Article(id=1322218673461379553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736265600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-08, revisedDate=1743264000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171097388, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1748534400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171097388, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171097388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171097388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218660677140862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1029', pageEnd='1144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748534400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171094339, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325331065, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865576456868294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865576456868295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1069, endPage=1080, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218673641734626, articleId=1322218673461379553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Characterizing tumor nicroenvironment features and identifying potential therapeutic targets in patients with diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer based on single-cell transcriptome sequencing, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the changes in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer (PDAC) complicated with diabetes mellitus (DM) in a mouse model of hyperglycemia and orthotopic pancreatic cancer by analyzing transcriptome and single-cell transcriptome data in order to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Method‍‍‍

By integrating single-cell transcriptome and bulk transcriptome data, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to compare the characteristics of tumor cells and tumor immune microenvironment between PDAC patients with DM (DM group) and those without DM (non-DM group). Twenty male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks old, weighing 18~20 g) were randomly divided into a hyperglycemic group [STZ group, continuous intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) (final concentration of 1%) dissolved in citrate buffer], and a control group (Control group, an equivalent volume of citrate buffer without STZ at the same time points), with 10 mice in each group. Tail-tip blood glucose level was measured to monitor glycemic status. After orthotopic inoculation of pancreatic cancer cells in both Control and STZ groups, tumor-infiltrating immune cells were harvested. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the effects of hyperglycemia on: total CD8+ T cell and Treg cell populations; CD8+ T cell subsets expressing Ki67, TNF-α, granzyme B (GZMB) and IFN-γ; surface expression of PD-1, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) on CD8+ T cells; programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells; and tumor-associated macrophage surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-Ⅰ) and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206).

Results‍

Bioinformatics analysis revealed that, compared to the non-DM group, the genes significantly up-regulated in the DM group were associated with poor prognosis (P<0.001). The proportion of type 2 ductal cells was increased in the DM group, exhibiting higher levels of copy number variation (P<0.001). In the tumor immune microenvironment of the DM group, there was an increase in the proportion of Treg cells (P<0.05) and an elevated exhaustion score for CD8+ T cells (P<0.001), accompanied by down-regulated expression of effector molecules, up-regulated expression of inhibitory checkpoints, and a significant increase in the M2 score of M2-like macrophages (P<0.001). Animal experiments and flow cytometry found that, compared to the Control group, the STZ group had a shorter survival time (P<0.001), with decreased proportions of total CD8+ T cells (P<0.01) and CD8+ T cells expressing Ki67, TNF-α, GZMB and IFN-γ (P<0.01), increased proportion of Treg cells (P<0.001), up-regulated expression of PD-1, LAG-3 and Tim-3 on the surface of CD8+ T cells (P<0.001), and up-regulation of PD-L1 on tumor cell surface (P<0.001) and enhanced expression of CD206 on the surface of tumor-associated macrophages, while down-regulated expression of MHC-I (P<0.001).

Conclusion‍

High glucose promotes the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in PDAC, and targeting type 2 ductal cells and immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, combined with dual immune checkpoint antibody therapy, may improve patient prognosis.

, authors=Han PENG1, 2, Yuwei PAN3, Xuesong WANG1, 2, Yixin SUN1, 2, Shuo HUANG1, 2, Houjie LIANG1, 2, authorsList=Han PENG, Yuwei PAN, Xuesong WANG, Yixin SUN, Shuo HUANG, Houjie LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuo HUANG, Houjie LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322218676628079087, articleId=1322218673461379553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=基于单细胞转录组测序解析胰腺癌合并糖尿病患者肿瘤微环境特征及潜在的治疗靶点, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

通过分析转录组和单细胞转录组数据,建立高糖及胰腺癌原位小鼠模型探究胰腺癌(pancreatic cancer,PDAC)合并糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)肿瘤微环境变化并寻找潜在治疗靶点。

方法

整合单细胞转录组和普通转录组数据,采用生物信息学分析比较PDAC合并DM(DM组)以及PDAC不合并DM组(non-DM组)的肿瘤细胞和肿瘤免疫微环境特征。将20只6周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠(体质量18~20 g),用随机数字表法分为2组(n=10):高糖组(STZ组),连续腹腔注射溶于柠檬酸盐缓冲液的链脲佐菌素(streptozocin,STZ)(50 mg/kg,终浓度1%);对照组(Control组),同步注射等量不含STZ的柠檬酸盐缓冲液。采用尾尖血糖检测小鼠血糖水平。将胰腺肿瘤细胞原位接种于对照组和STZ组小鼠后,收集肿瘤浸润免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞。采用流式细胞术评估高糖环境对以下指标的影响:总CD8+ T细胞和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)数量;表达Ki67、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、颗粒酶B(granzyme B,GZMB)和干扰素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)的CD8+ T细胞亚群数量;CD8+ T细胞表面程序性死亡受体1(Programmed Death-1,PD-1)、淋巴细胞活化基因3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG-3)和T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3(T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3,Tim-3)的表达水平;肿瘤细胞表面程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)的表达情况;肿瘤相关巨噬细胞表面主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类分子(major histocompatibility complex class I,MHC-Ⅰ)和甘露糖受体(cluster of differentiation 206,CD206)的表达情况。

结果

生物信息学分析揭示了,与non-DM组相比,DM组中显著上调基因与预后不良相关(P<0.001),2型导管细胞比例增加,具有更高的拷贝数变异水平(P<0.001);在肿瘤免疫微环境中,DM组Treg细胞的比例增加(P<0.05),CD8+ T细胞的耗竭得分升高(P<0.001),并伴随效应分子的表达下调,抑制性检查点的表达上升,M2样巨噬细胞的M2得分显著增高(P<0.001)。动物实验及流式细胞术实验发现,与Control组相比,STZ组小鼠生存时间更短(P<0.001),总体CD8+ T细胞比例减少(P<0.01),Treg细胞比例增加(P<0.001),表达Ki67、TNF-α、GZMB、IFN-γ的CD8+ T细胞比例降低(P<0.001),CD8+ T细胞表面PD-1(P<0.001)、LAG-3(P<0.001)和Tim-3(P<0.01)表达上升,肿瘤细胞表面PD-L1表达上调(P<0.001),肿瘤相关巨噬细胞表面CD206分子表达上升(P<0.001),而MHC-Ⅰ分子表达下调(P<0.001)。

结论

高糖促进PDAC免疫抑制性微环境形成;针对2型导管细胞及肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制细胞,并结合免疫检查点双重抗体治疗,可能改善患者的预后情况。

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梁后杰,E-mail:
黄硕,E-mail:
LIANG Houjie,E-mail:
HUANG Shuo,E-mail:
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Immunity,2025,58(1):232-246.e6., articleTitle=Antigen presentation by tumor-associated macrophages drives T cells from a progenitor exhaustion state to terminal exhaustion, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322218676829405680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218676837794289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, companyId=1322218676829405680, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Oncology,Southwest Cancer Centre), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218676846182898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, companyId=1322218676829405680, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院 肿瘤科,西南癌症中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322218676909097459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218676913291764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, companyId=1322218676909097459, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Radiation Treatment Centre,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218676921680373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, companyId=1322218676909097459, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2放射治疗中心,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322218676976206326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218676984594935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, companyId=1322218676976206326, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Medicine,Chongqing University,Chongqing,China.), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218676988789240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, companyId=1322218676976206326, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3重庆大学医学院,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322218679262102054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fcVtKDl8BIH4FOyWFrxcnQ==, figureFileBig=tgblTJ00qMJS4zzRemnBAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218680885297703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PDAC肿瘤微环境的细胞构成

A:PDAC单细胞转录组数据降维聚类细胞分布图;B:不同细胞亚群标志基因的气泡图;C:分组样本的tSNE图;D:non-DM组和DM组细胞亚群的细胞比例堆叠柱状图;E:所有细胞亚群组织偏好性的Ro/e图

, figureFileSmall=fcVtKDl8BIH4FOyWFrxcnQ==, figureFileBig=tgblTJ00qMJS4zzRemnBAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681107595816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mTrny9D7xp7m5vdItPgOWw==, figureFileBig=uzG8+IOjq85ae1EYh8iVXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681195676201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DM组患者肿瘤细胞的特征

A:non-DM组和DM组的差异基因火山图;B:前10显著上调基因的tSNE图;C:细胞亚群CNV水平的小提琴图;D:non-DM组和DM组导管上皮CNV水平的小提琴图 a:P<0.001;E:DM组2型导管上皮细胞GSEA结果的棒棒糖图;F:non-DM组显著上调基因不同表达水平的生存曲线;G:DM组显著上调基因不同表达水平的生存曲线

, figureFileSmall=mTrny9D7xp7m5vdItPgOWw==, figureFileBig=uzG8+IOjq85ae1EYh8iVXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681271173674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jId3U1qAxAzVl2qRstDMYQ==, figureFileBig=EcRzokPf53/CBQFTj/NY6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681334088235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DM组中CD8+ T细胞耗竭与免疫功能受损

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.001,与non-DM组比较A:T细胞亚群降维聚类细胞分布图;B:T细胞亚群标志基因热图; C:non-DM组和DM组T细胞亚群比例堆叠柱状图;D:non-DM组和DM组各患者细胞亚群比例的箱式图;E:non-DM组和DM组整体T细胞的耗竭得分的小提琴图;F:non-DM组和DM组T细胞亚群的耗竭得分的小提琴图;G:non-DM组和DM组CD8+ T细胞效应分子表达的气泡图;H:non-DM组和DM组CD8+ T细胞抑制性检查点表达的气泡图;I:non-DM组和DM组2型导管细胞抑制性检查点受体表达的气泡图;J:DM组中PDAC中PD-L1表达和PD-1检查点通路的GSEA富集图

, figureFileSmall=jId3U1qAxAzVl2qRstDMYQ==, figureFileBig=EcRzokPf53/CBQFTj/NY6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681392808492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JZFJNVyWgjnSXfohOTUEwg==, figureFileBig=d8zPTq1dRzYpxfQ7ELmrkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681443140141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=CN, label=图4, caption=髓样细胞亚群在DM组中的异质性和功能分化

A:髓样细胞亚群的降维聚类细胞分布图;B:不同细胞亚群标志基因的气泡图;C:细胞亚群的M1/M2得分的箱式图;D:non-DM组和DM组中SPP1+ 巨噬细胞和CCL18+ 巨噬细胞的M2得分差异箱式图 a:P<0.001;E:单核-巨噬细胞亚群的分化轨迹 左图:根据拟时时间着色,右图:根据细胞亚群着色;F:单核-巨噬细胞不同细胞亚群的拟时山脊图;G:单核-巨噬细胞亚群的分化轨迹 左图:根据M2得分着色,右图:根据non-DM和DM分组着色;H:沿着第一条轨迹的单核-巨噬细胞不同分组的拟时山脊图

, figureFileSmall=JZFJNVyWgjnSXfohOTUEwg==, figureFileBig=d8zPTq1dRzYpxfQ7ELmrkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681547997742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZBzYW2eaC97NvnKOJvSR1A==, figureFileBig=uew02C9khKe/TSemOyeg8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681606717999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=CN, label=图5, caption=高糖环境下小鼠PDAC模型中免疫细胞表型和功能变化分析

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=ZBzYW2eaC97NvnKOJvSR1A==, figureFileBig=uew02C9khKe/TSemOyeg8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681657049648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=v8/GhgaaN+mM0qJYxM94+A==, figureFileBig=2xw1Aakg4lMZwA/RJZy/7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218681711575601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218673461379553, language=CN, label=续图5, caption=高糖环境下小鼠PDAC模型中免疫细胞表型和功能变化分析

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.001

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基于单细胞转录组测序解析胰腺癌合并糖尿病患者肿瘤微环境特征及潜在的治疗靶点
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彭涵 1, 2 , 潘雨薇 3 , 王雪松 1, 2 , 孙翊馨 1, 2 , 黄硕 1, 2 , 梁后杰 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(10): 1069-1080
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (10) : 1069 -1080
基于单细胞转录组测序解析胰腺癌合并糖尿病患者肿瘤微环境特征及潜在的治疗靶点
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彭涵1, 2, 潘雨薇3, 王雪松1, 2, 孙翊馨1, 2, 黄硕1, 2 , 梁后杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院 肿瘤科,西南癌症中心
  • 2放射治疗中心,重庆
  • 3重庆大学医学院,重庆
通讯作者:
梁后杰,E-mail:
黄硕,E-mail:
LIANG Houjie,E-mail:
HUANG Shuo,E-mail:
Characterizing tumor nicroenvironment features and identifying potential therapeutic targets in patients with diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer based on single-cell transcriptome sequencing
Han PENG1, 2, Yuwei PAN3, Xuesong WANG1, 2, Yixin SUN1, 2, Shuo HUANG1, 2 , Houjie LIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Oncology,Southwest Cancer Centre
  • 2Radiation Treatment Centre,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 3School of Medicine,Chongqing University,Chongqing,China.
出版时间: 2025-05-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501022
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目的

通过分析转录组和单细胞转录组数据,建立高糖及胰腺癌原位小鼠模型探究胰腺癌(pancreatic cancer,PDAC)合并糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)肿瘤微环境变化并寻找潜在治疗靶点。

方法

整合单细胞转录组和普通转录组数据,采用生物信息学分析比较PDAC合并DM(DM组)以及PDAC不合并DM组(non-DM组)的肿瘤细胞和肿瘤免疫微环境特征。将20只6周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠(体质量18~20 g),用随机数字表法分为2组(n=10):高糖组(STZ组),连续腹腔注射溶于柠檬酸盐缓冲液的链脲佐菌素(streptozocin,STZ)(50 mg/kg,终浓度1%);对照组(Control组),同步注射等量不含STZ的柠檬酸盐缓冲液。采用尾尖血糖检测小鼠血糖水平。将胰腺肿瘤细胞原位接种于对照组和STZ组小鼠后,收集肿瘤浸润免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞。采用流式细胞术评估高糖环境对以下指标的影响:总CD8+ T细胞和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)数量;表达Ki67、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、颗粒酶B(granzyme B,GZMB)和干扰素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)的CD8+ T细胞亚群数量;CD8+ T细胞表面程序性死亡受体1(Programmed Death-1,PD-1)、淋巴细胞活化基因3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG-3)和T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3(T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3,Tim-3)的表达水平;肿瘤细胞表面程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)的表达情况;肿瘤相关巨噬细胞表面主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类分子(major histocompatibility complex class I,MHC-Ⅰ)和甘露糖受体(cluster of differentiation 206,CD206)的表达情况。

结果

生物信息学分析揭示了,与non-DM组相比,DM组中显著上调基因与预后不良相关(P<0.001),2型导管细胞比例增加,具有更高的拷贝数变异水平(P<0.001);在肿瘤免疫微环境中,DM组Treg细胞的比例增加(P<0.05),CD8+ T细胞的耗竭得分升高(P<0.001),并伴随效应分子的表达下调,抑制性检查点的表达上升,M2样巨噬细胞的M2得分显著增高(P<0.001)。动物实验及流式细胞术实验发现,与Control组相比,STZ组小鼠生存时间更短(P<0.001),总体CD8+ T细胞比例减少(P<0.01),Treg细胞比例增加(P<0.001),表达Ki67、TNF-α、GZMB、IFN-γ的CD8+ T细胞比例降低(P<0.001),CD8+ T细胞表面PD-1(P<0.001)、LAG-3(P<0.001)和Tim-3(P<0.01)表达上升,肿瘤细胞表面PD-L1表达上调(P<0.001),肿瘤相关巨噬细胞表面CD206分子表达上升(P<0.001),而MHC-Ⅰ分子表达下调(P<0.001)。

结论

高糖促进PDAC免疫抑制性微环境形成;针对2型导管细胞及肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制细胞,并结合免疫检查点双重抗体治疗,可能改善患者的预后情况。

糖尿病  /  胰腺癌  /  单细胞转录组  /  肿瘤微环境  /  治疗靶点
Objective

To investigate the changes in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer (PDAC) complicated with diabetes mellitus (DM) in a mouse model of hyperglycemia and orthotopic pancreatic cancer by analyzing transcriptome and single-cell transcriptome data in order to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Method‍‍‍

By integrating single-cell transcriptome and bulk transcriptome data, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to compare the characteristics of tumor cells and tumor immune microenvironment between PDAC patients with DM (DM group) and those without DM (non-DM group). Twenty male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks old, weighing 18~20 g) were randomly divided into a hyperglycemic group [STZ group, continuous intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) (final concentration of 1%) dissolved in citrate buffer], and a control group (Control group, an equivalent volume of citrate buffer without STZ at the same time points), with 10 mice in each group. Tail-tip blood glucose level was measured to monitor glycemic status. After orthotopic inoculation of pancreatic cancer cells in both Control and STZ groups, tumor-infiltrating immune cells were harvested. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the effects of hyperglycemia on: total CD8+ T cell and Treg cell populations; CD8+ T cell subsets expressing Ki67, TNF-α, granzyme B (GZMB) and IFN-γ; surface expression of PD-1, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) on CD8+ T cells; programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells; and tumor-associated macrophage surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-Ⅰ) and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206).

Results‍

Bioinformatics analysis revealed that, compared to the non-DM group, the genes significantly up-regulated in the DM group were associated with poor prognosis (P<0.001). The proportion of type 2 ductal cells was increased in the DM group, exhibiting higher levels of copy number variation (P<0.001). In the tumor immune microenvironment of the DM group, there was an increase in the proportion of Treg cells (P<0.05) and an elevated exhaustion score for CD8+ T cells (P<0.001), accompanied by down-regulated expression of effector molecules, up-regulated expression of inhibitory checkpoints, and a significant increase in the M2 score of M2-like macrophages (P<0.001). Animal experiments and flow cytometry found that, compared to the Control group, the STZ group had a shorter survival time (P<0.001), with decreased proportions of total CD8+ T cells (P<0.01) and CD8+ T cells expressing Ki67, TNF-α, GZMB and IFN-γ (P<0.01), increased proportion of Treg cells (P<0.001), up-regulated expression of PD-1, LAG-3 and Tim-3 on the surface of CD8+ T cells (P<0.001), and up-regulation of PD-L1 on tumor cell surface (P<0.001) and enhanced expression of CD206 on the surface of tumor-associated macrophages, while down-regulated expression of MHC-I (P<0.001).

Conclusion‍

High glucose promotes the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in PDAC, and targeting type 2 ductal cells and immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, combined with dual immune checkpoint antibody therapy, may improve patient prognosis.

‍diabetes mellitus  /  pancreatic cancer  /  single cell RNA sequencing  /  tumor microenvironment  /  therapeutic target
彭涵, 潘雨薇, 王雪松, 孙翊馨, 黄硕, 梁后杰. 基于单细胞转录组测序解析胰腺癌合并糖尿病患者肿瘤微环境特征及潜在的治疗靶点. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (10) : 1069 -1080 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501022
Han PENG, Yuwei PAN, Xuesong WANG, Yixin SUN, Shuo HUANG, Houjie LIANG. Characterizing tumor nicroenvironment features and identifying potential therapeutic targets in patients with diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer based on single-cell transcriptome sequencing[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (10) : 1069 -1080 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501022
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)已成为严峻的全球公共卫生问题[1]。多项流行病学研究表明,DM导致的高血糖会增加胰腺癌(pancreatic cancer,PDAC)、乳腺癌、肺癌和结肠癌等多种肿瘤的发生风险,并导致预后不良[2-5]。有研究表明,非糖尿病(non-DM)患者血糖水平(包括随机血糖及空腹血糖)的升高与PDAC的患病率正相关,且血糖水平较高的病人,其肿瘤的恶性程度也相对较高[6]。
PDAC的发病率与死亡率在全球呈现持续上升的趋势,预计到2030年成为癌症死亡的第二大原因[7]。2022年中国新发病例超11万例,死亡病例超10万例[8]。PDAC患者早期无临床症状或临床症状不典型,导致大部分患者确诊时往往已处于疾病的中晚期,患者的总体5年生存期仅约为10%[9]。
DM的主要特征是高血糖,近期研究证实高糖损害γδ T细胞的抗肿瘤活性[10],高糖还可诱导肿瘤细胞的细胞程序性死亡-配体1 (programmed cell death ligand 1 ,PD-L1)的高表达来介导肿瘤免疫逃逸[11]。合并DM是晚期癌症患者接受免疫治疗预后不良的独立风险因子,这可能与高血糖导致的特殊免疫抑制状态有关[12]。
先前的研究使用单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)和空间转录组学(spatial transcriptomics,ST)表征PDAC肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment ,TME)中各种细胞组成和功能状态,揭示了TME中细胞动态演变和空间变化[13-14]。然而,DM合并PDAC是一个更复杂的情况,TME不仅受到肿瘤细胞和生态位的影响,还有来自高糖的压力。结合前期学者相关研究,本研究推测高糖可能加剧PDAC肿瘤微环境的异质性,导致免疫抑制微环境的形成和恶化,从而促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭生长以及对免疫治疗的抵抗。鉴于此,本研究将基于转录组、单细胞转录组测序数据,深入探索DM合并PDAC的TME,旨在揭示DM在PDAC发生发展过程中的重要作用,为免疫治疗新靶点和新的治疗方法提供更多可能。
从国家生物信息中心(genome sequence archive,GSA)数据库(https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa/)PRJCA001063中下PDAC单细胞转录组测序数据,包括10例合并DM(定义为DM组)和14例不合并DM(定义为non-DM组)的PDAC样本。使用Seurat工具包(版本4.3.0)进行质控,计算基因总数、唯一分子标识符计数及线粒体含量,排除表达不足的细胞和基因,以及高线粒体基因表达的细胞,最终获得41 986个细胞用于聚类分析。使用Harmony算法(版本0.1.0)矫正不同样本的批次效应。
根据Seurat官方流程,对质控整合后的数据进行标准化和归一化处理,以达到不同细胞之间的基因表达量具有可比性;使用寻找高变基因函数选择高变基因;对数据进行主成分分析后,选取前15个主成分进行后续数据分析;选定合适分辨率后进行细胞聚类;使用t分布随机邻域嵌入(t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding,tSNE)技术对细胞的聚类分群结果进行非线性降维以及可视化。
使用“FindAllMarkers”函数识别确定分辨率下每个亚群的差异表达基因,借助SingleR工具包对细胞亚群进行初步注释,并结合相关文献以及亚群特异性差异基因进行最终注释。使用气泡图或者热图形式展示每个细胞亚群特异性高表达基因。
使用Omicverse(版本1.6.0)工具包中的Ro/e方法以评估细胞亚群组织分布的情况,Ro/e代表观察到的细胞数与预期细胞数的比值。若Ro/e≥1,则表明该细胞亚群的数量高于随机期望,表现为富集;若Ro/e<1,则表明该亚群细胞数量低于随机期望,即表现为消耗[15]。
使用“Findmarkers”函数寻找2组间差异表达基因,根据|log2(FoldChange)|≥0.58和校正后P<0.05确定显著上下调基因。使用ClusterProfiler工具对分子特征数据库(molecular signatures database,MsigDB)提供的50条肿瘤相关特征通路以及京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路进行基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)。
采用inferCNV的R版本(1.14.2),以T细胞和B细胞为参考细胞谱,评估细胞的拷贝数变异(copy number variation,CNV)得分,通过基因表达数据推断CNV结果,采用偏差平方的平均值衡量CNV水平。
通过GDC-client工具下载胰腺癌转录组测序数据,使用DESeq2(版本1.38.3)计算DM组和non-DM组之间差异表达基因,根据|log2(FoldChange)|≥0.58和校正后P<0.05确定显著上下调基因,使用R语言的limma包(版本3.54.2)、clusterProfiler包(版本4.7.1)和org.Hs.eg.db包(版本3.15.0)进行GSEA分析。
根据TCGA队列的DM临床信息,将患者分为DM组(n=38)和non-DM组(n=109)。使用基因集变异分析(gene set variation analysis,GSVA)算法,计算每个样本38个显著上调基因集的富集分数,计算DM组和non-DM组的患者得分的中位数,将患者划分高得分组和低得分组。使用Survival包结合分组信息以及临床预后信息绘制生存曲线图。
收集T细胞耗竭相关基因,使用Seurat包中“AddModuleScore”函数对每个T细胞进行打分后,使用小提琴图进行non-DM组和DM组耗竭得分比较。收集巨噬细胞M1/M2表型相关基因,使用Seurat包中“AddModuleScore”函数对每个髓系细胞进行打分后,使用箱式图展示各亚群得分的差异。
使用Monocle2(版本2.24.1)进行拟时序分析。提取原始计数数据,清洗和归一化处理,建立数据集对象,按照Monocle2默认参数完成单核-巨噬细胞的拟时序分析。
本研究采用的主要试剂包括:青霉素/链霉素溶液、胎牛血清、PBS溶液、高糖DMEM和RPMI-1640培养基购自美国Gibco公司,链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)购自美国Sigma公司,柠檬酸盐缓冲液购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司,碘伏手术液购自海氏海诺集团有限公司,基质胶购自美国Corning公司,红细胞裂解液购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司,Cell Activation Cocktail购自美国Biolegend公司,Cytofix/Cytoperm购自美国BD biosciences公司。程序性死亡受体1(programmed death-1,PD-1)、淋巴细胞活化基因3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG-3)、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3(T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3,Tim-3)、PD-L1、白细胞共同抗原(cluster of differentiation 45,CD45)、甘露糖受体(cluster of differentiation 206,CD206)、主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类分子(major histocompatibility complex class I,MHC-Ⅰ)、干扰素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、颗粒酶B(granzyme B,GZMB)、叉头框蛋白P3(forkhead box P3,FOXP3)、F4/80、CD11b、CD4、CD8、Ki67抗体均购置于美国Biolegend公司。
本实验所涉及的C57BL/6小鼠(雄性,6周龄,体质量18~20 g)购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司。C57BL/6小鼠均在陆军军医大学第一附属医院实验动物中心饲养,并经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会审核(AMUWEC20237076),符合动物伦理和动物福利要求。
小鼠胰腺导管腺癌细胞系Panc-02-GFP由陆军军医大学第一附属医院张月博士馈赠,培养于含100 U/mL青霉素/链霉素和10%胎牛血清的高糖DMEM培养基中。
采用完全随机化分组,通过GraphPad Prism软件生成随机序列,将20只雄性C57BL/6小鼠分为以下2组。高糖组(STZ组,n=10):腹腔注射pH=4.2的柠檬酸盐缓冲液(含STZ,50 mg/kg,终浓度1%),每日1次,连续5天,末次注射后第10天检测随机血糖,采用尾尖采血法通过血糖仪测定,以血糖≥16.7 mmol/L为建模成功标准,筛选5只纳入后续实验。对照组(Control组,n=10):腹腔注射等量pH=4.2柠檬酸盐缓冲液(不含STZ),给药频率、周期及操作均与实验组完全一致,并且与实验组同步进行血糖检测,确保实验条件可比性,剔除血糖异常升高(≥11.1 mmol/L)或体质量异常下降者后,筛选5只小鼠纳入后续实验。
STZ组和Control组小鼠均进行5%异氟烷的吸入麻醉,维持其麻醉状态于1.5%~2.0%,并将小鼠置于仰卧位进行固定。腹部剃光并用碘伏手术溶液消毒,通过左侧肋下切口,向胰尾部注射1×106个溶于15 μL PBS+15 μL基质胶的胰腺导管腺癌细胞系Panc-02-GFP。注射操作完毕后,缝合腹膜及皮肤,用碘伏消毒缝合处。
提取肿瘤组织中的免疫细胞后[16],进行流式细胞实验。①CD8+ T细胞染色:用Cell Activation Cocktail(2 μL/mL)刺激CD8+ T细胞,在37 ℃、CO2培养箱中孵育6 h后,使用抗CD45、CD8对细胞表面分子染色,在4 ℃条件下,使用Cytofix/Cytoperm对细胞悬液进行固定、透化20 min,抗IFN-γ、TNF-α、GZMB进行胞内染色30 min;抗PD-1、LAG-3、Tim-3进行表面染色30min;抗Ki67进行胞核内染色30 min。②Treg细胞染色:使用抗CD45、CD4表面标记后固定破核,在4 ℃条件下,抗FOXP3核内染色30 min。③巨噬细胞染色:将巨噬细胞在4 ℃下使用抗CD45、F4/80、CD11b、CD206、MHC-Ⅰ进行表面染色30 min。④肿瘤细胞染色:分析带GFP标签的胰腺癌肿瘤细胞,使用抗PD-L1在4 ℃下进行表面染色30 min。
流式数据经BD系统采集,FlowJo软件分析对照组和实验组中的CD8+ T细胞、Treg、M2型巨噬细胞等细胞群体进行细胞数量、标志物表达水平等方面的定量比较。
采用R4.2.3软件进行统计并分析。使用非配对t检验对两组间CNV水平进行统计,对于两个及以上类别的分类变量之间的关联性分析,采用了χ2检验;满足正态分布的计量资料数据以x¯±s表示,组间比较采用双侧非配对t检验;Kaplan-Meier分析通过survival包进行分析。P<0.05则差异具有统计学意义。
通过降维聚类分析后进行细胞注释,共得到10个带有特异性标签的细胞亚群(图1A、B)。通过比较2组患者的细胞亚群比例以及Ro/e图发现,DM组中腺泡细胞和2型导管细胞显著富集,而B细胞、T细胞、髓样细胞比例降低(图1C~E)。
两组间总体细胞差异基因分析,发现38个显著上调基因以及12个显著下调基因,并且38个上调基因中差异最显著的前10个基因如REG4、TFF1、TFF2等在2型导管细胞中显著高表达(图2A、B)。为确定2型导管细胞是否为恶性细胞,使用inferCNV工具包评估各细胞亚群的CNV水平,发现2型导管细胞的CNV水平显著高于其他亚群,故将2型导管细胞定义为肿瘤细胞(图2C)。通过比较1型、2型导管细胞CNV水平,发现DM组2型导管细胞CNV水平显著高于non-DM组(P<0.001),表明DM组2型导管细胞恶性程度更高(图2D)。通路分析发现,DM组中的2型导管细胞显著富集肿瘤增殖和侵袭相关通路,并且伴随代谢相关通路的改变(图2E)。为深入探究在DM组中显著上调的基因对PDAC患者临床预后的影响,通过生存分析,发现DM组中,高表达上调基因的患者预后越差(P<0.001);而在non-DM组无此相关性(图2F、G)。
为了研究肿瘤微环境中T细胞的内在景观和潜在功能,将T细胞重新降维聚类,鉴定出4个T细胞亚群(图3A),由经典标记基因注释(图3B)。相较于non-DM组,DM组Treg亚群丰度显著增加(P<0.05,图3C、D)。
T细胞的耗竭得分小提琴图提示,与non-DM组相比,DM组T细胞获得更高的细胞耗竭得分(P<0.001,图3E)。进一步分析T细胞各亚群耗竭状态,发现DM组CD8+ T细胞耗竭得分显著高于non-DM组(P<0.001),即DM组中T细胞呈现的高耗竭表型主要归因于CD8+ T细胞亚群的高耗竭状态(图3F)。同时,CD8+ T细胞效应分子TNF、IFNG、GZMB、GZMH的表达在DM组低于non-DM组(图3G)。以上结果表明,高血糖情况下CD8+ T细胞表现出抗肿瘤免疫应答受损的耗竭状态。
进一步比较两组之间免疫检查点表达水平,发现与non-DM组相比,PD-1、Tim-3、TIGIT、LAG3等抑制性检查点在DM组的CD8+T细胞中显著过表达(图3H),DM组中胰腺肿瘤细胞表达更高的PD-L1、PD-L2受体(图3I)。通过对TCGA数据集基因集富集分析发现,DM组PD-L1表达和PD-1检查点信号通路显著富集(图3J)。
髓样细胞群的无监督聚类揭示了6个细胞亚群(图4A),根据各细胞亚群排名靠前的3个差异基因进行注释(图4B)。使用“AddModuleScore”参数对每个细胞进行巨噬细胞的M1/M2特征打分,发现 SPP1+、CCL18+ 巨噬细胞获得了更高的M2得分(图4C),因此将这两群细胞定义为M2样的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞。相较于non-DM组,DM组中这两群巨噬细胞亚群获得了更高的M2得分(P<0.001,图4D),表明DM组中M2样肿瘤相关巨噬细胞丰度增加。
使用Monocle2算法对单核-巨噬细胞进行拟时序分析,发现S100A8+单核细胞位于发育轨迹的初始段,MKI67+ 巨噬细胞和CCL18+ 巨噬细胞分别位于两条发育轨迹的末尾段(图4E、F)。并且M2得分在第一条发育轨迹中随着拟时序时间发展而升高。同时,在第一条发育轨迹中,DM组的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞主要位于细胞状态转变路径的末端,并具有更高的M2得分(图4G、H)。
为了验证高糖是否能够通过重塑PDAC免疫微环境进而影响肿瘤进展。建立高糖小鼠模型后,将Panc-02-GFP细胞原位注射到C57BL/6小鼠胰腺中,成功构建原位PDAC模型(图5A)。通过生存分析发现,STZ组小鼠胰腺原位荷瘤后生存期显著缩短(P<0.001,图5B)。
为了评估PDAC肿瘤微环境中T细胞的功能和状态,收集原位荷瘤18天后STZ组和Control组小鼠的胰腺肿瘤组织并采用流式细胞术进行分析。结果提示,相较于Control组,STZ组肿瘤微环境中CD8+ T细胞比例明显降低(P<0.01,图5C),表达Ki67分子的CD8+ T细胞比例显著下降(P<0.001,图5D),表明CD8+ T细胞增殖能力受抑制。STZ组CD8+ T细胞表面显著高表达PD-1(P<0.001)、LAG-3(P<0.001)和Tim-3(P<0.01)等免疫抑制检查点分子,同时伴随胰腺肿瘤细胞表面PD-L1分子的高表达(P<0.001,图5E~H)。此外,STZ组肿瘤相关巨噬细胞表面CD206分子高表达(P<0.001),而MHC-Ⅰ分子低表达(P<0.001,图5I、J)。进一步地评估CD8+ T细胞的功能,发现相较于Control组,STZ组表达TNF-α(P<0.001)、GZMB(P<0.001)、IFN-γ(P<0.01)的CD8+ T细胞比例显著降低,表明STZ组CD8+ T细胞的杀肿瘤能力受损(图5K~M)。此外,高表达FOXP3(Treg)细胞比例在高糖组中显著增加(P<0.001,图5N)。
全球DM患病率不断上升,预计至2030年达到6.43亿,此外超5亿人患有葡萄糖耐量受损,发病人群倾向年轻化[17]。研究表明DM与PDAC的发生发展密切相关[18],DM者罹患PDAC的风险约为non-DM人群的2倍[19],高血糖症、胰岛素抵抗与PDAC发生互为因果[20-21]。近期研究报道,高糖诱导的肿瘤细胞有氧糖酵解导致己糖激酶2从线粒体分离,并与IκBα结合并磷酸化,导致其降解和NF-κB激活,增加PD-L1表达,从而逃避免疫反应[11]。此外,高糖通过诱导乳酸分泌抑制AMPK激活,从而损害Vγ9Vδ2 T细胞的抗肿瘤活性;AMPK激活恢复了这些细胞的抗肿瘤活性[10]。这些发现共同表明,高血糖上调了肿瘤细胞中PD-L1的表达,破坏了γδ T细胞的功能,使免疫逃逸和治疗抵抗成为可能。然而,DM对PDAC肿瘤微环境的影响仍有待充分阐明。
既往研究报道,PDAC中1型导管细胞相对正常,存在于癌旁组织或肿瘤组织中,而2型导管细胞则呈现恶性扩增,并具有高度的增殖特性[22]。本研究也发现,与non-DM组相比,DM组2型导管细胞显著富集且恶性程度更高。同时,DM组中肿瘤细胞促癌基因显著上调,如REG4、TFF3、FXYD3等,信号通路分析发现,与non-DM组相比,DM组的2型导管细胞更富集肿瘤增殖和侵袭相关通路以及与糖尿病代谢相关通路。因此针对2型导管细胞的特异性靶向治疗或可改善DM合并PDAC患者的预后。
CD8+ T细胞是介导抗原特异性免疫应答的主要细胞,其功能状态影响其在肿瘤免疫中发挥作用。有研究显示,肿瘤组织内持续存在的肿瘤抗原持续刺激肿瘤特异性的CD8+ T 细胞,使CD8+ T 细胞发生功能耗竭[23]。本研究结果证实,相较于non-DM组,DM组CD8+ T细胞呈现显著耗竭表型,其增殖能力(Ki67+ 细胞比例下降)、效应分子(TNF-α、IFN-γ、GZMB)分泌能力及抗肿瘤免疫应答均显著受损。同时,PD-1、Tim-3、LAG-3等免疫检查点分子在CD8+ T细胞中过表达,且肿瘤细胞PD-L1/PD-L2表达显著升高。高糖小鼠模型进一步验证了上述现象,表明高糖环境通过激活PD-1/PD-L1轴加剧T细胞耗竭。这一发现与既往临床观察一致,即DM组患者对免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)的响应率显著降低。本研究提示,通过联合使用ICI来阻断与免疫耗竭相关的检查点(例如PD-1和LAG-3的双重抗体),或许能够逆转DM合并PDAC相关的免疫抑制状态,从而为个性化免疫治疗开辟新的途径。
既往研究报道了包括免疫抑制细胞(Treg、TAM、MDSC等)、免疫抑制性分子(PD-L1、CD48及IL-10 等)在内的多重因素通过不同机制抑制CD8+ T 细胞的抗肿瘤免疫应答,促进CD8+ T 细胞的功能耗竭[24-25]。结果提示,在髓系细胞的发育路径中,DM组的巨噬细胞展现出向M2样肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的转变,并且DM组伴随着Treg亚群的显著增加。这些免疫抑制细胞的富集与CD8+ T细胞耗竭形成恶性循环,共同加剧肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制状态。靶向清除Treg或重编程M2样巨噬细胞可能成为打破这一恶性循环的有效手段。
综上所述,本研究整合单细胞测序数据和转录组分析,从单细胞转录组层面解析了DM合并PDAC肿瘤微环境的异质性,系统阐明高糖通过多种机制重塑PDAC肿瘤微环境:促进2型导管细胞恶性转化,增殖及侵袭;诱导CD8+ T细胞耗竭、富集免疫抑制细胞。这些变化共同导致DM合并PDAC患者预后极差且对现有疗法(尤其是免疫治疗)抵抗。未来研究需进一步探索:①高糖代谢产物(如乳酸、ROS等)如何直接调控关键信号通路;②血糖控制(如SGLT2抑制剂等)能否逆转TME免疫抑制;③靶向TME与ICI的联合疗效。通过多组学与临床转化结合,有望为DM合并PDAC患者开辟精准治疗新路径。

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2025年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501022
  • 接收时间:2025-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-08
  • 修回日期:2025-03-30
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院 肿瘤科,西南癌症中心
    2放射治疗中心,重庆
    3重庆大学医学院,重庆

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