Article(id=1322210922530193641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729612800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-23, revisedDate=1730304000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169249422, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169249422, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169249422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169249422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=756, endPage=765, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210923352277226, articleId=1322210922530193641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Resuscitation effect of novel lyophilized platelets combined with lactated Ringer’s solution in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the resuscitation efficacy of novel lyophilized platelets (LP, thrombin-stimulated platelets) combined with lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion.

Methods‍

Fifty rabbits were randomly assigned to 5 groups (Groups A, B, C, D and E, n=10). After all rabbits were anesthetized with 3% pentobarbital sodium at a dose of 1 mL/kg, soft tissue injury was inflicted in the left lower limb. The blood loss from the soft tissue injury was quantified after gauze hemostasis. The right lower limb was subjected to femoral artery catheterization, followed by blood withdrawal equivalent to 26% of the total blood volume of the rabbit. The rabbits were then vertically immersed in 3% artificial seawater, with the water level reaching above the xiphoid process, and were retrieved in 15 min later. Resuscitation strategies were applied to the rabbits from different group: Group A (no resuscitation), Group B (resuscitation with LR solution), Group C (resuscitation with LR solution and fresh platelets), Group D (resuscitation with LR solution and LP), and Group E (resuscitation with LR solution and novel LP). Coagulation function test, routine blood test, blood gas analysis, and thromboelastography were conducted at baseline and at 1, 2 and 4 h after injury.

Results‍

The LP and rabbit model of hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion were successfully prepared. At 1 h after injury, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of Groups C, D and E (infused with platelet preparations) was significantly higher than that of Group A (without resuscitation, P<0.05); the lactate (Lac) content of Group C was obviously lower than that of Groups A and B (P<0.05); the base excess (BE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels of Groups C, D and E were notably lower than those of Groups A and B (P<0.05); and the prothrombin time (PT) of Group A was significantly longer than that of before injury (P<0.05). At 2 h after injury, the MAP of Groups C and D was significantly higher than that of Groups A and B, and that of Group E was notably higher than that of Group A (P<0.05); the Lac content of Groups C and E was obviously lower than that of Groups A and B, while that of Group D was also lower than that of Group A (P<0.05); the BE and BUN levels of Groups C, D and E were remarkably lower than those of Groups A and B (P<0.05); the maximum amplitude (MA) value of Group C was higher than that of Group A, while the value of Groups A and D at this time was significantly lower than the corresponding value before injury (P<0.05); and the activated partial clotting time (APTT) of Groups A and D was statistically longer than the corresponding baseline time (P<0.05). At 4 h after injury, the MAP of Groups C, D, and E was higher than that of Groups A and B, and that of Group B was higher than that of Group A (P<0.05); the Lac and BUN levels of Groups C, D, and E were lower than those of Groups A and B (P<0.05); the BE level of Groups C and D were lower than those of Groups A and B (P<0.05); the MA value of Groups B, C, and E were higher than those of Group A (P<0.05), while the MA value and APTT value of Groups A and D were significantly lower than their corresponding baseline values (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

For rabbits with hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion, the novel LP combined with LR solution can significantly increase the MAP level, reduce Lac content, and sustainably maintain blood clot firmness and coagulation function.

, authors=Chenglin DAI1, Wenqiong DU1, Ting TANG2, Haoyang YANG1, Liyuan CHEN1, Dongzhaoyang ZHANG1, Xin ZHONG1, Renqing JIANG1, Can CHEN1, Yijun JIA1, Zhaowen ZONG1, Bo HU3, authorsList=Chenglin DAI, Wenqiong DU, Ting TANG, Haoyang YANG, Liyuan CHEN, Dongzhaoyang ZHANG, Xin ZHONG, Renqing JIANG, Can CHEN, Yijun JIA, Zhaowen ZONG, Bo HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhaowen ZONG, Bo HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210927341060344, articleId=1322210922530193641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=新型冻干血小板联用乳酸林格氏液救治家兔失血性休克海水浸泡的复苏效果观察, columnId=1322185581656920707, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评估新型冻干血小板(lyophilized platelet,LP)即凝血酶刺激下LP联用乳酸林格氏液对家兔失血性休克海水浸泡的复苏效果。

方法

将50只家兔按随机数字表法分为A、B、C、D、E 5组(n=10),3%戊巴比妥钠按1 mL/kg剂量麻醉家兔,给予左下肢软组织损伤,同时以纱布止血,计量下肢软组织损伤的失血量。右下肢进行股动脉插管,随后按照家兔总血容量的26%进行抽血,后将家兔竖直浸泡在3%人工海盐模拟海水中,海水没过剑突,15 min后捞出。按照A组:致伤后不复苏;B组:致伤后输注乳酸林格氏液;C组:致伤后输注乳酸林格氏液及新鲜血小板;D组:致伤后输注乳酸林格氏液加LP;E组:致伤后输注乳酸林格氏液加新型LP,给予对应复苏策略。实验在致伤前及伤后1、2、4 h检测凝血功能、血常规、血气、血栓弹力图等指标。

结果

成功制备出具有功能活性的LP及家兔失血性休克海水浸泡损伤模型。在致伤后1 h,联用血小板制剂复苏的C、D、E组平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)显著高于未复苏的A组(P<0.05),C组的乳酸值(lactate,Lac)显著低于A、B组(P<0.05),C、D、E组的碱剩余(base excess,BE)及尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)显著低于A、B组(P<0.05),A组的凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)较致伤前显著延长(P<0.05)。伤后2 h,C、D组的MAP高于A、B组,E组MAP高于A组(P<0.05),C、E组的Lac低于A、B组,而D组Lac低于A组(P<0.05),C、D、E 3组的BE、BUN值均低于A、B组(P<0.05),C组的最大振幅(maximum amplitude,MA)高于A组,A、D组此刻MA值较本组致伤前显著下降(P<0.05),A、D组的活化部分凝血时间(activated partial clotting time,APTT)较致伤前延长(P<0.05)。伤后4 h,C、D、E组的MAP高于A、B组,B组MAP高于A组(P<0.05),C、D、E组的Lac、BUN值均低于A、B组(P<0.05),C、D组BE值低于A组,E组BE值低于A、B组(P<0.05),B、C、E组的MA值高于A组(P<0.05),而A、D组的MA值、APTT值较致伤前本组初始值显著下降(P<0.05)。

结论

新型LP联用乳酸林格氏液能显著提高家兔的MAP,降低其乳酸值,维持血凝块强度及凝血功能。

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宗兆文,E-mail:
胡 波,E-mail:
ZONG Zhaowen,E-mail:
HU Bo,E-mail:
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a:P<0.05,与同时刻B组比较;b:P<0.05,与同时刻C组比较;c:P<0.05,与同时刻D组比较;d:P<0.05,与同时刻E组比较

, figureFileSmall=J7tE/zU+/IrpaWJclUjQbQ==, figureFileBig=1SM6MVD9W8H9Z43I75tP7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210935968743758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210922530193641, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=89uIMNgwQXwiO2v4nhE8/A==, figureFileBig=YV9HazZq8Hgusmb2TSMrsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210936035852623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210922530193641, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组家兔不同时相点MA(A)、R(B)、α(C)值变化

a:P<0.05,与同时刻A组比较;b:P<0.05,与同时刻B组比较;c:P<0.05,与本组致伤前比较

, figureFileSmall=89uIMNgwQXwiO2v4nhE8/A==, figureFileBig=YV9HazZq8Hgusmb2TSMrsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210936090378576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210922530193641, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R/mdlDoXIczs9jZS1JRUZA==, figureFileBig=j0PgPA0vzLKDQQCVu34PDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210936157487441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210922530193641, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各组家兔不同时相的APTT(A)和PT(B)值比较

a:P<0.05,与本组致伤前比较

, figureFileSmall=R/mdlDoXIczs9jZS1JRUZA==, figureFileBig=j0PgPA0vzLKDQQCVu34PDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210936228790610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210922530193641, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XSMKvttidNuIq+cMAjc7rw==, figureFileBig=5ks5PNcND9tjT/sv8YOXoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210936287510867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210922530193641, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各组家兔不同时相的血小板(A)及血红蛋白(B)比较

a:P<0.05,与同时刻D组比较

, figureFileSmall=XSMKvttidNuIq+cMAjc7rw==, figureFileBig=5ks5PNcND9tjT/sv8YOXoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210936350425428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210922530193641, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时相组别LacBEBUN
致伤前A3.31±1.07-3.40±1.655.66±0.80
B3.82±1.34-1.50±4.125.73±1.04
C3.67±0.92-1.10±3.075.16±0.89
D2.91±1.19-0.90±2.135.20±0.74
E4.04±1.41-0.40±2.224.95±0.81
伤后 1 hA8.37±3.32-12.90±2.896.62±0.48
B8.36±2.93-12.50±3.756.62±1.07
C5.21±2.53ab-8.40±4.55ab5.31±0.68ab
D5.48±2.19-7.40±3.03ab5.38±0.80ab
E5.88±1.48-7.80±1.40ab5.41±1.15ab
伤后 2 hA10.55±3.06-14.40±2.847.19±0.67
B9.91±2.83-13.50±2.927.48±1.17
C6.14±2.56ab-9.50±3.21ab5.91±0.66ab
D7.23±2.20a-9.30±2.71ab5.80±0.88ab
E5.99±2.26ab-8.70±2.91ab5.66±1.03ab
A14.99±2.69-17.50±3.348.54±0.63
B13.30±3.05-15.00±3.508.86±1.32
伤后 4 hC9.19±2.60ab-11.30±2.91a6.77±0.79ab
D9.25±2.14ab-13.00±2.00a6.69±0.84ab
E9.41±2.04ab-10.50±2.17ab6.52±0.75ab
), ArticleFig(id=1322210936421728597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210922530193641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组家兔不同时相的乳酸、碱剩余、血肌酐值(mmol/L,n=10,x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时相组别LacBEBUN
致伤前A3.31±1.07-3.40±1.655.66±0.80
B3.82±1.34-1.50±4.125.73±1.04
C3.67±0.92-1.10±3.075.16±0.89
D2.91±1.19-0.90±2.135.20±0.74
E4.04±1.41-0.40±2.224.95±0.81
伤后 1 hA8.37±3.32-12.90±2.896.62±0.48
B8.36±2.93-12.50±3.756.62±1.07
C5.21±2.53ab-8.40±4.55ab5.31±0.68ab
D5.48±2.19-7.40±3.03ab5.38±0.80ab
E5.88±1.48-7.80±1.40ab5.41±1.15ab
伤后 2 hA10.55±3.06-14.40±2.847.19±0.67
B9.91±2.83-13.50±2.927.48±1.17
C6.14±2.56ab-9.50±3.21ab5.91±0.66ab
D7.23±2.20a-9.30±2.71ab5.80±0.88ab
E5.99±2.26ab-8.70±2.91ab5.66±1.03ab
A14.99±2.69-17.50±3.348.54±0.63
B13.30±3.05-15.00±3.508.86±1.32
伤后 4 hC9.19±2.60ab-11.30±2.91a6.77±0.79ab
D9.25±2.14ab-13.00±2.00a6.69±0.84ab
E9.41±2.04ab-10.50±2.17ab6.52±0.75ab
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新型冻干血小板联用乳酸林格氏液救治家兔失血性休克海水浸泡的复苏效果观察
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代承麟 1 , 杜文琼 1 , 唐婷 2 , 杨昊洋 1 , 陈丽缘 1 , 张冬朝阳 1 , 钟鑫 1 , 蒋仁庆 1 , 陈灿 1 , 贾益君 1 , 宗兆文 1 , 胡波 3
陆军军医大学学报 | 军事医学 2025,47(8): 756-765
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陆军军医大学学报 |军事医学 2025 , 47 (8) : 756 -765
新型冻干血小板联用乳酸林格氏液救治家兔失血性休克海水浸泡的复苏效果观察
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代承麟1, 杜文琼1, 唐婷2, 杨昊洋1, 陈丽缘1, 张冬朝阳1, 钟鑫1, 蒋仁庆1, 陈灿1, 贾益君1, 宗兆文1 , 胡波3
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):陆军卫勤训练基地战救技能训练教研室,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)士官学校战救医疗系,河北 石家庄
  • 3陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院基础医学教学实验中心,重庆
通讯作者:
宗兆文,E-mail:
胡 波,E-mail:
ZONG Zhaowen,E-mail:
HU Bo,E-mail:
Resuscitation effect of novel lyophilized platelets combined with lactated Ringer’s solution in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion
Chenglin DAI1, Wenqiong DU1, Ting TANG2, Haoyang YANG1, Liyuan CHEN1, Dongzhaoyang ZHANG1, Xin ZHONG1, Renqing JIANG1, Can CHEN1, Yijun JIA1, Zhaowen ZONG1 , Bo HU3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning,Department of Combat Casualty Care,Training Base for Health Care, Noncommissioned Officer School,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Shijiazhuang,Hebei,China
  • 2Department of Combat Casualty Care and Health Care, Noncommissioned Officer School,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Shijiazhuang,Hebei,China
  • 3Experimental Center of Basic Medicine,College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing, Noncommissioned Officer School,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Shijiazhuang,Hebei,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410095
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目的

评估新型冻干血小板(lyophilized platelet,LP)即凝血酶刺激下LP联用乳酸林格氏液对家兔失血性休克海水浸泡的复苏效果。

方法

将50只家兔按随机数字表法分为A、B、C、D、E 5组(n=10),3%戊巴比妥钠按1 mL/kg剂量麻醉家兔,给予左下肢软组织损伤,同时以纱布止血,计量下肢软组织损伤的失血量。右下肢进行股动脉插管,随后按照家兔总血容量的26%进行抽血,后将家兔竖直浸泡在3%人工海盐模拟海水中,海水没过剑突,15 min后捞出。按照A组:致伤后不复苏;B组:致伤后输注乳酸林格氏液;C组:致伤后输注乳酸林格氏液及新鲜血小板;D组:致伤后输注乳酸林格氏液加LP;E组:致伤后输注乳酸林格氏液加新型LP,给予对应复苏策略。实验在致伤前及伤后1、2、4 h检测凝血功能、血常规、血气、血栓弹力图等指标。

结果

成功制备出具有功能活性的LP及家兔失血性休克海水浸泡损伤模型。在致伤后1 h,联用血小板制剂复苏的C、D、E组平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)显著高于未复苏的A组(P<0.05),C组的乳酸值(lactate,Lac)显著低于A、B组(P<0.05),C、D、E组的碱剩余(base excess,BE)及尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)显著低于A、B组(P<0.05),A组的凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)较致伤前显著延长(P<0.05)。伤后2 h,C、D组的MAP高于A、B组,E组MAP高于A组(P<0.05),C、E组的Lac低于A、B组,而D组Lac低于A组(P<0.05),C、D、E 3组的BE、BUN值均低于A、B组(P<0.05),C组的最大振幅(maximum amplitude,MA)高于A组,A、D组此刻MA值较本组致伤前显著下降(P<0.05),A、D组的活化部分凝血时间(activated partial clotting time,APTT)较致伤前延长(P<0.05)。伤后4 h,C、D、E组的MAP高于A、B组,B组MAP高于A组(P<0.05),C、D、E组的Lac、BUN值均低于A、B组(P<0.05),C、D组BE值低于A组,E组BE值低于A、B组(P<0.05),B、C、E组的MA值高于A组(P<0.05),而A、D组的MA值、APTT值较致伤前本组初始值显著下降(P<0.05)。

结论

新型LP联用乳酸林格氏液能显著提高家兔的MAP,降低其乳酸值,维持血凝块强度及凝血功能。

冻干血小板  /  失血性休克  /  海水浸泡  /  复苏  /  血栓弹力图
Objective

To evaluate the resuscitation efficacy of novel lyophilized platelets (LP, thrombin-stimulated platelets) combined with lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion.

Methods‍

Fifty rabbits were randomly assigned to 5 groups (Groups A, B, C, D and E, n=10). After all rabbits were anesthetized with 3% pentobarbital sodium at a dose of 1 mL/kg, soft tissue injury was inflicted in the left lower limb. The blood loss from the soft tissue injury was quantified after gauze hemostasis. The right lower limb was subjected to femoral artery catheterization, followed by blood withdrawal equivalent to 26% of the total blood volume of the rabbit. The rabbits were then vertically immersed in 3% artificial seawater, with the water level reaching above the xiphoid process, and were retrieved in 15 min later. Resuscitation strategies were applied to the rabbits from different group: Group A (no resuscitation), Group B (resuscitation with LR solution), Group C (resuscitation with LR solution and fresh platelets), Group D (resuscitation with LR solution and LP), and Group E (resuscitation with LR solution and novel LP). Coagulation function test, routine blood test, blood gas analysis, and thromboelastography were conducted at baseline and at 1, 2 and 4 h after injury.

Results‍

The LP and rabbit model of hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion were successfully prepared. At 1 h after injury, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of Groups C, D and E (infused with platelet preparations) was significantly higher than that of Group A (without resuscitation, P<0.05); the lactate (Lac) content of Group C was obviously lower than that of Groups A and B (P<0.05); the base excess (BE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels of Groups C, D and E were notably lower than those of Groups A and B (P<0.05); and the prothrombin time (PT) of Group A was significantly longer than that of before injury (P<0.05). At 2 h after injury, the MAP of Groups C and D was significantly higher than that of Groups A and B, and that of Group E was notably higher than that of Group A (P<0.05); the Lac content of Groups C and E was obviously lower than that of Groups A and B, while that of Group D was also lower than that of Group A (P<0.05); the BE and BUN levels of Groups C, D and E were remarkably lower than those of Groups A and B (P<0.05); the maximum amplitude (MA) value of Group C was higher than that of Group A, while the value of Groups A and D at this time was significantly lower than the corresponding value before injury (P<0.05); and the activated partial clotting time (APTT) of Groups A and D was statistically longer than the corresponding baseline time (P<0.05). At 4 h after injury, the MAP of Groups C, D, and E was higher than that of Groups A and B, and that of Group B was higher than that of Group A (P<0.05); the Lac and BUN levels of Groups C, D, and E were lower than those of Groups A and B (P<0.05); the BE level of Groups C and D were lower than those of Groups A and B (P<0.05); the MA value of Groups B, C, and E were higher than those of Group A (P<0.05), while the MA value and APTT value of Groups A and D were significantly lower than their corresponding baseline values (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

For rabbits with hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion, the novel LP combined with LR solution can significantly increase the MAP level, reduce Lac content, and sustainably maintain blood clot firmness and coagulation function.

lyophilized platelets  /  hemorrhagic shock  /  seawater immersion  /  resuscitation  /  thrombelastography
代承麟, 杜文琼, 唐婷, 杨昊洋, 陈丽缘, 张冬朝阳, 钟鑫, 蒋仁庆, 陈灿, 贾益君, 宗兆文, 胡波. 新型冻干血小板联用乳酸林格氏液救治家兔失血性休克海水浸泡的复苏效果观察. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 756 -765 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410095
Chenglin DAI, Wenqiong DU, Ting TANG, Haoyang YANG, Liyuan CHEN, Dongzhaoyang ZHANG, Xin ZHONG, Renqing JIANG, Can CHEN, Yijun JIA, Zhaowen ZONG, Bo HU. Resuscitation effect of novel lyophilized platelets combined with lactated Ringer’s solution in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock and seawater immersion[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 756 -765 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410095
随着海外作业与海上演习活动的频繁进行,海水浸泡伤的发生率逐年升高。失血性休克作为创伤后第一大死亡诱因,在海战伤中极易与海水浸泡伤合并出现[1]。海水具有渗透压高、温度常年偏低、高盐、高渗、低温的特点,落入海中的伤员极易发生低体温症[2]。若落水伤员存在软组织损伤还会导致伤情复杂化,发生伤口感染、组织细胞肿胀、凝血功能障碍、电解质紊乱等一系列病理生理变化[3]。
在过去,乳酸林格氏液因其可有效避免高氯性酸中毒与急性肾损伤而取代生理盐水成为休克复苏晶体液的首选[4]。但在阿富汗及伊拉克冲突后,美军发现过度使用晶体液会使炎症及血管渗透性增加,晶体液的复苏策略开始发生变化[5]。在2021年的美军战术战伤救治指南中对失血性休克伤员的首选复苏制剂修改为冷藏低滴度O型全血[6]。但由于血制品资源稀缺及其储存条件限制,在一些基层医疗机构的常备复苏液依旧以乳酸林格氏液及羟乙基淀粉为主。
在既往止血复苏策略的研究中,氨甲环酸作为止血药效果显著,且多项研究证明了其安全性及剂量区间[7]。作为抗纤溶药物,其作用机制是通过竞争性抑制纤溶酶原在纤维蛋白上吸附,防止其激活,从而抑制纤维蛋白凝块的裂解。相比之下血小板则是参与了初级止血过程,发挥了物理堵塞作用。然而,在血小板减少情况下,氨甲环酸无法替代血小板完成止血的初始过程[8]。
LP因其能以固态形式常温长期储存,有望在未来解决液态血小板的供应难题[9]。多项动物实验表明LP在创伤性止血中效果显著[10-11]。基于血小板对温度敏感且易激活的特性,多数研究者认为在LP冻干前应使用血小板抑制剂如前列腺素、阿米洛利等避免血小板被激活,以最大限度保留血小板的功能,延长血小板输注后在体内的存留时间[12-13]。然而,不同温度储存的血小板在活动性止血方面的效果不同,冷冻保存血小板比室温储存血小板的止血效果好,其可能机制是冻干过程“预激活”了血小板,使其在输注到伤员体内后更快地与受损的内皮结合[14-15]。这一假设还得到了体外试验的支持,研究发现冷冻保存的血小板响应刺激产生更多的血栓素A,与低温保存促使血小板激活的观点一致[12]。说明这种激活状态的LP可能更容易分布到损伤局部,进而更有利于创伤伤员的复苏[12]。凝血酶作为血小板的强力激活剂之一,在血管受损时,凝血酶可通过激活血小板发挥关键作用,促进血小板聚集和血块形成,从而实现止血,防止过量出血[16-17]。
本研究以课题组前期建立的家兔软组织损伤合并失血性休克海水浸泡伤为模型[18],观察乳酸林格氏液联用新型LP即凝血酶刺激下LP的复苏效果,并比较其与新鲜血小板及未激活LP的复苏效果差异。
戊巴比妥钠(方程生物);4%枸橼酸钠抗凝剂(雷根生物);冻干缓冲液(金克隆公司);人工海盐(无棣亿仁公司);冻干预处理液(金克隆公司);血栓弹力图普通杯检测试剂盒(鼎润医疗);血细胞分析用溶血试剂(双螺旋公司);凝血酶(源叶生物);PBS缓冲液(博培生物);50 mL离心管(唯尚立德生物);i-STAT CHEM8+ Cartridge急诊11项测试卡片(雅培床旁监护有限公司);i-STAT CG4+Cartridge血气测试卡片(雅培床旁监护有限公司);乳酸钠林格氏注射液(多瑞药业);凝血分析试剂(雷杜生命科技公司)。
实验动物采用50只家兔,体质量(2.25±0.16)kg,年龄3~4月,雌雄不拘,由陆军军医大学实验动物中心提供。采用随机数字表法分成A、B、C、D、E 5组,每组10只。动物模型采用实验室前期建立的家兔软组织损伤合并失血性休克及海水浸泡伤模型[18],模型制备简述如下:3%戊巴比妥钠按1 mL/kg剂量麻醉家兔,给予左下肢软组织损伤,同时以纱布止血,计量下肢软组织损伤的失血量。右下肢进行股动脉插管,随后按照家兔总血容量的26%进行抽血(下肢软组织致伤失血量计入其中),后将家兔竖直浸泡在3%人工海盐模拟海水中,海水没过剑突,15 min后捞出,根据家兔休克标准[19],诊断家兔是否休克。
按照A、B、C、D、E 5组分别给予不复苏、20 mL/kg的乳酸林格氏液复苏、20 mL/kg乳酸林格氏液+3.78×108 个/kg新鲜血小板复苏、20 mL/kg乳酸林格氏液+ 3.78×108 个/kg LP复苏、20 mL/kg乳酸林格氏液+ 1 U/mL凝血酶刺激的LP 3.78×108 个/kg复苏[20],随后观察至伤后4 h的伤情变化。本实验中所用动物经过陆军军医大学伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20230379),实验过程和动物处死的方法符合动物伦理和动物福利要求。
家兔以1 mL/kg的3%戊巴比妥钠经耳缘静脉注射麻醉后行股动脉插管收集家兔全血,以枸橼酸钠抗凝剂(4%)与全血以1∶9的体积比混合于50 mL离心管内。以450×g离心10 min后取血浆,即为富血小板血浆(platelet rich plasma,PRP)。将收集的家兔PRP以2 000×g离心20 min分离出血小板沉淀,弃上清后每个离心管加入冻干预处理液[组分为:40 mmol/L海藻糖,100 mmol/L 氯化钠,10 mmol/L 氯化钾,10 mmol/L 乙二醇双(2-氨基乙基醚)四乙酸,10 mmol/L咪唑(pH=6.8),3%二甲基亚砜]约5 mL,在37 ℃振荡箱内振荡4 h,随后以2 000×g离心10 min后取出沉淀,加入与预处理液同体积的冻干缓冲液[组分为:9.5 mmol/L 4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸、14.5 mmol/L 氯化钠、4.8 mmol/L 氯化钾、1.0 mmol/L 氯化镁、30 mmol/L海藻糖、1%牛血清白蛋白(pH=6.8)]转移到样品瓶内铺平,每个样品瓶液面厚度不超过1 cm。随后将样品转移到真空冷冻干燥机内(LGJ-20F,松源冻干),以2 ℃/min的冷冻速度从22 ℃降温至-40 ℃,在-40 ℃下维持16 h,从-40 ℃以0.2 ℃/min升温至22 ℃,在22 ℃下维持16 h后取出,以玻璃瓶储存冻干粉于室温下[21]进行冻干。
家兔输注所用的LP及新型LP均以生理盐水作复水剂,复水后使用全自动血细胞分析仪测定血小板浓度,将LP按照1 U/mL加入凝血酶刺激10 min后即得到新型LP,按照3.78×108 个/kg联合乳酸林格氏液输入E组家兔体内[20-22]。
在致伤前,致伤后1、2、4 h 4个时间点使用动物麻醉监护仪监测血压并抽血检测凝血五项、血常规、血气急诊11项,以及血栓弹力图等各指标。使用迈瑞BC-5180CRP全自动血细胞分析仪检测血红蛋白和血小板数量。采集各时相点静脉血1.5 mL,离心后以雷杜凝血仪检测凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血时间(activated partial clotting time,APTT)。采用i-STAT血气分析手持仪及其配套CHEM8+、CG4+检测卡检测4个时相点的乳酸值(lactate,Lac)、碱剩余(base excess,BE)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)。使用血栓弹力图仪进行血栓弹力图(thrombelastogram,TEG)分析,每次检测吸取1 mL抗凝血到血栓弹力图所用的活化凝血试剂瓶内反应3~5 min,随后安装普通杯,往里加入20 μL氯化钙,3~5 min后吸取活化试剂瓶内血液340 μL加入普通杯后上样检测,记录凝血反应时间(R值)、MA和血凝块生成速率(α-angle)[23]。
所有数据均以x¯±s形式表示,使用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2进行数据处理与图形绘制,置信度设置为95%,不同时相多组数据间的比较采用两因素重复测量方差分析,组间多重比较采用Bonferroni法进行比较,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。
按照固定流程制备出LP粉末,保存于玻璃瓶内放于室温储存。外观上,血小板冻干粉呈微红偏白的固态粉末(图1),按照冻干前体积给予等量复水液,即采用生理盐水复水后溶解充分,可恢复液态,在此比例下采用全自动血细胞分析仪计数,测得的样品血小板计数均在100×109/L以上,残留红细胞数在0.05×1012/L以下。
A组家兔致伤后形成下肢软组织伤(图2A),通过抽血及纱布止血,称重控制失血量在总血容量的26%(未包括伤后几小时的继发性出血)。海水浸泡伤以3%人工海盐配置的模拟海水来完成(图2B),平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)由伤前的(90.22±6.11)mmHg下降至致伤后1 h的(53.12±8.38)mmHg,根据休克诊断标准,该组家兔在未复苏下MAP下降幅度大于30%且失血量超过20%,加上辅助指标Lac由伤前(3.31±1.07)mmol/L升高至伤后1 h的(8.37±3.32)mmol/L,可判断A组未复苏状态下的家兔达到休克标准。
为了比较各组液体复苏效果,本研究采用监护仪有创血压监测模块测量各时相点的MAP。伤前各组间的MAP基线值无统计学差异。在伤后1 h,联合血小板制剂的C、D、E组MAP值均高于A组(P<0.05),联用乳酸林格氏液B组的MAP值显著低于联用新型LP的E组(P<0.05)。伤后2 h,联用新鲜血小板的C组与联用LP的D组MAP值高于B组,C、D、E组MAP值仍高于A组(P<0.05)。伤后4 h,C、D、E组的MAP值均高于A、B组,且B组MAP值高于A组(P<0.05)。见图3。
为了明确各组的酸中毒以及肾损伤程度,本研究采用血气分析仪测得各时相点的Lac、BE、BUN值。致伤前各组家兔的Lac基线值差异无统计学意义。在伤后1 h,乳酸林格氏液联用新鲜血小板的C组Lac值低于A、B组,联用血小板制剂的C、D、E组BE负值的绝对值与BUN值明显低于A、B组(P<0.05)。伤后2 h,C、D、E组的Lac水平低于未复苏A组,其中C、E组Lac明显低于单纯乳酸林格氏液复苏的B组(P<0.05),C、D、E组的BE负值的绝对值与BUN值仍低于A、B组(P<0.05)。伤后4 h,C、D、E组的Lac水平均明显低于A、B组(P<0.05),C、D、E组BE负值的绝对值仍低于A组,且E组BE负值绝对值低于B组(P<0.05),C、D、E组的BUN值低于A、B组(P<0.05)。见表1。
为观察血凝块形成速率判断凝血情况以及血小板功能,本研究使用血栓弹力图仪检测各时间点家兔的MA、R、α值。伤后1 h,未复苏的A组MA值较致伤前显著下降(P<0.05),C、E组的R值较其同组致伤前初始值显著延长(P<0.05),各组的α-angle无统计学差异。伤后2 h,A、D组较致伤前的MA值显著降低,C组该时相点的MA值高于A组(P<0.05),D组的R值较其致伤前显著延长(P<0.05),而各组的α-angle无统计学差异。伤后4 h,B、C、E组MA值显著高于未复苏的A组(P<0.05),D组R值较致伤前仍显著延长(P<0.05),B组的α-angle值较致伤前显著降低,且此时C组α-angle值显著高于B组(P<0.05)。见图4。
为了观察家兔内外源性凝血变化,本研究使用全自动凝血分析仪检测各时间点的各组家兔凝血时间。PT、APTT分别反映外、内源性凝血情况,伤后1 h,未复苏的A组PT值较致伤前本组初始值显著延长(P<0.05),伤后2 h,A、D组的APTT较致伤前初始值均显著延长(P<0.05),A组的PT值较致伤前仍显著延长(P<0.05)。伤后4 h,A、D组的APTT值较致伤前仍显著延长(P<0.05),PT值各组间无统计学差异。见图5。
为了解各组家兔伤后的血小板及血红蛋白变化,本研究使用全自动血细胞计数仪检测各组的血小板及血红蛋白数。各组的血小板计数在致伤后均下降,且在伤后1 h,联合输注了新鲜血小板的C组血小板计数显著高于联合输注LP的D组(P<0.05),单纯输注乳酸林格氏液的B组Hb显著低于D组(P<0.05),而伤后2 h及4 h,各组间的血小板、血红蛋白计数无统计学差异。见图6。
失血性休克后MAP下降,血流灌注不足,故而引起酸中毒、缺氧、凝血功能障碍等一系列病理生理变化。乳酸林格氏液相比生理盐水其复苏耐受性好,不容易引发高氯性酸中毒,但实验研究表明输注乳酸林格氏液可能引发炎症损伤,激活中性粒细胞[4]。本研究发现乳酸林格氏液虽能提高失血性休克家兔的MAP,但与其他3组联用血小板制剂的复苏组相比,其MAP提升程度远远不够。这可能与联用血小板后家兔软组织伤口的继发性出血减少以及血液流动性改变有关,单纯使用乳酸林格氏液复苏无法持续维持循环血容量,从而发生血管渗漏与组织水肿[6-7]。
在我国的基层医疗机构,由于血制品的获得受限,以乳酸林格氏液和羟乙基淀粉为代表的晶体液和胶体液成为创伤失血性休克的首选方案,但有研究表明,基于晶体液的复苏策略将使得血管通透性及炎症反应增加[24-25]。尽管如此,我们仍希望采用联用策略以解决乳酸林格氏液的复苏缺陷。本研究使用Lac及BE联合判断酸中毒情况,低温、失血加重了家兔的组织缺血缺氧,使得无氧代谢增加,酸性产物堆积[26-27]。单纯使用乳酸林格氏液复苏,并不能完全缓解酸中毒,但联合使用了血小板制剂的C、D、E组在伤后2、4 h乳酸浓度及碱剩余的绝对值显著低于未复苏A组和单纯乳酸林格氏液复苏B组。此外,失血性休克后由于血液灌流不足,导致肾脏功能的急剧降低,这在A组体现为BUN的进行性上升,而联合使用血小板制剂的C、D、E组在伤后BUN值虽有升高,但显著低于单纯使用乳酸林格氏液的B组。这表明乳酸林格氏液联用血小板制剂弥补了单纯晶体液复苏的不足,可有效减轻创伤失血性休克带来的酸中毒及肾损伤,也间接说明了本研究的LP具有与新鲜血小板相近的复苏效果。
创伤性失血及海水浸泡后,在酸中毒、低体温、微循环障碍、凝血激活与凝血因子消耗等多因素作用下,使得血小板功能障碍,从而导致创伤性凝血病发生[28-29]。本研究观察了家兔软组织损伤合并失血性休克海水浸泡的凝血及血小板功能变化,在未复苏的A组,血小板功能呈现进行性下降,即MA值在伤后随时间降低,这与既往的研究规律相符合[18,30]。在伤后4 h,除联用LP的D组外,其余B、C、E 3个复苏组的MA值均显著高于A组,且该组在伤后各时刻MA值较伤前均无显著下降,这说明了复苏后各组家兔的血小板功能未受到显著影响。既往研究认为,创伤后伴随着凝血功能障碍,且有研究在家兔海水浸泡后8 h测得的TEG结果显示R值延长[18]。但本研究中R值并未显著延长,这提示我们需要进一步延长观察时间,或者重新审视本研究在复杂伤情下的凝血情况。与R值变化不同,常规凝血时间测定中,A组凝血功能障碍体现以APTT逐步延长为主,PT延长不明显,说明海水浸泡后的凝血障碍可能以内源性凝血障碍为主[3]。
值得关注的是,联用LP输注的D组在伤后2、4 h的R值、APTT值均较伤前延长,其MA值也较伤前降低。目前,本研究尚未探究出现这一现象的具体原因,但与LP相对应的新型LP则未出现此类情况,这提示我们进一步探究LP及新型LP在预激活下的止凝血机制将有助于解释该现象。
在常规失血性休克中,血小板的输注可用于补充体内损失的血小板,维持基本的血小板数,以纠正凝血功能障碍[31]。本研究中联用血小板制剂进行液体复苏组在各时刻的血小板计数同其余2组相比无统计学差异,对冻干制品而言,这可能与LP在机体内止血后被脾脏快速清除而无法成为循环血小板有关[32-34]。此外,本研究的血小板按照3.78×108个/kg的止血推荐剂量给入,未能达到升高血小板计数的作用剂量,加上与乳酸林格氏液一同复苏可能稀释了其在血液中的浓度而使得各时刻的血小板计数无明显差异[20]。对于LP而言,其制备过程使其更容易被激活,趋向性分布于创伤局部,从而在急救止血上具备较大优势,相反这也使其在体内循环时间减少,无法单纯通过血小板计数判定其输注效果[12]。
既往有研究认为,在创伤性大出血中,经过低温处理的血小板制品效果好于室温储存的新鲜血小板,这与血小板的“预激活”相关,该过程中血小板更快地发挥了止血作用[14,35]。凝血酶作为血小板的强效刺激剂,在激活血小板后使其释放大量生长因子和胞内颗粒,使其聚集功能增强,充分发挥其止血功能[16]。相比二磷酸腺苷、胶原、花生四烯酸等刺激剂,凝血酶的激活效果较显著,因此,本研究以凝血酶作为LP的刺激剂制备新型LP[22]。尽管在各指标的同时刻对比中并未直接发现输注未激活LP的D组与新型LP的E组达到统计学差异,但在MA、R、APTT值的时间变化上表明,未进行LP预激活的D组并不能持续维持本组家兔在伤后的血小板及凝血功能。输注凝血酶预激活LP的E组在凝血时间以及血小板功能上未出现显著下降。这说明新型LP在预激活后有助于维持血凝块强度,凝血功能保持稳定。这些数据初步表明新型LP的预激活是可行的。
本研究存在如下局限:理想中的LP对创伤性大出血的止血作用最佳,本研究家兔模型为软组织损伤合并失血性休克海水浸泡,未能观察到大出血止血的直观效果,LP及其预激活产品需要在不可压迫性的大出血动物模型下再进行进一步的止血效果观察。此外,本研究未对浸泡前后家兔体温进行监测,无法得知救治后家兔的失温是否得到改善。对于制备出的LP,本研究对其体外复溶的聚集率、粘附、迁移以及预激活的血小板表面标志进行了测定,离体实验表明LP在粘附、聚集功能上低于新鲜血小板,但其复溶后的基本功能得以维持。此外,本研究未对A组R值无显著变化、联用LP的D组凝血及血小板功能下降等现象进行进一步探究,这可能需要延长观察时间,以深入了解LP在体内与新鲜血小板的相互作用。
在后续实验中,将补充完善LP的离体功能比较,进一步探究预激活LP的止血作用机制及复苏优势,标记追踪LP输注体内后的趋化方向,以观察LP在体内与新鲜血小板的相互作用,评估LP的异位血栓形成风险。同时,在后续的动物实验中增加伤后的观察时间节点,如伤后15 min、6 h、8 h等,以进一步验证复苏效果及凝血变化。
本研究表明,新型LP联用乳酸林格氏液能显著提高家兔的MAP,减轻其酸中毒及肾脏损伤,且新型LP能持续维持血凝块强度及凝血功能,达到与新鲜血小板近似的复苏效果,这使得新型LP有望在后勤资源有限的条件下,以其长期储存且具备止血功能的便捷优势在基层医疗机构以及战伤救治中推广使用。

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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410095
  • 接收时间:2024-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-23
  • 修回日期:2024-10-31
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):陆军卫勤训练基地战救技能训练教研室,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)士官学校战救医疗系,河北 石家庄
    3陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院基础医学教学实验中心,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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