Article(id=1322211022908272648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=1730908800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169273354, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169273354, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169273354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169273354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=794, endPage=806, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322211033381449739, articleId=1322211022908272648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Transcription factor EB enhances macrophage autophagy and reverses endotoxin tolerance, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the role of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in endotoxin-tolerant macrophages.

Methods‍

The RAW264.7 cells were divided into blank group (DMEM medium), LPS 5 group (5 ng/mL LPS treatment for 4 h), LPS 100 group (100 ng/mL LPS treatment for 4 h), and tolerance group (5 ng/mL LPS for 12 h followed by 100 ng/mL LPS for 4 h). The releases of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 were measured using ELISA. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay were used to evaluate the distribution of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and P62, as well as TFEB in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Lentiviral overexpression of TFEB or siRNA-mediated knockdown of TFEB were performed to observe the changes in autophagy levels and bacterial clearance ability in the tolerant cells.

Results‍

The cells in the tolerance group had significantly lower contents of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as reduced bacterial clearance ability (P<0.01), down-regulated LC3 expression while up-regulated P62 level, and decreased expression of TFEB in both the cytoplasm and nucleus (P<0.01) when compared with the cells of the LPS 100 group. Overexpression of TFEB significantly increased LC3 level, reduced P62 level, and enhanced bacterial clearance ability in the endotoxin-tolerant cells (P<0.01). In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of TFEB had no significant impacts on LC3 and P62 expression levels or bacterial clearance ability.

Conclusion

‍Overexpression of TFEB can restore the autophagy of endotoxin-tolerant cells and enhance their bacterial clearance capacity, thereby alleviating the immunosuppressive state of sepsis. These findings suggest that TFEB holds promise as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of sepsis.

, authors=Ting YANG1, 2, Xin LIU, Qingsong JIANG1, 2, Yujie WANG1, 2, Xinhui SHI1, 2, Xiong YANG1, 2, Sijia LIU1, 2, Xiaoli LI1, 2, authorsList=Ting YANG, Xin LIU, Qingsong JIANG, Yujie WANG, Xinhui SHI, Xiong YANG, Sijia LIU, Xiaoli LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoli LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322211040075558945, articleId=1322211022908272648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=转录因子EB增强巨噬细胞自噬功能及逆转内毒素耐受的作用, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究转录因子EB(transcription factor EB,TFEB)在内毒素耐受巨噬细胞中的作用。

方法

采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导建立内毒素耐受细胞模型,将RAW264.7细胞分为空白组(Medium组)、5 ng/mL LPS组(LPS 5组)、100 ng/mL LPS组(LPS 100组)、5 ng/mL LPS+100 ng/mL LPS组(Tolerance组)。采用ELISA法检测炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平;Western blot和免疫荧光法检测自噬相关蛋白LC3和P62以及TFEB在细胞质和细胞核中的分布;通过慢病毒过表达TFEB或siRNA敲低TFEB后,观察耐受细胞的自噬水平和细菌清除能力的变化。

结果

与LPS 100组相比,Tolerance组细胞炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平以及细菌清除能力显著降低(P<0.01);LC3水平降低,P62水平升高,细胞质和细胞核中TFEB的水平均显著降低(P<0.01);过表达TFEB可显著上调Tolerance组细胞中LC3水平,降低P62水平,并增强细菌清除能力(P<0.01)。siRNA敲低TFEB对Tolerance组LC3和P62水平以及细菌清除能力无明显影响。

结论

过表达TFEB能恢复内毒素耐受细胞的自噬功能,增强细菌清除能力,从而改善脓毒症的免疫抑制状态,有望成为脓毒症防治的潜在靶点。

, authors=杨婷1, 2, 刘鑫, 蒋青松1, 2, 王宇洁1, 2, 时新惠1, 2, 杨雄1, 2, 刘思佳1, 2, 李小丽1, 2, authorsList=杨婷, 刘鑫, 蒋青松, 王宇洁, 时新惠, 杨雄, 刘思佳, 李小丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李小丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李小丽,E-mail:
LI Xiaoli,E-mail:
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A:各组RAW264.7耐受细胞中TNF-ɑ的释放水平;B:各组RAW264.7耐受细胞中IL-6的释放水平;C:各组RAW264.7耐受细胞中细菌的数量; a:P<0.01,与Medium组比较;b:P<0.01,与LPS 100组比较;c:P<0.01,与PA组比较

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A:各组RAW264.7耐受细胞中LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ和P62蛋白水平;B:免疫荧光检测各组RAW264.7耐受细胞中LC3B的表达 1:Medium组;2:LPS 5组;3:LPS 100组;4:Tolerance组; a:P<0.01,与Medium组比较;b:P<0.01,与LPS 100组比较

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A:RAW264.7耐受细胞中TFEB蛋白表达;B:RAW264.7耐受细胞中TFEB在细胞质、细胞核蛋白中的表达;C:RAW264.7耐受细胞中TFEB蛋白核定位; 1:Medium组;2:LPS 5组;3:LPS100组;4:Tolerance组;a:P<0.01,与Medium组比较;b:P<0.01,与LPS 100组比较;c:P<0.01,与细胞质LPS 100组比较

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A:免疫荧光显微镜检测过表达TFEB慢病毒转染效率;B:Western blot检测转染后TFEB蛋白表达;a:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB组比较

, figureFileSmall=J6BfkV7KSB93qFghKxUdKQ==, figureFileBig=EvkS9MCABLmrfMbMauWYQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211049693098090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022908272648, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=k8wMqpVPm8F3kKZoy+voMg==, figureFileBig=fj+qIEa4uJVk22DnIhAvfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211049764401259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022908272648, language=CN, label=图5, caption=过表达TFEB对内毒素耐受细胞中TFEB表达及核转位的影响

A:过表达TFEB后RAW264.7耐受细胞中TFEB蛋白表达;B:过表达TFEB后RAW264.7耐受细胞中TFEB细胞质、细胞核蛋白表达; 1:NC-TFEB-Medium组;2:NC-TFEB-LPS100组;3:NC-TFEB-Tolerance组;4:OE-TFEB-Medium组;5:OE-TFEB-LPS100组;6:OE-TFEB-Tolerance组;a:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-Medium组比较;b:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-LPS 100组比较;c:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-Tolerance组比较

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A:过表达TFEB后RAW264.7耐受细胞中LCⅡ/Ⅰ和P62蛋白水平;B:免疫荧光检测过表达TFEB后RAW264.7耐受细胞中LC3B的表达; 1:NC-TFEB-Medium组;2:NC-TFEB-LPS100组;3:NC-TFEB-Tolerance组;4:OE-TFEB-Medium组;5:OE-TFEB-LPS100组;6:OE-TFEB-Tolerance组;a:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-Medium组比较;b:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-LPS 100组比较;c:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-Tolerance组比较

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a:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-Medium组比较;b:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-PA组比较;c:P<0.01,与NC-TFEB-Tolerance+PA组比较

, figureFileSmall=8IqgLGCfS+kYwLIihWtngQ==, figureFileBig=SyYlYUvhk74o8iVFw+87DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211051756695665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022908272648, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yI+ffxgog5Lp2QrIJpjVjA==, figureFileBig=rbGEhvXsKGQv/Ezy8zkUwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211051832193138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022908272648, language=CN, label=图8, caption=siRNA敲低TFEB对内毒素耐受模型中自噬相关蛋白水平的影响

A:siRNA敲低TFEB后RAW264.7耐受细胞中LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ和P62蛋白表达;B:免疫荧光检测siRNA TFEB后RAW264.7耐受细胞LC3B蛋白表达;1:si-NC-Medium组;2:si-NC-LPS100组;3:si-NC-Tolerance组;4:si-TFEB-Medium组;5:si-TFEB-LPS100组;6:si-TFEB-Tolerance组;a:P<0.01,与si-NC-Medium组比较;b:P<0.01,与si-NC-LPS 100组比较

, figureFileSmall=yI+ffxgog5Lp2QrIJpjVjA==, figureFileBig=rbGEhvXsKGQv/Ezy8zkUwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211051903496307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022908272648, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GvwQj0LggAVf2OGi2xOqbA==, figureFileBig=dKPF5bl1mR8kt2te4XbJZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211051974799476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022908272648, language=CN, label=图9, caption=siRNA敲低TFEB对内毒素耐受细胞细菌清除能力的影响

1:Medium组; 2:PA组; 3:Tolerance+PA组; a:P<0.05,与si-NC-Medium组比较;b:P<0.01,与si-NC-PA组比较

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转录因子EB增强巨噬细胞自噬功能及逆转内毒素耐受的作用
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杨婷 1, 2 , 刘鑫 , 蒋青松 1, 2 , 王宇洁 1, 2 , 时新惠 1, 2 , 杨雄 1, 2 , 刘思佳 1, 2 , 李小丽 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(8): 794-806
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (8) : 794 -806
转录因子EB增强巨噬细胞自噬功能及逆转内毒素耐受的作用
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杨婷1, 2, 刘鑫, 蒋青松1, 2, 王宇洁1, 2, 时新惠1, 2, 杨雄1, 2, 刘思佳1, 2, 李小丽1, 2
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学药学院药理学系,重庆高校生物化学与分子药理学重点实验室,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院临床研究中心,重庆
通讯作者:
李小丽,E-mail:
LI Xiaoli,E-mail:
Transcription factor EB enhances macrophage autophagy and reverses endotoxin tolerance
Ting YANG1, 2, Xin LIU, Qingsong JIANG1, 2, Yujie WANG1, 2, Xinhui SHI1, 2, Xiong YANG1, 2, Sijia LIU1, 2, Xiaoli LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology,Faculty of Pharmacology,College of Pharmacy,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing
  • 2Clinical Research Center,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410042
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目的

研究转录因子EB(transcription factor EB,TFEB)在内毒素耐受巨噬细胞中的作用。

方法

采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导建立内毒素耐受细胞模型,将RAW264.7细胞分为空白组(Medium组)、5 ng/mL LPS组(LPS 5组)、100 ng/mL LPS组(LPS 100组)、5 ng/mL LPS+100 ng/mL LPS组(Tolerance组)。采用ELISA法检测炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平;Western blot和免疫荧光法检测自噬相关蛋白LC3和P62以及TFEB在细胞质和细胞核中的分布;通过慢病毒过表达TFEB或siRNA敲低TFEB后,观察耐受细胞的自噬水平和细菌清除能力的变化。

结果

与LPS 100组相比,Tolerance组细胞炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平以及细菌清除能力显著降低(P<0.01);LC3水平降低,P62水平升高,细胞质和细胞核中TFEB的水平均显著降低(P<0.01);过表达TFEB可显著上调Tolerance组细胞中LC3水平,降低P62水平,并增强细菌清除能力(P<0.01)。siRNA敲低TFEB对Tolerance组LC3和P62水平以及细菌清除能力无明显影响。

结论

过表达TFEB能恢复内毒素耐受细胞的自噬功能,增强细菌清除能力,从而改善脓毒症的免疫抑制状态,有望成为脓毒症防治的潜在靶点。

脓毒症  /  免疫抑制  /  内毒素耐受  /  转录因子EB  /  自噬
Objective

To investigate the role of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in endotoxin-tolerant macrophages.

Methods‍

The RAW264.7 cells were divided into blank group (DMEM medium), LPS 5 group (5 ng/mL LPS treatment for 4 h), LPS 100 group (100 ng/mL LPS treatment for 4 h), and tolerance group (5 ng/mL LPS for 12 h followed by 100 ng/mL LPS for 4 h). The releases of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 were measured using ELISA. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay were used to evaluate the distribution of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and P62, as well as TFEB in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Lentiviral overexpression of TFEB or siRNA-mediated knockdown of TFEB were performed to observe the changes in autophagy levels and bacterial clearance ability in the tolerant cells.

Results‍

The cells in the tolerance group had significantly lower contents of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as reduced bacterial clearance ability (P<0.01), down-regulated LC3 expression while up-regulated P62 level, and decreased expression of TFEB in both the cytoplasm and nucleus (P<0.01) when compared with the cells of the LPS 100 group. Overexpression of TFEB significantly increased LC3 level, reduced P62 level, and enhanced bacterial clearance ability in the endotoxin-tolerant cells (P<0.01). In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of TFEB had no significant impacts on LC3 and P62 expression levels or bacterial clearance ability.

Conclusion

‍Overexpression of TFEB can restore the autophagy of endotoxin-tolerant cells and enhance their bacterial clearance capacity, thereby alleviating the immunosuppressive state of sepsis. These findings suggest that TFEB holds promise as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of sepsis.

‍sepsis  /  immunosuppression  /  endotoxin tolerance  /  transcription factor EB  /  autophagy
杨婷, 刘鑫, 蒋青松, 王宇洁, 时新惠, 杨雄, 刘思佳, 李小丽. 转录因子EB增强巨噬细胞自噬功能及逆转内毒素耐受的作用. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 794 -806 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410042
Ting YANG, Xin LIU, Qingsong JIANG, Yujie WANG, Xinhui SHI, Xiong YANG, Sijia LIU, Xiaoli LI. Transcription factor EB enhances macrophage autophagy and reverses endotoxin tolerance[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 794 -806 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410042
脓毒症是因感染或感染因素而导致的宿主反应失调所引起的危及生命的器官功能障碍综合征,是临床烧/创伤和感染患者常见的并发症[1]。全球每年约1 940万脓毒症病例,其中约530万的死亡病例[2]。脓毒症的病理生理过程包括早期的过度炎症反应和晚期的免疫抑制。早期可能引发细胞因子风暴和多器官功能障碍,而晚期则因免疫系统功能降低,难以清除病原体[3]。在这一过程中,单核巨噬细胞作为天然免疫系统的主要效应细胞,通过自噬作用降解病原体,并促进抗原呈递,激活CD4+ T细胞,对维持特异性免疫功能至关重要[4]。然而,在脓毒症的免疫抑制阶段,在外界病原体的持续刺激下,这些细胞表现出内毒素耐受现象,即炎症因子释放和细菌清除能力下降,导致机体对病原体的防御能力减弱,增加二次感染风险[5]。尽管临床上已有多种关于脓毒症的治疗策略,但目前仍未有彻底治愈脓毒症的方法[6]。
自噬是细胞清除病原体的自然防御机制,通过形成自噬体来包裹并清除细菌,进而与溶酶体融合,降解病原体,保持细胞内环境的稳定[7]。在脓毒症的早期阶段,自噬的激活对于控制炎症和保护细胞完整性至关重要,它通过TLR4-MyD88依赖性或非依赖性途径以及NF-кB的激活来实现[8]。然而,随着进入免疫抑制时期,自噬功能会受到损害,导致细菌清除能力下降。在小鼠盲肠结扎穿孔(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)模型中,自噬的激活减少了脓毒症小鼠脾脏中升高的细菌载量[9]。另外,在巨噬细胞的前期研究中,发现巨噬细胞自噬降低,且与免疫抑制密切相关[10]。这些结果表明,自噬在脓毒免疫抑制阶段发挥关键性保护作用,研究其调控机制并以此寻找可能干预途径对于防治脓毒症免疫抑制发生发展具有重要意义。
TFEB是MiT/TEF转录因子家族成员,具有特征性“螺旋-环-螺旋”亮氨酸拉链结构,通过促进自噬和溶酶体生物合成相关基因的表达,正向调节自噬过程,包括自噬体的形成、自噬体-溶酶体融合以及自噬降解[11]。自噬-溶酶体途径(autophagy-lysosomal pathway,ALP)对于维持细胞内部的平衡和器官保护至关重要。ALP的损伤可能导致脓毒症患者免疫功能障碍和器官功能衰竭。TFEB作为ALP的调控核心,通过激活含有CLEAR基序的基因,增强自噬和溶酶体功能[12]。在自噬过程中,TFEB的活性受到包括mTORC1、Wnt、钙离子和AKT在内的多条信号通路的调控,这些信号通路影响TFEB的核内定位,进而影响自噬体和溶酶体的形成[13]。另有研究显示,TFEB的表达对抵抗细菌感染至关重要,任何对其表达的干扰都会削弱细胞对细菌的抵抗力[14-15]。研究发现,PGC1α激动剂ZLN005能够增强TFEB的功能,促进溶酶体生物合成,降低细菌载量,从而对抗脓毒症[16]。然而,在脓毒症免疫抑制阶段,TFEB的状态和活性尚不清楚,其在脓毒症免疫抑制中的具体作用机制目前尚未完全阐明,且基于TFEB的活性调控是否有助于改善细胞的免疫抑制状态仍需要进一步研究。
本研究旨在通过建立内毒素耐受巨噬细胞模型模拟脓毒症免疫抑制体外模型,观察TFEB状态和活性的改变是否有助于改善细胞的自噬水平和细菌清除能力,减轻脓毒症诱导的免疫抑制。研究结果将为后续脓毒症免疫抑制的分子机制以及寻找治疗脓毒症潜在的治疗靶点提供理论和实验依据。
小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司,经STR鉴定正确。
脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)055:B5购自美国Sigma公司;铜绿假单胞菌(pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)临床分离株来自临床医学研究中心实验室;胎牛血清购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;DMEM高糖培养基、IL-6及TNF-α ELISA试剂盒、LipofectamineTM 3000 转染试剂等购自赛默飞世尔科技公司;皂苷购自美国Sigma公司;兔抗TFEB重组抗体购自美国CST公司;兔抗TFEB、LC3、P62多克隆抗体购自武汉三鹰生物有限技术公司;鼠抗β-actin多克隆抗体购自美国SantaCruz公司;HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)和HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)购自ABclonal公司;4%多聚甲醛、QuickBlock™免疫染色封闭液、DAPI、Alexa Fluor 488标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)、Alexa Fluor 647标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)、嘌呤霉素和Western及IP细胞裂解液等购自碧云天生物技术有限公司;ECL试剂盒购自Advansta公司。
将RAW264.7细胞分为4组进行处理,空白组(Medium组):仅加入无血清DMEM培养基;5 ng/mL LPS组(LPS 5组):加入含5 ng/mL LPS的DMEM培养基作用4 h;100 ng/mL LPS组(LPS 100组):加入含100 ng/mL LPS的DMEM培养基作用4 h;5 ng/mL LPS +100 ng/mL LPS组(Tolerance组):预先加入含 5 ng/mL LPS的DMEM培养基作用12 h后,再加入含 100 ng/mL LPS的DMEM培养基作用4 h,以建立内毒素耐受细胞模型。
siRNA TFEB引物合成序列购自擎科生物科技有限公司。将RAW264.7细胞以1×105/孔的密度接种至6孔板,待细胞贴壁生长至约50%融合度时,进行siRNA转染。转染前,使用无血清培养基将siRNA稀释至100 pmol/孔的终浓度,并轻轻混匀。接着,加入5 μL LipofectamineTM 3000转染试剂,再次轻轻吹打混匀,并在室温下孵育15 min。随后,将siRNA与转染试剂的混合液加入到含有10%血清但不含抗生素的细胞培养基中,轻轻混匀后加入至6孔板内,继续在37 ℃、5% CO2的条件下培养48 h。利用siRNA在RAW264.7中敲低TFEB基因,以此为敲低组(si-TFEB);向RAW264.7中转染对照siRNA序列作为阴性对照组(si-NC)。
TFEB过表达慢病毒(HBLV-CMV-m-TFEB-EF1-ZsGreen-PURO)及其对照慢病毒(HBLV-ZsGreen-PURO)购自汉恒生物科技有限公司。根据慢病毒操作手册中的方案感染RAW264.7 细胞。培养48 h后,用嘌呤霉素筛选稳定表达TFEB的细胞。用过表达TFEB基因及空载体的慢病毒感染RAW264.7细胞,分别记为过表达组(OE-TFEB)及空载对照组(NC-TFEB)。
建立内毒素耐受模型后,收集细胞上清液,用ELISA法检测IL-6和TNF-α水平。先用捕获抗体包被板,4 ℃过夜;次日洗板,加入稀释的ELISA稀释液活化板,孵育1 h;再加入标准品或样本,孵育2 h;洗板后加入检测抗体,孵育1 h;再加Avidin-HRP,避光孵育30 min;最后加TMB显色,15 min后加入终止液,测D(450),并根据标准曲线计算细胞因子浓度。
将RAW264.7细胞分为以下3组,Medium组:仅加入无血清DMEM培养基,不添加任何细菌或处理因素,作为空白对照组;PA组:加入浓度为5×106 CFU/mL的PA处理2 h;Tolerance+PA组:首先诱导内毒素耐受,然后在耐受细胞中加入浓度为5×106 CFU/mL的PA继续处理2 h。PBS洗5次,加入0.3%皂苷裂解细胞20 min后,收集上清涂布于琼脂营养平板中,置37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱培养18 h,使用G6自动菌落计数器获取琼脂平板图像和CFU计数。
用Western及IP细胞裂解液裂解细胞,提取总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度,调整蛋白上样量后,进行SDS-PAGE电泳,电泳完成后将蛋白转移到PVDF膜上,用5%脱脂奶粉溶液室温封闭2 h,TBST洗5次后4 ℃过夜,分别按1∶1 000体积比稀释孵育LC3、P62、TFEB、β-actin、Histone H3、β-tublin等一抗。次日,按1∶5 000体积比稀释HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)和HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)孵育二抗,TBST洗5次,在Tanon 4600成像系统中使用ECL底物通过增强化学发光显现目标蛋白质条带。
建立内毒素耐受模型后,用PBS冲洗细胞3次,用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞20 min,PBS洗后,用免疫荧光封闭液含Triton封闭20 min。然后按1∶100体积比稀释一抗TFEB和LC3B,4 ℃孵育过夜。次日,按1∶100体积比稀释二抗,孵育1 h。用DAPI进行核染色。使用Leica SP8共聚焦显微镜观察成像。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计学作图,所有数值结果均以x¯±s表示,采用单因素方差分析、双尾无配对学生t检验进行分析,P<0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。
在RAW264.7巨噬细胞中建立内毒素耐受模型,首先通过ELISA法检测炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平。结果显示,Medium组炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6处于低水平;与Medium组相比,LPS 100组的炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平显著升高(P<0.01);与LPS 100组相比,Tolerance组炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平显著降低(P<0.01,图1A、B)。通过细菌清除实验检测内毒素耐受细胞对细菌清除能力的影响,结果显示,Medium组中无细菌生长;与Medium组相比,PA组中细菌数量增加(P<0.01);与PA组相比,Tolerance+PA组细菌数量显著增加(P<0.01,图1C)。以上结果表明,内毒素耐受细胞模型建立成功。
采用Western blot法检测内毒素耐受细胞模型中自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ和P62的水平。结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS 5组LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白水平少量增加,LPS 100组LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白水平显著升高,P62蛋白水平少量升高;而与LPS 100组相比,Tolerance组LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白水平显著降低,P62蛋白水平显著升高,在细胞内大量积累(P<0.01,图2A)。进行LC3B免疫荧光实验,LC3B染色主要呈现为点状,表明自噬体的存在。实验结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS 5组具有较少的红色点状荧光,LPS 100组红色点状荧光显著增加;与LPS 100组相比,Tolerance组的红色点状荧光显著降低(P<0.01,图2B)。以上结果表明,内毒素耐受细胞中自噬水平受到显著抑制。
Western blot结果显示,Medium组TFEB蛋白水平较低;与Medium组相比,LPS 5组TFEB蛋白水平少量增加,LPS 100组TFEB蛋白水平显著增加;与LPS 100组相比,Tolerance组TFEB蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.01,图3A)。分离细胞质和细胞核蛋白并进行Western blot实验,结果显示,静息状态下TFEB大量存在细胞质中,与Medium组相比,LPS 100组TFEB蛋白在细胞质中的表达减少,在细胞核中显著增加;与LPS 100组相比,Tolerance组TFEB蛋白在细胞质和细胞核中的表达均显著降低(P<0.01,图3B)。同时,免疫荧光实验结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS 100组的TFEB大量转入细胞核中,而Tolerance组TFEB核转位减少(P<0.01,图3C)。以上结果表明,TFEB在内毒素耐受模型中的表达和活性受到显著抑制。
用嘌呤霉素筛选出稳定表达TFEB的RAW264.7细胞,利用空载病毒液转染RAW264.7 细胞作为对照。通过荧光显微镜拍照观察,结果显示,转染慢病毒后可见细胞呈现绿色荧光,提示转染成功(图4A)。将2组细胞分别收集起来制成蛋白样品,通过Western blot实验结果显示,与对照相比,OE-TFEB蛋白表达显著增加(P<0.01,图4B)。结果表明,稳定表达TFEB的RAW264.7细胞株构建成功。
为了验证过表达TFEB在内毒素耐受细胞中的作用,Western blot结果显示,过表达TFEB后,与Medium组相比,LPS 100组和Tolerance组TFEB蛋白的表达和核转位均显著增加(P<0.01,图5)。
通过Western blot法检测过表达TFEB后对内毒素耐受细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ和P62蛋白水平的影响。结果显示,NC-TFEB中LPS 100组TFEB和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白水平升高,Tolerance组TFEB和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白水平显著降低,P62蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.01);与NC-TFEB相比,过表达TFEB后LPS 100组TFEB和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白水平进一步增加(P<0.01),而Tolerance组TFEB和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白水平显著增加,P62蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.01,图6A)。同时免疫荧光实验结果显示,与NC-TFEB相比,过表达TFEB后,LPS 100和Tolerance组LC3B的红色点状物数量和荧光强度显著增加(P<0.01,图6B)。以上结果表明,过表达TFEB可以显著提高内毒素耐受细胞的自噬水平。
通过细菌清除实验检测过表达TFEB对内毒素耐受模型细菌清除能力的影响,结果显示,NC-TFEB中Medium组无细菌生长;与Medium组相比,PA组细菌数量显著增加(P<0.01);与单独PA组比较,Tolerance+PA组细菌数量显著增加(P<0.01)。与NC-TFEB相比,过表达TFEB后的PA组细菌数量显著降低(P<0.01);Tolerance+PA组细菌数量显著降低(P<0.01,图7)。以上结果表明,过表达TFEB有助于恢复内毒素耐受模型对细菌的清除能力,降低细菌负荷。
进一步采用siRNA TFEB敲低TFEB的表达,Western blot实验结果显示,在si-NC中,LPS100组TFEB和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ水平升高,Tolerance组TFEB和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ水平显著降低,P62蛋白水平增加(P<0.01)。与si-NC相比,si-TFEB中LPS 100组TFEB和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ水平显著降低(P<0.01),而Tolerance组TFEB、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ和P62水平无明显变化,仍然处于低水平(图8A)。同时免疫荧光实验结果显示,与si-NC相比,si-TFEB中LPS 100组LC3B的红色点状荧光显著降低,Tolerance组LC3B的红色点状荧光有进一步减少的趋势(P<0.01,图8B)。以上结果表明,采用siRNA敲低TFEB后内毒素耐受细胞中的自噬仍然处于低水平。
细菌清除实验结果显示,si-NC中Medium组无细菌生长;与Medium组相比,PA组细菌数量显著增加(P<0.05);与单独PA组比较,Tolerance+PA组细菌数量显著增加(P<0.01)。与si-NC相比,si-TFEB中PA组细菌数量显著增加(P<0.01);Tolerance+PA组细菌数量少量增加,但无统计学差异(图9)。以上结果表明,siRNA敲低TFEB后内毒素耐受细胞对细菌清除能力仍然降低。
尽管重症监护技术的进步提高了对危重患者的救治能力,但严重脓毒症或创伤出血幸存者因免疫抑制而易发生继发性细菌感染,仍然是脓毒症患者死亡的主要原因[17]。传统支持性治疗手段如抗生素治疗和液体复苏,对许多危重患者的疗效有限,且以往的临床试验未能显著改善脓毒症患者的生存率[18]。因此,深入研究脓毒症和继发感染引发免疫抑制的机制,对开发有效的干预措施至关重要。
LPS作为一种内毒素,其暴露在脓毒症的早期和晚期可能导致炎症风暴以及免疫抑制的产生[19]。早期LPS能够激活单核-巨噬细胞系统释放大量促炎介质如TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-1、IL-6和IL-8,晚期诱导抗炎介质IL-10和TGF-β的释放,使得机体对LPS的再次攻击产生耐受性,这一现象称为内毒素耐受[20]。内毒素耐受是革兰阴性菌感染引起的脓毒症免疫抑制的原因之一,而革兰阴性菌,如大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌,是脓毒症患者体内最常见的病原体[21]。本研究构建了内毒素耐受的巨噬细胞模型,模拟脓毒症免疫抑制状态。通过向细胞中添加5 ng/mL LPS诱导12 h,使用100 ng/mL LPS或铜绿假单胞菌再次攻击2~4 h,检测耐受模型中炎症因子和细菌清除能力的变化。结果显示,内毒素耐受模型中,炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平显著降低,细菌清除能力显著减弱。结果表明,内毒素耐受模型建立成功。
自噬作为细胞清除内部病原体的重要机制,在脓毒症的发生与发展中起着关键作用[22-23]。研究表明,自噬对脓毒症诱导的T淋巴细胞凋亡和免疫抑制起保护作用[24]。本课题组长期致力于脓毒症发病机制研究,已证实自噬在脓毒症早期(细胞因子风暴阶段)增强,而在脓毒症晚期(免疫抑制阶段)受到抑制[25]。本研究结果进一步支持了这一观点:内毒素耐受状态下,自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ表达显著下调,P62水平升高,表明自噬活性下降。因此,深入研究自噬途径有助于理解脓毒症引起的免疫抑制机制,并促进新型免疫调节治疗策略的发展。
TFEB是调控自噬与溶酶体功能的核心转录因子,通过识别自噬溶酶体基因的CLEAR元件,激活多个与自噬和溶酶体功能相关基因如LC3和LAMP1的表达,从而增强吞噬溶酶体的生物合成和功能[26-27]。已有研究表明,在铜绿假单胞菌感染的肺炎小鼠模型中,TFEB缺失导致吞噬体和溶酶体生成减少,同时LC3Ⅱ和LAMP1蛋白水平下降。而敲除小鼠ZKSCAN3基因能够激活TFEB,并在肺炎期间显示出自噬-溶酶体基因表达和细菌清除能力的增强[28]。此外,研究发现,老龄小鼠和人B细胞中TFEB表达较非老龄细胞显著下调,与自噬水平和免疫功能的降低密切相关[29]。在本研究中,内毒素耐受细胞中TFEB的表达和活性受到显著抑制,导致LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ表达水平显著降低,P62水平升高,细胞清除细菌能力减弱。进一步通过调控TFEB的状态,在内毒素耐受细胞进行了过表达和敲低TFEB实验。结果显示,过表达TFEB显著提高了LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白水平,降低了P62水平,并增强了内毒素耐受细胞对细菌的清除能力;由于耐受状态下TFEB表达、细胞自噬水平和细菌清除能力均处于低水平,所以采用siRNA敲低TFEB对降低自噬水平和细菌清除能力的影响并不显著。而在炎症状态下,TFEB和自噬均高表达,敲低TFEB后,炎症细胞的自噬水平显著降低。这表明,在耐受状态下,通过升高TFEB的表达可以逆转细胞自噬功能低下的状态,恢复免疫功能。
TFEB的活性取决于其亚细胞定位,在营养充足的情况下,TFEB主要以非活性形式存在于细胞质中。然而,在饥饿、病原体感染或自噬-溶酶体功能受损等条件下,TFEB会迅速转移至细胞核影响其下游靶基因的转录[30]。尽管本研究揭示了内毒素耐受状态下,TFEB的表达水平和核转位均显著降低,同时自噬水平也明显下降,但其具体机制不清。已有文献指出,TFEB的核转位机制和功能受到多种翻译后修饰调控,包括磷酸化、乙酰化、SUMO化、烷基化和糖基化等[11]。mTOR磷酸化TFEB后,可促使TFEB与细胞质中的14-3-3蛋白结合,阻止其核转位,而在营养缺乏或其他应激条件下,mTOR的活性下降,TFEB去磷酸化后转移到细胞核中,激活自噬体和溶酶体基因的表达,进而增强自噬和溶酶体生物发生[31]。有文献报道,TFEB发生乙酰化后,可促进TFEB核转位,从而增强其转录活性;但也有文献报道,乙酰化酶GCN5通过乙酰化TFEB的K276和K279位点,干扰其二聚化形成,从而抑制TFEB的核转位,降低TFEB与自噬靶基因启动子的结合,进而抑制自噬活性[32-33]。最新文献报道,TFEB也能发生烷基化修饰,TFEB烷基化修饰抑制了TFEB与14-3-3蛋白的结合,以及TFEB Ser211的磷酸化,进而促进TFEB核转位,并降低巨噬细胞在体外的细菌清除能力[34]。以上文献提示,在内毒素耐受细胞中,TFEB的活性可能与蛋白翻译后修饰密切相关,值得进一步研究其具体作用机制,以期为脓毒症免疫抑制的调节和治疗提供更多的实验依据和新的治疗方法。
综上所述,本研究以内毒素耐受细胞模型作为研究对象,初步探讨了TFEB在脓毒症免疫抑制中的作用及可能机制。本研究发现,过表达TFEB不仅能恢复内毒素耐受模型中较低的自噬水平,还能增强耐受细胞对细菌的清除能力,恢复免疫功能,有望为临床治疗脓毒症免疫抑制提供新的候选药物和治疗靶点。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410042
  • 接收时间:2024-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-14
  • 修回日期:2024-11-07
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    1重庆医科大学药学院药理学系,重庆高校生物化学与分子药理学重点实验室,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院临床研究中心,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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