Article(id=1322210936606282289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732464000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-25, revisedDate=1741363200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169252778, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169252778, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169252778, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169252778, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=836, endPage=846, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210937000546866, articleId=1322210936606282289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Changes in characteristics of gut fungal microbiota and their correlation with clinical indicators in patients with polycystic kidney disease, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the diversity and composition of gut fungi microbiota in patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and its correlation with clinical indicators.

Methods‍

A total of 44 PKD patients, 44 patients with non-polycystic chronic kidney disease (NPCKD) and 22 healthy controls (HC) admitted to our hospital from February 2023 to February 2024 were recruited. ITS1 DNA sequencing was applied to analyze the gut fungal composition. Bioinformatics analysis was used to compare the diversity and structural differences of fungi among the 3 groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between gut fungi and clinical indicators.

Results‍

There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics (gender, age, body mass index, etc.) among the 3 groups, but statistical differences were seen in terms of serum indicators (such as serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, etc.) (P<0.01). Alpha diversity analysis showed no significant difference was seen between the PKD and HC groups, but the PKD group had significant differences to the NPCKD group (P<0.01). Beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences among the 3 groups and in pairwise comparisons (P=0.001). Fungi composition analysis found that the abundance of Candida was significantly higher in the PKD group than the other 2 groups (P<0.01), while the abundances of Aspergillus and Cladosporium were significantly lower in the PKD group than the HC group (P<0.05). Linear discriminant analysis (LEFSe) indicated that Candida was significantly enriched, while Aspergillus and Cladosporium were significantly reduced in the PKD group. Correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Cladosporium was negatively correlated with cyst diameter and immunoglobulin light chain Kappa/Lambda ratio in the PKD group (P<0.05), while the abundance of Candida was positively correlated with liver/kidney cyst diameter (P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

PKD patients exhibit characteristic changes in gut fungi diversity and composition. The abundances of Cladosporium and Candida are closely associated with clinical indicators of PKD patients.

, authors=Zhanjie HOU1, Yusong GE1, Bo TANG1, Yuanyuan LEI1, Li TANG1, Hongfei JIANG1, Jincheng JIAN1, Jinbo CHENG2, Shiming YANG1, authorsList=Zhanjie HOU, Yusong GE, Bo TANG, Yuanyuan LEI, Li TANG, Hongfei JIANG, Jincheng JIAN, Jinbo CHENG, Shiming YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinbo CHENG, Shiming YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210939701678651, articleId=1322210936606282289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=多囊肾病患者肠道真菌特征性改变及其与临床指标的相关性研究, columnId=1322185541475488183, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

‍

目的

研究多囊肾病(polycystic kidney disease,PKD)患者肠道真菌菌群多样性、组成结构及其与临床指标的相关性。

方法

纳入2023年2月至2024年2月就诊于陆军军医大学第二附属医院的PKD患者44例、非多囊肾病慢性肾病(non-polycystic kidney disease chronic kidney disease,NPCKD)患者44例和健康对照者(health controls,HC)22例,基于ITS1 DNA测序技术分析受试者粪便样本肠道真菌组成,应用生物信息学方法比较各组间真菌的多样性和结构差异,并运用Pearson相关分析探讨肠道真菌与临床指标的相关性。

结果

3组基线资料(性别、年龄、体质量指数等)差异无统计学意义,血清学指标(血肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸、估算肾小球滤过率等)存在统计学差异(P<0.01)。Alpha多样性分析显示,PKD组与HC组差异无统计学意义,与NPCKD组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。Beta多样性分析表明,3组间比较及两两比较均有统计学差异(P=0.001)。菌群结构分析发现,PKD组Candida(假丝酵母菌属)丰度显著高于其他2组(P<0.01),而Aspergillus(曲霉菌属)、Cladosporium(枝孢菌属)丰度显著低于HC组(P<0.05)。线性判别分析(LEFSe)表明PKD组中Candida显著富集,Aspergillus、Cladosporium显著减少。相关性分析显示,PKD组Cladosporium丰度与肾囊肿直径、免疫轻链Kappa/Lamda呈负相关(P<0.05),而Candida丰度与肝/肾囊肿直径呈正相关(P<0.01)。

结论

PKD患者肠道真菌菌群多样性和组成结构存在特征性改变,Cladosporium和Candida与PKD患者的临床指标密切相关。

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杨仕明,E-mail:
程金波,E-mail:
YANG Shiming,E-mail:
CHENG Jinbo,E-mail:
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Clin Nutr,2024,43(12):199-208., articleTitle=Unveiling the complex interplay between gut microbiota and polycystic ovary syndrome:a narrative review, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322210939919782460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210939923976765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, companyId=1322210939919782460, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210939932365374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, companyId=1322210939919782460, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:消化内科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322210940020445759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210940028834368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, companyId=1322210940020445759, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210940037222977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, companyId=1322210940020445759, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:肾内科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322210947654079097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fagN1qz9vhk2HxrdPQd7qA==, figureFileBig=QpDpaP2dSVX8YU6Bp9pU6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210947712799354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PKD、NPCKD患者与健康受试者肠道真菌菌群多样性分析

A:Ace、Chao1、Shannon和Simpson指数评估Alpha多样性;a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01; B:Bray-Curtis和Manhattan距离算法的PCoA评估Beta多样性

, figureFileSmall=fagN1qz9vhk2HxrdPQd7qA==, figureFileBig=QpDpaP2dSVX8YU6Bp9pU6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210947863794299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UnCY/8DvPqXZ638dJXiAtA==, figureFileBig=IO7t4Ri1K4KpvunYh8Xivw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210947939291772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=CN, label=图2, caption=组间肠道真菌菌群组成分析

A:门水平物种相对丰度;B:属水平物种相对丰度;C:属水平物种Circos圈图;D:属水平物种UPSET韦恩图;E:属水平差异菌属读段数(样本经过标准化抽平);a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=UnCY/8DvPqXZ638dJXiAtA==, figureFileBig=IO7t4Ri1K4KpvunYh8Xivw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210947998012029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tVq0WQSTuYbxTfF1wcW4fA==, figureFileBig=8JOBjVdLDNHl1HSELh303Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210948052537982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=CN, label=图3, caption=肠道真菌LEFSe分析

A:分类线性判别分析(LEFSe);B:3组中差异有统计学意义的多级物种层级进化分支弧形图,从内而外依次表现差异菌属从属关系,节点大小对应差异菌属的平均相对丰度,红色区域为PKD组差异菌属分布区域,绿色区域为健康对照组差异菌属分布区域,蓝色区域为CKD对照组差异菌属分布区域

, figureFileSmall=tVq0WQSTuYbxTfF1wcW4fA==, figureFileBig=8JOBjVdLDNHl1HSELh303Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210948111258239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DBhBSeIp3oWhqiTTo5IRQA==, figureFileBig=e+fxLlB4BqglFwWiDU0EAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210948182561408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=CN, label=图4, caption=肠道真菌与临床指标间的相关性

A:肠道真菌菌群属水平丰度前10的真菌菌属与临床指标相关性分析;B:Cladosporium与PKD患者免疫学指标Pearson相关系数的线性回归分析;C:PKD患者肠道真菌菌群属水平丰度前10的菌属与双侧KD、KCD、LCD间的相关性分析;红色代表正相关,蓝色代表负相关,颜色越深相关性数值越大;D:Cladosporium、Candida与PKD患者临床指标Pearson相关系数的线性回归分析;a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=DBhBSeIp3oWhqiTTo5IRQA==, figureFileBig=e+fxLlB4BqglFwWiDU0EAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210948266447489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量健康人群(n=22)PKD患者(n=44)NPCKD患者(n=44)P值
年龄/岁53.00(50.50,55.00)53.00(48.50,57.00)52.00(47.75,57.00)0.736
BMI/(kg/m2)24.45(22.73,26.10)22.00(20.43,24.65)23.20(19.75,25.88)0.113
男/女11/1122/2222/22>0.999
肾病终末期NA27(61.36)27(61.36)>0.999
高血压4(18.18)30(68.18)32(72.73)<0.001
糖尿病0(0.00)4(9.09)6(13.64)0.192
SCr/(μmol/L)54.95(49.63,72.08)432.30(201.78,608.68)427.95(216.75,640.33)<0.001
BUN/(mmol/L)5.32(4.19,5.84)16.05(9.78,23.63)17.43(11.09,23.88)<0.001
Ua/(μmol/L)280.50(219.25,355.00)401.25(337.85,493.18)447.00(390.75,536.00)<0.001
eGFR/[mL/(min·L)]103.00(95.25,107.75)11.00(7.75,22.00)10.50(7.75,27.50)<0.001
24 h UTP/gNA0.37(0.15,0.68)0.88(0.36,1.90)0.003
WBC/(×109/L)5.63(4.97,6.64)5.87(4.98,7.57)6.78(5.43,8.69)0.108
HGB/(×1012/L)133.00(117.25,138.00)100.00(84.00,120.75)97.00(80.50,119.25)0.001
PLT/(×109/L)205.50(185.00,235.00)184.50(131.50,209.25)206.00(160.00,245.25)0.132
κ/λNA1.86(1.61,2.13)1.74(1.54,2.01)0.120
Lamda/(mg/dL)NA520.00(455.00,688.00)535.00(420.00,688.00)0.930
Kappa/(mg/dL)NA971.00(836.00,1350.00)950.00(707.00,1150.00)0.251
KD/cmNA18.33(16.06,22.00)NA
KCD/cmNA5.65(4.73,7.03)NA
LCD/cmNA2.95(1.43,5.08)NA
), ArticleFig(id=1322210948337750658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210936606282289, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多囊肾病患者、非多囊肾的慢性肾病患者与健康受试者临床特征比较 [n(%),M(P25,P75)]

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变量健康人群(n=22)PKD患者(n=44)NPCKD患者(n=44)P值
年龄/岁53.00(50.50,55.00)53.00(48.50,57.00)52.00(47.75,57.00)0.736
BMI/(kg/m2)24.45(22.73,26.10)22.00(20.43,24.65)23.20(19.75,25.88)0.113
男/女11/1122/2222/22>0.999
肾病终末期NA27(61.36)27(61.36)>0.999
高血压4(18.18)30(68.18)32(72.73)<0.001
糖尿病0(0.00)4(9.09)6(13.64)0.192
SCr/(μmol/L)54.95(49.63,72.08)432.30(201.78,608.68)427.95(216.75,640.33)<0.001
BUN/(mmol/L)5.32(4.19,5.84)16.05(9.78,23.63)17.43(11.09,23.88)<0.001
Ua/(μmol/L)280.50(219.25,355.00)401.25(337.85,493.18)447.00(390.75,536.00)<0.001
eGFR/[mL/(min·L)]103.00(95.25,107.75)11.00(7.75,22.00)10.50(7.75,27.50)<0.001
24 h UTP/gNA0.37(0.15,0.68)0.88(0.36,1.90)0.003
WBC/(×109/L)5.63(4.97,6.64)5.87(4.98,7.57)6.78(5.43,8.69)0.108
HGB/(×1012/L)133.00(117.25,138.00)100.00(84.00,120.75)97.00(80.50,119.25)0.001
PLT/(×109/L)205.50(185.00,235.00)184.50(131.50,209.25)206.00(160.00,245.25)0.132
κ/λNA1.86(1.61,2.13)1.74(1.54,2.01)0.120
Lamda/(mg/dL)NA520.00(455.00,688.00)535.00(420.00,688.00)0.930
Kappa/(mg/dL)NA971.00(836.00,1350.00)950.00(707.00,1150.00)0.251
KD/cmNA18.33(16.06,22.00)NA
KCD/cmNA5.65(4.73,7.03)NA
LCD/cmNA2.95(1.43,5.08)NA
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多囊肾病患者肠道真菌特征性改变及其与临床指标的相关性研究
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侯占杰 1 , 戈宇松 1 , 唐波 1 , 雷媛媛 1 , 唐黎 1 , 蒋洪飞 1 , 简金呈 1 , 程金波 2 , 杨仕明 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学 2025,47(8): 836-846
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学 2025 , 47 (8) : 836 -846
多囊肾病患者肠道真菌特征性改变及其与临床指标的相关性研究
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侯占杰1, 戈宇松1, 唐波1, 雷媛媛1, 唐黎1, 蒋洪飞1, 简金呈1, 程金波2 , 杨仕明1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:消化内科,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:肾内科,重庆
通讯作者:
杨仕明,E-mail:
程金波,E-mail:
YANG Shiming,E-mail:
CHENG Jinbo,E-mail:
Changes in characteristics of gut fungal microbiota and their correlation with clinical indicators in patients with polycystic kidney disease
Zhanjie HOU1, Yusong GE1, Bo TANG1, Yuanyuan LEI1, Li TANG1, Hongfei JIANG1, Jincheng JIAN1, Jinbo CHENG2 , Shiming YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411111
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目的

研究多囊肾病(polycystic kidney disease,PKD)患者肠道真菌菌群多样性、组成结构及其与临床指标的相关性。

方法

纳入2023年2月至2024年2月就诊于陆军军医大学第二附属医院的PKD患者44例、非多囊肾病慢性肾病(non-polycystic kidney disease chronic kidney disease,NPCKD)患者44例和健康对照者(health controls,HC)22例,基于ITS1 DNA测序技术分析受试者粪便样本肠道真菌组成,应用生物信息学方法比较各组间真菌的多样性和结构差异,并运用Pearson相关分析探讨肠道真菌与临床指标的相关性。

结果

3组基线资料(性别、年龄、体质量指数等)差异无统计学意义,血清学指标(血肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸、估算肾小球滤过率等)存在统计学差异(P<0.01)。Alpha多样性分析显示,PKD组与HC组差异无统计学意义,与NPCKD组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。Beta多样性分析表明,3组间比较及两两比较均有统计学差异(P=0.001)。菌群结构分析发现,PKD组Candida(假丝酵母菌属)丰度显著高于其他2组(P<0.01),而Aspergillus(曲霉菌属)、Cladosporium(枝孢菌属)丰度显著低于HC组(P<0.05)。线性判别分析(LEFSe)表明PKD组中Candida显著富集,Aspergillus、Cladosporium显著减少。相关性分析显示,PKD组Cladosporium丰度与肾囊肿直径、免疫轻链Kappa/Lamda呈负相关(P<0.05),而Candida丰度与肝/肾囊肿直径呈正相关(P<0.01)。

结论

PKD患者肠道真菌菌群多样性和组成结构存在特征性改变,Cladosporium和Candida与PKD患者的临床指标密切相关。

多囊肾疾病  /  慢性肾脏病  /  真菌  /  ITS1 DNA
Objective‍

To investigate the diversity and composition of gut fungi microbiota in patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and its correlation with clinical indicators.

Methods‍

A total of 44 PKD patients, 44 patients with non-polycystic chronic kidney disease (NPCKD) and 22 healthy controls (HC) admitted to our hospital from February 2023 to February 2024 were recruited. ITS1 DNA sequencing was applied to analyze the gut fungal composition. Bioinformatics analysis was used to compare the diversity and structural differences of fungi among the 3 groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between gut fungi and clinical indicators.

Results‍

There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics (gender, age, body mass index, etc.) among the 3 groups, but statistical differences were seen in terms of serum indicators (such as serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, etc.) (P<0.01). Alpha diversity analysis showed no significant difference was seen between the PKD and HC groups, but the PKD group had significant differences to the NPCKD group (P<0.01). Beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences among the 3 groups and in pairwise comparisons (P=0.001). Fungi composition analysis found that the abundance of Candida was significantly higher in the PKD group than the other 2 groups (P<0.01), while the abundances of Aspergillus and Cladosporium were significantly lower in the PKD group than the HC group (P<0.05). Linear discriminant analysis (LEFSe) indicated that Candida was significantly enriched, while Aspergillus and Cladosporium were significantly reduced in the PKD group. Correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Cladosporium was negatively correlated with cyst diameter and immunoglobulin light chain Kappa/Lambda ratio in the PKD group (P<0.05), while the abundance of Candida was positively correlated with liver/kidney cyst diameter (P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

PKD patients exhibit characteristic changes in gut fungi diversity and composition. The abundances of Cladosporium and Candida are closely associated with clinical indicators of PKD patients.

polycystic kidney disease  /  chronic kidney disease  /  Fungi  /  ITS1 DNA
侯占杰, 戈宇松, 唐波, 雷媛媛, 唐黎, 蒋洪飞, 简金呈, 程金波, 杨仕明. 多囊肾病患者肠道真菌特征性改变及其与临床指标的相关性研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 836 -846 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411111
Zhanjie HOU, Yusong GE, Bo TANG, Yuanyuan LEI, Li TANG, Hongfei JIANG, Jincheng JIAN, Jinbo CHENG, Shiming YANG. Changes in characteristics of gut fungal microbiota and their correlation with clinical indicators in patients with polycystic kidney disease[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 836 -846 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411111
慢性肾脏疾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是一个全球性的重大医疗问题,其特征是肾功能或结构持续异常至少3个月[1]。全球CKD的发病率约为9.1%,在中上收入国家,该比例为12%~15%。约2%的CKD患者最终进展为终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)[2]。CKD的病因通常可分为原发性、继发性和遗传性肾脏疾病[3]。其中,多囊肾病(polycystic kidney disease,PKD)是CKD中最常见的遗传性肾脏疾病,也是导致终末期肾病的第4大常见原因[4]。
PKD的主要临床特征为双侧肾脏出现多个大小不一的囊肿,随着疾病进展,这些囊肿不断增大,破坏肾脏正常结构和功能,最终导致肾功能损害,甚至发展为终末期肾功能衰竭[5]。全球PKD的发病率约为1/1 000至1/400,其中约一半的患者会缓慢进展为终末期肾病,需要依赖透析或肾移植治疗以维持生命[6-7]。PKD除了直接表现为肾囊肿增大和肾小球滤过率降低,患者在晚期常伴有高血压、贫血、代谢性骨病和多器官损害,严重影响患者的生存质量和预后[8]。PKD患者随着年龄增长,疾病不断进展,还常合并有肝囊肿,46岁时约94%的患者会出现肝囊肿[9]。尽管PKD主要归因于控制肾小管细胞发育和功能的基因突变所致[10],但研究表明高血压、肥胖、糖尿病、肠道菌群等其他因素可能加速PKD的进展,增加肾功能衰竭的风险[8,11]。
肠道菌群是一个复杂的生态系统,与疾病和健康密切相关,肠道菌群失衡是CKD患者常见的特征之一[12-13]。肠道菌群失衡可能会影响肾脏功能,反之肾功能受损也会影响肠道菌群。近年来相关研究阐述了“肠-肾轴”的概念,为研究肠道菌群与肾脏疾病的相互作用提供了新的线索[14-15]。2018年,一项利用PKD志愿者进行的小样本试点研究探讨了PKD患者肠道细菌菌群组成与肾功能的关系[16]。此外,靶向肠道菌群可通过减少炎症参与减缓PKD患者肾脏肿大和肾功能恶化[11]。但是,除肠道细菌外,肠道真菌也是肠道菌群的重要组成部分,与肠道细菌之间存在复杂的相互作用,共同维持着肠道健康[1]。已有研究发现CKD患者存在肠道真菌菌群失衡,并可能参与了CKD的发病[17]。然而,目前针对PKD患者肠道真菌菌群变化情况的研究尚少见报道。本研究拟通过比较PKD患者、非多囊肾性慢性肾脏病(non-polycystic kidney disease chronic kidney disease,NPCKD)患者和健康对照组(health controls,HC)的肠道真菌菌群构成,以期发现PKD患者肠道真菌的生物标记物,为PKD的临床诊疗提供新的理论依据。
本研究纳入2023年2月至2024年2月期间就诊于陆军军医大学第二附属医院的PKD患者,纳入标准:年龄18~80岁,男女不限,符合中华医学会遗传学分会2020年《多囊肾病的临床实践指南》诊断标准的PKD患者。同时期就诊的NPCKD患者,按年龄(±3岁)、性别、地域以及肾功能损害程度相匹配,病例选择参照中华医学会肾脏病学分会2022年《慢性肾脏病早期筛查、诊断及防治指南》,涵盖高血压肾病、糖尿病肾病及慢性肾小球肾炎等。入组的PKD患者和NPCKD患者从未接受过血液透析治疗。此外,还纳入了同期体检的健康对照人群,该人群与PKD和NPCKD患者在年龄、性别和地域方面相匹配,且肾功能正常。排除标准:(1)严重心肺功能不良、自身免疫性疾病或有腹腔内手术史、肠梗阻、结肠肿瘤或胃肠出血;(2)近1个月内使用口服抗生素、维生素制剂、益生菌、免疫抑制药物、类固醇激素或化疗药物;(3)最近1个月内使用静脉或口服补铁、泻药或降钾树脂类药物;(4)既往行肾脏移植手术;(5)妊娠期或哺乳期妇女;(6)罹患严重精神障碍;(7)拒绝签署知情同意书;(8)研究者认为判定存在其他不适宜参与研究的情形。样本分配采用2∶2∶1比例进行组间匹配,最终纳入PKD患者44例、NPCKD患者44例和健康对照22例,总样本量为110例。本研究方案已经陆军军医大学第二附属医院伦理委员会批准(2023-研第128-01),并完成中国临床试验中心备案(ChiCTR2400088270)。
研究对象的人口统计学参数(性别、年龄、体质量、身高等)在患者就诊时被系统采集。粪便样本在洁净环境中完成收集,使用无菌样本管获取新鲜样本后,立即置入生物样本专用转运箱(4 ℃恒温),并于2 h内转运至中心实验室。样本经液氮速冻后分装至无菌EP管(1.5 mL),保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱以备后续DNA提取。同步收集患者就诊时常规实验室检查指标:血肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿酸(Ua)、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、24 h尿蛋白定量(24 h UTP)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)、白细胞计数(WBC)、血小板计数(PLT)、免疫轻链Lamda和免疫轻链Kappa。针对PKD组,额外采集了肾脏超声检查的影像学参数,包括:肾脏最长直径(kidney diameter,KD)、肾囊肿最大直径(kidney cyst diameter,KCD)和肝囊肿最大直径(liver cyst diameter,LCD)。
利用ITS1特异性引物ITS5-1737F(5´-GGAAGT-AAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3´)和ITS2-2043R(5´-GCTG-CGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3´)进行PCR扩增。反应体系配制为25 µL:含15 µL Phusion® High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix(New England Biolabs,USA)、0.2 µmol/L引物(终浓度)和10 ng基因组DNA模板。热循环参数设定为:98 ℃初始变性1 min;继以30个循环的98 ℃变性10 s、50 ℃退火30 s、72 ℃延伸30 s;最终72 ℃保持5 min。样品委托北京诺禾致源科技有限公司进行Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台双端测序(2×250 bp)及标准化文库构建。原始数据采用QIIME2平台(版本号:q2cli version 2020.2.0)进行数据分析。真菌分类学注释基于UNITE数据库,置信阈值设为97%。α多样性分析涵盖Ace指数、Chao1指数(物种丰富度)、Shannon指数及Simpson指数(物种多样性);β多样性分析基于Bray-Curtis相异性系数与Manhattan距离矩阵,并采用主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCoA)进行可视化;差异物种鉴定采用线性判别分析效应量法(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe;LDA评分>3.5,P<0.05)。并利用R包ggplot2(3.5.1)和CNSknowall平台(https://cnsknowall.com)完成可视化。
连续变量以M(P25,P75)表示。数据分析采用科研者之家医学统计模块(https://www.home-for-researchers.com)和SPSS Statistics 27软件完成。检验分类变量组间是否独立采用卡方检验。3组间连续变量经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验及Levene方差齐性检验确认后,符合条件者采用单因素方差分析;非参数数据采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验。2组间比较则依据数据分布特性,分别选用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。肠道真菌菌群与临床指标的相关性通过Pearson相关性分析评估,P<0.05视为差异有统计学意义。
本研究3组间基线参数(年龄、性别构成、体质指数和糖尿病患病率)差异均无统计学意义,PKD组与NPCKD组在高血压史分布无统计学差异,但与HC组相比有统计学差异(P<0.01)。3组血清学指标(SCr、BUN、eGFR、Ua、24 h UTP、HGB)在3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。而免疫学相关指标(免疫轻链Kappa、免疫轻链Lamda及κ/λ比值)在PKD组和NPCKD组间无统计学差异。PKD组影像学特征显示:KD超出正常成人肾脏生理范围(10~12 cm)[3],KCD和LCD指标符合PKD患者的典型影像学表现(表1)[4]。
经Illumina NovaSeq 6000测序平台分析,110份样本中获得了7 630 908条经过优化的序列(平均测序深度:69 371.89读段/样本),经DADA2算法质控后得到16 142个特征序列,平均长度为472.736 bp。Alpha多样性反映样本内的物种多样性,本研究采用Ace(群落中实际存在的物种数)指数、Chao1(估计样本中的物种总数)指数、Shannon(反映样本分类总数及其占比)指数和Simpson(表征物种分布的多样性和均匀度)指数来进行评估。分析结果显示,PKD组、NPCKD组和HC组比较,Ace指数和Chao1指数3组间无统计学差异,Shannon指数和Simpson指数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);进一步两两比较表明,PKD组Alpha多样性与HC组无统计学差异,但与NPCKD组相比Shannon(U=612,P=0.003)及Simpson指数(U=598,P=0.002)差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图1A),提示PKD组患者的肠道菌群Alpha多样性与丰富度更接近HC组,与NPCKD组有差异。Beta多样性是衡量不同生境或群落之间物种多样性差异的一个重要指标,基于Bray-Curtis和Manhattan距离算法的主坐标分析(PCoA)显示,PKD组、NPCKD组和HC组Beta多样性差异有统计学意义(P=0.001),且两两比较均有统计学差异(P=0.001,图1B)。
在门水平上,HC、PKD和NPCKD组的肠道真菌菌群主要由Ascomycota(子囊菌门)和Basidiomycota(担子菌门)组成,其中Ascomycota在各组相对丰度分别为84.33%、84.74%和81.00%(图2A),Basidiomycota在各组相对丰度分别为11.48%、13.75%和18.08%(图2A)。属水平上相对丰度排名前10的菌属分别为Candida(假丝酵母属)、Aspergillus(曲霉属)、Kazachstania(哈萨克斯坦酵母属)、Saccharomyces(酵母属)、Cladosporium(枝孢菌属)、Alternaria(交链孢霉属)、Ophiocordyceps(蛇形虫草属)、Apiotrichum(红酵母属)、Auricularia(木耳属)、Penicillium(青霉菌属)。结果显示,HC组以Aspergillus为主要菌属,PKD组以Candida为主要菌属,NPCKD组以Kazachstania、Cladosporium和Ophiocordyceps为主要菌属(图2B、C)。属水平UPSET维恩图分析显示,3组共有222个共享菌属,HC、PKD和NPCKD组分别独有71、73和91个菌属(图2D)。进一步比较发现,与HC组相比,PKD组Candida丰度显著升高(P<0.01),而Alternaria、Aspergillus、Cladosporium和Penicillium的丰度显著降低(P<0.05),Saccharomyces的丰度则呈下降趋势但无统计学差异;与NPCKD组相比,PKD组Candida丰度亦显著升高(P<0.01,图2E)。
为进一步探究HC、PKD和NPCKD组肠道真菌菌群的差异物种,采用线性判别分析(LEFSe),在属(n=14)、科(n=13)、目(n=10)、纲(n=8)和门(n=3)水平上有48个鉴别特征(LDA>3.5,P<0.05)。其中HC组富集了36种,PKD组富集了11种,NPCKD组仅富集1种。在门水平上,HC组主要富集了Ascomycota和Mucoromycota(粘菌门),而PKD组则主要富集了Basidiomycota。在属水平上,HC组富集了Aspergillus、Cladosporium、Debaryomyces(德巴利酵母属)、Pleurotus(侧耳属)、Penicillium、Mucor(毛霉菌属)、Simplicillium(拟青霉属)、Sarocladium(帚枝霉属)、Chlorocillium(绿色芽胞菌属)、Talaromyces(蓝状菌属)和Xeromyces(嗜极菌属)等;而PKD组则主要富集了Candida、Wickerhamomyces(威克汉姆酵母属)和Pichia(毕赤酵母菌属)等(图3)。
为进一步探究PKD患者和NPCKD患者肠道真菌菌群与临床指标之间的相关性,利用Pearson相关性分析进行评估。在PKD组中,Apiotrichum与WBC(r=0.753,P<0.001)、PLT(r=0.634,P<0.001)、eGFR(r=0.403,P=0.007)呈现正相关;Alternaria、Cladosporium分别与免疫轻链Lamda(r=-0.340,P=0.024;r=-0.306,P=0.043)、免疫轻链Kappa(r=-0.356,P=0.018;r=-0.391,P=0.009)及κ/λ比值(r=-0.429,P=0.004;r=-0.486,P=0.001)呈负相关;Saccharomyces与HGB呈正相关(r=0.386,P=0.010);Kazachstania与24 h UTP呈正相关(r=0.374,P=0.012)。在NPCKD组中,Saccharomyces与WBC(r=0.637,P<0.001)、BUN(r=0.386,P<0.01)呈正相关,与PLT(r=-0.378,P=0.011)、Ua(r=-0.324,P=0.032)呈负相关(图4A、B)。
为进一步阐明PKD患者肠道真菌菌群与器官形态学特征的关系,将PKD患者肠道真菌属水平丰度前10的菌属与超声影像学参数(KCD、LCD和KD)进行相关性分析,通过Pearson相关性分析生成热图和线性回归分析图。结果显示,Candida与LCD(r=0.409,P=0.006)及KCD(r=0.460,P=0.002)呈正相关,Cladosporium(r=-0.397,P=0.008)、Alternaria(r=-0.403,P=0.007)与KCD呈负相关(图4C、D)。
肠道菌群是人体肠道中庞大的微生态群落,其细胞总数甚至超过人体细胞总数。这些菌群与宿主共生,其与人体生理状态的密切关联性已引发广泛关注。近年来研究发现,肠道真菌菌群与慢性肾病[18]、高血压[19]和炎症性肠病[20]等多种疾病状态相关,表现出显著的变化特征。目前,“肠-肾轴”的概念已经得到广泛认可[15],但仍缺乏对慢性肾病中PKD患者个体肠道真菌菌群的系统研究。
本研究通过ITS1 DNA高通量测序技术对PKD、NPCKD患者以及健康对照者的肠道真菌菌群组成进行了分析。结果显示,在Alpha多样性方面,尽管3组在物种丰富度(Ace/Chao1指数)方面未呈现统计学差异,但在Shannon/Simpson指数上,3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。值得注意的是,PKD组与HC组在Alpha多样性上无统计学差异,但与NPCKD组相比,PKD组的Alpha多样性差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。此外,Beta多样性(群落结构)分析结果显示3组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.001),两两比较Beta多样性也均有统计学差异(P=0.001)。以上结果提示,PKD患者的肠道真菌菌群多样性特征在一定程度上不同于HC组和NPCKD组。这与门水平组成特征相印证:Ascomycota在HC、PKD及NPCKD组的相对丰度分别为84.33%、84.74%与81.00%,而Basidiomycota则呈梯度上升趋势(11.48%、13.75%、18.08%)。有研究表明,炎症性肠病[21]和克罗恩病[22]患者的肠道中Basidiomycota明显占优势,而Ascomycota的相对丰度较低,导致Basidiomycota/Ascomycota的比值增加;而在多发性硬化[23]和肝硬化[24]患者中,Basidiomycota/Ascomycota的比值减小,且与疾病密切相关。在属水平上PKD组存在显著的菌群重塑特征:Candida的丰度显著高于另外2组(P<0.01);而Alternaria、Aspergillus、Cladosporium、Penicillium的丰度则显著低于HC组(P<0.05),与NPCKD组比较无统计学差异。LEFSe分析(LDA>3.5)再次证实Candida只在PKD组显著富集(P<0.05)。既往研究表明,来自肠道Aspergillus代谢产物可通过调控紧密连接蛋白表达维持肠道屏障完整性[25],其在结直肠癌中的促癌作用[26]提示其丰度降低可能对PKD具有双重影响。Cladosporium是人体肠道真菌菌群的常见组成部分[27],但在非酒精性脂肪肝疾病患者中丰度增加,与肝脏纤维化相关[28]。Penicillium可能通过调节肠道菌群结构影响肠道健康,在炎症性肠病患者肠道中被耗尽[29],补充外源性Penicillium产生的酶制剂可产生类似于益生元的作用[30]。值得注意的是,NPCKD组中各菌属丰度均呈减少趋势,尤其是Candida丰度降低,与既往研究慢性肾病合并高血压的患者肠道中Candida丰度减少的研究结果一致[31]。这可能与本研究中NPCKD组72.73%的患者合并高血压有关。而Candida的丰度仅在PKD组呈现明显增加趋势(P<0.01),这一发现尚少见相关报道。Candida是人体内常见的真菌,在健康状态下可以协助宿主维持肠道菌群平衡,抑制其他病原微生物的定植,并稳定自身的免疫状态[32]。然而,Candida也是一种潜在的致病真菌,受到宿主免疫系统的严格监控。当使用广谱抗生素或免疫功能下降时,肠道菌群失衡,可导致Candida过度生长[33-34]。Candida还能形成生物膜,增强其对抗药物的能力,造成难以治疗的感染。一些耐药性Candida物种如Candida auris(耳念珠菌)的出现,也给疾病治疗带来了挑战[35]。本研究发现,Candida在多囊肾病患者的肠道中显著富集,可能成为缓解该疾病进展的潜在干预靶点。
此外,肾脏疾病患者常伴有肠道菌群紊乱和免疫稳态的失衡[36],其中CKD者的肠道真菌菌群失衡与免疫球蛋白轻链(Lamda/Kappa)的异常表达显著相关[18]。本研究通过Pearson相关性分析系统评估了PKD患者的肠道真菌菌群与免疫参数的相关性。PKD组中Cladosporium丰度降低,并与Lamda轻链、Kappa轻链以及κ/λ比值呈负相关。以上结果在NPCKD组中并未被观察到,提示Cladosporium可能在PKD的疾病过程中发挥潜在的免疫调节作用。随着疾病进展,PKD患者肾脏、肝脏等多个器官出现持续性多发性囊性改变,尤其肾脏囊肿的进行性增殖是导致肾脏体积增大和肾功能损害的直接原因[8]。本研究发现,Cladosporium丰度降低与KCD呈负相关,而Candida是PKD组中最为富集的菌属,其丰度与KCD和LCD呈显著正相关。多囊卵巢综合征研究显示,肠道菌群干预可抑制囊肿生长[37],提示Cladosporium和Candida可能与PKD患者肝肾囊肿的生长存在复杂的关联。以上结果表明,肠道真菌菌群的失衡可能会影响宿主的代谢和免疫状态,从而参与PKD的疾病发展进程。然而,具体的机制仍需进一步探索和研究。
综上,本研究对比分析了3组人群肠道真菌菌群的多样性和菌群结构,探讨了肠道真菌菌群与临床指标的相关性。与HC组和NPCKD组相比,在物种多样性和属水平上PKD患者肠道真菌有其独特特征,尤其是发现PKD患者肠道中Cladosporium丰度降低和Candida的异常富集,且与患者的免疫状态和肝肾囊肿的生长密切相关。这可能是由于Cladosporium作为益生菌的缺失或者Candida作为机会致病菌的富集所导致。另外Candida的相对高丰度也可能作为评估PKD疾病进展的潜在生物标志物。然而,本研究为单中心观察性研究,样本量相对有限,且未对肠道真菌和细菌的网络交互关系进行探索,存在一定的局限性,仍需要进一步扩大样本量或者多点采样以增加结果的普适性,并深入探讨肠道真菌菌群失衡与PKD发病机制的潜在联系。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411111
  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
  • 修回日期:2025-03-08
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:消化内科,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院:肾内科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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