Article(id=1322211022144917735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.2-202412010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=1735660800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169273171, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169273171, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169273171, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169273171, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210968248107603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='893', pageEnd='1028', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747238400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169260321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325292291, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865413818536367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865413818536368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=935, endPage=947, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322211022514016488, articleId=1322211022144917735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Relationship of base excision repair pathway-related proteins with immune cell infiltration and prognosis in small cell lung cancer, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To observe the expression levels of base excision repair (BER) pathway-related proteins in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tissues, and analyze their relationship with the prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment.

Methods‍

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 74 patients with limited-stage SCLC undergoing surgical treatment in our medical center from December 2018 to June 2023. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to analyze the protein expression of BER pathway components, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), DNA polymerase β (POLβ), X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1), ATP-dependent DNA ligase I (LIGⅠ), and immune cell infiltration markers of CD3⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, CD68⁺ macrophages in SCLC tissues. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the relationship of BER protein expression and clinicopathological features; Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted to evaluate the impacts of BER protein expression and immune cells on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), multivariate Cox regression analysis was utilized to identify DFS prognostic factors, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation of BER-immune cell infiltration. In in vitro experiments, transient transfection was applied in H196 cells to overexpress APE1/POLβ/LIGⅠ, respectively. Thus, the cells were divided into negative control (NC, empty vector) and overexpression (OE, target plasmids) groups. CCK-8 and TUNEL assays were employed to determine the effects of OEAPE1, OEPOLβ and OELIGⅠon cell sensitivity to cisplatin. In in vivo experiments, nude mice bearing xenograft tumors were grouped into WT, E3330 (APE1 inhibitor), cisplatin, and cisplatin+E3330 groups to determine the effects of the combination therapy on tumor growth.

Results‍

There were no significant correlations of the expression levels of key BER pathway proteins with clinicopathological characteristics, including gender, age, smoking history, tumor location, Ki67 index, or TNM stage (all P>0.05). The patients with low expression of APE1, POLβ, and LIGⅠ had obviously higher DFS rates than those with high expression (P<0.05), and the patients with larger proportion of CD3+ T cells also had higher DFS rates than those with smaller proportion (P=0.043). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that tumor TNM stage (HR=2.465) and APE1 expression (HR=2.730) were independent risk factors for the prognosis of SCLC patients (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between APE1 and CD8+ T cell proportion in the SCLC patients (r=0.27, P<0.05). In vitro experiments showed that the overexpression (OE) cells (OEAPE1 and OELIGⅠ) exhibited reduced sensitivity to cisplatin than the NC group (P<0.05). Animal experiments indicated that cisplatin+E3330 significant inhibited xenograft tumor growth, indicating enhanced therapeutic efficacy(P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

High expression of APE1, POLβ, and LIGⅠ in the BER pathway indicates poor prognosis and low DFS rate in SCLC patients. High expression of APE1 is positively correlated with CD8+T cells, and can be used as an auxiliary marker for SCLC immunotherapy.

, authors=Chaofan LI, Tianyi CHEN, Qian CHEN, Yuxin YANG, Dong WANG, authorsList=Chaofan LI, Tianyi CHEN, Qian CHEN, Yuxin YANG, Dong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322211025634578676, articleId=1322211022144917735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=小细胞肺癌碱基切除修复蛋白表达和免疫细胞浸润与预后关系的研究, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

观察碱基切除修复(base excision repair,BER)蛋白在小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)组织中的表达水平,分析其与SCLC患者预后的关系,及其与肿瘤免疫微环境的关系。

方法

采用回顾性队列研究设计方案,纳入2018年12月至2023年6月在陆军特色医学中心胸外科接受手术治疗的局限期SCLC患者共74例。通过免疫组化染色分析蛋白在SCLC组织中的表达,包括脱嘌呤/脱嘧啶核酸内切酶1(apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1,APE1)、8-羟基鸟嘌呤DNA糖苷酶1(8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1,OGG1)、DNA聚合酶β(DNA polymerase β,POLβ)、X射线交错互补修复蛋白1(X-ray repair cross complementing protein 1,XRCC1)、ATP依赖性DNA连接酶Ⅰ(recombinant ATP dependent DNA ligase Ⅰ,LIGⅠ),以及免疫细胞CD3+T、CD8+T、CD68+巨噬细胞浸润情况;使用χ2检验分析BER蛋白表达与SCLC患者临床病理特征的关系,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析BER蛋白及免疫细胞对SCLC患者无病生存率和总生存率的影响,多因素Cox回归评估无病生存率的影响因素,Spearman分析BER蛋白表达和免疫细胞浸润的相关性。采用瞬时转染技术在SCLC细胞系H196中分别过表达APE1、POLβ及LIGⅠ蛋白,实验分为:阴性对照组(negative control,NC),转染空载质粒;过表达组(overexpression,OE),转染目标基因质粒(OEAPE1、OEPOLβ、OELIGⅠ)。CCK-8及TUNEL检测NC组和OE组对顺铂敏感性的影响。裸鼠皮下移植瘤实验采用简单随机分组法将裸鼠分为(n=6):WT组、E3330组、顺铂组、顺铂+E3330组,并观察E3330联合顺铂对肿瘤生长的影响。

结果

BER通路关键蛋白的表达水平与患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤部位、Ki67指数及TNM分期等临床病理特征无显著相关性(P均>0.05);BER蛋白中APE1、POLβ、LIGⅠ低表达组的无病生存率高于高表达组(P<0.05),而在免疫细胞浸润中CD3+T细胞高水平组的无病生存率高于低水平组(P=0.043)。多因素Cox回归分析表明肿瘤TNM分期(HR=2.465)和APE1表达(HR=2.730)是影响SCLC患者预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性分析表明,SCLC患者APE1与CD8+T细胞水平呈正相关(r=0.27,P<0.05)。细胞实验表明,相较于NC组,OE组(OEAPE1、OELIGⅠ)的细胞对顺铂的敏感性降低(P<0.05)。动物实验表明,顺铂+E3330组肿瘤生长明显抑制,治疗效果更好(P<0.01)。

结论

SCLC患者BER通路中APE1、POLβ、LIGⅠ高表达提示患者无病生存率低、预后不良;APE1高表达与CD8+T细胞浸润水平呈正相关,可以作为SCLC免疫治疗的辅助标志物。

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王东,E-mail:
WANG Dong,E-mail:
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Cancer Sci,2020,111(10):3493-3502., articleTitle=Relapse-related molecular signature in early-stage lung adenocarcinomas based on base excision repair,stimulator of interferon genes pathway and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322211025961734389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322211025965928694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, companyId=1322211025961734389, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Cancer Center,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322211025974317303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, companyId=1322211025961734389, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)肿瘤中心,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322211029417840921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PM84sgjOR01+rZs3TI6twA==, figureFileBig=EeZJDKzACXn77LFXxdPhUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211029606584602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BER相关分子在SCLC中的表达情况其及与预后的关系

A:IHC检测切片的APE1表达情况;B:APE1高表达组和低表达组的无病生存率和总生存率;C:IHC检测切片的LIGⅠ表达情况;D:LIGⅠ高表达组和低表达组的无病生存率和总生存率;E:IHC检测切片的OGG1表达情况;F:OGG1高表达组和低表达组的无病生存率和总生存率;G:IHC检测切片的XRCC1表达情况;H:XRCC1高表达组和低表达组的无病生存率和总生存率;I:IHC检测切片的POLβ达情况;J:POLβ高表达组和低表达组的无病生存率和总生存率

, figureFileSmall=PM84sgjOR01+rZs3TI6twA==, figureFileBig=EeZJDKzACXn77LFXxdPhUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211029824688411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ll7OAmHcqK4gxeaSbMEgIQ==, figureFileBig=K9Gct5GL9BnOK6dC9Fyo5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211029895991580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=CN, label=图2, caption=肿瘤浸润免疫细胞在SCLC中的表达情况及其与预后的关系

A:IHC检测切片的CD3表达情况;B:CD3高表达组和低表达组的无病生存率;C:IHC检测切片的CD8表达情况;D:CD8高表达组和低表达组的无病生存率;E:IHC检测切片的CD68表达情况;F:CD68高表达组和低表达组的无病生存率

, figureFileSmall=ll7OAmHcqK4gxeaSbMEgIQ==, figureFileBig=K9Gct5GL9BnOK6dC9Fyo5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211029954711838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VcKybuP+C+ORwPul9LnlxA==, figureFileBig=SQsiEVFezsvYW6tGm7HHuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211030017626399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BER分子与肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的关系

A:BER蛋白免疫组化评分在74例患者中的分布情况;B:CD3+T、CD8+T、CD68+巨噬细胞阳性细胞比率;C:IHC检测2例切片的APE1、CD3+T、CD8+T细胞表达情况;D:BER蛋白与免疫细胞的相关性 a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001;E:多重免疫组化检测2例切片的APE1、CD8+T、CD68+巨噬细胞表达情况

, figureFileSmall=VcKybuP+C+ORwPul9LnlxA==, figureFileBig=SQsiEVFezsvYW6tGm7HHuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211030080540960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ytvF26dMaVhUeE8sgFTeug==, figureFileBig=ctSMZcsBYr/ycWkkjkrzmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211030139261217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=CN, label=图4, caption=上调BER对SCLC细胞顺铂毒性的影响

A:转染后各组细胞中APE1、LIGⅠ、POLβ蛋白及Flag签蛋白的表达;B:顺铂处理后检测过表达APE1/LIGⅠ/POLβ组及NC组的细胞活力(n=3,x¯±s) a:P<0.05,与NC组比较; C:APE1过表达对顺铂诱导细胞凋亡的影响

, figureFileSmall=ytvF26dMaVhUeE8sgFTeug==, figureFileBig=ctSMZcsBYr/ycWkkjkrzmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211030193787170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cTwW6HRSk8DoghOao8fFxQ==, figureFileBig=eC7ZYp0fpEfstTeb6GCXCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211030260896035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=CN, label=图5, caption=E3330联合顺铂对移植瘤生长的影响(n=6,x¯±s)

a:P<0.01,与WT比较A:裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型建立情况;B:各组裸鼠皮下瘤质量;C:各组裸鼠体质量变化;D:各组裸鼠皮下瘤体积变化

, figureFileSmall=cTwW6HRSk8DoghOao8fFxQ==, figureFileBig=eC7ZYp0fpEfstTeb6GCXCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211030323810596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标例数
性别
男性
女性
50(67.57)
24(32.43)
年龄/岁
<5013(17.57)
50~5925(33.78)
>59~6926(35.14)
>69~10010(13.51)
肿瘤部位
左肺41(55.41)
右肺33(44.59)
吸烟史
有45(60.81)
无29(39.19)
TNM分期
Ⅰ25(33.78)
Ⅱ27(36.49)
Ⅲ22(29.73)
Ki67
<80%24(32.43)
≥80%50(67.57)
), ArticleFig(id=1322211030416085285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SCLC患者的一般临床信息[n=74,例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标例数
性别
男性
女性
50(67.57)
24(32.43)
年龄/岁
<5013(17.57)
50~5925(33.78)
>59~6926(35.14)
>69~10010(13.51)
肿瘤部位
左肺41(55.41)
右肺33(44.59)
吸烟史
有45(60.81)
无29(39.19)
TNM分期
Ⅰ25(33.78)
Ⅱ27(36.49)
Ⅲ22(29.73)
Ki67
<80%24(32.43)
≥80%50(67.57)
), ArticleFig(id=1322211030504165670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基线特征APE1χ2PXRCC1χ2PLIGⅠχ2P
低表达(n=42)高表达(n=32)低表达(n=9)高表达(n=65)低表达(n=24)高表达(n=50)
性别0.0360.8500.1010.7500.1730.678
男性28(66.67)22(68.75)7(77.78)43(66.15)17(70.83)33(66.00)
女性14(33.33)10(31.25)2(22.22)22(33.85)7(29.17)17(34.00)
年龄/岁0.0710.7901.7870.1810.0260.872
≥6021(50.00)15(46.88)2(22.22)34(52.31)12(50.00)24(48.00)
<6021(50.00)17(53.12)7(77.78)31(47.69)12(50.00)26(52.00)
吸烟史0.0680.79500.9840.5110.475
有25(59.52)20(62.50)6(66.67)39(0.60)16(66.67)29(58.00)
无17(40.48)12(37.50)3(33.33)26(0.40)8(33.33)21(42.00)
肿瘤部位0.3600.54901.0000.4200.517
左肺22(52.38)19(59.38)5(55.56)36(55.38)12(50.00)29(58.00)
右肺20(47.62)13(40.62)4(44.44)29(44.62)12(50.00)21(42.00)
Ki672.8680.09001.0002.1810.140
≥80%25(59.52)25(78.12)6(66.67)44(67.69)19(79.17)31(62.00)
<80%17(40.48)7(21.88)3(33.33)21(32.31)5(20.83)19(38.00)
TNM分期0.0690.7920.8370.3600.3800.537
Ⅰ+Ⅱ29(69.05)23(71.88)8(88.89)44(67.69)18(75.00)34(68.00)
Ⅲ13(30.95)9(28.12)1(11.11)21(32.31)6(25.00)16(32.00)
基线特征POLβχ2POGG1χ2P
低表达(n=16)高表达(n=58)低表达(n=30)高表达(n=44)
性别0.5150.4730.4130.521
男性12(75.00)38(65.52)19(63.33)31(70.45)
女性4(25.00)20(34.48)11(36.66)13(29.55)
年龄/岁0.4720.4920.0370.848
≥609(56.25)27(46.55)15(50.00)21(47.73)
<607(43.75)31(53.45)15(50.00)23(52.27)
吸烟史1.7250.1890.3640.547
有12(75.00)33(56.90)17(56.67)28(63.54)
无4(25.00)25(43.10)13(43.33)16(36.36)
肿瘤部位0.0060.9390.0320.857
左肺9(56.25)32(55.17)17(56.67)24(54.55)
右肺7(43.75)26(44.83)13(43.33)20(45.45)
Ki670.0130.9090.7650.382
≥80%11(68.75)39(67.24)22(73.33)28(63.64)
<80%5(31.25)19(32.76)8(26.67)16(36.36)
TNM分期1.9440.1630.9880.320
Ⅰ+Ⅱ14(87.50)38(65.52)23(76.67)29(65.91)
Ⅲ2(12.50)20(34.48)7(23.33)15(34.09)
), ArticleFig(id=1322211030588051752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BER蛋白在SCLC组织中的表达与临床因素的关系[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基线特征APE1χ2PXRCC1χ2PLIGⅠχ2P
低表达(n=42)高表达(n=32)低表达(n=9)高表达(n=65)低表达(n=24)高表达(n=50)
性别0.0360.8500.1010.7500.1730.678
男性28(66.67)22(68.75)7(77.78)43(66.15)17(70.83)33(66.00)
女性14(33.33)10(31.25)2(22.22)22(33.85)7(29.17)17(34.00)
年龄/岁0.0710.7901.7870.1810.0260.872
≥6021(50.00)15(46.88)2(22.22)34(52.31)12(50.00)24(48.00)
<6021(50.00)17(53.12)7(77.78)31(47.69)12(50.00)26(52.00)
吸烟史0.0680.79500.9840.5110.475
有25(59.52)20(62.50)6(66.67)39(0.60)16(66.67)29(58.00)
无17(40.48)12(37.50)3(33.33)26(0.40)8(33.33)21(42.00)
肿瘤部位0.3600.54901.0000.4200.517
左肺22(52.38)19(59.38)5(55.56)36(55.38)12(50.00)29(58.00)
右肺20(47.62)13(40.62)4(44.44)29(44.62)12(50.00)21(42.00)
Ki672.8680.09001.0002.1810.140
≥80%25(59.52)25(78.12)6(66.67)44(67.69)19(79.17)31(62.00)
<80%17(40.48)7(21.88)3(33.33)21(32.31)5(20.83)19(38.00)
TNM分期0.0690.7920.8370.3600.3800.537
Ⅰ+Ⅱ29(69.05)23(71.88)8(88.89)44(67.69)18(75.00)34(68.00)
Ⅲ13(30.95)9(28.12)1(11.11)21(32.31)6(25.00)16(32.00)
基线特征POLβχ2POGG1χ2P
低表达(n=16)高表达(n=58)低表达(n=30)高表达(n=44)
性别0.5150.4730.4130.521
男性12(75.00)38(65.52)19(63.33)31(70.45)
女性4(25.00)20(34.48)11(36.66)13(29.55)
年龄/岁0.4720.4920.0370.848
≥609(56.25)27(46.55)15(50.00)21(47.73)
<607(43.75)31(53.45)15(50.00)23(52.27)
吸烟史1.7250.1890.3640.547
有12(75.00)33(56.90)17(56.67)28(63.54)
无4(25.00)25(43.10)13(43.33)16(36.36)
肿瘤部位0.0060.9390.0320.857
左肺9(56.25)32(55.17)17(56.67)24(54.55)
右肺7(43.75)26(44.83)13(43.33)20(45.45)
Ki670.0130.9090.7650.382
≥80%11(68.75)39(67.24)22(73.33)28(63.64)
<80%5(31.25)19(32.76)8(26.67)16(36.36)
TNM分期1.9440.1630.9880.320
Ⅰ+Ⅱ14(87.50)38(65.52)23(76.67)29(65.91)
Ⅲ2(12.50)20(34.48)7(23.33)15(34.09)
), ArticleFig(id=1322211030667743529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βSEWaldχ2PHR(95%CI)
性别-0.0880.6430.0190.8910.916(0.260~3.226)
年龄-0.0560.3730.0220.8810.946(0.455~1.964)
吸烟史-0.1970.6100.1050.7460.821(0.248~2.712)
肿瘤部位-0.3970.3551.2520.2630.672(0.335~1.348)
Ki67-0.1520.3880.1520.6960.859(0.401~1.840)
TNM分期0.9020.3795.6620.0172.465(1.172~5.183)
APE11.0040.4365.2960.0212.730(1.161~6.420)
XRCC1-1.0110.6912.1430.1430.364(0.094~1.409)
OGG10.2590.4820.2890.5911.296(0.504~3.334)
POLβ0.4360.6190.4960.4811.547(0.460~5.204)
LIGⅠ0.5550.5590.9860.3211.741(0.583~5.203)
), ArticleFig(id=1322211030743241002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211022144917735, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Cox风险比例回归模型多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βSEWaldχ2PHR(95%CI)
性别-0.0880.6430.0190.8910.916(0.260~3.226)
年龄-0.0560.3730.0220.8810.946(0.455~1.964)
吸烟史-0.1970.6100.1050.7460.821(0.248~2.712)
肿瘤部位-0.3970.3551.2520.2630.672(0.335~1.348)
Ki67-0.1520.3880.1520.6960.859(0.401~1.840)
TNM分期0.9020.3795.6620.0172.465(1.172~5.183)
APE11.0040.4365.2960.0212.730(1.161~6.420)
XRCC1-1.0110.6912.1430.1430.364(0.094~1.409)
OGG10.2590.4820.2890.5911.296(0.504~3.334)
POLβ0.4360.6190.4960.4811.547(0.460~5.204)
LIGⅠ0.5550.5590.9860.3211.741(0.583~5.203)
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小细胞肺癌碱基切除修复蛋白表达和免疫细胞浸润与预后关系的研究
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李超凡 , 陈天一 , 陈骞 , 杨宇馨 , 王东
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(9): 935-947
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (9) : 935 -947
小细胞肺癌碱基切除修复蛋白表达和免疫细胞浸润与预后关系的研究
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李超凡, 陈天一, 陈骞, 杨宇馨, 王东
作者信息
  • 1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)肿瘤中心,重庆
通讯作者:
王东,E-mail:
WANG Dong,E-mail:
Relationship of base excision repair pathway-related proteins with immune cell infiltration and prognosis in small cell lung cancer
Chaofan LI, Tianyi CHEN, Qian CHEN, Yuxin YANG, Dong WANG
Affiliations
  • 1Cancer Center,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.2-202412010
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目的

观察碱基切除修复(base excision repair,BER)蛋白在小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)组织中的表达水平,分析其与SCLC患者预后的关系,及其与肿瘤免疫微环境的关系。

方法

采用回顾性队列研究设计方案,纳入2018年12月至2023年6月在陆军特色医学中心胸外科接受手术治疗的局限期SCLC患者共74例。通过免疫组化染色分析蛋白在SCLC组织中的表达,包括脱嘌呤/脱嘧啶核酸内切酶1(apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1,APE1)、8-羟基鸟嘌呤DNA糖苷酶1(8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1,OGG1)、DNA聚合酶β(DNA polymerase β,POLβ)、X射线交错互补修复蛋白1(X-ray repair cross complementing protein 1,XRCC1)、ATP依赖性DNA连接酶Ⅰ(recombinant ATP dependent DNA ligase Ⅰ,LIGⅠ),以及免疫细胞CD3+T、CD8+T、CD68+巨噬细胞浸润情况;使用χ2检验分析BER蛋白表达与SCLC患者临床病理特征的关系,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析BER蛋白及免疫细胞对SCLC患者无病生存率和总生存率的影响,多因素Cox回归评估无病生存率的影响因素,Spearman分析BER蛋白表达和免疫细胞浸润的相关性。采用瞬时转染技术在SCLC细胞系H196中分别过表达APE1、POLβ及LIGⅠ蛋白,实验分为:阴性对照组(negative control,NC),转染空载质粒;过表达组(overexpression,OE),转染目标基因质粒(OEAPE1、OEPOLβ、OELIGⅠ)。CCK-8及TUNEL检测NC组和OE组对顺铂敏感性的影响。裸鼠皮下移植瘤实验采用简单随机分组法将裸鼠分为(n=6):WT组、E3330组、顺铂组、顺铂+E3330组,并观察E3330联合顺铂对肿瘤生长的影响。

结果

BER通路关键蛋白的表达水平与患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤部位、Ki67指数及TNM分期等临床病理特征无显著相关性(P均>0.05);BER蛋白中APE1、POLβ、LIGⅠ低表达组的无病生存率高于高表达组(P<0.05),而在免疫细胞浸润中CD3+T细胞高水平组的无病生存率高于低水平组(P=0.043)。多因素Cox回归分析表明肿瘤TNM分期(HR=2.465)和APE1表达(HR=2.730)是影响SCLC患者预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性分析表明,SCLC患者APE1与CD8+T细胞水平呈正相关(r=0.27,P<0.05)。细胞实验表明,相较于NC组,OE组(OEAPE1、OELIGⅠ)的细胞对顺铂的敏感性降低(P<0.05)。动物实验表明,顺铂+E3330组肿瘤生长明显抑制,治疗效果更好(P<0.01)。

结论

SCLC患者BER通路中APE1、POLβ、LIGⅠ高表达提示患者无病生存率低、预后不良;APE1高表达与CD8+T细胞浸润水平呈正相关,可以作为SCLC免疫治疗的辅助标志物。

小细胞肺癌  /  碱基切除修复  /  预后  /  肿瘤免疫微环境
Objective‍

To observe the expression levels of base excision repair (BER) pathway-related proteins in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tissues, and analyze their relationship with the prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment.

Methods‍

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 74 patients with limited-stage SCLC undergoing surgical treatment in our medical center from December 2018 to June 2023. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to analyze the protein expression of BER pathway components, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), DNA polymerase β (POLβ), X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1), ATP-dependent DNA ligase I (LIGⅠ), and immune cell infiltration markers of CD3⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, CD68⁺ macrophages in SCLC tissues. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the relationship of BER protein expression and clinicopathological features; Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted to evaluate the impacts of BER protein expression and immune cells on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), multivariate Cox regression analysis was utilized to identify DFS prognostic factors, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation of BER-immune cell infiltration. In in vitro experiments, transient transfection was applied in H196 cells to overexpress APE1/POLβ/LIGⅠ, respectively. Thus, the cells were divided into negative control (NC, empty vector) and overexpression (OE, target plasmids) groups. CCK-8 and TUNEL assays were employed to determine the effects of OEAPE1, OEPOLβ and OELIGⅠon cell sensitivity to cisplatin. In in vivo experiments, nude mice bearing xenograft tumors were grouped into WT, E3330 (APE1 inhibitor), cisplatin, and cisplatin+E3330 groups to determine the effects of the combination therapy on tumor growth.

Results‍

There were no significant correlations of the expression levels of key BER pathway proteins with clinicopathological characteristics, including gender, age, smoking history, tumor location, Ki67 index, or TNM stage (all P>0.05). The patients with low expression of APE1, POLβ, and LIGⅠ had obviously higher DFS rates than those with high expression (P<0.05), and the patients with larger proportion of CD3+ T cells also had higher DFS rates than those with smaller proportion (P=0.043). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that tumor TNM stage (HR=2.465) and APE1 expression (HR=2.730) were independent risk factors for the prognosis of SCLC patients (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between APE1 and CD8+ T cell proportion in the SCLC patients (r=0.27, P<0.05). In vitro experiments showed that the overexpression (OE) cells (OEAPE1 and OELIGⅠ) exhibited reduced sensitivity to cisplatin than the NC group (P<0.05). Animal experiments indicated that cisplatin+E3330 significant inhibited xenograft tumor growth, indicating enhanced therapeutic efficacy(P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

High expression of APE1, POLβ, and LIGⅠ in the BER pathway indicates poor prognosis and low DFS rate in SCLC patients. High expression of APE1 is positively correlated with CD8+T cells, and can be used as an auxiliary marker for SCLC immunotherapy.

small cell lung cancer  /  base excision repair  /  prognosis  /  tumor immune microenvironment
李超凡, 陈天一, 陈骞, 杨宇馨, 王东. 小细胞肺癌碱基切除修复蛋白表达和免疫细胞浸润与预后关系的研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (9) : 935 -947 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.2-202412010
Chaofan LI, Tianyi CHEN, Qian CHEN, Yuxin YANG, Dong WANG. Relationship of base excision repair pathway-related proteins with immune cell infiltration and prognosis in small cell lung cancer[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (9) : 935 -947 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.2-202412010
肺癌是全球最常见的癌症,也是癌症死亡的主要原因[1]。小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)约占所有肺癌病例的14%,其5年生存率仅为7%[2]。SCLC的特点是生长迅速,基因组不稳定,早期易转移,治疗后易复发,预后较差。根据美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南,所有临床分期为ⅠA~ⅡA(T1~T2N0M0)的SCLC患者均应接受手术治疗,并进行术后全身治疗[3]。顺铂和依托泊苷联合治疗是目前SCLC患者首选的化疗方案[4]。虽然SCLC对化疗的初始反应率非常高,但大多病例都在1年内复发,并且复发后通常对额外的化疗反应不佳,只有不到5%的患者生存期能够超过2年[5]。
SCLC的快速生长伴随着大量基因组畸变,导致了DNA损伤和基因组不稳定性积累。在这种不稳定的基因组环境中,SCLC细胞依赖于功能性DNA损伤修复途径和细胞周期检查点对基因组功能进行修复[6]。碱基切除修复(base excision repair,BER)是一种从细菌到人类高度保守的DNA损伤修复方式[7],其过程有5种主要的酶参与完成,包括8-羟基鸟嘌呤DNA糖苷酶1(8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1,OGG1)、脱嘌呤/脱嘧啶核酸内切酶1(apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1,APE1)、X射线交错互补修复蛋白1 (X-ray repair cross complementing protein 1,XRCC1)、DNA聚合酶β(DNA polymerase β,POLβ)和ATP依赖性DNA连接酶Ⅰ(recombinant ATP dependent DNA ligaseⅠ,LIGⅠ)[8]。BER通常是由OGG1启动,产生无碱基位点,随后APE1切割DNA主链产生单链断裂,POLβ将未损失链作为模板,插入缺失的核苷酸填充间隙,由XRCC1和LIGⅠ等共同连接缺口参与修复。BER酶的缺乏会影响基因组稳定性,与肿瘤发生密切相关[9] 。
目前,免疫治疗联合化疗被写进一线广泛期小细胞肺癌指南中,然而与其对非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的作用相比,免疫治疗只能使较小部分SCLC患者获益[10]。因此,识别适合免疫治疗的优势人群,对于精准治疗SCLC非常重要。由于SCLC缺乏肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL),因此,将免疫“冷”肿瘤转化为“热”肿瘤,提高对免疫治疗反应,是SCLC治疗的主要挑战。DNA损伤修复通过调节参与肿瘤免疫细胞相互作用的多个通路来影响肿瘤免疫[11-12],BER相关基因可能参与SCLC快速增长,以及影响免疫微环境。因此,探讨BER相关蛋白表达和免疫细胞浸润的关系具有十分重要的临床意义。
采用回顾性队列研究设计方案,选取2018年12月至2023年6月期间陆军特色医学中心胸外科接受手术治疗的局限期SCLC患者,共74例。纳入标准:①符合SCLC诊断标准并经病理确诊;②术后依托泊苷(Etoposide)联合顺铂(Cisplatin)化疗方案(EP方案)辅助化疗至少2个周期及以上;③肿瘤组织石蜡包埋保存完好。排除标准:①广泛期SCLC患者;②合并其它恶性肿瘤;③围术期死亡患者。通过医院电子病历系统收集患者的临床病理相关资料,包括患者性别、年龄、吸烟情况,美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)第8版分期情况等。本研究人体组织标本相关研究经过陆军特色医学中心伦理委员会批准[医研伦审(2024)第321号]。
通过定期门诊或电话随访获得患者的生存数据,随访终点为2023年9月1日。无病生存率是指患者在经过治疗后未出现原发疾病复发、转移或进展的比例。总生存率是指患者在经过治疗后的总体存活比例。复发和进展的标准:①局部复发:通过CT扫描来评估,肿瘤在原发部位重新出现或扩大;②原发病灶症状:出现原发病灶相关的症状,如声音嘶哑、头面部水肿、颈部淋巴结肿大等;③区域淋巴结复发:通过CT扫描来评估,肿瘤扩散到原发肿瘤附近的淋巴结区域;④远处转移:通过CT扫描、骨扫描等来评估,肿瘤扩散到身体其他部位,如肝脏、骨骼、大脑等。病人的其余病理参数和临床信息均通过我院病历系统获得。
人SCLC细胞H196、H446均由陆军特色医学中心肿瘤中心实验室提供。使用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基,培养在37 ℃和5%CO2饱和湿度的培养箱中,细胞以1∶3分种比例进行传代(即1份细胞悬液与3份新鲜培养基混合后接种)。胎牛血清、RPMI-1640培养基、青霉素-链霉素溶液、胰蛋白酶均购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。
将组织切片放置在60 ℃烤片3 h后立即置于二甲苯中脱蜡,将脱蜡的切片依次浸入无水乙醇、95%乙醇、75%乙醇中脱水各3 min,水洗3 min;根据不同抗原修复方式分别采用EDTA缓冲液(pH=8.0)或柠檬酸钠缓冲液(pH=6.0)高压热修复抗原,冷却至室温后PBS洗片3 min;将内源性过氧化物酶阻断剂滴加在组织上孵育10 min,PBS洗片3 min;滴加一抗:APE1(abcam,#ab189474,1∶1 000),OGG1(proteintech,#15125-1-AP,1∶300),XRCC1(abcam,#ab134056,1∶300),Polβ(proteintech,#18003-1-AP,1∶200),LIGⅠ(proteintech,#18051-1-AP,1∶200),CD3(abcam,#ab16669,1∶150),CD8(abcam,#ab237710,1∶1 000),CD68(abcam,#ab213363,1∶5 000);湿盒4 ℃过夜;第2天常温下复温1 h,PBS 洗片3次,每次5 min;滴加免疫组化专用二抗,37 ℃孵育30 min,PBS洗片3次,每次5 min;配置3,3'-二氨基联苯胺溶液(3,3'-Diaminobenzidine Solution,DAB),滴加在组织上,计时观察染色情况,适时终止染色,洗片。苏木素复染细胞核2~3 min,盐酸酒精分化2~3 s,饱和碳酸锂返蓝2~3 s,梯度乙醇脱水,风干后盖玻片封片,奥林巴斯显微镜下观察并进行图像采集。
BER蛋白(APE1、OGG1、POLβ、XRCC1、LIGⅠ)染色强度计分:0分,阴性;1分,弱;2分,中;3分,强。0~1分为低表达,2~3分为高表达。
CD3、CD8、CD68阳性T细胞的比例:随机选取3个在显微镜下200×的视野,利用Image J软件分别计算阳性细胞数和细胞总数,再计算阳性细胞数和细胞总数的比值得出阳性率,并计算3个视野的平均值,得出CD3、CD8、CD68的表达情况。通过X-tile软件找到最佳截断值,低于或等于最佳截断值定义为低表达,高于最佳截断值定义为高表达。
用多重免疫组织化学检测试剂盒(Akoya Biosiciences,#NEL871001)进行染色,组织切片烤片3 h后二甲苯和梯度乙醇脱蜡;4%组织固定液固定20 min;抗原修复缓冲液(EDTA碱修复或柠檬酸钠酸修复)微波热修复20 min,自然冷却至室温;封闭液室温封闭10 min;4 ℃孵育一抗[APE1(1∶200),CD8(1∶200),CD68(1∶500)]过夜;次日TBST洗片3次,每次5 min后,二抗室温孵育10 min,染料多色标记(Opal520标记APE1、Opal690标记CD8、Opal620标记CD68),室温孵育10 min;DAPI染液标记细胞核,室温3 min;抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片后上机检测。
质粒制备委托上海吉凯基因科技有限公司完成;Lipofectamine 3000购自美国Thermo Fisher公司。将H196 细胞以2×105个/孔接种于6孔板中,待细胞呈对数生长且细胞融合度在70%左右时进行细胞转染。参照Lipofectamine 3000说明书,采用瞬时转染技术在SCLC细胞系H196中分别过表达APE1、POLβ和LIGⅠ蛋白。实验分组如下:阴性对照组(negative control,NC),转染空载质粒;过表达组(overexpression,OE),分别转染携带APE1、POLβ及LIGⅠ基因的重组质粒(OEAPE1、OEPOLβ、OELIGⅠ)。继续培养6~8 h换液进行后续实验。
分别将NC组、OE组H196细胞培养24 h,经消化、离心及重悬,制成单细胞悬液,将细胞以3×103 个/孔接种于96孔板,每孔200 µL,每组设立6个复孔。接种待细胞贴壁后继续培养48 h,每孔中加20 µL CCK-8试剂(碧云天生物技术有限公司),放置培养箱孵育,利用酶标仪测定在450 nm波长下的光密度值[D(450)]。
细胞组织裂解液中加入蛋白酶磷酸酶抑制剂,冰上裂解样本30 min,超声处理仪裂解细胞,离心取上清;使用紫外分光光度法测定裂解蛋白样本浓度;加入SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司),100 ℃下高温变性蛋白10 min;上样,80 V电泳30 min,120 V电泳60 min;冰浴条件下110 V恒压转膜90 min;5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭1 h;孵育一抗[APE1(1∶1 000),Polβ(1∶1 000),LIGⅠ(1∶1 000),GAPDH (proteintech,#10494-1-AP,1∶1 000),Flag(abcam,#ab8245,1∶1 000)],4 ℃过夜;次日孵育二抗[HRP偶联山羊抗鼠(proteintech,#SA00001-1,1∶4 000),HRP偶联山羊抗兔(proteintech,#SA00001-2,1∶4 000)],室温1 h;使用化学发光成像系统显影。
采用TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(碧云天生物技术有限公司)检测细胞凋亡水平。对照组无特殊处理,实验组用8 μmol/L顺铂处理细胞24 h,用PBS洗涤细胞3 min,4%多聚甲醛固定30 min,加入含0.3% Triton X-100的PBS,室温孵育5 min,PBS洗涤3次,每次3 min,按照制造商的说明配制TUNEL检测液(碧云天;#C1086),加入样品,37 ℃避光孵育60 min,染DAPI,PBS洗涤3次,每次3 min,避光,显微镜下观察。
5周龄BALB/c Nude雌性小鼠,体质量(14±3)g,购自维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,在陆军特色医学中心SPF级实验动物中心中饲养。裸鼠饲养需对饲料及饮用水进行灭菌处理,并控制饲养环境的温度(26~28 ℃)、湿度(40%~60%)及换气次数(10~15次/h),以维持环境稳定温度、氧气、湿度恒定。本研究动物实验经过陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20247121),涉及动物处理的程序符合实验动物护理机构的指南。
收集对数生长期的H446细胞,PBS缓冲液和基质胶按照1∶1的体积比配置注射液并重悬细胞,计数并调整细胞密度为8×107个/mL,在裸鼠右腹股沟皮下接种100 μL。随后观察肿瘤接种部位生长情况,称小鼠体质量,用游标卡尺记录肿瘤长径及短径,计算肿瘤体积。待肿瘤体积达到100~200 mm3时,采用简单随机分组法将裸鼠分为4组(n=6):WT组,腹腔注射150 µL生理盐水;E3330组,腹腔注射E3330,25 mg/kg,每2日1次;顺铂组,腹腔注射顺铂,6 mg/kg,每4日1次;顺铂+ E3330组,联合给药(剂量与单药组一致)。E3330购自selleck生物科技有限公司。出现肿瘤长径达到15 mm时对小鼠进行60 mg/kg戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉,断颈处死,解剖皮下瘤,记录肿瘤质量、长径、短径等数据,妥善保存标本以作后用。肿瘤体积的计算公式:
体积(mm3)=长径(mm)×短径(mm)²×0.52
使用SPSS 22.0 软件进行数据处理和统计分析,GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件进行统计绘图。计数资料用例(%)表示。使用χ2检验分析BER蛋白与SCLC患者临床病理特征之间的关系。采用Kaplan-Meier法对无病生存率和总生存率进行单因素生存分析,Log-rank检验差异性。多因素Cox回归评估无病生存率的影响因素,Spearman分析BER蛋白表达和免疫细胞浸润的相关性。P<0.05视为差异具有统计学意义。
共纳入74例SCLC患者,其中男性50例,女性24例;中位年龄为58.5岁;有TNM分期Ⅰ期25例,Ⅱ期27例,Ⅲ期22例。74例患者均随访至2023年9月1日,随访时间为2.9~68.7个月,中位随访时间为44.2个月。至随访终点,有37例SCLC患者出现肿瘤进展,37例患者未出现肿瘤进展;有27例患者因SCLC进展而死亡,有47例患者仍存活,所有患者的生存率为63.5%。患者基本临床资料见表1。
免疫组化染色结果显示,APE1表达于细胞核中,极少数可见细胞质表达,阳性率为68.9%,32例高表达。LIGⅠ表达于细胞核中,阳性率为90.5%,50例高表达。OGG1表达于细胞核中,阳性率为94.6%,44例高表达。XRCC1表达于细胞核中,阳性率为97.3%,65例高表达。POLβ表达于细胞核中,阳性率为97.3%,58例高表达。BER表达水平与临床病理特征之间的相关性分析显示,在性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤部位、Ki67、TNM分期这些指标中,BER表达水平与其无显著相关性(表2)。多因素Cox回归分析表明,肿瘤TNM分期(HR=2.465)和APE1表达水平(HR=2.730)与SCLC患者的无病生存率相关(P<0.05,表3),但未显示性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤部位、Ki67等与SCLC患者的无病生存率相关。
利用Kaplan-Meier分析BER通路APE1、LIGⅠ、OGG1、XRCC1和POLβ蛋白的表达与SCLC患者的无病生存率与总生存率的关系。结果显示,APE1高表达患者的无病生存率(P=0.002 3)、总生存率(P=0.039 9)较低表达患者明显降低(图1A、B);LIGⅠ高表达患者的无病生存率较高表达患者更低(P=0.008 3),总生存率差异无统计学意义(图1C、D);OGG1高表达的患者无病生存率与低表达的患者差异无统计学意义,总生存率较低表达患者更低(P=0.023 8,图1E、F);XRCC1高表达的患者无病生存率、总生存率与低表达的患者差异均无统计学意义(图1G、H);POLβ高表达患者的无病生存率(P=0.033 6)、总生存率(P=0.008 7)较低表达患者均更低(图1I、J)。
免疫组化结果显示,CD3、CD8在SCLC中普遍低表达,即CD3+T和CD8+T细胞在SCLC中普遍浸润程度较低,中位阳性率分别为1.97%、2.98%。CD3+T细胞阳性率最佳截断值取1.89%,高浸润的肿瘤患者相比于低浸润的患者具有显著更高的无病生存率(P=0.043,图2A、B)。此外,CD8+T细胞阳性率最佳截断值取2.25%,高浸润的患者相比于低浸润的患者,具有更高的无病生存率,虽未达统计学意义,但提示CD8+T细胞高浸润可能与DFS改善存在潜在关联(P=0.084,图2C、D)。使用CD68标记巨噬细胞,高浸润的肿瘤患者相比于低浸润的患者,差异没有统计学意义(图2E、F)。
推测BER蛋白与肿瘤免疫微环境之间可能存在联系。选取2例IHC显示为APE1低表达和高表达的病理切片对APE1、CD8+T、CD68+这3个指标进行多重免疫组化检测(图3C、E),发现APE1与淋巴细胞似乎有一定关系。为定量评估免疫细胞浸润水平,对74例患者的IHC切片进行显微成像分析,量化CD3⁺T细胞、CD8⁺T细胞及CD68⁺巨噬细胞的表达水平(图3B),并结合BER蛋白的免疫组化评分(图3A),通过Spearman相关性分析探讨二者间的关联。发现只有APE1的表达水平与CD8+T细胞的浸润程度呈正相关(r=0.27,P<0.05,图3D),与CD3+T细胞的浸润程度的关系呈正相关趋势(r=0.22,P=0.065),虽未达统计学显著性阈值,但提示潜在关联性。与CD68+巨噬细胞浸润的关系不具有统计学意义。提示APE1高表达可能是免疫治疗的辅助指标。
为探究APE1、LIGⅠ、POLβ高表达患者的无病生存率低是否与化疗有关,用过表达质粒APE1、LIGⅠ、POLβ转染细胞,48 h后收集细胞检测转染效率,Western blot结果显示,APE1、LIGⅠ、POLβ蛋白的表达在OE组中高于NC组细胞(图4A)。不同浓度的顺铂作用于2组细胞48 h后显示,随着药物浓度的增高,2组细胞的增殖率均下降,与NC组相比,OEAPE1、OELIGⅠ组细胞增殖率下降不明显,对顺铂敏感度更低(P<0.05,图4B),OEPOLβ转染组与NC组无差异。然后进行TUNEL染色,以确定APE1是否影响顺铂诱导的细胞凋亡。顺铂处理增加了NC和OEAPE1组中的凋亡细胞;然而,OEAPE1组中凋亡细胞的增加低于NC组细胞(图4C)。
为了确定APE1在小鼠体内对肿瘤生长的作用,建立了WT、E3330、顺铂、顺铂+E3330组皮下移植瘤模型。各组裸鼠均成功建立移植瘤模型,在此期间无裸鼠死亡(图5A)。与WT组相比,E3330组、顺铂组、顺铂+E3330组的体质量均有降低(图5C),瘤体体积增加较为缓慢(P<0.05,图5D)。将瘤体质量绘制瘤体质量半定量分析图(图5B),与WT组相比,顺铂+E3330组的肿瘤质量较低(P<0.05)。这些结果表明,E3330抑制APE1的氧化还原功能,能够抑制瘤体的增殖,与化疗药物顺铂联用,可以增强其治疗效果。
近10年来,由于靶向治疗和免疫治疗的进展,NSCLC患者的生存率得到了极大的提高,而SCLC却未获得重要临床进展[13]。国家癌症数据库的分析显示,954名T1~T2N0M0 SCLC患者接受R0切除术的5年总生存率为47%[6]。但SCLC手术切除很少进行,因为在诊断时肿瘤大多已广泛转移[5]。20世纪80年代,含铂双药方案一直是 SCLC 的标准治疗,但这种治疗方案生存获益有限,并会很快出现耐药。因此,需要探索新的治疗靶点,为开发针对性的治疗方法提供线索。
化疗仍是SCLC患者的主要治疗手段,尤其是对中晚期患者来说。有研究发现暴露于顺铂后LIGⅠ表达随之增加[14];在NSCLC中,APE1过表达与顺铂耐药有关[15]。本研究通过收集我院74例SCLC手术标本,检测DNA修复通路中的关键BER蛋白,其中APE1、LIGⅠ、POLβ高表达与预后差相关,过表达APE1、LIGⅠ后,降低了肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感度。提示APE1和LIGⅠ可能是肿瘤快速进展与铂耐药的关键基因,参与了SCLC耐药的发生过程,与其预后差密切相关。在动物实验中发现了抑制APE1的氧化还原功能对肿瘤生长起到了一定的抑制作用,与顺铂联合使用能增强化疗效果。因此BER不仅可预测手术联合化疗患者的复发风险,也将为SCLC的个体化精确治疗提供新思路。
BER是一种高度保守的机制,可处理由活性氧、自然水解和烷基化反应等产生的氧化损伤。因此,癌症治疗的一种策略是用抑制剂靶向BER蛋白,并结合其他治疗手段,抑制肿瘤细胞的DNA修复能力,增强放化疗的杀伤效果。这对于BER蛋白过表达的特定肿瘤类型尤其重要。另一个策略是靶向BER蛋白,通过合成致死特异性杀死癌细胞。BER蛋白参与肿瘤发生发展,但是其在不同肿瘤中参与的作用不一样。既往研究表明,在鼻咽癌中,与预后密切相关的分子为APE1和XRCC1[16];乳腺癌中XRCC1单核苷酸多态性会导致癌症易感性增加[17];联合检测程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)和APE1的表达水平可对早期宫颈鳞癌预后进行评估[18];在NSCLC中,APE1、OGG1、XRCC1的基因多态性与预后密切相关[19];但是因为SCLC手术标本的获取困难,国内外尚没有报道探讨异质性极强的SCLC中BER通路蛋白表达与预后的关系。本研究表明APE1、OGG1、POLβ的高表达与预后呈负相关,为筛选SCLC的特异性标记物提供了新的潜在证据。
关于IMpower133的研究使得广泛期SCLC进入联合免疫治疗时代[20]。进一步增强免疫治疗的效果可以为SCLC的治疗提供新的机会,并为SCLC的临床研究提供参考。这可能涉及开发新药物以及更合理的药物组合,以增加T细胞浸润和激活并诱导细胞因子分泌以改善SCLC免疫原性。CD8+T细胞介导的癌症清除通常被抑制性检查点分子如程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)与 PD-L1之间的相互作用所抑制,这种相互作用被肿瘤细胞利用来逃避免疫监视。免疫检查点抑制剂通过消除这种相互作用来进行癌症治疗。不幸的是,只有少数癌症患者对免疫疗法有反应,这可能是由于免疫力的不足。在肿瘤浸润树突状细胞的胞质溶胶中发现了肿瘤来源的DNA,并且能够激活环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶(cyclic GMP-AMP synthase,cGAS)-干扰素刺激因子(stimulator of interferon gene,STING)信号通路,促进肿瘤特异性抗原呈递和肿瘤特异性CD8+T细胞激活[21-23]。抗肿瘤免疫力取决于cGAS-STING通路的激活,既往研究显示,STING缺陷小鼠在各种抗肿瘤治疗中未能刺激CD8+T细胞,STING配体cGAMP和PD-L1抗体的组合显示出更强的抗肿瘤作用[24];抑制DNA修复通路WEE1蛋白激酶(wee1-like protein kinase,WEE1),激活STING信号通路,增敏SCLC PD-L1治疗[25]。这均体现了实体肿瘤中DNA损伤应答(DNA damage repair,DDR)通路的改变导致的基因组不稳定对肿瘤治疗起到的重要作用。既往研究表明在NSCLC中,治疗前血液中APE1的高表达往往提示免疫治疗效果差,可能与高表达APE1促进放疗抵抗并抑制STING信号通路有关[26]。前期已经在NSCLC中构建了STING通路、BER通路蛋白、肿瘤免疫细胞浸润三者状态为参数判断早期肺腺癌复发的关键模型[27]。因为SCLC为冷肿瘤,大部分患者对免疫治疗无效,而本研究发现APE1高表达的患者预后较差,但是肿瘤中CD8+T浸润却明显增加。提示APE1高表达的患者预后往往较差,但却可能是免疫治疗潜在获益人群,针对这部分人群靶向APE1联合免疫治疗或许使该部分患者获益。
综上所述,SCLC患者BER通路中APE1、POLβ、LIGⅠ高表达患者预后不良,可在一定程度上预测复发风险;APE1与CD8+T细胞相关可以作为SCLC免疫治疗的辅助标志物。但本研究具有一定局限性:①研究对象是进行手术切除治疗的早期患者,到随访终点时,存活及失访人数超过50%的患者,半数生存期未达到;②SCLC患者进行手术治疗者较少,而本研究基于手术标本通过免疫组化技术进行,手术标本大都为早期患者,研究样本可能未能充分代表目标患者群体,导致结果存在一定的偏差,未来研究可以扩大样本量,并更严格地控制纳入和排除标准,以提高结果的准确性;③由于缺乏鼠源性的SCLC细胞,未能在免疫正常小鼠中进行成瘤试验。未来进行Rb和p53基因敲除来诱导免疫正常小鼠发生肿瘤,可以更全面地探究BER蛋白表达与肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的关系。

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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.2-202412010
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
  • 修回日期:2025-01-01
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    1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)肿瘤中心,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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