Article(id=1322210978511565578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736092800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-06, revisedDate=1740931200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169262769, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169262769, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169262769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169262769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=858, endPage=869, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210978859692811, articleId=1322210978511565578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Characteristics of gut mycobiome in gout patients and their clinical correlation, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To compare the gut fungal composition between gout patients and healthy individuals through high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1).

Methods‍

Gout patients and healthy volunteers who visited our hospital from January 2023 to December 2024 were enrolled in this study. Then based on established medical guidelines, the gout patients were categorized into 3 groups: Group H (asymptomatic hyperuricemia, n=14), Group G (acute gouty arthritis, n=14), and Group I (intercritical period of gouty arthritis, n=15), and the healthy individuals were assigned into Group N (n=9). Fecal samples were collected from all the participants to undergo ITS1 sequencing analysis. The differences in diversity and composition of gut mycobiome, and FunGuild-derived fungal functions and nutritional status were compared among the 4 groups, and the correlation between the gut mycobiome and clinical indicators was analyzed.

Results‍

There were no significant differences in baseline features such as gender, age, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and levels of serum creatinine (SCr) and serum urea among Group N and other gout groups, but obvious differences were observed in body mass index (BMI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum uric acid (SUA), and IL-1β and IL-6 (P<0.05). In terms of gut fungal diversity, ITS1 analysis showed there were no statistical differences in α-diversity or the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of β-diversity among the groups. However, as gout progressed, significant changes were observed in β-diversity indices, indicating a shift in the gut fungal community composition with disease advancement (P<0.05). The phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycotina were the dominant fungal phyla in all groups. Compared with the other 3 gout groups, the abundance of Pichia was significantly increased in Group N (P<0.05), that of Saccharomyces was in Group H (P<0.05), and that of Starmerella was in Group G (P<0.05). Correlation analysis between the gut mycobiome and clinical indices indicated that the relative abundance of Starmerella was significantly positively correlated with IL-1β (P<0.01) and IL-6 (P<0.05).The relative abundance of Pichia was significantly positively correlated with IL-1β and IL-6 levels (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with serum urea level (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Saccharomyces was negatively correlated with IL-1β and IL-6 levels (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

There exist significant alterations in both the diversity and composition of gut fungi among patients with gout at various stages. Notably, the fluctuations in the relative abundance of Starmerella, Pichia and Saccharomyces appear to correlate with key clinical indicators.

, authors=Yusong GE1, Chunlin ZHANG2, Yinxuan DU2, Xiaoqin GUO2, Yuanyuan LEI1, Zhanjie HOU1, Lei RAN1, Jing XU2, Shiming YANG1, authorsList=Yusong GE, Chunlin ZHANG, Yinxuan DU, Xiaoqin GUO, Yuanyuan LEI, Zhanjie HOU, Lei RAN, Jing XU, Shiming YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing XU, Shiming YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210980956844823, articleId=1322210978511565578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=痛风患者肠道真菌特征及其临床相关性研究, columnId=1322185541475488183, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

通过内部转录间隔区1(internal transcribed spacer 1,ITS1)DNA高通量测序,比较痛风患者与健康人群之间肠道真菌组成情况。

方法

以2023年1月至2024年12月期间,在陆军军医大学第二附属医院就诊的痛风患者及健康志愿者为研究对象。将痛风患者按照指南分为3个不同的疾病组,其中无症状高尿酸血症患者为H组,急性痛风性关节炎患者为G组,痛风性关节炎发作间歇期患者为I组,健康人群为N组,收集被研究人群的大便标本行ITS1测序分析,比较4组间肠道菌群多样性、组成结构及Guild功能营养状态的差别,并对肠道真菌与受试人群的临床指标进行相关性分析。

结果

健康人群及痛风各组人群在性别、年龄、肾小球滤过率、血清肌酐、血清尿素氮等基线资料上均无统计学差异,但BMI、C反应蛋白、血清尿酸、血沉、血清白细胞介素1β、血清白细胞介素6有统计学差异(P<0.05)。根据ITS1分析,健康人群和痛风各组人群相比,α多样性及β多样性中的主坐标分析(PCoA)无统计学差异,但是随着痛风疾病进展,β多样性指数差异分析显示有统计学差异(P<0.05)。在真菌结构组成上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota)是全部分组中的优势菌门。相较于其他3组,N组毕赤酵母属(Pichia)明显增多(P<0.05),H组酿酒酵母属(Saccharomyces)明显增多(P<0.05),而G组斯塔莫酵母属(Starmerella)明显增多(P<0.05)。肠道真菌与临床指标相关性分析发现,Starmerella的相对丰度与IL-1β(P<0.01)、IL-6(P<0.05)显著正相关。Pichia的相对丰度与血清尿素氮呈负相关(P<0.05)。而Saccharomyces的相对丰度与IL-1β、IL-6显著负相关(P<0.05)。

结论

痛风不同阶段患者肠道真菌的多样性及组成结构均会发生显著改变,Starmerella、Saccharomyces、Pichia等相对丰度的变化可能与患者多项临床指标相关。

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徐 静,E-mail:
杨仕明,E-mail:
YANG Shiming,E-mail:
XU Jing,E-mail:
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BMC Microbiol,2019,19(1):246., articleTitle=Saccharomyces boulardii alleviates ulcerative colitis carcinogenesis in mice by reducing TNF-α and IL-6 levels and functions and by rebalancing intestinal microbiota, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322211000384861075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, doi=10.27169/d.cnki.gwqgu.2023.000177, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=46, authorNames=胡倩珏, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡倩珏. 具有缓解炎症性肠病作用的酿酒酵母的筛选及其效果评价[D]. 无锡:江南大学,2023., articleTitle=具有缓解炎症性肠病作用的酿酒酵母的筛选及其效果评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322211002339406740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, doi=10.27169/d.cnki.gwqgu.2023.000177, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=47, authorNames=HU Q J, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Q J. Screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the function of relieving inflammatory bowel disease and its effect evaluation[D].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2023., articleTitle=Screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the function of relieving inflammatory bowel disease and its effect evaluation, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322210981414023960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210981418218265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, companyId=1322210981414023960, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210981426606874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, companyId=1322210981414023960, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:消化内科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322210981749568283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210981757956892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, companyId=1322210981749568283, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210981766345501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, companyId=1322210981749568283, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:内分泌科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322210989311898455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lFJmFOboYTNSvL9RdewNGQ==, figureFileBig=C2+thPF0TOU1XiZA4Aur+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210989412561752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=CN, label=图1, caption=组间肠道真菌多样性差异分析

A:N组与GOUT组之间肠道真菌的α多样性(由Chao1、Shannon及Simpson指数表示);B:N组与GOUT组之间的肠道真菌主坐标分析(PCoA)及β多样性指数分析(基于Jaccard法);C:4组之间肠道真菌的α多样性(由Chao1、Shannon及Simpson指数表示);D:4组之间的肠道真菌主坐标分析(PCoA)及β多样性指数分析(基于Jaccard法);a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=lFJmFOboYTNSvL9RdewNGQ==, figureFileBig=C2+thPF0TOU1XiZA4Aur+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210990146564953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vzJCz6BGo/3ud7+obSARdA==, figureFileBig=TXF2fsFD7gaog+Ic2P2ydw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210990251422555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=CN, label=图2, caption=组间真菌组成分析

A:门水平菌群相对丰度分析热图;B:属水平菌群相对丰度分析热图

, figureFileSmall=vzJCz6BGo/3ud7+obSARdA==, figureFileBig=TXF2fsFD7gaog+Ic2P2ydw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210990620521308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3sWL2Oqu7Iktco16nIe4pA==, figureFileBig=YLwwqUKukIdwCC3rzsXFcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210990691824477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=CN, label=图3, caption=组间真菌LEfSe分析

A:在不同分类群水平上对肠道真菌效应大小(LEfSe)进行线性判别分析(LDA);B:组间具有显著差异的多级物种层级进化分支弧形图,从内而外依次表现差异菌属从属关系,节点大小对应差异菌属的平均相对丰度;红色为G组差异菌,绿色为H组差异菌,蓝色为I组差异菌,紫色为N组差异菌

, figureFileSmall=3sWL2Oqu7Iktco16nIe4pA==, figureFileBig=YLwwqUKukIdwCC3rzsXFcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210991044146014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9A9uy6i4w1tDc0/MPNDfuA==, figureFileBig=QKHlaJgH5Y959bMjq+3oFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210991409050464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=CN, label=图4, caption=组间真菌与临床指标相关性分析

A:肠道菌群门水平丰度前5的菌门与临床血清学指标Spearman相关性热图;B:肠道菌群属水平丰度前20的菌门与临床血清学指标Spearman相关性热图;红色代表正相关,蓝色代表负相关,颜色越深代表相关系数越大;a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=9A9uy6i4w1tDc0/MPNDfuA==, figureFileBig=QKHlaJgH5Y959bMjq+3oFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210991505519457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mLWqsMIVT6Ie88dhfQAOBQ==, figureFileBig=cDmOBH6adq7p1fdTu/ffSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210991836869474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=CN, label=图5, caption=组间真菌Guild功能及营养状态分析

A:肠道真菌Guild功能丰度直方图;B:肠道真菌营养模式丰度直方图;C:肠道真菌Guild功能聚类热图;D:肠道真菌营养模式聚类热图

, figureFileSmall=mLWqsMIVT6Ie88dhfQAOBQ==, figureFileBig=cDmOBH6adq7p1fdTu/ffSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210993334236003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
资料N组(n=9)H组(n=14)G组(n=14)I组(n=15)P值
性别(男/女)9/014/014/015/0P>0.99
年龄/岁29.56±3.0536.93±15.0534.43±8.6934.80±8.82P=0.38
BMI/(kg/m2)22.97±1.5026.41±2.73a27.20±3.34a25.90±2.63P=0.0059
eGFR/(mL/min)111.80±12.0899.21±17.3098.43±18.4289.33±29.05P=0.08
SCr/(μmol/L)78.00(70.50,84.00)82.95(73.83,99.08)89.95(74.70,97.65)101.50(74.00,106.90)P=0.32
SUA/(μmol/L)348.40±38.35510.50±65.08a530.10±153.70a530.20±152.80aP=0.002
Urea/(mmol/L)4.30(4.05,6.40)5.15(4.18,5.79)4.91(4.10,5.93)5.81(4.67,6.49)P=0.26
CRP/(mg/L)2.40(1.48,2.98)3.50(2.05,5.00)9.40(4.50,33.40)a3.60(2.40,5.60)P=0.035
血沉/(mm/h)3.00(2.00,5.25)6.00(4.65,22.50)a10.50(5.75,42.75)a5.50(2.00,11.00)P=0.011
IL-1β/(pg/mL)42.51±3.1066.20±4.55abc88.55±4.61ac78.84±4.89aP<0.0001
IL-6/(pg/mL)103.50±10.58136.40±11.25abc174.00±13.32ac159.20±11.08aP<0.0001
), ArticleFig(id=1322210993422316388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210978511565578, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象基线资料 [x¯±s,M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
资料N组(n=9)H组(n=14)G组(n=14)I组(n=15)P值
性别(男/女)9/014/014/015/0P>0.99
年龄/岁29.56±3.0536.93±15.0534.43±8.6934.80±8.82P=0.38
BMI/(kg/m2)22.97±1.5026.41±2.73a27.20±3.34a25.90±2.63P=0.0059
eGFR/(mL/min)111.80±12.0899.21±17.3098.43±18.4289.33±29.05P=0.08
SCr/(μmol/L)78.00(70.50,84.00)82.95(73.83,99.08)89.95(74.70,97.65)101.50(74.00,106.90)P=0.32
SUA/(μmol/L)348.40±38.35510.50±65.08a530.10±153.70a530.20±152.80aP=0.002
Urea/(mmol/L)4.30(4.05,6.40)5.15(4.18,5.79)4.91(4.10,5.93)5.81(4.67,6.49)P=0.26
CRP/(mg/L)2.40(1.48,2.98)3.50(2.05,5.00)9.40(4.50,33.40)a3.60(2.40,5.60)P=0.035
血沉/(mm/h)3.00(2.00,5.25)6.00(4.65,22.50)a10.50(5.75,42.75)a5.50(2.00,11.00)P=0.011
IL-1β/(pg/mL)42.51±3.1066.20±4.55abc88.55±4.61ac78.84±4.89aP<0.0001
IL-6/(pg/mL)103.50±10.58136.40±11.25abc174.00±13.32ac159.20±11.08aP<0.0001
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痛风患者肠道真菌特征及其临床相关性研究
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戈宇松 1 , 张春林 2 , 杜蓥漩 2 , 郭小芹 2 , 雷媛媛 1 , 侯占杰 1 , 冉雷 1 , 徐静 2 , 杨仕明 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学 2025,47(8): 858-869
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学 2025 , 47 (8) : 858 -869
痛风患者肠道真菌特征及其临床相关性研究
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戈宇松1, 张春林2, 杜蓥漩2, 郭小芹2, 雷媛媛1, 侯占杰1, 冉雷1, 徐静2 , 杨仕明1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:消化内科,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:内分泌科,重庆
通讯作者:
徐 静,E-mail:
杨仕明,E-mail:
YANG Shiming,E-mail:
XU Jing,E-mail:
Characteristics of gut mycobiome in gout patients and their clinical correlation
Yusong GE1, Chunlin ZHANG2, Yinxuan DU2, Xiaoqin GUO2, Yuanyuan LEI1, Zhanjie HOU1, Lei RAN1, Jing XU2 , Shiming YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501015
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目的

通过内部转录间隔区1(internal transcribed spacer 1,ITS1)DNA高通量测序,比较痛风患者与健康人群之间肠道真菌组成情况。

方法

以2023年1月至2024年12月期间,在陆军军医大学第二附属医院就诊的痛风患者及健康志愿者为研究对象。将痛风患者按照指南分为3个不同的疾病组,其中无症状高尿酸血症患者为H组,急性痛风性关节炎患者为G组,痛风性关节炎发作间歇期患者为I组,健康人群为N组,收集被研究人群的大便标本行ITS1测序分析,比较4组间肠道菌群多样性、组成结构及Guild功能营养状态的差别,并对肠道真菌与受试人群的临床指标进行相关性分析。

结果

健康人群及痛风各组人群在性别、年龄、肾小球滤过率、血清肌酐、血清尿素氮等基线资料上均无统计学差异,但BMI、C反应蛋白、血清尿酸、血沉、血清白细胞介素1β、血清白细胞介素6有统计学差异(P<0.05)。根据ITS1分析,健康人群和痛风各组人群相比,α多样性及β多样性中的主坐标分析(PCoA)无统计学差异,但是随着痛风疾病进展,β多样性指数差异分析显示有统计学差异(P<0.05)。在真菌结构组成上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota)是全部分组中的优势菌门。相较于其他3组,N组毕赤酵母属(Pichia)明显增多(P<0.05),H组酿酒酵母属(Saccharomyces)明显增多(P<0.05),而G组斯塔莫酵母属(Starmerella)明显增多(P<0.05)。肠道真菌与临床指标相关性分析发现,Starmerella的相对丰度与IL-1β(P<0.01)、IL-6(P<0.05)显著正相关。Pichia的相对丰度与血清尿素氮呈负相关(P<0.05)。而Saccharomyces的相对丰度与IL-1β、IL-6显著负相关(P<0.05)。

结论

痛风不同阶段患者肠道真菌的多样性及组成结构均会发生显著改变,Starmerella、Saccharomyces、Pichia等相对丰度的变化可能与患者多项临床指标相关。

痛风  /  肠道真菌  /  斯塔莫酵母属  /  酿酒酵母属  /  毕赤酵母属
Objective‍

To compare the gut fungal composition between gout patients and healthy individuals through high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1).

Methods‍

Gout patients and healthy volunteers who visited our hospital from January 2023 to December 2024 were enrolled in this study. Then based on established medical guidelines, the gout patients were categorized into 3 groups: Group H (asymptomatic hyperuricemia, n=14), Group G (acute gouty arthritis, n=14), and Group I (intercritical period of gouty arthritis, n=15), and the healthy individuals were assigned into Group N (n=9). Fecal samples were collected from all the participants to undergo ITS1 sequencing analysis. The differences in diversity and composition of gut mycobiome, and FunGuild-derived fungal functions and nutritional status were compared among the 4 groups, and the correlation between the gut mycobiome and clinical indicators was analyzed.

Results‍

There were no significant differences in baseline features such as gender, age, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and levels of serum creatinine (SCr) and serum urea among Group N and other gout groups, but obvious differences were observed in body mass index (BMI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum uric acid (SUA), and IL-1β and IL-6 (P<0.05). In terms of gut fungal diversity, ITS1 analysis showed there were no statistical differences in α-diversity or the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of β-diversity among the groups. However, as gout progressed, significant changes were observed in β-diversity indices, indicating a shift in the gut fungal community composition with disease advancement (P<0.05). The phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycotina were the dominant fungal phyla in all groups. Compared with the other 3 gout groups, the abundance of Pichia was significantly increased in Group N (P<0.05), that of Saccharomyces was in Group H (P<0.05), and that of Starmerella was in Group G (P<0.05). Correlation analysis between the gut mycobiome and clinical indices indicated that the relative abundance of Starmerella was significantly positively correlated with IL-1β (P<0.01) and IL-6 (P<0.05).The relative abundance of Pichia was significantly positively correlated with IL-1β and IL-6 levels (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with serum urea level (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Saccharomyces was negatively correlated with IL-1β and IL-6 levels (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

There exist significant alterations in both the diversity and composition of gut fungi among patients with gout at various stages. Notably, the fluctuations in the relative abundance of Starmerella, Pichia and Saccharomyces appear to correlate with key clinical indicators.

gout  /  gut mycobiome  /  Starmerella  /  Saccharomyces  /  Pichia
戈宇松, 张春林, 杜蓥漩, 郭小芹, 雷媛媛, 侯占杰, 冉雷, 徐静, 杨仕明. 痛风患者肠道真菌特征及其临床相关性研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 858 -869 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501015
Yusong GE, Chunlin ZHANG, Yinxuan DU, Xiaoqin GUO, Yuanyuan LEI, Zhanjie HOU, Lei RAN, Jing XU, Shiming YANG. Characteristics of gut mycobiome in gout patients and their clinical correlation[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 858 -869 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501015
痛风是一种由于血清尿酸水平异常升高,导致单钠尿酸盐(monosodium urate,MSU)沉积在关节所致的晶体相关性关节病,部分患者亦可伴有肾脏病变,以及诸如高脂血症、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等其他代谢综合征,是高血压和心血管疾病的危险因素[1-4]。依据指南,可将痛风分为不同的时期,分别为无症状高尿酸血症期、急性痛风性关节炎、痛风发作间歇期、慢性或复杂性痛风[1-4]。其中,作为痛风疾病中临床表现最明显且严重的时期,痛风性关节炎已成为全世界最普遍的炎症性关节炎性疾病。流行病学数据显示,全球痛风患病率为0.1%~10%,其俨然已成为一种全球性疾病[5-6]。2018年我国慢性病及危险因素监测数据显示,成人居民高尿酸血症患病率达14.0%,男性为24.5%,女性为3.6%,而青年男性患病率达32.3%,呈显著年轻化趋势[7]。2019年的一项研究显示,我国痛风性关节炎患病率为0.03%~10.47%,且呈逐年上升趋势[8]。
痛风的具体发病因素尚不明确,目前认为可能与人群的遗传、生活方式、药物使用情况及其他原发病等有关,这些因素均可影响机体的嘌呤代谢及免疫状态,从而影响痛风的发病与进展。既往研究表明,肠道内的特定菌群可影响宿主的嘌呤代谢以及免疫状态,因此有理由认为痛风的发生发展与肠道内的特定菌群密切相关[9-10]。人类的肠道中含有大量不同的微生物群落,包括病毒、噬菌体、真菌、细菌和古细菌等,其数量达100万亿级。肠道微生物是维持和保证哺乳动物正常生理状态的基础,可参与多种活动,包括血管生成、新陈代谢、消化和免疫系统发育等[11-15]。越来越多的证据表明,肠道微生物群在代谢性疾病以及关节炎性疾病的发展中起着重要作用。肠道细菌失调会影响宿主必需的氨基酸、脂肪、尿酸等的代谢,导致高尿酸血症的发生,同时尿酸水平升高也可能导致肠道细菌失调[16-21]。急性痛风性关节炎患者肠道中普氏菌及拟杆菌的丰度较正常人群高,而肠杆菌科及产丁酸菌的丰度较低,且痛风患者肠道微生物群在果糖、甘露糖代谢和脂质A生物合成、尿酸盐降解和短链脂肪酸生成等方面存在显著差异[22]。除肠道细菌外,肠道微生物群中的真菌群落在维护人类健康的过程中亦发挥不可忽略的作用。一方面肠道真菌通过与宿主共生而促进人体免疫系统的建立;另一方面肠道真菌紊乱增加宿主机体患病风险,在肠道稳态和疾病发病机制中发挥着至关重要的作用[23-24]。既往研究表明,肠道真菌与高血压、酒精性肝硬化、自闭症、结肠癌、类风湿性关节炎及宿主嘌呤代谢尿酸生成等之间存在密切关联[25-28]。但目前尚未有研究阐明健康人群与不同阶段痛风患者之间肠道真菌会发生如何改变,其肠道真菌与临床标志物之间有何联系。因此,本研究旨在通过ITS1 rDNA高通量测序技术,系统比较不同阶段痛风患者与健康人群之间肠道真菌的组成差异,深入分析肠道真菌变化与痛风患者临床标志物之间的相关性,为基于肠道真菌干预痛风提供理论依据。
以2023年1月至2024年12月期间,在陆军军医大学第二附属医院就诊的痛风患者及健康志愿者为研究对象。纳入标准:①年龄≥18岁,且≤70岁;②病例均参照相关指南进行诊断分类,其中血尿酸水平>420 μmol/L且既往无相关关节炎症状的诊断为无症状高尿酸血症,因尿酸盐晶体沉积导致关节炎急性发作的诊断为急性痛风性关节炎,既往发作过痛风性关节炎但目前无相关症状的诊断为痛风性关节炎发作间歇期。排除标准:①妊娠及哺乳妇女,或者研究期间有生育计划的女性患者;②研究前1个月服用过益生菌、微生态制剂、抗酸药、铋剂、鞣酸、药用炭、酊剂或者抗生素等药物者;③近1个月做过肠道清洁的患者;④消化系统肿瘤患者;⑤胃肠道手术史患者;⑥炎症性肠病患者;⑦病情危重或患有精神类身心疾病,无法配合试验者;⑧研究者认为有其他不适合纳入因素的患者(如综合判断依从性较差、沟通困难、不能提供准确相关病例信息等的患者);⑨不愿意加入本试验,拒绝签署知情同意书的患者。最终根据纳入排除标准共纳入14例急性痛风性关节炎患者,14例无症状高尿酸血症患者,15例痛风性关节炎间歇期患者,9名健康对照组志愿者,相关数据见表1。纳入的研究对象均对本研究知情同意。本研究已获得陆军军医大学第二附属医院伦理委员会批准(2023-研第146-01)。
收集研究对象于我院就诊时的年龄、性别、身高、体质量、BMI、现患病情况及部分临床指标,如血清尿酸值(SUA)、肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、血清肌酐(sCr)、尿素氮值(BUN)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)等。于清洁环境中采集研究对象的新鲜大便样本,并转移至无菌EP管中,同时采集研究受试者的血清样本。研究所用样本均保存于-80 ℃环境中待检。
使用粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒,提取之前收集到的研究对象冻存大便样本中的总DNA,并定容至50 μL后使用紫外分光光度仪检测浓度及纯度。使用特异性引物对ITS1rDNA基因进行扩增测序,特异性引物的序列分别为ITS5-1737F:5′-GGAAGTAAAAG-TCGTAACAAGG-3′;ITS2-2043R:5′-GCTGCGTTCTT-CATCGATGC-3′。于PCR混合液中加入15 µL Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix(New England Biolabs)、0.2 µmol/L引物和10 ng基因组DNA模板,在98 ℃下进行1 min的第1次变性,然后在98 ℃(10 s)、50 ℃ (30 s)和72 ℃(30 s)下进行30次循环,最后在72 ℃下维持5 min。扩增后的样品送北京诺禾致源科技有限公司进行文库构建,构建好的文库经过Qubit和Q-PCR定量,文库合格后,使用NovaSeq6000进行PE250上机测序。
使用FunGuild分析扩增的样本序列,有效识别和量化样本中的真菌物种,并按分类学和生态作用对其分类,并依据数据库预测分析肠道真菌的营养模式和类别并进行可视化结果展示。
本研究设计为横向观察性研究。用x¯±s来表示符合正态分布的连续变量,而非正态分布的数据则表示为中位数(四分位数间距)。使用Graphpad Prism9.5软件进行数据处理及分析。对多组符合正态分布的计量资料进行单因素方差分析;对非正态分布的数据采用Kruskal-Wallis检验。通过Chao1、Simpson和Shannon等指数分析菌群α多样性,主坐标分析(PCoA)及β多样性指数分析等对肠道真菌β多样性进行降维分析,通过t-test、MetagenomeSeq、LEfSe等统计分析方法对分组样本的物种组成和群落结构进行差异显著性检验,通过Spearman相关系数对肠道真菌与临床指标之间的相关性进行分析,探究和挖掘不同组别间的群落组成及结构差异。P<0.05时认为差异有统计学意义。
健康人群(N组)、无症状高尿酸血症患者(H组)、急性痛风性关节炎患者(G组)、痛风性关节炎发作间歇期患者(I组)的一般情况见表1。其中在年龄、性别、eGFR、sCr、BUN方面,4组人群均无统计学差异。但与N组相比,H组与G组患者BMI及血沉显著升高(P<0.05),G组患者C反应蛋白(CRP)显著升高(P<0.05),H组、G组及I组患者血清尿酸(SUA)(P<0.01)、血清白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)(P<0.01)、血清白细胞介素6(IL-1β)(P<0.01)显著升高(表1)。
为了评价不同人群粪便真菌的生态属性,采用Chao1、Shannon及Simpson指数来评价各组样本的物种丰富度及多样性,通过Jaccard方法计算并评价各组样本的菌群物种多样性。为了比较健康人群与痛风患者肠道真菌多样性差异,将H组、G组及I组合并为GOUT组。分析后得出,N组与GOUT组在α多样性(反映菌群物种多样性、均匀度及丰富度)上无统计学差异(图1A),在β多样性(反映菌群组成及结构)上,N组与GOUT组间肠道真菌主坐标分析(PCoA)无统计学差异(图1B)。进一步比较组间β多样性指数,结果显示N组与GOUT组之间存在统计学差异(P<0.01,图1B)。为了进一步分析健康人群、不同阶段痛风患者间肠道真菌多样性差异,比较N组、H组、G组及I组间的多样性。在α多样性方面,N组、H组、G组及I组之间无统计学差异(图1C)。在β多样性方面,N组、H组、G组及I组间肠道真菌主坐标分析(PCoA)无统计学差异(图1B),N组与H组、H组与G组、G组与I组之间β多样性指数有统计学差异(P<0.01,图1C),提示随着痛风的进展,痛风患者肠道真菌β多样性有统计学差异。
为了进一步探究健康人群、不同阶段痛风患者肠道真菌组成之间的差异,我们基于物种丰度差异绘制组间真菌聚类热图。在真菌门类水平,菌群相对丰度排名前3的为:子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota)。其中N组中Ascomycota相对丰度为35.1%,高于H组(19.4%)、G组(33.1%)、I组(28.1%)。I组中Basidiomycota相对丰度为7.8%,高于N组(2.0%)、H组(1.8%)、G组(3.0%)。H组中Mucoromycota相对丰度为3.7%,高于N组(1.3%)、G组(0.7%)、I组(1.3%)。但4组之间3种菌门的相对丰度均无统计学差异(图2A)。在真菌属类水平,关注相对丰度大于1%的菌属,共有11种菌属被富集出来。其中N组中毕赤酵母属(Pichia)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)富集,Pichia相对丰度明显增高(P<0.05)。H组中酿酒酵母属(Saccharomyces)、青霉属(Penicillium)、横梗霉属(Lichtheimia)富集。G组中恩塞伯林德纳氏酵母(Cyberlindnera)、斯塔莫酵母属(Starmerella)、念珠菌属(Candida)富集,其中Starmerella相对丰度明显增高(P<0.01,图2B)。I组中伊萨酵母属(Issatchenkia)、哈萨克斯坦酵母属(Kazachstania)、牛肝菌属(Boletus)、迪尤蒂纳属(Diutina)富集。
为了进一步对比4组之间肠道真菌结构差异情况,进行线性判别分析(LEFSe),以LDA值>3为标准选取重要真菌生物标记。该分析表明在不同的分类水平上,4组人群肠道真菌共有27个分类群显著不同,分别为1纲、1目、6科、10属、9种(LDA>3.0,P<0.05)(图3A)。其中N组中具有明显差异的菌属有3种,科类水平以毕赤酵母科(Pichiaceae)及膨瑚菌科(Physalacriaceae)为主,属类水平以Pichia、金线菌属(Flammulina)及地霉属(Geotrichum)为主,种类水平以发酵毕赤酵母菌(Pichia_fermentans)、金针菇(Flammulina_filiformis)为主。H组中具有明显差异的菌属有2种,属类水平以Saccharomyces及横梗霉属(Lichtheimia)为主,种类水平以酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces_cerevisiae)为主。G组中具有明显差异的菌属有5种,纲类水平以外担菌纲(Exobasidiomycetes)为主,目类水平以叶黑粉菌目(Entylomatales)为主,科类水平以不确定分类的酵母科(Saccharomycetales_fam_Incertae_sedis)、黑粉菌科(Entylomataceae)及糖酵母科(Saccharomycodaceae)为主,属类水平以Starmerella、隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)、叶黑粉菌属(Entyloma)及汉逊酵母属(Hanseniaspora)为主,种类水平以嗜果性非酵母菌属酵母(Starmerella_bacillaris)、胶红酵母(Rhodotorula_mucilaginosa)、兰德维克叶黑粉菌(Entyloma_randwijkense)及季也蒙有孢汉逊(Hanseniaspora_guilliermondii)为主。I组中具有明显差异的菌种有2种,科类水平主要集中在小疱毛壳科(Herpotrichiellaceae),种类水平主要为糠秕马拉色菌(Malassezia_furfur)及田野青霉(Aspergillus_campestris)(LDA>3.0,P<0.05)(图3)。结果表明,健康人群及不同阶段痛风患者之间的肠道真菌生物群显著不同。
为了分析肠道真菌在痛风发生发展中的潜在作用,对上述差异富集的真菌组分与宿主临床指标之间进行Spearman相关性分析,发现真菌群落与这些临床指标之间有很强的相关性。在真菌门类水平,Basidiomycota与年龄(r=-0.31,P<0.05)呈负相关,Mucoromycota与血清尿素氮(r=-0.31,P<0.05)呈负相关(图4A)。在真菌属类水平,Issatchenkia与年龄(r=0.34,P<0.05)呈正相关。Lichtheimia与BMI(r=0.31,P<0.05)呈正相关。Candida与sCr(r=0.41,P<0.01)呈正相关,与eGFR(r=-0.34,P<0.05)呈负相关。Starmerella与血清IL-1β(r=0.42,P<0.01)及血清IL-6(r=0.32,P<0.05)呈正相关。Pichia与血清IL-1β(r=0.31,P<0.05)及血清IL-6(r=0.29,P<0.05)呈正相关,与血清BUN(r=-0.28,P<0.05)呈负相关。Saccharomyces与血清IL-1β(r=-0.31,P<0.05)及血清IL-6(r=-0.31,P<0.05)呈负相关。Penicillium与年龄(r=-0.28,P<0.05)、血清BUN(r=-0.32,P<0.05)及血清IL-6(r=-0.29,P<0.05)呈负相关。Cladosporium与年龄(r=-0.32,P<0.05)及血清BUN(r=-0.35,P<0.05)呈负相关。尽管Spearman相关性分析未见统计学差异,但Starmerella(r=0.17,P=0.24)及Lichtheimia(r=0.20,P=0.15)与SUA值之间有一定的正相关性趋势,而毛霉属(Mucor)(r=-0.22,P=0.12)与血清尿酸值之间有一定的负相关趋势(图4B)。
为进一步判断健康人群及痛风患者肠道中真菌的功能及营养状态差异,依据菌群的ITS1数据,应用FUNGuild根据潜在的生态作用对其进行分类分析。根据相对丰度展示排名前13的Guild功能状态分类,其中“未分类”“未定义的腐生菌”“动物体内共生的未定义腐生菌”“外生菌根真菌”“植物内生的病原菌”是最多样化的类别(图5A)。进一步将肠道真菌按照营养状态分类,展示8种不同的营养类型,依据相对丰度排名前5的营养状态类别分别是“未分类”“腐生营养型”“腐生-共生营养型”“共生营养型”“寄生-共生营养型”(图5B)。为了直观对比组间不同,构建热图以可视化这些差异。其中按Guild功能模式分类N组中“动物体内共生的未定义腐生菌”“植物内生的病原菌”丰度较高,H组中“动植物内生的木质腐病原菌”“未定义的木质腐生菌”丰度较高,G组中“植物致病菌”“未定义的寄生腐生菌”“植物内生的木质腐生病原菌”丰度较高,而I组中“外生菌根真菌”“动植物内生及附生的未定义腐生病原菌”丰度较高(图5C)。按照营养模式分类,N组中的优势类型为“腐生-共生营养型”“寄生-共生营养型”,H组中的优势类型为“未分类”,G组中的优势类型为“寄生营养型”“寄生-腐生-共生营养型”,I组中的优势类型为“共生营养型”“寄生-腐生营养型”(图5D)。
目前共识认为痛风是由于血清尿酸水平异常升高,导致单钠尿酸盐(MSU)大量沉积在关节处所致的关节炎性疼痛性疾病[1-2]。现有研究表明肠道微生态因素在其中发挥重要作用。大量文献表明与健康人群相比,痛风不同阶段人群的肠道菌群有明显不同,其对调节人体代谢及免疫状态具有重要影响[16-21]。肠道微生物群不仅包含细菌,还包括大量的真菌、病毒、噬菌体等。相较于肠道细菌,肠道真菌丰度较低,仅占肠道菌群总数的0.1%左右。正常情况下,机体会携带各种各样的真菌,这些真菌不会被消灭,而与机体有机共生,共同维护肠道微生态平衡,维持机体的生存健康。但当机体免疫力下降时,部分条件致病菌则会过度增殖从而引发各类疾病[29-30],因此真菌与宿主间的相互作用是复杂且极其重要的,但目前痛风人群肠道真菌变化仍不清楚。因此本研究招募了9名健康志愿者,14名无症状高尿酸血症患者,14名急性痛风性关节炎患者及15名痛风性关节炎间歇期患者,收集其粪便、血清及临床检查结果以解析其肠道真菌组成特征。通过对人群粪便样本进行ITS1 rDNA的高通量测序分析,发现其中几种重要真菌的变化与痛风密切相关,并与不同阶段痛风患者的各项临床指标有显著的相关性,提示肠道真菌在痛风的发生发展中发挥重要作用。
通过分析发现,4组之间β多样性指数差异分析显示N组与H组、H组与G组、G组与I组之间有明显差异,提示随着疾病的进展,痛风各阶段患者肠道真菌菌群多样性特征发生改变。通过比较不同人群间肠道真菌相对丰度并进行LEfSe分析,发现在真菌门类水平,4组菌群大部分属于Ascomycota、Basidiomycota、Mucoromycota,进一步支持核心肠道真菌的概念[31-32]。在真菌属类水平,N组Pichia富集,H组Saccharomyces富集,G组Starmerella富集。结果表明,痛风患者与健康人群的肠道真菌组成和结构显著不同。
当人体血清尿酸水平持续升高并且超过其在血液或组织液的饱和度时,体内的尿酸钠晶体就会在关节局部发生沉积,从而诱发局部炎症反应和组织破坏,导致痛风性关节炎急性发作,此时患者体内的血清尿酸或可正常[1-4]。现有研究表明肠道微生态因素在痛风的发生发展中发挥重要作用,如肠道细菌可以通过影响机体尿酸的产生与排泄,从而影响血清尿酸水平[16-20];此外,肠道细菌还可以通过影响机体的炎症状态,从而影响关节炎进展[10,13-20]。为了明确评价痛风患者的疾病状况,采集其肾功能指标(如血清尿酸值、肾小球滤过率、血清肌酐、尿素氮)及炎症指标(如血沉、CRP、IL-1β和IL-6)。众所周知血尿酸水平升高是导致痛风及其相关合并症发生发展的根本原因,其在痛风的诊断、治疗及疗效评价中意义重大。一方面过高的血清尿酸会沉积于肾脏,导致肾脏纤维化,影响患者肾功能。另一方面,人体内70%的尿酸经过肾脏排泄,患者血清尿酸水平又会受到肾功能的影响。现有研究发现,真菌可以调控SUA、BUN及sCr等肾功能指标。有文献报道,短期(7 d)内口服猴头菇(Hericium erinaceus)(一种具有药用和食用价值的真菌)可使受试人群的部分血清学指标降低,包括SUA、sCr、碱性磷酸酶及低密度脂蛋白等[33]。灌胃粗毛纤孔菌(Inonotus hispidus)产生的游离酚提取物可以降低高尿酸血症小鼠的SUA、BUN、sCr、腺苷脱氨酶及肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶的含量,还可以缓解高尿酸血症导致的肾脏损伤[34]。本研究也发现,肠道真菌Starmerella与血清尿酸呈一定的正相关性趋势,Pichia与血清尿素氮呈显著负相关。既往文献报道,毕赤酵母属主要从发酵食物中获得,具有很强的耐酸性和胆汁耐受性。其中库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(Pichia. kudriavzevii)可用于乳制品等的发酵,具有一定的抗菌活性,可抑制病原微生物的生长。其具有促进叶酸、琥珀酸的产生以及抗氧化的作用,也可降低胆固醇,具有对重金属的结合能力,并可提高食品的营养价值,作为下一代酵母益生菌而广受关注[35]。
在炎症指标方面,痛风性关节炎是一种关节炎性疾病,故患者在发病时通常伴有促炎指标升高,其中IL-1β和IL-6是最常见的促炎指标。现有研究发现,真菌可以调控IL-1β和IL-6等炎症指标。如文献报道灌胃粗毛纤孔菌(Inonotus hispidus)的研磨物可以缓解急性痛风性关节炎小鼠的关节炎症,并降低血清多种炎症因子的水平(如基质金属蛋白酶9、趋化因子配体2、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子α)[36]。通过分析我们也发现肠道真菌Starmerella与IL-1β及IL-6呈显著正相关,Saccharomyces与IL-1β及IL-6呈显著负相关。既往研究表明炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)患者肠道中酿酒酵母属丰度降低,但在健康人群和IBD患者缓解期的粪便样本中其丰度却显著增加[37]。酿酒酵母属中的布拉迪酵母菌(Saccharomyces boulardii)是目前应用最广泛的一种益生真菌,补充后可降低IBD患者的肠道通透性,改善黏膜屏障功能[38],也可缓解结肠癌小鼠的症状,减少肿瘤坏死因子α和IL-6的表达水平[39]。酿酒酵母QHNLD8L1可缓解结肠炎小鼠症状,其细胞壁多糖组分可作为生物活性物质增加LPS诱导Caco-2细胞紧密连接蛋白相关基因的表达,并减少促炎细胞因子的表达,发挥抗炎作用[40]。
上述结果提示,毕赤酵母属可能在机体中发挥肾功能的保护作用,从而影响机体的尿酸排泄,进一步影响尿酸在关节处聚集沉积;斯塔莫酵母属可能在机体中发挥促炎作用,而酿酒酵母属可能在机体中发挥抑炎作用,从而影响机体的炎症状态,进一步影响关节炎症的产生与消退。因此本研究认为,肠道真菌失调可能会影响痛风患者的尿酸代谢及排泄功能和炎症状态,通过这些途径发挥影响痛风发生发展的作用,但相关的具体机制仍待进一步探索。
本研究存在一定局限性:本研究采用横向观察性研究设计,样本来源具有区域局限性。同时本研究样本量较小,缺乏不同队列的验证,限制了研究结果的重复性、适用性及可推广性。此外,本研究没有解释不同阶段痛风患者肠道真菌发生改变的原因,也没有涉及肠道真菌影响痛风进展的因果关系验证及相应的机制研究,仍有待进一步研究解决。
综上所述,本研究发现不同阶段痛风患者的肠道真菌结构、功能均会发生显著改变。Pichia可能通过保护机体肾功能从而促进尿酸排泄,抑制血清尿酸升高,延缓痛风发病,为潜在益生菌。Saccharomyces可能通过机体抑炎从而抑制痛风患者关节炎症,发挥延缓痛风进展的作用,为潜在益生菌。Starmerella可能通过机体促炎从而促进痛风患者关节炎症,发挥推动痛风进展的作用,为潜在致病菌。这些菌属或许可以成为诊疗痛风的潜在生物靶点。

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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501015
  • 接收时间:2025-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-06
  • 修回日期:2025-03-03
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:消化内科,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:内分泌科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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