Article(id=1322218724564775248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738684800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-05, revisedDate=1742313600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171109572, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171109572, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171109572, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171109572, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218723616862544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1145', pageEnd='1242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749916800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171109346, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325423536, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865964295766226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865964295766227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1227, endPage=1234, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218724917096785, articleId=1322218724564775248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Expression characteristics of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 in cochlear hair cells during early postnatal stages in mice, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the spatiotemporal expression pattern of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) in the mouse cochlear basilar membrane and its dynamic changes during postnatal development until hair cell synaptic maturation.

Methods‍

Ten healthy 3-month-old C57BL/6L wild-type mice (5 males, 5 females, 25~35 g) were bred to obtain offspring. Cochlear samples from postnatal days 1~30 (P1~P30) were analyzed. Frequency-specific auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were measured at 45.2, 32.0, 22.6, 16.0, 11.3, 8.0, 5.6, and 4.0 kHz in P12, P14, P16, P21, and P30 mice. Immunofluorescence assay combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to scan cochlear whole-mount preparations. Spatiotemporal co-localization profiling of mGluR4 and synaptic markers Ctbp2 and Snap25 was observed, and quantitative comparisons of fluorescent puncta density were performed.

Results‍

ABR testing revealed undifferentiated waveforms in all P12 mice, while 70% of P14 mice exhibited well-defined Wave I. In P14, P16, P21 and P30, mice undergoing ABR testing, 50% failed to exhibit ABR waveforms when stimulated by 45.2 kHz tones, and 87.5% showed no response to 32.0 kHz stimuli. Auditory response thresholds for other frequencies progressively decreased with increasing postnatal age. Immunolocalization demonstrated stronger mGluR4 expression in inner hair cells (IHCs) versus outer hair cells (OHCs). Distinct mGluR4 puncta were observed at IHC presynaptic active zones (co-localized with Snap25) as early as P11, but showed minimal overlap with CtBP2-labeled ribbons. Quantitative analysis revealed significantly higher mGluR4 puncta density at P30 compared to P14 synapses (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Postnatal upregulation of mGluR4 at IHC synaptic regions correlates with functional maturation. These findings suggest mGluR4 may modulate vesicular exocytosis regulation and exert pharmacological inhibition on glutamate release, potentially influencing synaptic plasticity during auditory pathway refinement.

, authors=Zhiji CHEN, Xuelai LIU, Xiaoqing ZHOU, Yuting SHE, Menglong FENG, Shaojing KUANG, Hongyan FANG, Wei YUAN, authorsList=Zhiji CHEN, Xuelai LIU, Xiaoqing ZHOU, Yuting SHE, Menglong FENG, Shaojing KUANG, Hongyan FANG, Wei YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322218726976500056, articleId=1322218724564775248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=出生后早期代谢型谷氨酸受体4在小鼠耳蜗毛细胞中的表达特征, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究代谢型谷氨酸受体4(metabotropic glutamate receptor 4,mGluR4)在小鼠耳蜗基底膜的表达定位,及其从出生后至毛细胞突触成熟的表达变化。

方法

10只健康的3月龄C57BJ/6L野生型小鼠(5只雄鼠,5只雌鼠,体质量25~35 g)配对繁殖,分别选取出生后P1~P30不同日龄的小鼠,采用分频听觉脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)检测P12、P14、P16、P21、P30日龄小鼠在45.2、32.0、22.6、16.0、11.3、8.0、5.6和4.0 kHz的听反应阈,用免疫荧光标记联合激光共聚焦显微镜扫描耳蜗基底膜铺片。观察mGluR4与突触相关蛋白Ctbp2和Snap25的表达定位关系,以及统计随突触成熟发生的荧光斑数量变化。

结果

在小鼠ABR检测中发现,P12日龄小鼠在所有频率最大刺激声强度下均未能诱发出分化良好的波形,70%的P14日龄小鼠能够被至少1个频率的刺激声诱发出分化良好的Ⅰ波。在P14、P16、P21、P30日龄小鼠ABR测试中,50%的小鼠无法被45.2 kHz刺激声诱发出ABR波形,87.5%的小鼠无法被32.0 kHz刺激声诱发出ABR波形,其他频率的听反应阈随小鼠日龄增加逐步降低。在基底膜铺片免疫荧光染色检测中发现,mGluR4表达于出生后的小鼠耳蜗基底膜,其荧光强度在内毛细胞(inner hair cell,IHC)强于外毛细胞(outer hair cell,OHC)。在P11小鼠的IHC中即能够检测到清晰明显的mGluR4荧光斑点,其存在于细胞表达Snap25的突触囊泡胞吐活性区,但与突触蛋白Ctbp2无明显共标。在突触区mGluR4的荧光斑点信号统计中,P30小鼠荧光斑点数量多于P14小鼠(P<0.05)。

结论

在小鼠出生后早期,mGluR4在IHC突触区表达逐渐增加。随着突触功能成熟其可能参与囊泡胞吐调控,并可能通过自身药理特性抑制谷氨酸递质释放,影响突触可塑性。

, authors=陈知己, 刘雪莱, 周小清, 佘雨婷, 冯梦龙, 邝韶景, 方红雁, 袁伟, authorsList=陈知己, 刘雪莱, 周小清, 佘雨婷, 冯梦龙, 邝韶景, 方红雁, 袁伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
袁伟,E-mail:
YUAN Wei,E-mail:
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J Army Med Univ,2023,45(24):2512-2520., articleTitle=Construction and otological phenotypic characterization of a mouse model harboring orthologous human Waardenburg syndrome mutation SOX10 p.R106W, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322218727509176665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218727517565274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, companyId=1322218727509176665, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Chongqing General Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218727546925403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, companyId=1322218727509176665, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆市人民医院(重庆大学附属人民医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322218734203285900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hlieRgHq/U5UPzg8NByNzw==, figureFileBig=UgnxUGJeMNRFoODwyvG+5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218734538830221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, language=CN, label=图1, caption=免疫荧光染色检测P30小鼠耳蜗IHC中mGluR4的表达

红色荧光:示Otoferlin,绿色荧光:示mGluR4,蓝色荧光:示细胞核

, figureFileSmall=hlieRgHq/U5UPzg8NByNzw==, figureFileBig=UgnxUGJeMNRFoODwyvG+5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218734916317582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=skO7oZcYPM+dwXLjEv5cvg==, figureFileBig=Aq3TKD00IJBDeDAipihyDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218735021175183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, language=CN, label=图2, caption=免疫荧光染色检测P30小鼠耳蜗基底膜mGluR4的表达及与Ctbp2和Snap25的共定位关系

红色荧光:示Snap25,绿色荧光:示mGluR4,白色荧光:示Ctbp2,蓝色荧光:示细胞核;黄色箭头:示mGluR4绿色荧光斑与Ctbp2、Snap25信号的相对关系A:P30小鼠内外毛细胞区域不同荧光通道组合图;B~E:细胞核、mGluR4、Snap25和Ctbp2信号的单荧光通道图;F:P30小鼠IHC突触区荧光组合图;G:mGluR4信号与Ctbp2信号共标图;H:mGluR4信号与Snap25信号共标图

, figureFileSmall=skO7oZcYPM+dwXLjEv5cvg==, figureFileBig=Aq3TKD00IJBDeDAipihyDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218735109255568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nhpGKmOI5lTMQInIUWYZ2A==, figureFileBig=gbU1lbUPWGds6qpAGXLneA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218735218307473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, language=CN, label=图3, caption=免疫荧光染色检测从出生后至P30小鼠耳蜗IHC突触区mGluR4荧光斑点数量变化

A:P1、P7、P14、P21、P30小鼠IHC突触图 红色荧光:示Snap25,绿色荧光:示mGluR4,白色荧光:示Ctbp2,蓝色荧光:示细胞核;B:在P14、P21、P30小鼠中随机截取5个IHC突触区中mGluR4荧光斑点数量比较(n=7,x¯±s) a:P<0.05

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日龄4.0 kHz/dB SPL5.6 kHz/dB SPL8.0 kHz/dB SPL11.3 kHz/dB SPL
P1478.57±6.2762.14±9.9462.86±6.3650.00±5.00
(72.77~84.37)(52.95~71.34)(56.97~68.74)(45.38~54.62)
P1670.71±8.8651.43±14.9245.71±16.4442.86±13.50
(62.52~78.91)(37.63~65.23)(30.51~60.92)(30.38~55.34)
P2156.43±9.4537.86±10.7535.00±7.6429.29±7.32
(47.69~65.17)(27.92~47.80)(27.94~42.06)(22.52~36.05)
P3042.86±2.6729.29±7.3224.29±4.5018.57±2.44
(40.39~45.33)(22.52~36.05)(20.13~28.45)(16.32~20.88)
日龄16.0 kHz/dB SPL22.6 kHz/dB SPL32.0 kHz/dB SPL45.2 kHz/dB SPL
P1448.57±5.5654.29±9.7676.43±12.49/
(43.43~53.72)(45.26~63.31)(64.88~87.98)/
P1641.43±10.2941.43±7.4851.43±13.1486.43±9.45
(31.91~50.95)(34.51~48.35)(39.28~63.58)(77.69~95.17)
P2127.14±8.0931.43±7.4847.14±11.1362.14±17.53
(19.66~34.63)(24.51~38.35)(45.93~78.35)(45.93~78.35)
P3016.43±2.4419.29±1.8937.14±4.8855.00±5.77
(14.17~18.69)(17.54~21.03)(32.63~41.66)(49.66~60.34)
), ArticleFig(id=1322218735453188499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218724564775248, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

出生后不同日龄小鼠分频ABR的听反应阈值[n=10,x¯±s(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日龄4.0 kHz/dB SPL5.6 kHz/dB SPL8.0 kHz/dB SPL11.3 kHz/dB SPL
P1478.57±6.2762.14±9.9462.86±6.3650.00±5.00
(72.77~84.37)(52.95~71.34)(56.97~68.74)(45.38~54.62)
P1670.71±8.8651.43±14.9245.71±16.4442.86±13.50
(62.52~78.91)(37.63~65.23)(30.51~60.92)(30.38~55.34)
P2156.43±9.4537.86±10.7535.00±7.6429.29±7.32
(47.69~65.17)(27.92~47.80)(27.94~42.06)(22.52~36.05)
P3042.86±2.6729.29±7.3224.29±4.5018.57±2.44
(40.39~45.33)(22.52~36.05)(20.13~28.45)(16.32~20.88)
日龄16.0 kHz/dB SPL22.6 kHz/dB SPL32.0 kHz/dB SPL45.2 kHz/dB SPL
P1448.57±5.5654.29±9.7676.43±12.49/
(43.43~53.72)(45.26~63.31)(64.88~87.98)/
P1641.43±10.2941.43±7.4851.43±13.1486.43±9.45
(31.91~50.95)(34.51~48.35)(39.28~63.58)(77.69~95.17)
P2127.14±8.0931.43±7.4847.14±11.1362.14±17.53
(19.66~34.63)(24.51~38.35)(45.93~78.35)(45.93~78.35)
P3016.43±2.4419.29±1.8937.14±4.8855.00±5.77
(14.17~18.69)(17.54~21.03)(32.63~41.66)(49.66~60.34)
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出生后早期代谢型谷氨酸受体4在小鼠耳蜗毛细胞中的表达特征
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陈知己 , 刘雪莱 , 周小清 , 佘雨婷 , 冯梦龙 , 邝韶景 , 方红雁 , 袁伟
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(11): 1227-1234
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (11) : 1227 -1234
出生后早期代谢型谷氨酸受体4在小鼠耳蜗毛细胞中的表达特征
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陈知己, 刘雪莱, 周小清, 佘雨婷, 冯梦龙, 邝韶景, 方红雁, 袁伟
作者信息
  • 1重庆市人民医院(重庆大学附属人民医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,重庆
通讯作者:
袁伟,E-mail:
YUAN Wei,E-mail:
Expression characteristics of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 in cochlear hair cells during early postnatal stages in mice
Zhiji CHEN, Xuelai LIU, Xiaoqing ZHOU, Yuting SHE, Menglong FENG, Shaojing KUANG, Hongyan FANG, Wei YUAN
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Chongqing General Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502004
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目的

探究代谢型谷氨酸受体4(metabotropic glutamate receptor 4,mGluR4)在小鼠耳蜗基底膜的表达定位,及其从出生后至毛细胞突触成熟的表达变化。

方法

10只健康的3月龄C57BJ/6L野生型小鼠(5只雄鼠,5只雌鼠,体质量25~35 g)配对繁殖,分别选取出生后P1~P30不同日龄的小鼠,采用分频听觉脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)检测P12、P14、P16、P21、P30日龄小鼠在45.2、32.0、22.6、16.0、11.3、8.0、5.6和4.0 kHz的听反应阈,用免疫荧光标记联合激光共聚焦显微镜扫描耳蜗基底膜铺片。观察mGluR4与突触相关蛋白Ctbp2和Snap25的表达定位关系,以及统计随突触成熟发生的荧光斑数量变化。

结果

在小鼠ABR检测中发现,P12日龄小鼠在所有频率最大刺激声强度下均未能诱发出分化良好的波形,70%的P14日龄小鼠能够被至少1个频率的刺激声诱发出分化良好的Ⅰ波。在P14、P16、P21、P30日龄小鼠ABR测试中,50%的小鼠无法被45.2 kHz刺激声诱发出ABR波形,87.5%的小鼠无法被32.0 kHz刺激声诱发出ABR波形,其他频率的听反应阈随小鼠日龄增加逐步降低。在基底膜铺片免疫荧光染色检测中发现,mGluR4表达于出生后的小鼠耳蜗基底膜,其荧光强度在内毛细胞(inner hair cell,IHC)强于外毛细胞(outer hair cell,OHC)。在P11小鼠的IHC中即能够检测到清晰明显的mGluR4荧光斑点,其存在于细胞表达Snap25的突触囊泡胞吐活性区,但与突触蛋白Ctbp2无明显共标。在突触区mGluR4的荧光斑点信号统计中,P30小鼠荧光斑点数量多于P14小鼠(P<0.05)。

结论

在小鼠出生后早期,mGluR4在IHC突触区表达逐渐增加。随着突触功能成熟其可能参与囊泡胞吐调控,并可能通过自身药理特性抑制谷氨酸递质释放,影响突触可塑性。

代谢型谷氨酸受体4  /  内毛细胞  /  耳蜗  /  突触
Objective‍

To investigate the spatiotemporal expression pattern of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) in the mouse cochlear basilar membrane and its dynamic changes during postnatal development until hair cell synaptic maturation.

Methods‍

Ten healthy 3-month-old C57BL/6L wild-type mice (5 males, 5 females, 25~35 g) were bred to obtain offspring. Cochlear samples from postnatal days 1~30 (P1~P30) were analyzed. Frequency-specific auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were measured at 45.2, 32.0, 22.6, 16.0, 11.3, 8.0, 5.6, and 4.0 kHz in P12, P14, P16, P21, and P30 mice. Immunofluorescence assay combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to scan cochlear whole-mount preparations. Spatiotemporal co-localization profiling of mGluR4 and synaptic markers Ctbp2 and Snap25 was observed, and quantitative comparisons of fluorescent puncta density were performed.

Results‍

ABR testing revealed undifferentiated waveforms in all P12 mice, while 70% of P14 mice exhibited well-defined Wave I. In P14, P16, P21 and P30, mice undergoing ABR testing, 50% failed to exhibit ABR waveforms when stimulated by 45.2 kHz tones, and 87.5% showed no response to 32.0 kHz stimuli. Auditory response thresholds for other frequencies progressively decreased with increasing postnatal age. Immunolocalization demonstrated stronger mGluR4 expression in inner hair cells (IHCs) versus outer hair cells (OHCs). Distinct mGluR4 puncta were observed at IHC presynaptic active zones (co-localized with Snap25) as early as P11, but showed minimal overlap with CtBP2-labeled ribbons. Quantitative analysis revealed significantly higher mGluR4 puncta density at P30 compared to P14 synapses (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Postnatal upregulation of mGluR4 at IHC synaptic regions correlates with functional maturation. These findings suggest mGluR4 may modulate vesicular exocytosis regulation and exert pharmacological inhibition on glutamate release, potentially influencing synaptic plasticity during auditory pathway refinement.

metabotropic glutamate receptor 4  /  inner hair cell  /  cochlea  /  synapse
陈知己, 刘雪莱, 周小清, 佘雨婷, 冯梦龙, 邝韶景, 方红雁, 袁伟. 出生后早期代谢型谷氨酸受体4在小鼠耳蜗毛细胞中的表达特征. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (11) : 1227 -1234 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502004
Zhiji CHEN, Xuelai LIU, Xiaoqing ZHOU, Yuting SHE, Menglong FENG, Shaojing KUANG, Hongyan FANG, Wei YUAN. Expression characteristics of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 in cochlear hair cells during early postnatal stages in mice[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (11) : 1227 -1234 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502004
内耳柯蒂氏器是实现人耳声信号传导的基础。其中,耳蜗毛细胞凭借自身纤毛摆动、细胞电位变化以及突触递质释放等一系列细胞变化,将由声波引起的内淋巴振动转化为电信号,经由突触递质释放,传导给突触后螺旋神经元。神经元将信号整合,形成蜗神经冲动向中枢传导[1]。突触递质释放是信号传导的关键环节。细胞损伤、耳蜗内环境变化、衰老、噪声及药物等都可能改变突触递质释放,进而引发听力障碍[2]。谷氨酸为内毛细胞(inner hair cell,IHC)带状突触的关键递质。快速、超量的谷氨酸释放于突触间隙激活受体可引发兴奋性毒性,产生可逆或不可逆的听力损失[3]。
代谢型谷氨酸受体(metabotropic glutamate receptor,mGluR)主要参与神经兴奋性平衡维持,其通过自身高效的“受体-配体”结合介导突触可塑性,可能与抑郁症、帕金森病、中枢退行性疾病及视觉障碍等发病过程有关[4-7]。mGluR家族成员有8个不同的亚型,按照不同的结构和药理特征分为3类。其中,Ⅰ类包括mGluR1、5,Ⅱ类包括mGluR2、3,Ⅲ类包括mGluR4、6、7、8 [8]。mGluR受体家族为G蛋白耦联受体之一,依靠激活G蛋白产生的第二信使调控细胞内效应,据报道,不同mGluR能够结合不同浓度范围的谷氨酸[8-9]。早期有关mGluR研究围绕L-(+)-2-氨基-4-膦酰基丁酸(L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid,L-AP4)展开[9]。研究发现,L-AP4能够通过突触前机制抑制神经元的谷氨酸释放,后来发现L-AP4为第Ⅲ类mGluR的激动剂,mGluR4为第Ⅲ类mGluR中与L-AP4及谷氨酸亲和力最高的受体[9]。据报道,这类受体能够发挥负反馈调控突触囊泡胞吐的功能[7-8]。由于受体位置和亲和力的影响,生理条件下突触释放的递质水平并不足以激活mGluR受体。然而在环境异常刺激中,过量释放的递质则能够激活受体,抑制递质进一步释放,从而实现自体负反馈调控[10-11]。既往研究报道,mGluR4表达于海马、丘脑及脊髓等区域[12],但在出生后早期mGluR4表达特征并不清楚。由于听觉信号传导快速,本课题组推测耳蜗中必然有一套精细的谷氨酸调控机制来调节突触可塑性。本研究通过分频听觉脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)明确生后早期小鼠听反应阈的变化特征,并采用免疫荧光染色示踪从出生后第1天(P1)到出生后第30天(P30)的mGluR4表达趋势,以期通过定位研究为后续的条件性基因敲除动物模型构建提供参考。
实验用10只3月龄SPF级健康的C57BJ/6L野生型(wild type,WT)小鼠(5只雄鼠,5只雌鼠,体质量25~35 g)购自中国科学院脑科学与智能技术卓越创新中心,动物饲养及实验均在该中心平台完成。小鼠毛色正常,粗测耳廓反射灵敏,无明显转圈、摇头、身体摇晃表现。将5只雌鼠与5只雄鼠按随机数字表法分5笼配对繁殖,每笼放置1只雄鼠和1只雌鼠。合笼后,每日9点及17点查看幼鼠的出生情况,幼鼠出生当日定为出生后第0天(P0)。所有小鼠饲养、处理方式及动物福利已经重庆市人民医院实验伦理委员会的批准(S2023-094-01)。
用于麻醉动物的吸入异氟烷购自深圳瑞沃德公司,水合氯醛购自德国Merck公司。免疫荧光所用试剂∶兔源mGluR4(1∶300,ab53088)、羊源Snap25(1∶500,ab31281)、鼠源Otoferlin(1∶500,ab53233)购自英国abcam公司;鼠源Ctbp2(1∶500,612044)购自美国Bioscience公司;驴源二抗皆购自美国Jackson Immuno Research Laboratory公司。Triton X-100及多聚甲醛购自美国Sigma公司;小牛血清蛋白购自美国Fisher Scientific公司;Hoechst及Prolong Gold antifade reagent购自美国Thermo Scientific公司;PBS购自美国Sangon Biotech公司。
小鼠从P3开始长出耳廓,P10耳蜗各周毛细胞已发育至成年小鼠形态,P11小鼠外耳道打开,P14血管纹等精细结构成熟、耳蜗发育至成年形态[13]。据此,本研究测试了P12、P14、P16、P21、P30小鼠的ABR。将待测试小鼠置于麻醉箱中,予以吸入异氟烷麻醉,待小鼠麻醉后联合0.011 mL/g的4.8%水合氯醛进行腹腔注射麻醉。观察小鼠呼吸、捏小鼠下肢及外耳判断麻醉深度,呼吸平稳无疼痛反射即为理想麻醉状态,麻醉后进行ABR测试。将麻醉满意的小鼠置于声屏蔽室的保温垫上,保持体温37 ℃。将ABR测试用针状电极分别插入小鼠颅顶正中皮下骨膜上(注意避免刺入颅内)、耳廓下方皮下、下肢背侧皮下。调整隔音室中的声场扬声器与小鼠的位置于距离外耳道口10 cm。设备采用美国TDT公司RZ6,信号记录软件为BioSigRZ软件。滤波带通为100 Hz~3 kHz。测试刺激声为短音,测试频率为45.2、32.0、22.6、16.0、11.3、8.0、5.6和4.0 kHz。从90 dB SPL刺激强度开始,以5 dB SPL的步长递减,直至能稳定引出波形的最小刺激强度即为小鼠ABR听反应阈(dB SPL)。扫描时间窗为10 ms,叠加次数为1 024次。波形主要以综合Ⅰ波和Ⅱ波出现为判定标准。听阈图像制作由GraphPad Prism10.0软件完成。
将P1、P7、P11、P14、P21、P30的小鼠在保证理想麻醉状态,予以心脏灌流1×PBS和4%多聚甲醛(paraformaldehyde,PFA)。灌流后断头取出小鼠耳蜗,置入装有4%PFA的EP管中于4 ℃冷库摇床过夜。将PFA固定后的耳蜗取出,1×PBS漂洗3次,每次5 min。用120 μmol/L EDTA进行脱钙1 d。将脱钙后的组织再次PBS漂洗3次,每次5 min。在显微镜下小心剥去耳蜗蜗壳,保留膜迷路的部分。用弹簧剪剪去血管纹区域,保留柯蒂氏器及蜗轴侧的螺旋神经节结构。将处理好的基底膜置入室温的含1%Triton X-100、5%胎牛血清以及PBS的复合溶液中抗原封闭及通透,持续1 h。用含有一抗抗体的溶液替换抗原封闭复合溶液,在4 ℃环境中摇床上抗体孵育过夜。孵育结束后用PBS漂洗组织3遍,每次5 min,在室温环境下更换为相应种属(驴抗羊、驴抗兔、驴抗鼠)二抗避光孵育3 h,再次用PBS漂洗5 min后予以Hoechst进行细胞核染色3 min。PBS漂洗5 min后,将基底膜铺于载玻片上的Prolong Gold荧光防淬灭液中,盖玻片缓慢压片。在暗室中采用Nikon C2共聚焦显微镜进行荧光激发及扫描。
参考毛细胞细胞核的排列特征,定位IHC区域,并进行Z轴扫描整个IHC,设置层厚为0.3 μm,设置像素大小为1 024×1 024,以细胞核定位确定拍摄整个IHC的顶底区域,即确保涵盖所有Otoferlin荧光标记的IHC区域或者Snap25及Ctbp2荧光标记的IHC突触区。共聚焦显微镜激发光波长分别为:蓝色405 nm,绿色488 nm,红色561 nm,白色640 nm,设置初始4个通道的激光增益值分别为4.0、6.0、4.0、1.0。P1、P7、P11、P14、P21、P30的小鼠耳蜗基底膜铺片均采取3次生物学重复,可获得整个毛细胞突触区的荧光特征。实验分别予以10×、60×物镜进行拍摄扫描。采用Image J调整绿色荧光通道强度参数为1 000~4 000用以降低背景噪点,计算荧光斑点数量,并用该软件予以荧光Merge和单通道处理图像。在计数荧光斑数量时,由2名实验人员计数取均值,以5个IHC为单位截取图像,计数所截取图像中绿色荧光信号数量。以连续3个层面发现的荧光斑点记为有效斑点,并且绿色mGluR4荧光斑点需要在红色荧光Snap25所标记的胞吐活性区。
不同日龄小鼠听反应阈值为计量资料,Shapiro-Wilk检验符合正态分布。数据用x¯±s表示,并计算其95%置信区间(95%CI)。采用单因素方差分析比较3个不同日龄组小鼠IHC荧光斑点数量,统计分析由SPSS 23.0完成。GraphPad Prism10.0软件用于统计图制作,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为追踪C57BJ/6L小鼠听力发育过程,测试不同日龄小鼠ABR听反应阈,结果发现,在P12时所有小鼠ABR无法引出波形。50%的小鼠在32.0、45.2 kHz频率无明显分化较好波形。为便于统计,未引出波形时反应阈均记为最大值90 dB SPL。在除上述2个频率外其他所测试频率中,P14小鼠听反应阈引出概率为70%,P16及更大日龄小鼠听阈引出概率为100%。随着不断发育成熟,P14、P16、P21、P30小鼠ABR听反应阈值逐渐降低。P14、P16、P21小鼠听反应阈个体差异较大;然而随着不断发育成熟,P30小鼠听阈值个体差异较其他组更小(表1)。
通过耳蜗全铺片免疫荧光检测,用Otoferlin定位IHC,提示mGluR4在耳蜗IHC中表达(图1)。从空间上看,mGluR4在小鼠耳蜗基底膜的表达呈现从蜗轴侧到血管纹侧逐渐减少的趋势(图2A~E)。在螺旋神经元及神经分枝走形区域、毛细胞中均发现mGluR4的荧光信号。就毛细胞区域来看,IHC区域中mGluR4荧光信号强度明显高于外毛细胞(outer hair cell,OHC)区域(图2A)。mGluR4与突触囊泡胞吐相关蛋白Snap25存在荧光共定位(图2H),说明mGluR4表达于IHC胞吐活性区。然而本研究发现mGluR4未与IHC带状突触的结构蛋白Ctbp2共标,但其荧光信号常紧靠于Ctbp2的荧光信号(图2G)。
免疫荧光染色显示,从出生后到P30,mGluR4在小鼠耳蜗IHC中的表达呈现一个逐渐增强的趋势(图3A)。在P11小鼠耳蜗IHC突触区中,已发现清晰明显的mGluR4的荧光斑点,早于上述研究中ABR出现良好分化波形的时间P14。统计Z轴扫描的随机截取的IHC后发现,在Snap25荧光所提示的IHC突触区中,P30小鼠的mGluR4绿色荧光斑点数量多于P14小鼠(P<0.05,图3B)。
近来研究发现,耳蜗毛细胞通过自身可塑性能够调节突触递质释放强度,借此预防过量递质释放产生的兴奋性毒性[14]。第Ⅲ类mGluR凭借自身谷氨酸亲和性的不同,能够被高浓度谷氨酸激活,激活后可改变G蛋白耦联状态,抑制毛细胞进一步释放谷氨酸[5,11,15]。本研究发现,在出生后小鼠耳蜗中即检测到mGluR4的荧光信号。在P11小鼠IHC中,mGluR4荧光斑可清晰地定位到IHC核下区,部分荧光斑与胞吐过程中囊泡复合体关键蛋白Snap25呈共标特征。随着毛细胞及螺旋神经元逐渐成熟,突触功能逐步完善,ABR反应阈降低并逐渐接近成年水平,mGluR4的荧光斑点数量逐渐增加。综合mGluR4早期的药理特征研究以及本研究中发现有关出生后早期mGluR4的表达定位特征,提示该蛋白可能与IHC突触功能成熟有关,并且可能与中枢神经系统中有相似的调控递质释放及维持突触可塑性的作用。
多年来mGluR的研究已成为中枢神经系统研究的热点。研究者发现它们可能在调控离子通道、维持神经兴奋性平衡、囊泡胞吐和突触可塑性等环节中发挥重要作用[16]。由于差异性的谷氨酸亲和力以及G蛋白耦联特质,多项研究报道第Ⅲ类mGluR参与介导的突触可塑性异常可能是抑郁症、帕金森病、中枢退行性疾病和视觉障碍的发病机制[5,7,17]。在神经保护治疗策略方面,有研究者调查发现34%的药物作用在G蛋白耦联受体[5]。研究者结合mGluR的药理特征以及G蛋白耦联受体分子病理机制开发了多项药物针对中枢神经系统疾病[5]。然而,由于耳蜗组织位于颞骨深部,动物模型缺乏,细胞数量少,以及听觉上行通路的神经环路复杂,听觉相关mGluR研究报道较少。mGluR在耳蜗中是否随着外界声刺激后表达,亦或是受听觉成熟前毛细胞自发性递质释放的诱导等问题并不清楚。本研究证实了mGluR4表达时间早于ABR反应阈出现时间。既往有研究报道,mGluR7基因GRM7的单核苷酸多态性SNP(如rs11928865)与老年性聋、噪声性聋的易感因素有关[18-20],但并未报道作用的分子机制。SUN等[21]于2018年有关单细胞测序的研究发现,mGluR8的基因GRM8在Ic型螺旋神经元中具有高表达特征,而Ic型螺旋神经元的丢失可能与老年性聋患者高频听损的病理机制有关[22]。迄今为止,第Ⅲ类mGluR在耳蜗中的分子机制尚不清楚。
mGluR4作为具有最高亲和力的代谢型谷氨酸受体。有研究显示,mGluR4能够阻止因氧化应激引发的神经干细胞死亡,并且能够调节神经干细胞的行为。此外,mGluR4可通过cAMP/PTEN/AKT通路抑制视网膜祖细胞的增生并在体外培养中促进其向神经元的分化[12]。在对视网膜表观遗传学circGRM4的研究中也发现,谷氨酸兴奋性毒性环境中该受体基因GRM4表达上调,可能发挥调控谷氨酸释放的作用[23]。多项研究提示,mGluR4能够调节细胞活动,影响细胞的增殖和分化过程。此外,帕金森、阿尔茨海默病以及多发性硬化等慢性神经退行性疾病也与谷氨酸兴奋性毒性有关[6]。抑制谷氨酸释放或许能够成为一项此类疾病的治疗策略,而这也被推测是mGluR4发挥神经元保护及突触重塑作用的机制。
既往研究者发现,在单侧听觉剥夺后,介导快速突触传递的离子型AMPA谷氨酸受体亚基GluR4在大鼠耳蜗核中的表达变化,证实其在中枢可塑性重组中的可能作用[24]。KLOTZ-WEIGAND等[25]在研究中发现了第Ⅲ类mGluR表达于成年小鼠耳蜗IHC以及视网膜,并提出第Ⅲ类mGluR的二聚体构象可能与它们的功能相关。本研究发现,P30小鼠中mGluR4在胞吐活性区的表达特征和这项研究的结果有相似之处,但与KLOTZ-WEIGAND研究不同的是,本研究荧光标记的mGluR4与Ctbp2的荧光信号并无明显共定位特征;本课题组认为mGluR4这一表达特点与其仅在高浓度谷氨酸状态中被激活有关。一些中枢神经元的研究也提示mGluR4可能位于突触邻近的位置,仅凭借G蛋白耦联受体的特质通过下游信号分子发挥调控细胞的作用。蛋白构象分析发现G蛋白亚基Gβγ可竞争性结合于囊泡胞吐复合体成分之一Snap25蛋白的C端区域,而这一区域对于复合体聚合、钙敏感蛋白的绑定至关重要。一旦Gβγ与Snare复合体结合,将阻碍膜融合,抑制囊泡胞吐,减少突触递质释放[11,15]。VAN通过第Ⅲ类mGluR激动剂L-AP4降低了视锥细胞驱动的光反应以及视觉兴奋性突触后电流频率,而Snap25裂解酶BoNT/A抑制Snap25蛋白C端绑定可消除上述作用,然而研究者通过外源性的Gβγ并未复刻预期表型。有研究认为,Gβγ与Snap25的相互绑定调控后续突触电活动的过程仍需进一步研究[11]。此外,mGluR4也与细胞离子通道(Ca2+和K+),亦或下游cAMP、MAPK、PI3K/Akt通路有关,这些因素也可能影响细胞功能[6,16]。
针对第Ⅲ类代谢性谷氨酸受体已开展有关中枢退行性变药物的研发。未来,关于G蛋白耦联受体的分子构象、药理特质以及在体功能研究理论或许能够进一步明确其在耳蜗中发挥作用的分子机制,这也是耳聋极具潜力的治疗靶点之一[26]。然而,即便是在耳蜗中,该受体也并非特异性的表达于毛细胞中,而是存在于多种细胞中。靶向性研究受体在毛细胞中的功能存在难度。当下结合CRISPER/Cas9技术以及G蛋白耦联受体分子构象的研究基础,本课题组或许能够构建基因编辑小鼠[27],实现在毛细胞或者神经元中条件性的敲除或过表达蛋白,从而进一步验证其在耳蜗及听觉上行通路中的功能,为毛细胞突触保护、听觉可塑性研究提供理论依据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502004
  • 接收时间:2025-02-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-05
  • 修回日期:2025-03-19
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    1重庆市人民医院(重庆大学附属人民医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,重庆

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袁伟,E-mail:
YUAN Wei,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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