Article(id=1322211097562689925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=1743350400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169291153, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169291153, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169291153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169291153, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210968248107603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='893', pageEnd='1028', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747238400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169260321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325292291, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865413818536367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865413818536368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=904, endPage=911, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322211097776599430, articleId=1322211097562689925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Hypoxic transcriptional phenotype and cellular ultrastructural changes of tumor-associated macrophages in gliomas, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the effects of hypoxia on the transcriptional phenotype and ultrastructure of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in glioma.

Methods‍

CD14+ monocytes were isolated from healthy human peripheral blood samples collected from the Blood Bank of the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, and the cells were induced to differentiate into TAMs through co-culture with glioma cell-conditioned medium. Hypoxic TAM models were established using varying concentrations of cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2, 50~400 μmol/L) or hypoxic conditions (1%, 5%, 10%O2) for 48 h, while normoxic TAM models (21%O2) served as controls. RT-qPCR and transcriptome sequencing were employed to analyze transcriptional changes in TAMs under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to compare the differences in angiogenesis, glycolysis and other hypoxia-responsive pathways between the 2 conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or immunofluorescence staining was conducted to assess the ultrastructural alterations in cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria in normoxic and hypoxic TAMs (1%O2).

Results‍

Hypoxic TAMs exhibited up-regulated transcription of hypoxia-responsive markers (oxygen transport, glycolysis, pro-angiogenesis), with the effects correlating with hypoxia severity(P<0.05). GSEA revealed significant up-regulation of hypoxia, angiogenesis regulation, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and starvation stress pathways, alongside down-regulation of innate immunity, macrophage activation, cytoskeleton, and protein maturation pathways in hypoxic TAMs (P<0.05). TEM and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated obvious ultrastructure changes, including disrupted cytoskeletal organization, shortened rough ER with reduced ribosomes, mitochondrial swelling with cristae damage, and diminished ER-mitochondria contacts in hypoxic TAMs.

Conclusion‍

CoCl2 and hypoxia induce a hypoxic transcriptional phenotype in TAMs, which may potentially associated with ultrastructural remodeling of the cytoskeleton, ER, and mitochondria.

, authors=Haizhen FAN1, 2, Lixia WANG3, Yue CHENG2, Lujing WANG2, Qianying RUAN4, Jiale JI2, Mengru WANG2, Zhen QIN2, Yi ZHANG2, Zhicheng HE2, Yifang PING2, Yu SHI2, authorsList=Haizhen FAN, Lixia WANG, Yue CHENG, Lujing WANG, Qianying RUAN, Jiale JI, Mengru WANG, Zhen QIN, Yi ZHANG, Zhicheng HE, Yifang PING, Yu SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322211101706662291, articleId=1322211097562689925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=胶质瘤内肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的缺氧转录表型及细胞超微结构改变, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨缺氧对胶质瘤内肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophage,TAM)转录表型及细胞超微结构的影响。

方法

从陆军军医大学第一附属医院血库的健康人外周血样本中分离CD14阳性单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC),并在人胶质瘤细胞上清共培养的条件下使其分化为TAM。使用不同浓度(50~400 μmol/L)的氯化钴(cobalt chloride hexahydrate,CoCl2)或缺氧条件(1%、5%、10%O2)处理48 h后诱导为TAM缺氧细胞模型,同时在相同时间下采用21%O2处理为TAM常氧细胞模型。使用RT-qPCR和转录组测序技术,检测常氧组和缺氧组TAM的转录表型改变。通过基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)比较常氧组及缺氧组TAM中血管生成、糖酵解等缺氧响应相关通路的差异。利用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)或免疫荧光染色检测常氧组TAM和缺氧组TAM(1%O2)的细胞骨架、内质网与线粒体的超微结构改变。

结果

与常氧组TAM相比,缺氧组TAM内参与氧气运输、糖酵解代谢、促血管生成相关的缺氧响应标志物的转录表达增加,且与缺氧程度相关(P<0.05)。GSEA结果显示,与常氧组TAM相比,缺氧组TAM的缺氧、血管生成调控、糖酵解与糖异生、饥饿应激通路上调(P<0.05);而先天免疫调控、巨噬细胞活化、细胞骨架与蛋白成熟通路显著下调(P<0.05)。TEM及免疫荧光染色结果提示,缺氧组TAM细胞骨架、粗面内质网、线粒体的超微结构明显改变,包括:细胞骨架排列紊乱和断裂;粗面内质网变短,表面附着核糖体减少;线粒体水肿且内嵴破环,与粗面内质网的接触减少。

结论

CoCl2以及缺氧处理诱导TAM呈现缺氧转录表型,可能与细胞骨架、内质网和线粒体的超微结构改变有关。

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时雨,E-mail:
SHI Yu,E-mail:
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A:TAM缺氧模型的构建及转录表型检测流程图;B:RT-qPCR检测缺氧相关基因(n=4,x¯±s) a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与常氧组(21%O2)比较

, figureFileSmall=PbDlag0F48kjn9hCrSxbSQ==, figureFileBig=h9x+OP+4JPARTHQYGIJPpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211115237487081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TZMV540+H7fnofO8PDWudA==, figureFileBig=ChdWjAHUhbEJuvuGhApEdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211115308790250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=CN, label=图2, caption=缺氧组TAM的转录表型改变

A:GSEA通路富集缺氧组TAM和常氧组TAM相比的上调通路;B:GSEA通路富集缺氧组TAM和常氧组TAM相比的下调通路

, figureFileSmall=TZMV540+H7fnofO8PDWudA==, figureFileBig=ChdWjAHUhbEJuvuGhApEdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211115375899115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pjwJJAKFCvbiU31zjV5gFg==, figureFileBig=YXSPBR3UxtBnGhgoxGnSoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211115539476972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TAM细胞骨架及骨架调控相关通路的改变

A:细胞骨架相关GSEA通路富集分析;B:TEM观察TAM细胞骨架改变 三角形:示细胞骨架;C:F-actin免疫荧光染色下TAM细胞骨架的改变

, figureFileSmall=pjwJJAKFCvbiU31zjV5gFg==, figureFileBig=YXSPBR3UxtBnGhgoxGnSoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211115606585837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=J3a3n1XjEgznTZAW5NqdbA==, figureFileBig=cgSUj+lT7S/qZkqdS+uT1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211115703054830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TAM粗面内质网及内质网调控相关通路的改变

A:内质网相关通路GSEA通路富集分析;B:TEM观察TAM内质网结构改变 三角形:示粗面内质网

, figureFileSmall=J3a3n1XjEgznTZAW5NqdbA==, figureFileBig=cgSUj+lT7S/qZkqdS+uT1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211115761775088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=t6jB/k9C8lu+O0DvgVc7lQ==, figureFileBig=jYo+hgzbMKHpFfTALIh/Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211115820495345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TAM线粒体结构及线粒体调控相关通路的改变

A:线粒体相关通路GSEA通路富集分析;B、C:TEM观察TAM线粒体结构、线粒体-内质网接触程度以及统计图(n=50、30,x¯±s) 三角形:示线粒体;a:P<0.05

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基因引物序列(5′→3′)
EPO上游:GAGTTTGCGGAAAGTGTCAGCAG
下游:GCATGTGGATAAAGCCGTCAGTG
VEGFA上游:TTGCCTTGCTGCTCTACCTCCA
下游:CAGAACCAGGAGCACAGTGAAG
MMP3上游:CACTCACAGACCTGACTCGGTT
下游:AAGCAGGATCACAGTTGGCTGG
LDHA上游:GGATCTCCAACATGGCAGCCTT
下游:AGACGGCTTTCTCCCTCTTGCT
GLUT1上游:CAGAACCAGGAGCACAGTGAAG
下游:TTGCAGGCTTCTCCAACTGGAC
ADM上游:GACATGAAGGGTGCCTCTCGAA
下游:CCTGGAAGTTGTTCATGCTCTGG
ACTB上游:CTCCTCCGAGTCAACAGATTCA
下游:CAACAGCTTCTGAGGTAGGGA
), ArticleFig(id=1322211116021821939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211097562689925, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基因引物序列

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基因引物序列(5′→3′)
EPO上游:GAGTTTGCGGAAAGTGTCAGCAG
下游:GCATGTGGATAAAGCCGTCAGTG
VEGFA上游:TTGCCTTGCTGCTCTACCTCCA
下游:CAGAACCAGGAGCACAGTGAAG
MMP3上游:CACTCACAGACCTGACTCGGTT
下游:AAGCAGGATCACAGTTGGCTGG
LDHA上游:GGATCTCCAACATGGCAGCCTT
下游:AGACGGCTTTCTCCCTCTTGCT
GLUT1上游:CAGAACCAGGAGCACAGTGAAG
下游:TTGCAGGCTTCTCCAACTGGAC
ADM上游:GACATGAAGGGTGCCTCTCGAA
下游:CCTGGAAGTTGTTCATGCTCTGG
ACTB上游:CTCCTCCGAGTCAACAGATTCA
下游:CAACAGCTTCTGAGGTAGGGA
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胶质瘤内肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的缺氧转录表型及细胞超微结构改变
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范海珍 1, 2 , 王丽霞 3 , 程玥 2 , 王路静 2 , 阮潜瑛 4 , 吉佳乐 2 , 王梦茹 2 , 秦榛 2 , 张艺 2 , 何志承 2 , 平轶芳 2 , 时雨 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(9): 904-911
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (9) : 904 -911
胶质瘤内肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的缺氧转录表型及细胞超微结构改变
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范海珍1, 2, 王丽霞3, 程玥2, 王路静2, 阮潜瑛4, 吉佳乐2, 王梦茹2, 秦榛2, 张艺2, 何志承2, 平轶芳2, 时雨2
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学医学院,重庆;陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院
  • 2病理学研究所
  • 3输血科,重庆
  • 4金凤实验室,渝粤病理科学研究中心,重庆
通讯作者:
时雨,E-mail:
SHI Yu,E-mail:
Hypoxic transcriptional phenotype and cellular ultrastructural changes of tumor-associated macrophages in gliomas
Haizhen FAN1, 2, Lixia WANG3, Yue CHENG2, Lujing WANG2, Qianying RUAN4, Jiale JI2, Mengru WANG2, Zhen QIN2, Yi ZHANG2, Zhicheng HE2, Yifang PING2, Yu SHI2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine,Chongqing University,Chongqing
  • 2Institute of Pathology
  • 3Department of Blood Transfusion,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 4Jinfeng Laboratory,Yu-Yue Pathology Scientific Research Center,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502079
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目的

探讨缺氧对胶质瘤内肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophage,TAM)转录表型及细胞超微结构的影响。

方法

从陆军军医大学第一附属医院血库的健康人外周血样本中分离CD14阳性单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC),并在人胶质瘤细胞上清共培养的条件下使其分化为TAM。使用不同浓度(50~400 μmol/L)的氯化钴(cobalt chloride hexahydrate,CoCl2)或缺氧条件(1%、5%、10%O2)处理48 h后诱导为TAM缺氧细胞模型,同时在相同时间下采用21%O2处理为TAM常氧细胞模型。使用RT-qPCR和转录组测序技术,检测常氧组和缺氧组TAM的转录表型改变。通过基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)比较常氧组及缺氧组TAM中血管生成、糖酵解等缺氧响应相关通路的差异。利用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)或免疫荧光染色检测常氧组TAM和缺氧组TAM(1%O2)的细胞骨架、内质网与线粒体的超微结构改变。

结果

与常氧组TAM相比,缺氧组TAM内参与氧气运输、糖酵解代谢、促血管生成相关的缺氧响应标志物的转录表达增加,且与缺氧程度相关(P<0.05)。GSEA结果显示,与常氧组TAM相比,缺氧组TAM的缺氧、血管生成调控、糖酵解与糖异生、饥饿应激通路上调(P<0.05);而先天免疫调控、巨噬细胞活化、细胞骨架与蛋白成熟通路显著下调(P<0.05)。TEM及免疫荧光染色结果提示,缺氧组TAM细胞骨架、粗面内质网、线粒体的超微结构明显改变,包括:细胞骨架排列紊乱和断裂;粗面内质网变短,表面附着核糖体减少;线粒体水肿且内嵴破环,与粗面内质网的接触减少。

结论

CoCl2以及缺氧处理诱导TAM呈现缺氧转录表型,可能与细胞骨架、内质网和线粒体的超微结构改变有关。

胶质瘤  /  缺氧  /  肿瘤相关巨噬细胞  /  超微结构
Objective‍

To investigate the effects of hypoxia on the transcriptional phenotype and ultrastructure of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in glioma.

Methods‍

CD14+ monocytes were isolated from healthy human peripheral blood samples collected from the Blood Bank of the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, and the cells were induced to differentiate into TAMs through co-culture with glioma cell-conditioned medium. Hypoxic TAM models were established using varying concentrations of cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2, 50~400 μmol/L) or hypoxic conditions (1%, 5%, 10%O2) for 48 h, while normoxic TAM models (21%O2) served as controls. RT-qPCR and transcriptome sequencing were employed to analyze transcriptional changes in TAMs under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to compare the differences in angiogenesis, glycolysis and other hypoxia-responsive pathways between the 2 conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or immunofluorescence staining was conducted to assess the ultrastructural alterations in cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria in normoxic and hypoxic TAMs (1%O2).

Results‍

Hypoxic TAMs exhibited up-regulated transcription of hypoxia-responsive markers (oxygen transport, glycolysis, pro-angiogenesis), with the effects correlating with hypoxia severity(P<0.05). GSEA revealed significant up-regulation of hypoxia, angiogenesis regulation, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and starvation stress pathways, alongside down-regulation of innate immunity, macrophage activation, cytoskeleton, and protein maturation pathways in hypoxic TAMs (P<0.05). TEM and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated obvious ultrastructure changes, including disrupted cytoskeletal organization, shortened rough ER with reduced ribosomes, mitochondrial swelling with cristae damage, and diminished ER-mitochondria contacts in hypoxic TAMs.

Conclusion‍

CoCl2 and hypoxia induce a hypoxic transcriptional phenotype in TAMs, which may potentially associated with ultrastructural remodeling of the cytoskeleton, ER, and mitochondria.

glioma  /  hypoxia  /  tumor-associated macrophage  /  ultrastructure
范海珍, 王丽霞, 程玥, 王路静, 阮潜瑛, 吉佳乐, 王梦茹, 秦榛, 张艺, 何志承, 平轶芳, 时雨. 胶质瘤内肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的缺氧转录表型及细胞超微结构改变. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (9) : 904 -911 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502079
Haizhen FAN, Lixia WANG, Yue CHENG, Lujing WANG, Qianying RUAN, Jiale JI, Mengru WANG, Zhen QIN, Yi ZHANG, Zhicheng HE, Yifang PING, Yu SHI. Hypoxic transcriptional phenotype and cellular ultrastructural changes of tumor-associated macrophages in gliomas[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (9) : 904 -911 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502079
根据世界卫生组织(world health organization,WHO)分类标准,成人型弥漫性胶质瘤恶性程度高,缺乏有效治疗策略,患者预后差[1]。缺氧作为实体肿瘤免疫微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)的显著特征之一,不仅可以促进肿瘤呈现肿瘤干细胞特征,还会抑制TME中免疫细胞的抗肿瘤功能[2-3]。在成人型弥漫性胶质瘤的免疫微环境中,主要浸润的免疫细胞是肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophage,TAM),占瘤内全部免疫细胞的10%~40%[2]。缺氧是成人型弥漫性胶质瘤的重要病理特征,瘤内氧气浓度在0.1%~10.0%。高级别胶质瘤(WHO 3~4级)较低级别胶质瘤(WHO 1~2级)表现出更显著的缺氧特征[4]。缺氧条件下,肿瘤细胞通过上调缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor1α,HIF1α)信号通路诱导多种趋化因子分泌,促进外周血单核细胞向TME募集并分化为TAM,加速免疫抑制微环境形成[5]。本课题组前期在成人型弥漫性胶质瘤缺氧坏死微环境中鉴定出一群具有缺氧响应特征的TAM,揭示该细胞亚群通过分泌肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin,ADM)破坏胶质瘤血管完整性的相关机制,进而影响抗肿瘤药物的靶向递送[6]。胶质瘤不同空间区域的缺氧程度存在差异且发生动态变化。已有研究表明,细胞为适应外周环境变化会发生超微结构的改变。细胞超微结构是指需要借助透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)才可观察到的细胞内各种超微结构,分别通过各自特有的结构特征来维持细胞正常的生理活动[7]。然而,在不同缺氧程度下,TAM响应缺氧变化的表型改变,以及缺氧诱导的TAM超微结构改变与缺氧表型的关系,仍不清楚。
为了能够客观评估缺氧程度对TAM表型和超微结构的影响,本研究采用氯化钴(cobalt chloride hexahydrate,CoCl2)化学诱导或缺氧处理,构建TAM缺氧细胞模型,分析了不同缺氧程度的TAM转录表型以及超微结构改变,为进一步研究TAM响应缺氧提供了模型参考和实验依据。
胶质瘤细胞源于陆军军医大学第一附属医院生物样本库接受手术治疗、病理诊断为脑胶质瘤(WHO 4级)的组织样本。人新鲜外周血来源于陆军军医大学第一附属医院血库。所有样本的使用经过陆军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准[(A)KY2022138]。
Ficoll-PaqueTM PLUS淋巴细胞分离液购自英国CE Healthcare公司,人CD14磁珠购自德国Miltenyi公司,木瓜蛋白酶解离试剂盒购自美国Worthington公司,RPMI 1640培养基、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)、PBS缓冲液、Neurobasal培养基、B27补充剂、青霉素-链霉素溶液购自美国Gibco公司,表皮生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子购自美国PeproTech公司,巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony stimulating factor,M-CSF)、CellMaskTM Actin Tracking Stains购自美国Thermo Fisher公司,抗荧光淬灭剂购自中国碧云天公司,台盼蓝溶液、2.5%戊二醛购自美国Sigma公司,CoCl2购自上海阿拉丁公司,RNA提取试剂盒购自上海飞捷公司,反转录试剂盒和TB green Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ购自日本TaKaRa公司,共培养小室、超低黏附6孔板及24孔板购自美国Corning公司。引物序列由深圳华大基因公司合成。
用木瓜蛋白酶解离试剂盒将新鲜人胶质瘤组织样本解离为单个细胞,配置含表皮生长因子(10 ng/mL)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(10 ng/mL)、2%B27的Neurobasal培养基为胶质瘤细胞培养基,用此培养基重悬细胞培养。
将获得的新鲜人外周血用蔗糖密度梯度离心法离心,获得外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),通过CD14磁珠在4 ℃孵育15 min后分选得到CD14阳性单核细胞。配置含1%青霉素-链霉素溶液、10%FBS、M-CSF(20 ng/mL)的RPMI 1640培养基为巨噬细胞培养基,用此培养基重悬细胞,以3×106个/孔的密度接种于超低黏附6孔板中,第4天换液,第6天将胶质瘤细胞或上清与巨噬细胞以1∶1的体积比例置于共培养小室中培养48 h,诱导分化为TAM。
将分化成熟的TAM进行消化处理后,按照2×105个/孔的密度接种于超低黏附24孔板中,在每孔1 mL巨噬细胞培养基(配置同1.3.2)中分别加入不同浓度的CoCl2(50、100、200、300、400 μmol/L)或者置于不同缺氧浓度(10%、5%、1%O2)的细胞培养箱中培养诱导为缺氧组TAM,另一组TAM以相同密度接种,置于常氧(21%O2)细胞培养中培养诱导为常氧组TAM,48 h后收样并进行台盼蓝染色,用全自动细胞计数仪检测TAM存活率在90%以上。
按照RNA提取试剂盒说明书操作提取细胞沉淀中的总RNA,然后将0.5 μg RNA用反转录试剂盒反转录为cDNA。使用TB green Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ配置反应体系10 μL进行RT-qPCR。ACTB为内参,ADM为阳性参照,检测HIF1α下游靶基因[8],包括促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)、血管内皮生成因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGFA)、基质金属蛋白酶3(matrix metalloproteinase 3,MMP3)、乳酸脱氢酶A(lactate dehydrogenase A,LDHA)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(glucose transporter 1,GLUT1)。每组4个重复,用2-ΔΔCt方法计算目的基因的相对表达量。
收集常氧组TAM(21%O2)与缺氧组TAM(1%O2)处理24 h后的细胞沉淀,使用RNA提取试剂盒提取RNA,使用多聚胸腺嘧啶、T重复寡核苷酸微珠富集纯化信使RNA,利用离子化方式打断为300 bp左右的片段,使用随机六聚体引物反转录合成双链互补DNA,进行双链末端修复及3’末端加poly(A)尾。使用特定测序接头连接DNA片段两端,高保真聚合酶扩增构建测序文库。
使用DESeq2(v.1.40.2)对1.3.5中的测序数据进行标准化,以消除样本之间的技术性差异。采用limma(v3.54.2)进行差异表达基因分析,对差异表达基因进行排序后,采用clusterProfiler(v4.6.2)进行基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA),识别在缺氧下显著富集的通路,定义显著上调通路为P<0.05且标准化富集分数(normalized enrichment scores,NES)>1,显著下调通路为P<0.05且NES<-1。利用 GseaVis(v0.0.5)包和ggplot2(v3.5.1)包对富集结果进行可视化展示。
将分化完成的TAM分别置于21%O2(对照组TAM)与1%O2(缺氧组TAM)培养箱中培养24 h后,进行台盼蓝染色,并用活细胞计数仪检测TAM存活率在90%以上,用4 ℃预冷的2.5%戊二醛直接固定细胞1 h,用细胞刮呈45°角轻轻刮取细胞,收集细胞于15 mL离心管中,在22 ℃下500 r/min离心5 min,获得细胞沉淀,后续经梯度酒精及100%丙酮充分脱水,用丙酮与包埋剂的混合剂渗透细胞,接着将细胞放入模具内包埋及固化,使用超薄切片机进行60~80 nm切片,用2%醋酸双氧铀及柠檬酸铅染液染色,完成铅铀双染后使用透射电子显微镜(JEM 1400)拍摄图像。每组样本至少10个细胞和30个细胞器用于定量。
将分化完成的TAM分别置于21%O2(对照组TAM)与1%O2(缺氧组TAM)培养箱中培养24 h后,于巨噬细胞培养基中加入1×肌动蛋白(F-actin)示踪染色剂,在37 ℃含5%CO2的培养箱中孵育30 min,弃上清后用37 ℃预热的PBS洗2遍,用预热的4%多聚甲醛室温固定细胞15 min,用PBS洗3遍后加入抗荧光淬灭剂,置于激光共聚焦显微镜上观察。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.0.0软件统计数据,符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示。两组间比较采用独立样本t检验进行统计,P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究构建了由CoCl2以及缺氧浓度梯度诱导的缺氧模型。通过将TAM在不同浓度梯度的CoCl2(50~400 μmol/L)或氧气浓度(1%、5%、10%O2)条件下处理48 h后,与常氧组TAM(21%O2)进行比较分析(图1A),发现包括氧气运输与血管生成相关靶基因(EPO、VEGFA、MMP3)以及糖酵解相关靶基因(LDHA、GLUT1)的转录水平呈缺氧梯度依赖性变化(P<0.05,图1B)。
为评估TAM缺氧处理后的转录水平改变,本研究对常氧组与缺氧组TAM进行转录组测序分析。与常氧组TAM相比,TAM在缺氧(1%O2)处理24 h条件下(缺氧组TAM),细胞缺氧、血管生成调控、糖酵解与糖异生、饥饿应激相关通路显著上调(P<0.05,图2A);而先天免疫调控、巨噬细胞活化、细胞骨架与蛋白成熟调控相关通路明显下调(P<0.05,图2B)。以上结果提示TAM缺氧后的表型变化与缺氧响应指标的转录水平变化一致。
细胞超微结构是细胞维持正常生理功能的基础。本研究进一步分析了缺氧对TAM细胞超微结构的影响。在细胞骨架结构方面,GSEA通路富集结果显示缺氧TAM细胞骨架相关通路显著下调(P<0.05,图3A)。对照组(21%O2)和缺氧组(1%O2)TAM的TEM和F-actin免疫荧光染色结果显示,缺氧组TAM胞体肿胀,细胞骨架明显断裂且排列紊乱(图3B、C)。以上结果提示,TAM缺氧处理引起细胞骨架结构破坏,可能导致TAM先天免疫调控功能受损。
本研究还分析了缺氧组TAM粗面内质网的结构变化。GSEA通路富集结果显示,缺氧组TAM蛋白成熟相关通路显著下调(P<0.05,图4A)。对照组和缺氧组TAM的TEM结果显示,缺氧组TAM的粗面内质网排列松散,长度缩短,且附着在粗面内质网上的核糖体明显减少,存在脱颗粒现象(图4B)。以上结果提示,TAM缺氧处理导致粗面内质网结构破坏,可能影响TAM蛋白质的合成与折叠效率,进而抑制TAM的活化能力。
本研究进一步分析了缺氧组TAM线粒体结构的改变。GSEA通路富集结果显示缺氧组TAM线粒体相关通路显著下调(P<0.05,图5A)。对照组和缺氧组TAM的TEM结果显示,缺氧组TAM线粒体内室基质高度肿胀,电子密度下降,内嵴结构变短,数量减少,排列紊乱,部分线粒体嵴甚至消失;线粒体与粗面内质网相随结构接触面积减少,相隔距离增加(图5B、C)。以上结果提示,TAM缺氧处理导致线粒体结构破坏,线粒体与内质网接触程度减少,可能导致细胞的糖代谢以及能量供应能力下降。
成人型弥漫性胶质瘤起源于神经胶质细胞,其发生过程中会募集大量未成熟的骨髓源性细胞浸润至肿瘤区域,促进血管形成并成为免疫监视的重要对象。其中,TAM是成人型弥漫性胶质瘤内的主要免疫细胞成分[9],其通过分泌多种细胞因子(白细胞介素10、转化生长因子β)和生长因子(促血管生长因子)显著影响肿瘤的生物学行为和演进过程[10]。肿瘤生长需要消耗大量的能量与氧气,血流输送不足导致肿瘤内部形成缺氧区域,进而吸引TAM的浸润,诱导其免疫表型转变,进一步增强其促瘤免疫作用[11-12]。因此,缺氧是诱导胶质瘤TAM浸润及表型重塑的重要因素。
本研究采用CoCl2和缺氧处理2种缺氧诱导方式,评估缺氧程度对TAM表型的影响。结果显示,在缺氧处理的条件下,缺氧TAM的阳性指标ADM以及HIF1α下游靶基因[包括血管生成(VEGFA、MMP3)、氧气运输(EPO)以及糖酵解(LDHA、GLUT1)]的转录水平均呈缺氧梯度依赖性变化[13],缺氧程度越高,转录水平上升越明显。同时,为明确TAM缺氧后是否发生表型及功能的重塑,本研究对常氧组以及缺氧组TAM进行转录组测序分析,发现缺氧组TAM的缺氧响应相关通路显著富集。
缺氧作为外部刺激因素可诱导细胞应激,既往研究表明,细胞在应激条件下通常会发生形态以及超微结构的改变[14]。因此,本研究分析了细胞骨架,细胞骨架由微丝、微管和中间纤维构成,主要负责维持细胞形态及参与细胞内吞、运动等生理过程[15]。本研究发现,缺氧组TAM的细胞骨架调控通路下调,骨架结构发生断裂且排列紊乱,提示TAM的迁移以及先天免疫调控能力可能下降。
此外,基于TAM执行蛋白合成与分泌的功能,且通路富集结果显示缺氧组TAM的蛋白成熟相关通路下调,本研究观察并分析了粗面内质网的超微结构。粗面内质网是细胞内蛋白质合成的重要场所,其上附着大量核糖体,负责多肽链的合成,多肽链合成后进入内质网腔进行折叠、修饰和组装后形成稳定的蛋白质[16]。本研究发现,缺氧组TAM的内质网腔变短,核糖体部分脱落,表明核糖体向内质网腔转运多肽链的能力可能受损,提示缺氧可能抑制TAM的蛋白质合成和细胞活化能力。
GSEA富集分析显示,缺氧组TAM的糖酵解相关通路显著上调,线粒体是细胞糖酵解、生物氧化和能量产生的关键场所,负责细胞生命活动主要的能量供应,而骨架运动和蛋白的合成与分泌均需大量能量。既往研究发现,缺氧可导致线粒体呼吸链复合体活性受损,进而影响细胞ATP的合成[17],导致细胞膜上的钠钾泵转运钠钾离子能力下降,从而使钠离子在细胞内浓度升高,吸引大量水分进入引起胞浆肿胀[18]。本研究发现,相较对照组TAM,缺氧组TAM胞浆电子密度明显下降,线粒体内室高度肿胀,基质内形成电子透亮区,内嵴大部分消失且变短,以上结果提示线粒体结构因水肿遭到严重破环,加速其产能障碍。正常情况下,线粒体在胞质内通常与粗面内质网紧密相随,内质网通常部分或者完全环绕线粒体,以便与其进行脂质或钙离子的交换,这对维持钙离子的稳态和细胞膜的完整性至关重要[19-20]。本研究进一步分析发现,缺氧后线粒体与内质网接触率下降,相隔距离增大,提示线粒体与内质网之间的物质转运能力可能下降,无法满足细胞的能量需求以及相关的信号传导。TAM的表型塑造与超微结构的完整性对于其正常生理功能至关重要,而缺氧条件下的超微结构改变可能导致TAM功能失调,从而影响TAM在TME中的作用。
本研究证明缺氧响应指标的转录水平随缺氧梯度变化,并揭示了TAM缺氧后其转录表型相关通路的变化,同时发现缺氧诱导了TAM细胞骨架、粗面内质网、线粒体等超微结构的显著改变。然而,缺氧引起细胞超微结构变化的具体机制和靶点尚未完全明确,未来将进一步探索缺氧对超微结构的影响机制及靶点,为理解TAM在TME中的表型重塑提供新的思路。

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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502079
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
  • 修回日期:2025-03-31
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    1重庆大学医学院,重庆;陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院
    2病理学研究所
    3输血科,重庆
    4金凤实验室,渝粤病理科学研究中心,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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