,干燥后用中性树脂密封。采用VS200全玻片扫描仪观察小鼠肺组织的病理变化。对肺组织HE进行观察,每组小鼠随机选择5个视野,然后使用Smith评分方法进行肺损伤评分,共四个病理参数:肺水肿、肺泡和间质炎症、肺泡和间质出血、肺不张和透明膜形成。分别进行0~4分的半定量分析,0分(无病变);1分(>0%~25%病变范围),2(>25~50%病变范围),3(>50~75%病变范围)和4:(>75%~100%病变范围),总肺损伤评分为上述各项之和[33-34]。
将小鼠按随机数字表法分为:LPS 1 d组、LPS 3 d组、LPS+甲泼尼龙治疗组,每组4只。小鼠固定于小鼠雾化吸入装置进行口鼻吸入雾化,LPS(50 μg/只,200 μg/mL)雾化吸入1次,1 d后取LPS 1 d组小鼠肺组织,3 d后取LPS 3 d组小鼠肺组织,LPS+甲泼尼龙治疗组在LPS雾化后1 h予以甲泼尼龙(150 μg)灌胃1次,3 d后取小鼠肺组织。
将小鼠放入WBP测量仪器内,让小鼠适应10 min后,测量增强呼吸间歇值(enhanced pause,Penh)以及呼气峰值时间比率值(peak expiratory flow time ratio,Rpef) 30 min[17]。
对小鼠进行灌注,取肺组织后使用4%多聚甲醛固定24 h,30%蔗糖脱水24 h,然后对肺组织进行冰冻切片(厚度8 μm)。使用病理防脱载玻片收集切片,0.5%TritonX-100(PBS配制)处理切片0.5 h。使用山羊血清室温封闭2 h后,使用一抗(Anti-CitH3,Anti-Ly6G)4 ℃孵育过夜,然后使用二抗(Alexa Fluor 488山羊抗大鼠抗体,Alexa Fluor 555山羊抗兔抗体)室温避光孵育2 h,用DAPI染色DNA[18]。最后,使用VS200全玻片扫描仪观察切片。
将小鼠麻醉后,取小鼠胫腓骨骨髓,通过BioLegend-MojoSortTM提取并分离中性粒细胞,将分离后的中性粒细胞加入DMEM重悬浮,分为空白组、LPS组、LPS+甲泼尼龙组、甲泼尼龙组,对应组分别加入LPS(100 μL,200 μg/mL),甲泼尼龙(10 μL,2 mg/mL)后在37 ℃孵箱内共培养4 h[19];将中性粒细胞使用4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,0.5% TritonX-100(PBS配制)处理细胞20 min。使用山羊血清室温封闭30 min后,使用一抗(Anti-CitH3,Anti-Ly6G)4 ℃孵育过夜,然后使用二抗(Alexa Fluor 488山羊抗大鼠抗体,Alexa Fluor 555山羊抗兔抗体)室温避光孵育1 h,用DAPI染色DNA。最后,使用VS200全玻片扫描仪观察细胞。
使用小鼠酶联免疫分析试剂盒,采用夹心法捕捉并测量。根据制造商使用说明操作,用酶标仪在450 nm 波长下测定吸光度(OD值),通过标准曲线计算小鼠肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、NETs浓度[20]。
取100 μL BALF上清液稀释1 000倍后滴加进入无间隙的单层细胞,在细胞培养皿中孵育2 h,移除接种物,用含维持培养基的半固体琼脂加入培养皿中,形成半固体覆盖物。待空斑生长至肉眼可见,用多聚甲醛固定细胞结构,添加细胞染色染料,计数空斑个数后统计分析[21]。
使用GraphPad Prism 10.2.3进行统计分析,生存时间使用COX回归分析,计量资料组间比较使用未配对双尾t检验分析。当P<0.05时认为具有显著性差异。
记录IAV感染10天内各组小鼠的体质量数据以及生存时间,中剂量甲泼尼龙组的生存率与体质量曲线下面积相较于其余各组有明显差异(P<0.05),而高剂量甲泼尼龙组在第10天时生存率明显下降,与空白组无显著差异(图2A)。中剂量甲泼尼龙组的体质量曲线下面积最大,与其余各组间有显著差异(P<0.05,图2C),表明可能中剂量甲泼尼龙组更能让宿主获益。
在小鼠给予药物干预后的第1天、第3天、第5天进行无创肺功能检测,结果显示:中剂量甲泼尼龙组Penh值沿时间轴呈下降趋势,Rpef值呈上升趋势;与空白组相比,Penh值显著下降而Rpef值显著上升(P<0.05,图3A、B)。
通过肺功能本研究发现高剂量甲泼尼龙组的肺功能在第5天出现异常下降,猜测与炎症因子有关,因此本研究通过ELISA法检测了IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6及NETs的变化情况。结果显示:中、低剂量甲泼尼龙组及奥司他韦组细胞炎症因子和NETs表达水平沿时间轴呈逐渐下降趋势;高剂量甲泼尼龙组呈先下降后升高趋势; 空白组呈逐渐上升趋势。第1天高剂量甲泼尼龙组与奥司他韦组及空白组相比显著下降(P<0.05),但与中剂量甲泼尼龙组均未表现出明显差异,与低剂量组除IL-1β表达水平外均有显著差异(P<0.05);第3天高剂量甲泼尼龙组下降趋势更加明显,与其余各组均有着明显差异(P<0.05);第5天高剂量甲泼尼龙组呈升高趋势,除IL-1β、TNF-α表达水平与空白组无显著差异外,与其余各组均有明显差异(P<0.05),中剂量甲泼尼龙组下降趋势除IL-1β、TNF-α表达水平与低剂量甲泼尼龙组无显著差异外,与其余各组均有明显差异(P<0.05),与小鼠肺功能变化情况基本吻合。
肺组织病理结果显示:中、低剂量甲泼尼龙组与奥司他韦组病理变化表现呈逐渐缓解趋势,高剂量甲泼尼龙组病理变化表现呈先减轻后加重趋势,空白组病理变化表现呈逐渐加重趋势(图 5A)。肺损伤评分,第1天时,高剂量组与中剂量组无明显差异,但与其余治疗组均有明显差异;第3天时,高剂量组肺损伤缓解趋势较其余组更加明显(P<0.05);第5天时,高剂量组肺损伤评分上升,中剂量组下降趋势最显著,与其余组有显著差异(P<0.05,图5B)。结果表明中剂量甲泼尼龙治疗的肺组织病理表现缓解趋势更加明显,高剂量甲泼尼龙治疗在第5天肺组织病理表现加重。炎症越重的情况下出血及纤维渗出越多,对肺泡与外界的气体交换功能影响越大,从而导致小鼠的肺功能越差,这与本研究所观察到的小鼠肺功能情况也是保持一致的。
AECOPD患者的血液及痰液中NETs含量均增高。本研究通过细胞实验和动物实验验证了甲泼尼龙对NETs的影响,从动物实验中可以发现予以LPS雾化后的小鼠肺部可以见到大量的NETs生成,而加用甲泼尼龙治疗的小鼠肺部无明显NETs生成(图6A)。在细胞实验中可以发现予以LPS刺激的中性粒细胞产生了大量的NETs,而予以LPS+甲泼尼龙共孵育的中性粒细胞产生的NETs明显减少,同时空白对照组及甲泼尼龙组未见明显NETs生成(图6B)。
对小鼠的BALF进行了细菌培养,然后进行菌落计数,发现高剂量甲泼尼龙组第1天与第5 天的细菌菌落计数的变化倍率相较于其余各组有显著差异(P<0.01),其余各组间无明显差异(P>0.05,图7B、C)。同时用BALF进行病毒空斑试验,对病毒滴度进行检测,发现各组均表现为逐渐下降趋势,第1 天各组间的病毒滴度均无明显差异,第3 天予以药物治疗的4组病毒滴度下降与空白组呈现显著差异(P<0.05),但4组之间病毒滴度下降无显著差异(P>0.05),第5天空白组病毒滴度下降与其余各组仍存在明显差异(P<0.05),但高剂量甲泼尼龙组与其余治疗组间也出现明显差异(P<0.05),其余3组治疗组间无明显差异(P>0.05,图7A)。
AECOPD是COPD患者死亡与疾病进展的主要诱因。临床实践中,细菌感染相关AECOPD通常需要抗生素治疗,而病毒感染诱发的AECOPD则以抗炎治疗为主。对于病毒诱发的AECOPD糖皮质激素的使用仍存在争议,在 COVID-19导致的严重肺炎中,高剂量甲泼尼龙已被证明对患者有益[22],然而,对于流感病毒引起的严重肺炎,既往研究表明高剂量和低剂量的糖皮质激素均与不良结局相关[23]。相比之下,本研究结果表明,在IAV诱导的 AECOPD小鼠中,中剂量的糖皮质激素能够明显提升生存率,改善肺功能及改善肺部病理情况,对宿主最有益,这可能是因为使用了奥司他韦抗IAV联合甲泼尼龙抗炎的针对性治疗方法。既往临床研究常因为不能明确具体由何种病毒诱发AECOPD,因此不能针对特定病毒展开抗病毒治疗,只能集中于抗炎单一疗法上。本研究提前确定了诱发的病毒类型,因此结合了抗病毒和抗炎治疗。尽管本研究中高剂量甲泼尼龙组最终没有显示出对宿主的益处,且既往研究也不支持在严重流感患者中使用高剂量GCs[24],但本实验高剂量GCs治疗方式在早期抑制炎症因子,肺功能表现为先改善后恶化及后期才出现病毒清除延迟,提示需探索动态剂量调整方案,如初始高剂量随后中剂量GCs治疗,这可能在AECOPD治疗中提供更大的益处,但这需要进一步实验验证。
甲泼尼龙具有明确抗炎作用,本研究结果与既往文献报道一致[30]。本研究证实:甲泼尼龙能够明显降低IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6及NETs的水平。虽然既往研究提示GCs可能延长流感病毒清除时间[25],但本研究发现:中低剂量甲泼尼龙治疗组未出现显著病毒清除延迟,而高剂量组在第5天呈现病毒载量回升,提示病毒清除效率与GCs剂量存在相关性。糖皮质激素治疗流感病毒肺炎的一个显著局限性是其与细菌感染风险增加有关[31],在本研究中第5天高剂量甲泼尼龙组中也观察到细菌大量增殖的现象,表明高剂量甲泼尼龙在IAV诱导的AECOPD治疗中存在着继发细菌感染的风险。值得注意的是,本研究中发现GCs治疗组中出现白色、不透明、扁平菌落,而在非GCs治疗组中出现小而半透明的菌落,这提示GCs的使用可能改变了肺部细菌分布,该机制值得进一步研究。
然而,本研究也存在一些局限性:①没有对细菌的种类以及致病性进行进一步的检测;②样本量较小,可能导致检验效能不足;③由于小鼠AECOPD模型与人类AECOPD模型存在着差异,该研究结果需谨慎外推至临床。
综上所述,本研究采用IAV诱导的 AECOPD 小鼠模型,观察奥司他韦联合不同剂量GCs连续干预5天的治疗效果。结果显示,中剂量甲泼尼龙对IAV诱导的AECOPD治疗效果最佳,且未观察到病毒清除延迟或病毒感染后细菌感染风险增加。本研究为AECOPD治疗中GCs的剂量选择及联合抗病毒策略提供了重要实验依据。

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2025年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503041
  • 接收时间:2025-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-11
  • 修回日期:2025-04-07
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院:老年医学与特勤医学科,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院:感染科,重庆
    3陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院:呼吸与危重症科,重庆
    4渝粤病理科学研究中心,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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