Article(id=1322210977165202287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731081600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-09, revisedDate=1739289600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169262447, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169262447, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169262447, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169262447, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=775, endPage=783, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210977370723184, articleId=1322210977165202287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Hypermethylation of UQCRC1 is involved in cognitive impairment after neonatal sevoflurane exposure, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate whether aberrant DNA methylation of ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1 (UQCRC1) is related to cognitive impairment caused by neonatal sevoflurane exposure.

Methods‍

A total of 94 SPF C57 mice of either sex, aged 6 d, and weighing 4~6 g, were randomly divided into 7 groups: control group (Con, n=6), sevoflurane-6 and -24 h exposure groups (Sev-6 and -24 h, n=6), control+DMSO group (Con+DMSO, n=19), control+5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA, methylation inhibitor) group (Con+5-AZA, n=19), sevoflurane+DMSO group (Sev+DMSO group, n=19), and sevoflurane+5-AZA group (Sev+5-AZA group, n=19). From 6 to 8 d after birth, the mice of the Sev-6 and -24 h exposure groups were exposed to 3% sevoflurane daily (with 97% oxygen, 2 L/min, 2 h per day), while those from the Con groups were given exposure of 100% oxygen (2 L/min, 2 h per day). For the mice of the 5-AZA and DMSO groups, 1 mg/kg of 5-AZA or an equal volume of DMSO was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before daily exposure. In 6 and 24 h after the last exposure to sevoflurane, 6 mice from the Con, Sev-6 h, and Sev-24 h groups were euthanized for biochemical analysis, and in 24 h post-exposure, 6 mice from the Con+DMSO, Con+5-AZA, Sev+DMSO, and Sev+5-AZA groups were randomly selected for biochemical analysis, while another 3 mice from above each group were also randomly selected for morphological analysis. The remaining 10 mice in these groups underwent behavioral testing (open field test, novel object test, and Y-maze test) at 30~33 d after birth to assess cognitive function, and were euthanized in 24 h after the final behavioral test. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the hippocampal expression of UQCRC1, DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), and methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2) at mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to observe the distribution and expression of UQCRC1 in the hippocampus. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was applied to measure the methylation in the UQCRC1 promoter region.

Results‍

Compared with the Con group, the mRNA and protein levels of UQCRC1 were down-regulated (P<0.05), and the mRNA level of Dnmts was up-regulated (P<0.05) in both the Sev-6 h and Sev-24 h exposure groups, while the methylation level in the UQCRC1 promoter region was enhanced in the Sev-24 h exposure group (P<0.05). Additionally, the Sev+5-AZA group had obviously increased mRNA and protein levels of UQCRC1 (P<0.05), and notable improvement in cognitive impairment (P<0.05) when compared with the Sev+DMSO group.

Conclusion‍

Hypermethylation of UQCRC1 promoter region and thus down-regulating its mRNA and protein expression might be the main mechanism by which repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure induces cognitive impairment later in life.

, authors=Yan LIU, Yanjuan CHEN, Min ZHANG, Zonghong LONG, Yu LI, Jie PEI, Qiuyue WANG, Hong LI, authorsList=Yan LIU, Yanjuan CHEN, Min ZHANG, Zonghong LONG, Yu LI, Jie PEI, Qiuyue WANG, Hong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210978570294141, articleId=1322210977165202287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=UQCRC1的高甲基化参与发育期小鼠七氟烷暴露所致的认知功能障碍, columnId=1322185530771619910, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究泛醇-细胞色素C还原酶核心蛋白1(ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1,UQCRC1)的甲基化异常是否与发育期小鼠七氟烷暴露所致的认知功能障碍相关。

方法

SPF级健康C57小鼠94只,雌雄不限,6日龄,体质量4~6 g。采用随机数字表法分为7组:对照组(Con组,n=6),七氟烷-6 h组(Sev-6 h组,n=6),七氟烷-24 h组(Sev-24 h组,n=6),对照+DMSO组(Con+DMSO组,n=19),对照+甲基化抑制剂5-氮杂脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine,5-AZA)组(Con+5-AZA组,n=19),七氟烷+DMSO组(Sev+DMSO组,n=19),七氟烷+5-AZA组(Sev+5-AZA组,n=19)。出生后第6~8天Sev-6 h组和Sev-24 h组每天进行3%七氟烷暴露(吸入氧浓度100%,流量2 L/min,2 h/d);Con组进行100%的氧气暴露(流量2 L/min,2 h/d)。Con+5-AZA、Con+DMSO组每天行100%氧气暴露前30 min腹腔分别注射1 mg/kg 5-AZA或等体积DMSO;Sev+5-AZA、Sev+DMSO组每天行3%七氟烷暴露前30 min腹腔分别注射1 mg/kg 5-AZA或等体积DMSO。在最后1次七氟烷暴露后6 h和24 h时,Con、Sev-6 h、Sev-24 h组处死6只小鼠进行生化分析;在最后一次七氟烷暴露后24 h时,Con+DMSO、Con+5-AZA、Sev+DMSO、Sev+5-AZA组采用随机数字表法抽取6只小鼠处死进行生化分析,抽取3只小鼠处死进行形态学分析,于小鼠出生后第30~33天对每组剩余的10只小鼠进行行为学检测,在最后一次行为学测试后24 h处死小鼠。采用RT-qPCR、Western blot检测小鼠海马组织UQCRC1、DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferases,Dnmts)和甲基CpG结合蛋白2(methyl CpG binding protein 2,Mecp2)表达水平,采用免疫荧光染色观察UQCRC1在小鼠海马的分布及表达,采用亚硫酸氢盐转化后测序(bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP)检测UQCRC1启动子区甲基化水平,采用旷场、新物体和Y迷宫实验于小鼠出生后第30~33天评估小鼠认知功能。

结果

与Con组相比,Sev-6 h组和Sev-24 h组UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著下调(P<0.05),Dnmts mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.05);且Sev-24 h组UQCRC1启动子区甲基化水平显著增加(P<0.05)。与Sev+DMSO组相比,Sev+5-AZA组UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著回升(P<0.05),小鼠的认知功能障碍明显好转(P<0.05)。

结论

增加UQCRC1启动子区的甲基化水平而下调UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白的表达,可能是新生小鼠发育期反复暴露于七氟烷后引起小鼠认知功能障碍的重要机制之一。

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李 洪,E-mail:
LI Hong,E-mail:
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Biomed Pharmacother,2019,109:701-707., articleTitle=Effects of 5-Aza on p-Y1472 NR2B related to learning and memory in the mouse hippocampus, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322210978859701118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210978872284031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, companyId=1322210978859701118, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Anesthesiology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210978880672640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, companyId=1322210978859701118, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院麻醉科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322210981657301939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=d3fhgweFQgOg34bIYZQlUg==, figureFileBig=ZvpLwwGt0c38XA0WUPHliQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210981720216500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=CN, label=图1, caption=七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1表达水平的变化 (n=6,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与Con组比较;A:RT-qPCR检测七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1 mRNA的表达水平;B、C:Western blot检测七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1蛋白的表达水平

, figureFileSmall=d3fhgweFQgOg34bIYZQlUg==, figureFileBig=ZvpLwwGt0c38XA0WUPHliQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210981913154485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lliBoa/txiqCB7K9o5N0IA==, figureFileBig=QGIMqtZUwKiK3bqnjtywAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210981988651958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=CN, label=图2, caption=RT-qPCR检测七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马组织中Dnmt1(A)、Dnmt3a(B)、Dnmt3b(C)和Mecp2(D) mRNA的表达水平 (n=6,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与Con组比较

, figureFileSmall=lliBoa/txiqCB7K9o5N0IA==, figureFileBig=QGIMqtZUwKiK3bqnjtywAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210982064149431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8Y00QsyRTL4xmspptTV2Dw==, figureFileBig=AMxFGA89paBrl0Za3e4z+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210982148035512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=CN, label=图3, caption=七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1启动子区甲基化水平

a:P<0.05,与Con组比较;A:Methprimer预测UQCRC1启动子区CPG岛和CPG位点;B:BSP检测七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马组织UQCRC1启动子区甲基化水平(n=6,x¯±s)

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a:P<0.05,与Con+DMSO组比较;b:P<0.05,与Sev+DMSO组比较;A:RT-qPCR检测5-AZA预处理和七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1 mRNA的表达水平;B、C:Western blot检测5-AZA预处理和七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1蛋白的表达水平

, figureFileSmall=8MpGx7P5z+zGmC1aG52i3g==, figureFileBig=l4yh0hhhRRwxvaeumgws4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210982420665275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+V92FkKirUgd7oCVx8V2OQ==, figureFileBig=KcnWOUNSvzsW0nMtbM7hoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210982512939964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=CN, label=图5, caption=免疫荧光染色检测5-AZA预处理和七氟烷暴露后新生小鼠海马DG区UQCRC1表达水平 (n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与Con+DMSO组比较;b:P<0.05,与Sev+DMSO组比较A:免疫荧光染色检测新生小鼠海马DG区UQCRC1的表达水平;B:新生小鼠海马DG区UQCRC1相对荧光强度的统计学分析

, figureFileSmall=+V92FkKirUgd7oCVx8V2OQ==, figureFileBig=KcnWOUNSvzsW0nMtbM7hoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210982588437437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zD0eb3/OPmZ4CSc68fevHw==, figureFileBig=LYHyV4Vg0d3KWK98NEotWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210982659740606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=CN, label=图6, caption=5-AZA预处理对新生小鼠的认知功能的影响 (n=10,x¯±s)

1:Con+DMSO组; 2:Sev+DMSO组; 3:Sev+5-AZA组; 4:Con+5-AZA组; a:P<0.05,与Con+DMSO组比较;b:P<0.05,与Sev+DMSO组比较; A、B:旷场实验检测5-AZA预处理后暴露于七氟烷的小鼠在出生后第30天时的自发活动行为和焦虑情绪;C:新物体识别实验检测5-AZA预处理后暴露于七氟烷的小鼠在出生后第32天时的学习记忆能力;D:Y迷宫实验检测5-AZA预处理后暴露于七氟烷的小鼠在出生后第33天时的空间记忆能力

, figureFileSmall=zD0eb3/OPmZ4CSc68fevHw==, figureFileBig=LYHyV4Vg0d3KWK98NEotWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210982726849471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'→3')
β-actin上游:AGATCAAGATCATTGCTCCTCCT
下游:ACGCAGCTCAGTAACAGTCC
UQCRC1上游:CAGTGTCTCCCGAGTGTATG
下游:GGTCACGTTGTCTGGGTTAG
Dnmt1上游:AAGAATGGTGTTGTCTACCGAC
下游:CATCCAGGTTGCTCCCCTTG
Dnmt3a上游:GAGGGAACTGAGACCCCAC
下游:CTGGAAGGTGAGTCTTGGCA
Dnmt3b上游:AGCGGGTATGAGGAGTGCAT
下游:GGGAGCATCCTTCGTGTCTG
Mecp2上游:ATGGTAGCTGGGATGTTAGGG
下游:TGAGCTTTCTGATGTTTCTGCTT
), ArticleFig(id=1322210982789764032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210977165202287, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'→3')
β-actin上游:AGATCAAGATCATTGCTCCTCCT
下游:ACGCAGCTCAGTAACAGTCC
UQCRC1上游:CAGTGTCTCCCGAGTGTATG
下游:GGTCACGTTGTCTGGGTTAG
Dnmt1上游:AAGAATGGTGTTGTCTACCGAC
下游:CATCCAGGTTGCTCCCCTTG
Dnmt3a上游:GAGGGAACTGAGACCCCAC
下游:CTGGAAGGTGAGTCTTGGCA
Dnmt3b上游:AGCGGGTATGAGGAGTGCAT
下游:GGGAGCATCCTTCGTGTCTG
Mecp2上游:ATGGTAGCTGGGATGTTAGGG
下游:TGAGCTTTCTGATGTTTCTGCTT
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UQCRC1的高甲基化参与发育期小鼠七氟烷暴露所致的认知功能障碍
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刘燕 , 陈彦娟 , 张敏 , 龙宗泓 , 李钰 , 裴洁 , 王秋月 , 李洪
陆军军医大学学报 | 神经科学 2025,47(8): 775-783
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陆军军医大学学报 |神经科学 2025 , 47 (8) : 775 -783
UQCRC1的高甲基化参与发育期小鼠七氟烷暴露所致的认知功能障碍
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刘燕, 陈彦娟, 张敏, 龙宗泓, 李钰, 裴洁, 王秋月, 李洪
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院麻醉科,重庆
通讯作者:
李 洪,E-mail:
LI Hong,E-mail:
Hypermethylation of UQCRC1 is involved in cognitive impairment after neonatal sevoflurane exposure
Yan LIU, Yanjuan CHEN, Min ZHANG, Zonghong LONG, Yu LI, Jie PEI, Qiuyue WANG, Hong LI
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411044
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目的

探究泛醇-细胞色素C还原酶核心蛋白1(ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1,UQCRC1)的甲基化异常是否与发育期小鼠七氟烷暴露所致的认知功能障碍相关。

方法

SPF级健康C57小鼠94只,雌雄不限,6日龄,体质量4~6 g。采用随机数字表法分为7组:对照组(Con组,n=6),七氟烷-6 h组(Sev-6 h组,n=6),七氟烷-24 h组(Sev-24 h组,n=6),对照+DMSO组(Con+DMSO组,n=19),对照+甲基化抑制剂5-氮杂脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine,5-AZA)组(Con+5-AZA组,n=19),七氟烷+DMSO组(Sev+DMSO组,n=19),七氟烷+5-AZA组(Sev+5-AZA组,n=19)。出生后第6~8天Sev-6 h组和Sev-24 h组每天进行3%七氟烷暴露(吸入氧浓度100%,流量2 L/min,2 h/d);Con组进行100%的氧气暴露(流量2 L/min,2 h/d)。Con+5-AZA、Con+DMSO组每天行100%氧气暴露前30 min腹腔分别注射1 mg/kg 5-AZA或等体积DMSO;Sev+5-AZA、Sev+DMSO组每天行3%七氟烷暴露前30 min腹腔分别注射1 mg/kg 5-AZA或等体积DMSO。在最后1次七氟烷暴露后6 h和24 h时,Con、Sev-6 h、Sev-24 h组处死6只小鼠进行生化分析;在最后一次七氟烷暴露后24 h时,Con+DMSO、Con+5-AZA、Sev+DMSO、Sev+5-AZA组采用随机数字表法抽取6只小鼠处死进行生化分析,抽取3只小鼠处死进行形态学分析,于小鼠出生后第30~33天对每组剩余的10只小鼠进行行为学检测,在最后一次行为学测试后24 h处死小鼠。采用RT-qPCR、Western blot检测小鼠海马组织UQCRC1、DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferases,Dnmts)和甲基CpG结合蛋白2(methyl CpG binding protein 2,Mecp2)表达水平,采用免疫荧光染色观察UQCRC1在小鼠海马的分布及表达,采用亚硫酸氢盐转化后测序(bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP)检测UQCRC1启动子区甲基化水平,采用旷场、新物体和Y迷宫实验于小鼠出生后第30~33天评估小鼠认知功能。

结果

与Con组相比,Sev-6 h组和Sev-24 h组UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著下调(P<0.05),Dnmts mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.05);且Sev-24 h组UQCRC1启动子区甲基化水平显著增加(P<0.05)。与Sev+DMSO组相比,Sev+5-AZA组UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著回升(P<0.05),小鼠的认知功能障碍明显好转(P<0.05)。

结论

增加UQCRC1启动子区的甲基化水平而下调UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白的表达,可能是新生小鼠发育期反复暴露于七氟烷后引起小鼠认知功能障碍的重要机制之一。

DNA甲基化  /  七氟烷  /  泛醇-细胞色素C还原酶核心蛋白1  /  认知功能  /  发育期
Objective

To investigate whether aberrant DNA methylation of ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1 (UQCRC1) is related to cognitive impairment caused by neonatal sevoflurane exposure.

Methods‍

A total of 94 SPF C57 mice of either sex, aged 6 d, and weighing 4~6 g, were randomly divided into 7 groups: control group (Con, n=6), sevoflurane-6 and -24 h exposure groups (Sev-6 and -24 h, n=6), control+DMSO group (Con+DMSO, n=19), control+5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA, methylation inhibitor) group (Con+5-AZA, n=19), sevoflurane+DMSO group (Sev+DMSO group, n=19), and sevoflurane+5-AZA group (Sev+5-AZA group, n=19). From 6 to 8 d after birth, the mice of the Sev-6 and -24 h exposure groups were exposed to 3% sevoflurane daily (with 97% oxygen, 2 L/min, 2 h per day), while those from the Con groups were given exposure of 100% oxygen (2 L/min, 2 h per day). For the mice of the 5-AZA and DMSO groups, 1 mg/kg of 5-AZA or an equal volume of DMSO was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before daily exposure. In 6 and 24 h after the last exposure to sevoflurane, 6 mice from the Con, Sev-6 h, and Sev-24 h groups were euthanized for biochemical analysis, and in 24 h post-exposure, 6 mice from the Con+DMSO, Con+5-AZA, Sev+DMSO, and Sev+5-AZA groups were randomly selected for biochemical analysis, while another 3 mice from above each group were also randomly selected for morphological analysis. The remaining 10 mice in these groups underwent behavioral testing (open field test, novel object test, and Y-maze test) at 30~33 d after birth to assess cognitive function, and were euthanized in 24 h after the final behavioral test. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the hippocampal expression of UQCRC1, DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), and methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2) at mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to observe the distribution and expression of UQCRC1 in the hippocampus. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was applied to measure the methylation in the UQCRC1 promoter region.

Results‍

Compared with the Con group, the mRNA and protein levels of UQCRC1 were down-regulated (P<0.05), and the mRNA level of Dnmts was up-regulated (P<0.05) in both the Sev-6 h and Sev-24 h exposure groups, while the methylation level in the UQCRC1 promoter region was enhanced in the Sev-24 h exposure group (P<0.05). Additionally, the Sev+5-AZA group had obviously increased mRNA and protein levels of UQCRC1 (P<0.05), and notable improvement in cognitive impairment (P<0.05) when compared with the Sev+DMSO group.

Conclusion‍

Hypermethylation of UQCRC1 promoter region and thus down-regulating its mRNA and protein expression might be the main mechanism by which repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure induces cognitive impairment later in life.

DNA methylation  /  sevoflurane  /  ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1  /  cognitive function  /  neonatal development
刘燕, 陈彦娟, 张敏, 龙宗泓, 李钰, 裴洁, 王秋月, 李洪. UQCRC1的高甲基化参与发育期小鼠七氟烷暴露所致的认知功能障碍. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 775 -783 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411044
Yan LIU, Yanjuan CHEN, Min ZHANG, Zonghong LONG, Yu LI, Jie PEI, Qiuyue WANG, Hong LI. Hypermethylation of UQCRC1 is involved in cognitive impairment after neonatal sevoflurane exposure[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 775 -783 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411044
随着医疗和外科技术的发展,目前儿童麻醉的数量呈指数级增长[1]。七氟烷是目前临床上儿童最常用的吸入性麻醉剂之一。许多基础研究表明,将发育期的动物暴露于七氟烷会导致其成年后长期的神经认知功能障碍和学习障碍。也有相关临床研究发现在早期(4岁之前)2次及以上暴露于麻醉和手术的儿童后期发生学习障碍的风险增加[2-3]。
表观遗传学是在不改变DNA序列的情况下基因表达的可遗传变化,在年龄相关的神经系统疾病的发病机制中起着至关重要的作用。有研究证实,发育中的大脑遇到环境损害和麻醉等应激事件可能会导致主要神经递质系统相关基因的DNA低甲基化或高甲基化[4-5]。FAN等[6]的研究表明,发育期多次暴露于七氟烷诱导的新生大鼠的认知功能障碍,与突触相关蛋白Shank2、Psd95、Syn1和Syp基因的高甲基化有关。此外,海马BDNF和Reelin的高甲基化也参与了七氟烷暴露引起的新生大鼠的认知障碍[7]。可见,DNA甲基化可能是生命早期七氟烷暴露所致的认知功能障碍的重要机制。
泛醇-细胞色素C还原酶核心蛋白1(ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1,UQCRC1)是线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅲ的重要亚单位,在小鼠大脑海马、皮层的神经元和星形胶质细胞中大量表达,对维持神经细胞正常的线粒体能量代谢和大脑认知功能也非常重要[8]。已有研究证实完全敲除UQCRC1导致胚胎小鼠致死,与野生型小鼠(UQCRC1+/+)相比,杂合子小鼠(UQCRC1+/-)的学习和记忆能力降低,且在脑缺血/缺氧或局灶性脑缺血后神经功能的恶化中更为严重[9]。然而,UQCRC1在新生小鼠发育期七氟烷暴露所致认知障碍中的作用尚不清楚。本研究将探究UQCRC1甲基化在发育期七氟烷暴露引起认知功能障碍中的作用,为研究其分子机制提供参考。
SPF级健康C57小鼠94只,雌雄不限,6日龄,体质量4~6 g,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司[许可号:SCXK(京)2021-0006]。采用随机数字表法分为7组:对照组(Con组,n=6),七氟烷-6 h组(Sev-6 h组,n=6),七氟烷-24 h组(Sev-24 h组,n=6),对照+DMSO组(Con+DMSO组,n=19),对照+甲基化抑制剂5-氮杂脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine,5-AZA)组(Con+5-AZA组,n=19),七氟烷+DMSO组(Sev+DMSO组,n=19),七氟烷+5-AZA组(Sev+5-AZA组,n=19)。前期研究已经证明出生后第6~8天连续3 d,每天3%七氟烷暴露2 h后,幼鼠动脉血pH值、氧合和二氧化碳分压均在正常范围,故在本实验中选择此种麻醉暴露方式[10]。在最后一次七氟烷暴露后6 h和24 h时,Con、Sev-6 h、Sev-24 h组各组处死6只小鼠,取海马组织进行RT-qPCR、Western blot检测;在最后一次七氟烷暴露后24 h时,Con+DMSO、Con+5-AZA、Sev+DMSO、Sev+5-AZA组各组采用随机数字表法抽取6只小鼠处死,取海马组织进行RT-qPCR、Western blot检测,各组采用随机数字表法抽取3只小鼠处死进行海马DG区免疫荧光染色,于小鼠出生后第30~33天对每组剩余的10只小鼠进行旷场实验、新物体识别实验和Y迷宫实验以评估小鼠的认知功能,在最后一次行为学测试后24 h处死小鼠取海马组织。本实验研究中所用动物相关操作均经陆军军医大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20245262)。
荧光显微镜购自日本Olympus公司,实时定量PCR系统(ABI7500)购自美国Thermo公司;七氟烷购自日本Maruishi Pharmaceutical公司,5-AZA购自美国Sigma公司,TRIzol、反转录试剂盒、qRT-PCR试剂盒、基因组提取试剂盒和PMD18-T载体购自日本TaKaRa公司,RIPA裂解液、柠檬酸钠缓冲液、Triton、HRP标记的山羊抗鼠二抗、Cy3标记的山羊抗鼠二抗和含DAPI的抗荧光淬灭封片剂购自中国Beyotime公司,HRP-GAPDH购自中国Proteintech公司,一抗鼠抗UQCRC1购自美国Abcam公司,PCR产物回收试剂盒购自中国Sangon公司,亚硫酸氢盐试剂盒购自中国Vazyme公司。
甲基化抑制剂5-AZA可通过抑制DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferases,Dnmts)活性从而抑制DNA的甲基化。参照FAN等[6]的方法,将5-AZA溶解于DMSO中,Con+5-AZA组、Sev+5-AZA组于小鼠出生后第6~8天七氟烷暴露前30 min,以1 mg/kg的剂量进行腹腔注射,对照组注射等体积的DMSO。
使用50 mg/kg戊巴比妥钠麻醉后将小鼠断颈处死收集新生小鼠海马组织,采用TRIzol法提取总RNA,然后使用逆转录试剂盒将1 μg的总RNA反转录成cDNA。通过qRT-PCR试剂盒和实时定量PCR系统进行RT-qPCR检测UQCRC1、Dnmts和甲基CpG结合蛋白2(methyl CpG binding protein 2,Mecp2)的mRNA表达水平,各组均以β-actin为内参,引物设计见表1。采用2-△△Ct计算方法对各组Ct值进行计算。
将新生小鼠的海马组织于RIPA裂解液中进行均质化,并在4 ℃以14 000 r/min离心20 min后取上清。BCA法测蛋白浓度,根据目的蛋白大小选择10%SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶进行电泳。将凝胶上的蛋白转移至PVDF膜上,用5%脱脂奶粉封闭1 h,按GAPDH(1∶10 000)、UQCRC1(1∶8 000),4 ℃过夜孵育一抗,TBST洗膜后,室温下孵育HRP标记的山羊抗鼠二抗1 h(1∶1 000),TBST洗膜后,加入化学发光剂进行显影。使用Image Lab软件对条带进行灰度值分析,计算目的蛋白的相对表达量。
免疫荧光染色参考SHAN等[9]方法。采用50 mg/kg戊巴比妥钠麻醉小鼠,使用PBS和4%多聚甲醛灌注小鼠心脏后,取出完整脑组织于4%多聚甲醛中固定48 h,进行石蜡包埋。于石蜡切片机以5 μm等距切取冠状面脑片,贴附于载玻片。选取海马平面的切片,进行脱蜡水合后于柠檬酸钠缓冲液(pH=6.0)中抗原修复,并用PBS漂洗;在10%山羊血清和Triton中封闭2 h,PBS漂洗后按UQCRC1(1∶100)室温过夜孵育一抗,PBS漂洗后室温下避光孵育Cy3标记的山羊抗二抗(1∶500)3 h;PBS漂洗后用含DAPI的抗荧光淬灭封片剂进行封片,于免疫荧光显微镜下进行观察,使用Image J软件对图片进行分析。
从https://genome-asia.ucsc.edu网站下载UQCRC1启动子序列,本研究中选择UQCRC1转录起始位点上游2 000 bp至转录起始位点下游300 bp的序列。将启动子序列导入Methprimer按照默认设置对UQCRC1启动子区的CPG岛进行预测。
使用基因组提取试剂盒提取小鼠海马组织DNA,用亚硫酸氢盐试剂盒进行DNA的亚硫酸氢盐转化。根据说明书使用2×EpiArt HS Taq Master Mix对UQCRC1基因启动子区CPG岛进行巢式PCR扩增。PCR产物(501 bp)经试剂盒进行产物回收,随后将PCR产物经TA克隆连接到PMD18-T载体,每个样本筛选5个含有目的DNA片段的阳性克隆质粒进行测序,使用BIQ analysis进行结果分析。
在各组小鼠出生后第30天评估小鼠的自发活动行为和焦虑情绪。实验装置由4个40 cm×40 cm×40 cm上方无任何遮盖的方形反应箱和动物行为跟踪视频分析系统组成。反应箱底部被平均划分为16个小格(10 cm×10 cm),旷场箱分为外周区即外周12个小格区域和中央区即中央4个小格区域。将小鼠轻柔地放入反应箱中心部位,同时开始计时并录像,通过ANY-maze软件记录小鼠在反应箱内自由运动的总路程距离、中央区停留时间,软件计时10 min后自动停止,实验结束。每次实验结束时用75%的酒精对反应箱进行清理,以免对小鼠产生干扰。以小鼠在旷场箱内自由活动的总距离评估小鼠的自发活动行为,中央区停留时间作为检测焦虑情绪的指标。
用于评估小鼠对新奇事物的学习和记忆能力,在各组小鼠出生后第31天进行实验。分2个阶段:①熟悉阶段,将2个物体分别放置在箱子中离侧壁10 cm的2个对角线上,将动物放入反应箱,允许其自由探索10 min,记录动物对这2个物体的探索时间。②测试阶段,熟悉阶段结束后24 h,用一个新物体代替熟悉阶段的一个物体,并让小鼠在反应箱中自由探索10 min,记录小鼠对新物体和旧物体的探索时间。每次实验结束时用75%的酒精对反应箱进行清理,以免对小鼠产生干扰。分辨指数=新物体探索时间/(新物体探索时间+旧物体探索时间)×100%,分辨指数越高,提示小鼠的学习记忆和能力越好。
在各组小鼠出生后第33天评估小鼠的空间记忆能力。Y迷宫设备由3个不透明的塑料臂(A、B、C)制成,两臂之间的角度为120°。将小鼠轻柔地放入迷宫中央,并允许其自由探索8 min。使用ANY-maze软件记录小鼠进入每个臂的顺序和次数。每次实验结束时用75%的酒精对反应箱进行清理,以免对小鼠产生干扰。自发交替率=[自发交替次数/(总进臂次数-2)]×100%,自发交替率越高,小鼠的空间记忆能力越好。
采用Graphpad Prism 9.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料数据均符合正态分布,以x¯±s表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,2组间比较采用非配对t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
为研究UQCRC1在新生小鼠发育期七氟烷暴露所致认知功能障碍的作用,采用Western blot和RT-qPCR检测对照组和七氟烷组新生小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1的表达。结果表明,与Con组相比,Sev-6 h组和Sev-24 h组UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05,图1)。
为了研究七氟烷麻醉暴露所致的UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达的减少是否与DNA甲基化或去甲基化有关,使用RT-qPCR检测新生小鼠海马组织中Dnmts和Mecp2的表达。结果显示,与Con组相比,Sev-6 h组和Sev-24 h组Dnmt1、Dnmt3a和Dnmt3b的mRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.05,图2A~C)。然而,与Con组相比,Sev-6 h组和Sev-24 h组Mecp2的mRNA表达水平呈现出下降的趋势,并在最后一次七氟烷暴露后24 h时呈现出显著差异(P<0.05,图2D)。
为探究UQCRC1的表达下调是否与七氟烷麻醉暴露所致新生小鼠海马组织的高甲基化有关,进一步检测新生小鼠海马组织UQCRC1启动子区甲基化情况。通过Methprimer网站预测小鼠UQCRC1启动子区CPG岛提示,在该基因启动子区有一个大小为431 bp的CPG岛,其中包含了34个CPG位点(图3A)。甲基化检测结果提示,七氟烷麻醉暴露后新生小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1启动子区甲基化水平显著增加(P<0.05,图3B)。
为进一步验证UQCRC1的表达下调是否由UQCRC1启动子区的高甲基化所致,于麻醉前30 min对新生小鼠进行1 mg/kg 5-AZA腹腔注射,小鼠海马组织RT-qPCR和Western blot结果提示5-AZA可以逆转七氟烷诱导的新生小鼠海马组织UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平的下调(P<0.05,图4),但5-AZA单独作用不会引起UQCRC1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平发生变化。免疫荧光染色提示七氟烷暴露后小鼠海马DG区UQCRC1的荧光强度降低,而5-AZA预处理可以逆转此种变化(P<0.05,图5)。
为评估在生命早期暴露于七氟烷对长期记忆认知功能的影响,于小鼠出生后第30~33天进行了矿场实验、新物体识别实验和Y迷宫实验。在矿场实验中,七氟烷暴露缩短了小鼠在旷场箱中的总路程距离和在中央区停留的时间(P<0.05),而和Sev+DMSO组相比,Sev+5-AZA组小鼠的总路程距离和在中央区停留的时间明显增加(P<0.05,图6A、B)。在新物体识别实验中,与Con+DMSO组相比,Sev+DMSO组的分辨指数明显降低(P<0.05),进行5-AZA预处理后,Sev+5-AZA组的分辨指数明显回升(P<0.05,图6C)。Y迷宫实验也呈现出类似的结果,七氟烷暴露降低了小鼠的自发交替率(P<0.05),与Sev+DMSO组相比,进行5-AZA预处理后,Sev+5-AZA的自发交替率明显增加(P<0.05,图6D)。上述结果表明,新生小鼠暴露于七氟烷可能会导致其后长期的焦虑状态和记忆认知功能损害,而进行5-AZA预处理可以改善此种认知功能障碍。
本研究发现新生小鼠发育期反复暴露于3%七氟烷可降低小鼠海马组织中UQCRC1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平,同时伴随着UQCRC1启动子区高甲基化和Dnmts表达上调,最终导致小鼠的认知功能障碍。这些结果表明,麻醉诱导的表观遗传调控可能是发育期认知障碍的原因。
有研究表明,在生命早期多次暴露于麻醉和手术的儿童发生学习障碍的风险增加[2-3]。在本研究中,发现发育期暴露于七氟烷会缩短小鼠在旷场箱中的总距离路程、小鼠在中央区停留的时间,同时降低小鼠的分辨指数和自发交替率,这提示在生命早期反复暴露于七氟烷可能会损害青春期早期小鼠的记忆和认知功能,这和之前KUBÍK等[11-13]的研究结果一致。
UQCRC1主要参与线粒体电子链传递和能量代谢。本课题组前期对UQCRC1参与心肌保护效应的机制进行了深入研究[14-16]。UQCRC1除了对心肌细胞缺氧损伤具有保护作用外,UQCRC1的表达对维持神经细胞正常的线粒体能量代谢和大脑认知功能也非常重要[8]。有研究发现UQCRC1表达水平和甲基化水平与阿尔茨海默病密切相关[17-19],提示UQCRC1甲基化可能参与新生小鼠发育期七氟烷暴露所致的认知障碍。根据既往文献,选择了最后一次七氟烷暴露后6 h和24 h 2个时间点进行观察[6-7],本研究结果表明,七氟烷暴露可降低新生小鼠海马组织UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平,同时增加UQCRC1启动子区的甲基化水平,提示UQCRC1可能在发育期暴露于七氟烷诱导的认知功能障碍中起着重要作用。
DNA甲基化在记忆的形成和维持中起着关键作用。异常的高甲基化或低甲基化都可能导致记忆功能障碍,并与多种神经系统疾病相关[20]。有研究表明,甲基化所致的基因表达水平改变可能是苯并芘暴露导致青春期到成年大鼠海马组织神经毒性的原因之一[21]。在哺乳动物中,DNA甲基化由3种DNA甲基转移酶催化,其中Dnmt3a和Dnmt3b催化从头甲基化,而Dnmt1则主要维持大脑中先前甲基化的位点[22]。本研究结果表明,新生小鼠七氟烷暴露会提高Dnmt1、Dnmt3a和Dnmt3b的表达,表明这三者共同作用,诱导UQCRC1的甲基化,并转录沉默UQCRC1的表达。Mecp2通常作为一种转录抑制因子与甲基化CpG结合,并参与维持哺乳动物大脑的突触可塑性和认知功能。此外,有研究证明BDNF在Mecp2过表达小鼠中上调,在Mecp2敲除小鼠中下调,表明MecP2也可以作为转录激活剂和阻遏物发挥作用[23]。与此一致,本实验结果提示七氟烷暴露后,Mecp2的表达下调,Mecp2可能作为转录激活剂调控UQCRC1的表达。
5-AZA通过使Dnmts失活从而发挥抑制DNA甲基化的作用。有研究发现,5-AZA可以在水迷宫和跳台实验中改善小鼠的空间记忆,且5-AZA预处理可消除七氟烷诱导的认知障碍[7,24]。本研究也表明,5-AZA影响七氟烷暴露后UQCRC1的表达,但单独使用5-AZA预处理不会影响UQCRC1的表达。此外,5-AZA预处理会改善生命早期暴露于七氟烷引起的认知功能障碍,表明UQCRC1的高甲基化在生命早期七氟烷暴露引起的认知功能障碍中发挥了重要作用。
本研究存在一些局限性:①本研究只探讨了UQCRC1一个基因,其他基因是否通过甲基化调控参与七氟烷暴露致新生小鼠的认知功能障碍尚不清楚。②5-AZA仅为非特异性甲基化抑制,目前单独进行UQCRC1基因的甲基化调控困难。③七氟烷相关认知障碍有多种机制,包括神经炎症、代谢改变、电生理变化等,DNA甲基化也可能通过参与这些过程发挥作用,尚需进一步深入研究。
综上所述,新生小鼠反复暴露于3%七氟烷会增加UQCRC1的启动子区甲基化水平,降低海马UQCRC1表达,从而进一步导致其后期发生认知功能障碍。5-AZA预处理可以逆转七氟烷诱导的UQCRC1 mRNA和蛋白表达的下调和认知功能障碍。本研究为七氟烷暴露诱导的新生小鼠神经毒性提供了DNA去甲基化的潜在治疗靶点。

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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411044
  • 接收时间:2024-11-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-09
  • 修回日期:2025-02-12
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院麻醉科,重庆

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