Article(id=1322210914657489280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407075, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721318400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-19, revisedDate=1731340800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169247545, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169247545, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169247545, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169247545, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210840242139234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='629', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169229803, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325214855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=742, endPage=748, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210916389736833, articleId=1322210914657489280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Behavioral characteristics of implicit and explicit emotion regulation in high trait anxiety, columnId=1320435226828980311, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Medical Psychology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To explore the behavioral characteristics of using cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES) in high trait anxiety individuals under both explicit and implicit conditions.

Methods‍

A total of 57 non-psychology undergraduates and postgraduates were recruited in a military medical university from June to July in 2023. All the participants were surveyed with Trait Form of Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) to investigate their level of anxiety and usage habits of CR and ES strategies. According to the STAI-T results, they were divided to a high trait anxiety (HTA) group (n=28) and a low trait anxiety (LTA) group (n=29). Then the implicit and explicit emotion regulation (ER) tasks were used to analyze and compare 2 strategies on improving negative emotional pleasure and arousal, and the differences in difficulty and success of using CR and ES under the explicit condition.

Results‍

① Both the HTA and LTA individuals showed a higher use of CR and less use of ES [t(27)=3.94, P<0.001; t(28)=11.33, P<0.001], while the HTA individuals used more ES [t(55)=3.02, P<0.01] and less CR than the LTA individuals [t(55)=-2.20, P=0.02]. ②Compared with implicit neutral priming, both implicit CR (Pleasure: 2.56±0.11 vs 2.73±0.12, P<0.01; Arousal: 6.68±0.18 vs 6.51±0.20, P<0.05) and implicit ES priming (Pleasure: 2.56±0.11 vs 2.86±0.11,P<0.001; Arousal: 6.68±0.18 vs 6.30±0.20, P<0.001) improved the negative emotional experiences of both HTA and LTA groups, and ES showed better effect (Pleasure: P<0.001; Arousal: P<0.001). ③ Explicit CR (Pleasure: 2.92±0.12 vs 5.09±0.09, P<0.001; Arousal: 6.43±0.20 vs 4.33±0.21, P<0.001) and explicit ES (Pleasure: 2.92±0.12 vs 4.34±0.09, P<0.001; Arousal: 6.43±0.20 vs 4.22±0.22, P<0.001) ameliorated the negative feelings in the HTA and LTA individuals, and the effect of explicit CR on improving pleasure was superior than that of explicit ES (P<0.001). For the HTA individuals, it is more difficult to implement CR and ES [CR: t(55)=2.16, P=0.02; ES: t(55)=2.92, P<0.01], and ES was less successful in emotion regulation when compared with the LTA individuals [t(55)=-1.88, P=0.03]; the difficulty of using ES was significantly higher than that of CR [4.00±1.81 vs 5.00±1.80, t(27)=-2.78, P<0.01], and the success rate was also lower [7.04±1.00 vs 6.64±1.13, t(27)=2.09, P=0.02]. ④ Comparing the effects of emotion regulation under implicit and explicit conditions, it was presented that explicit CR and ES were better than implicit CR and ES for both HTA and LTA individuals (Pleasure: explicit CR vs implicit CR: 5.09±0.09 vs 2.73±0.12, P<0.001; explicit ES vs implicit ES: 4.34±0.09 vs 2.86±0.11, P<0.001; Arousal: explicit CR vs implicit CR: 4.33±0.21 vs 6.51±0.20, P<0.001; explicit ES vs implicit ES: 4.22±0.22 vs 6.30±0.20, P<0.001).

Conclusion‍

In terms of usage habits of ER strategies, HTA individuals tend to use ES more and CR less than LTA individuals. Under the implicit/explicit conditions, HTA individuals can both employ CR and ES to improve negative emotional experience, and the effect of explicit ER is significantly better than implicit condition.

, authors=Xiaoxue WANG1, 2, Jun HUANG1, Danxu YIN1, Yuhao DENG1, 2, Zusheng ZHENG1, 2, Fanghui WU1, Tao WANG1, authorsList=Xiaoxue WANG, Jun HUANG, Danxu YIN, Yuhao DENG, Zusheng ZHENG, Fanghui WU, Tao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210917706748301, articleId=1322210914657489280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=高特质焦虑个体内隐与外显情绪调节的行为学特点分析, columnId=1322210916465234306, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=医学心理学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究高特质焦虑个体认知重评和表达抑制的使用习惯及其在内隐/外显条件下使用2种情绪调节策略的特点。

方法

于 2023年6月至2023年7月招募57名某军医大学非心理学专业本科生或研究生被试。采用特质焦虑量表(Trait form of Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,STAI-T)和情绪调节问卷(Emotion Regulation Questionnaire,ERQ)对其焦虑水平以及认知重评和表达抑制2种策略的使用习惯进行调查。按照STAI-T得分将其分为高特质焦虑(high trait anxiety,HTA)和低特质焦虑(low trait anxiety,LTA)2组,其中HTA组28例,LTA组29例,并采用内隐和外显情绪调节任务分析比较2种策略对负性情绪愉悦度和唤醒度的改善效果,以及外显条件下2种策略的难度和成功度差异。

结果

①2组均习惯于使用认知重评,而较少使用表达抑制[t(27)=3.94,P<0.001; t(28)=11.33,P<0.001];相较于LTA个体,HTA个体表达抑制的使用频率更高[t(55)=3.02,P<0.01],而认知重评的使用频率较低[t(55)=-2.20,P=0.02];②内隐条件下,相对于中性启动,认知重评(愉悦度:2.56±0.11 vs 2.73±0.12,P<0.01;唤醒度:6.68±0.18 vs 6.51±0.20,P<0.05)和表达抑制启动(愉悦度:2.56±0.11 vs 2.86±0.11,P<0.001;唤醒度:6.68±0.18 vs 6.30±0.20,P<0.001)都可改善2组被试的负性情绪体验,且表达抑制的效果更好(愉悦度:P<0.001,唤醒度:P<0.001)。③外显条件下,认知重评(愉悦度:2.92±0.12 vs 5.09±0.09,P<0.001;唤醒度:6.43±0.20 vs 4.33±0.21,P<0.001)和表达抑制(愉悦度:2.92±0.12 vs 4.34±0.09,P<0.001;唤醒度:6.43±0.20 vs 4.22±0.22,P<0.001)均可显著改善HTA和LTA个体的负性情绪体验,且认知重评对愉悦度的提升优于表达抑制(P<0.001);不同特质焦虑水平间比较显示HTA个体对两种情绪调节策略的使用均显得更为困难[认知重评:t(55)=2.16,P=0.02;表达抑制:t(55)=2.92,P<0.01],且表达抑制的情绪调节成功度更低[t(55)=-1.88,P=0.03];对HTA个体自身而言,使用表达抑制的难度要大于认知重评[4.00±1.81 vs 5.00±1.80,t(27)=-2.78,P<0.01],且成功度更低[7.04±1.00 vs 6.64±1.13,t(27)=2.09,P=0.02]。④比较内隐和外显条件下的情绪调节效应,发现高、低特质焦虑个体外显情绪调节对愉悦度(外显重评 vs内隐重评:5.09±0.09 vs 2.73±0.12,P<0.001;外显抑制vs内隐抑制:4.34±0.09 vs 2.86±0.11,P<0.001)和唤醒度(外显重评vs内隐重评:4.33±0.21 vs 6.51±0.20,P<0.001;外显抑制 vs 内隐抑制:4.22±0.22 vs 6.30±0.20,P<0.001)的改善效果均优于内隐条件。

结论

高特质焦虑个体存在认知重评使用相对不足、表达抑制使用偏多的特点;在内隐和外显条件下,认知重评和表达抑制均能有效改善高特质焦虑个体的负性情绪体验,且外显情绪调节的效果均优于内隐。

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汪涛,E-mail:
WANG Tao,E-mail:
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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001

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a:P<0.001

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

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变量HTA组(n=28)LTA组(n=29)t/χ²P
性别0.390.700
男性1315
女性1514
年龄/岁23.15±3.5824.33±3.75-1.220.230
特质焦虑水平/分56.21±5.3228.24±3.9922.51<0.001
认知重评使用频率/%5.04±0.865.47±0.63-2.200.020
表达抑制使用频率/%4.07±1.273.08±1.213.020.010
), ArticleFig(id=1322210923033514445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210914657489280, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

被试基本信息(例,x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量HTA组(n=28)LTA组(n=29)t/χ²P
性别0.390.700
男性1315
女性1514
年龄/岁23.15±3.5824.33±3.75-1.220.230
特质焦虑水平/分56.21±5.3228.24±3.9922.51<0.001
认知重评使用频率/%5.04±0.865.47±0.63-2.200.020
表达抑制使用频率/%4.07±1.273.08±1.213.020.010
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高特质焦虑个体内隐与外显情绪调节的行为学特点分析
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王小雪 1, 2 , 黄俊 1 , 尹旦旭 1 , 邓宇豪 1, 2 , 郑祖盛 1, 2 , 伍芳慧 1 , 汪涛 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 医学心理学 2025,47(7): 742-748
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陆军军医大学学报 |医学心理学 2025 , 47 (7) : 742 -748
高特质焦虑个体内隐与外显情绪调节的行为学特点分析
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王小雪1, 2, 黄俊1, 尹旦旭1, 邓宇豪1, 2, 郑祖盛1, 2, 伍芳慧1, 汪涛1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):医学心理系,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院三大队九队,重庆
通讯作者:
汪涛,E-mail:
WANG Tao,E-mail:
Behavioral characteristics of implicit and explicit emotion regulation in high trait anxiety
Xiaoxue WANG1, 2, Jun HUANG1, Danxu YIN1, Yuhao DENG1, 2, Zusheng ZHENG1, 2, Fanghui WU1, Tao WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Faculty of Medical Psychology,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2Squadron 9,Battalion 3,College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407075
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目的

探究高特质焦虑个体认知重评和表达抑制的使用习惯及其在内隐/外显条件下使用2种情绪调节策略的特点。

方法

于 2023年6月至2023年7月招募57名某军医大学非心理学专业本科生或研究生被试。采用特质焦虑量表(Trait form of Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,STAI-T)和情绪调节问卷(Emotion Regulation Questionnaire,ERQ)对其焦虑水平以及认知重评和表达抑制2种策略的使用习惯进行调查。按照STAI-T得分将其分为高特质焦虑(high trait anxiety,HTA)和低特质焦虑(low trait anxiety,LTA)2组,其中HTA组28例,LTA组29例,并采用内隐和外显情绪调节任务分析比较2种策略对负性情绪愉悦度和唤醒度的改善效果,以及外显条件下2种策略的难度和成功度差异。

结果

①2组均习惯于使用认知重评,而较少使用表达抑制[t(27)=3.94,P<0.001; t(28)=11.33,P<0.001];相较于LTA个体,HTA个体表达抑制的使用频率更高[t(55)=3.02,P<0.01],而认知重评的使用频率较低[t(55)=-2.20,P=0.02];②内隐条件下,相对于中性启动,认知重评(愉悦度:2.56±0.11 vs 2.73±0.12,P<0.01;唤醒度:6.68±0.18 vs 6.51±0.20,P<0.05)和表达抑制启动(愉悦度:2.56±0.11 vs 2.86±0.11,P<0.001;唤醒度:6.68±0.18 vs 6.30±0.20,P<0.001)都可改善2组被试的负性情绪体验,且表达抑制的效果更好(愉悦度:P<0.001,唤醒度:P<0.001)。③外显条件下,认知重评(愉悦度:2.92±0.12 vs 5.09±0.09,P<0.001;唤醒度:6.43±0.20 vs 4.33±0.21,P<0.001)和表达抑制(愉悦度:2.92±0.12 vs 4.34±0.09,P<0.001;唤醒度:6.43±0.20 vs 4.22±0.22,P<0.001)均可显著改善HTA和LTA个体的负性情绪体验,且认知重评对愉悦度的提升优于表达抑制(P<0.001);不同特质焦虑水平间比较显示HTA个体对两种情绪调节策略的使用均显得更为困难[认知重评:t(55)=2.16,P=0.02;表达抑制:t(55)=2.92,P<0.01],且表达抑制的情绪调节成功度更低[t(55)=-1.88,P=0.03];对HTA个体自身而言,使用表达抑制的难度要大于认知重评[4.00±1.81 vs 5.00±1.80,t(27)=-2.78,P<0.01],且成功度更低[7.04±1.00 vs 6.64±1.13,t(27)=2.09,P=0.02]。④比较内隐和外显条件下的情绪调节效应,发现高、低特质焦虑个体外显情绪调节对愉悦度(外显重评 vs内隐重评:5.09±0.09 vs 2.73±0.12,P<0.001;外显抑制vs内隐抑制:4.34±0.09 vs 2.86±0.11,P<0.001)和唤醒度(外显重评vs内隐重评:4.33±0.21 vs 6.51±0.20,P<0.001;外显抑制 vs 内隐抑制:4.22±0.22 vs 6.30±0.20,P<0.001)的改善效果均优于内隐条件。

结论

高特质焦虑个体存在认知重评使用相对不足、表达抑制使用偏多的特点;在内隐和外显条件下,认知重评和表达抑制均能有效改善高特质焦虑个体的负性情绪体验,且外显情绪调节的效果均优于内隐。

内隐/外显情绪调节  /  认知重评  /  表达抑制  /  特质焦虑
Objective‍

To explore the behavioral characteristics of using cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES) in high trait anxiety individuals under both explicit and implicit conditions.

Methods‍

A total of 57 non-psychology undergraduates and postgraduates were recruited in a military medical university from June to July in 2023. All the participants were surveyed with Trait Form of Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) to investigate their level of anxiety and usage habits of CR and ES strategies. According to the STAI-T results, they were divided to a high trait anxiety (HTA) group (n=28) and a low trait anxiety (LTA) group (n=29). Then the implicit and explicit emotion regulation (ER) tasks were used to analyze and compare 2 strategies on improving negative emotional pleasure and arousal, and the differences in difficulty and success of using CR and ES under the explicit condition.

Results‍

① Both the HTA and LTA individuals showed a higher use of CR and less use of ES [t(27)=3.94, P<0.001; t(28)=11.33, P<0.001], while the HTA individuals used more ES [t(55)=3.02, P<0.01] and less CR than the LTA individuals [t(55)=-2.20, P=0.02]. ②Compared with implicit neutral priming, both implicit CR (Pleasure: 2.56±0.11 vs 2.73±0.12, P<0.01; Arousal: 6.68±0.18 vs 6.51±0.20, P<0.05) and implicit ES priming (Pleasure: 2.56±0.11 vs 2.86±0.11,P<0.001; Arousal: 6.68±0.18 vs 6.30±0.20, P<0.001) improved the negative emotional experiences of both HTA and LTA groups, and ES showed better effect (Pleasure: P<0.001; Arousal: P<0.001). ③ Explicit CR (Pleasure: 2.92±0.12 vs 5.09±0.09, P<0.001; Arousal: 6.43±0.20 vs 4.33±0.21, P<0.001) and explicit ES (Pleasure: 2.92±0.12 vs 4.34±0.09, P<0.001; Arousal: 6.43±0.20 vs 4.22±0.22, P<0.001) ameliorated the negative feelings in the HTA and LTA individuals, and the effect of explicit CR on improving pleasure was superior than that of explicit ES (P<0.001). For the HTA individuals, it is more difficult to implement CR and ES [CR: t(55)=2.16, P=0.02; ES: t(55)=2.92, P<0.01], and ES was less successful in emotion regulation when compared with the LTA individuals [t(55)=-1.88, P=0.03]; the difficulty of using ES was significantly higher than that of CR [4.00±1.81 vs 5.00±1.80, t(27)=-2.78, P<0.01], and the success rate was also lower [7.04±1.00 vs 6.64±1.13, t(27)=2.09, P=0.02]. ④ Comparing the effects of emotion regulation under implicit and explicit conditions, it was presented that explicit CR and ES were better than implicit CR and ES for both HTA and LTA individuals (Pleasure: explicit CR vs implicit CR: 5.09±0.09 vs 2.73±0.12, P<0.001; explicit ES vs implicit ES: 4.34±0.09 vs 2.86±0.11, P<0.001; Arousal: explicit CR vs implicit CR: 4.33±0.21 vs 6.51±0.20, P<0.001; explicit ES vs implicit ES: 4.22±0.22 vs 6.30±0.20, P<0.001).

Conclusion‍

In terms of usage habits of ER strategies, HTA individuals tend to use ES more and CR less than LTA individuals. Under the implicit/explicit conditions, HTA individuals can both employ CR and ES to improve negative emotional experience, and the effect of explicit ER is significantly better than implicit condition.

implicit/explicit emotion regulation  /  cognitive reappraisal  /  expressive suppression  /  trait anxiety
王小雪, 黄俊, 尹旦旭, 邓宇豪, 郑祖盛, 伍芳慧, 汪涛. 高特质焦虑个体内隐与外显情绪调节的行为学特点分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (7) : 742 -748 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407075
Xiaoxue WANG, Jun HUANG, Danxu YIN, Yuhao DENG, Zusheng ZHENG, Fanghui WU, Tao WANG. Behavioral characteristics of implicit and explicit emotion regulation in high trait anxiety[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (7) : 742 -748 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407075
特质焦虑指个体在面临危险或不确定场景时,易将其视为威胁情境,继而出现焦虑情绪反应的一种人格特质[1-2]。认知神经科学相关研究发现,特质焦虑水平在人群中存在着明显差异,特质焦虑水平较高的个体更易受到各种应激事件的冲击,增加罹患焦虑、抑郁等情绪障碍的风险,因而高特质焦虑(high trait anxiety,HTA)被认为是一种应激易感表型[2-3]。研究发现,情绪调节困难可能是高特质焦虑个体易感性增加的潜在机制[4]。
情绪调节(emotion regulation,ER)指个体有意或无意改变情绪状态强度或性质的系列加工过程[5]。Gross情绪调节过程模型[5]根据情绪发生的时间顺序,将情绪调节过程划分为情境选择、情境调整、注意分配、认知转变和反应调节5个阶段,其中认知重评和表达抑制是当前研究最多的2种情绪调节策略[5-7]。认知重评(cognitive reappraisal,CR)指个体通过对引发情绪的刺激或场景的意义进行重新解释以达成对情绪反应的调节;表达抑制(expressive suppression,ES)则是指通过克制自我内心的情感波动及外在的情绪表达行为来实现情绪调节[6-7]。研究发现,习惯性使用认知重评能增进心理健康、积极情绪和幸福感,反之则与焦虑、抑郁等症状密切相关[7-8]。经常使用表达抑制会导致心理和生理功能紊乱,如持续的高水平生理唤醒和杏仁核活动增加,从而增加罹患情绪障碍的风险[9]。DENNIS[10]、QI等[11]和CAMPBELL-SILLS等[12]研究认为,HTA个体在认知重评方面存在使用频率和调节效率都较低的问题,PAN等[13]研究发现,HTA个体虽然能成功使用表达抑制进行情绪调节,但其特质焦虑水平却与表达抑制的使用习惯呈正相关。鉴于认知重评和表达抑制在改善HTA个体负性情绪方面展现出的不同效果,本研究将重点围绕HTA个体情绪调节策略的使用习惯和调节效果两方面来展开探讨[10-14]。
以上研究主要从有意识的情绪调节角度进行探讨,事实上,在维护和促进心理健康的过程中,个体还会使用另一种无意识或自动化的调节方式[15]。依据个体在情绪调节过程中认知努力的程度,GYURAK等[15]提出了双加工情绪调节模型,即外显情绪调节和内隐情绪调节。内隐情绪调节作为一种普遍使用的调节方式[16],具有无需意识参与、认知控制资源消耗较少的特点[17]、对情绪调节有着重要影响。ZHANG等[17],YAO等[18]和WILLIAMS等[19]研究发现,无意识条件下启动的认知重评和表达抑制均可有效减弱对负性情绪的主观体验,调节对情绪刺激的持续注意和处理深度,降低参与者的生理反应。GAO等[20]的研究也有类似发现,认为内隐情绪调节对HTA个体有潜在益处。可见针对特质焦虑个体的情绪调节研究视角已从有意识层面扩展至无意识层面[10-14,21],因此,从外显和内隐的双重视角来探索HTA个体认知重评和表达抑制情绪调节的特点,比较双加工情绪调节模型下2种策略的差异,对深入理解HTA个体情绪调节特点、提高情绪调节效能和改善焦虑易感人格具有重要的临床意义。
本研究旨在探索HTA个体认知重评和表达抑制的使用习惯及特点,从行为学角度比较外显和内隐条件下2种策略对负性情绪的改善效果及优劣,为HTA个体如何更有效地进行情绪调节提供理论依据。
本研究于2023年6-7月招募57名某军医大学非心理学专业在校本科生或研究生作为被试。纳入标准:①年龄18~30岁;② 特质焦虑水平:依据相关研究[20,22],确定特质焦虑分量表得分≥48分者为HTA,得分≤35分者则为低特质焦虑(low trait anxiety,LTA);③ 具有正常的视听能力且无精神疾病史。排除标准:①近期服用过精神类药物;②目前处于焦虑或抑郁的急性发作期;③不能全程参与实验。采用G*power 3.1软件进行样本量计算。在重复测量方差分析的条件下,取α=0.05,Power(1-β)=0.95,效应量d=0.25,计算出所需的最低被试总量为36人。本研究共招募被试60名,HTA、LTA组各30人,其中3名被试因个人原因未能完整参与实验,最终有效样本为57例,其中HTA组28例,LTA组29例。本研究获得陆军军医大学医学伦理委员会批准(2023-第6-02),所有被试都已签订知情同意书。
STAI-T由SPIELBERGER编制[22],共20个条目,描述个体的日常情绪体验,主要用于评估相对稳定的一种人格特质及焦虑倾向。每个条目1~4级评分,量表得分为20~80分,得分越高,反映该个体特质焦虑水平越高。Cronbach’s α系数为0.87。
该量表由GROSS和JOHN共同编制而成[23],该问卷包含认知重评和表达抑制2个维度,共10个条目,其中前6个条目用于评估个体在日常生活中使用认知重评的频率,后4个条目用于评估个体使用表达抑制的频率,采用Likert 1~7级评分(1级:完全不同意,7级:完全同意),得分越高表示该策略的使用频率越高。本研究中认知重评和表达抑制子量表的Cronbach’s α系数分别为0.88和0.87。
实验材料包括启动词和情绪图片。启动词来自中国情绪调节词语库[24],包括32个中性启动词(如球员等),25个与认知重评启动词(如反思等)和30个表达抑制启动词(如克制等)。情绪图片选自国际情绪图片库(International Affective Picture System,IAPS)和中国情绪图片库(Chinese Affective Picture System,CAPS)。共挑选负性情绪图片90张,中性图片30张。将90张负性图片平均分配到实验中的中性启动、重评启动和抑制启动条件,每个条件各30张。评定中性图片以及3个条件下负性图片的愉悦度和唤醒度。
中性图片愉悦度和唤醒度分别为(5.19±0.20)、(1.92±0.35),3个条件下负性图片的愉悦度差异[重评启动:(3.00±0.46);抑制启动:(2.97±0.59);中性启动:(2.98±0.53)]和唤醒度差异[重评启动:(5.72±0.68);抑制启动:(5.70±0.56);中性启动:(5.71±0.56)]均无统计学意义。负性图片的愉悦度评分均低于中性图片[F(3,116)=163.87,P<0.001],唤醒度评分均高于中性图片[F(3,116)=358.17,P<0.001]。
内隐情绪调节实验程序由“词语配对”和“图片观看”组成。首先,被试进行词语配对任务,即从屏幕下方2个词语中选择与中央目标词意思最接近的词语,目的是启动被试的情绪调节目标。接着,进行图片观看任务:在屏幕中央呈现500 ms的注视点,再呈现5 000 ms的情绪图片,要求被试仅认真观看图片。图片消失后,被试对自己的情绪愉悦度(1分:非常消极,9分:非常愉悦)和唤醒度(1分:非常平静,9分:非常强烈)进行1~9分的评价。具体流程见图1。
实验材料情绪图片同前。首先,屏幕中央出现1个500 ms的注视点“+”;随后,呈现3 000 ms的情绪调节线索词(注意或者重评或者抑制),再出现1个500~800 ms随机空屏;随后,呈现时间为5 000 ms的情绪图片,被试需要在此期间使用线索(注意、认知重评或表达抑制)提示的策略对情绪进行调节;最后,对自己的情绪愉悦度和唤醒度进行1~9分的评分。被试在完成外显情绪调节后还需要对使用该策略调节情绪的难度和成功度进行1~9分的评分(1分:代表非常简单或完全没有成功,9分:非常困难或完全成功)。具体流程见图2。为减少2个任务之间的干扰,所有被试先完成内隐情绪调节实验程序,间隔约1周后,再完成外显情绪调节实验程序。
采用SPSS 28.0软件对数据进行分析。对ERQ结果进行独立样本t检验和配对样本t检验;对内隐和外显情绪调节实验中被试的愉悦度和唤醒度分别进行2(组别:HTA/LTA)×4(启动线索:中性启动-中性图片/中性启动-负性图片/重评启动-负性图片/抑制启动-负性图片)和2(组别:HTA/LTA)×4(策略:注意-中性图片/注意-负性图片/重评-负性图片/抑制-负性图片)的重复测量方差分析;对外显情绪调节实验中被试报告的情绪调节策略使用难度和成功度分别进行独立样本t检验和配对样本t检验;为了比较内隐和外显情绪调节效应,进行2(组别:HTA/LTA)×2(作用条件:外显条件/内隐条件)×4(策略:注意-中性图片/注意-负性图片/重评-负性图片/抑制-负性图片)的三因素重复测量方差分析。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
2组被试年龄、性别差异无统计学意义,HTA组的特质焦虑水平显著高于LTA组(表1)。ERQ问卷结果显示,相对于LTA组,HTA组使用认知重评的频率更低,使用表达抑制的频率更高,2组被试使用认知重评的频率均高于表达抑制[t(27)=3.94,P<0.001; t(28)=11.33,P<0.001]。
重复测量方差分析结果显示,愉悦度和唤醒度启动线索的主效应显著[愉悦度:F(3,165)=330.87,P<0.001,η2=0.86;唤醒度:F(3,165)=149.03,P<0.001,η2=0.73]。事后比较发现,相对于中性启动条件,认知重评和表达抑制启动下被试的负性情绪愉悦度增加(P<0.01,图3A),唤醒度降低(P<0.05),且表达抑制的效果比认知重评更好(P<0.001,图3B)。
重复测量方差分析结果显示,情绪调节策略的主效应显著[愉悦度:F(3,165)=125.42,P<0.001,η2=0.70;唤醒度:F(3,165)=78.26,P<0.001,η2=0.59]。事后比较发现,相对于注意条件,认知重评和表达抑制条件下被试负性情绪愉悦度增加(P<0.001,图4A),唤醒度降低(P<0.001,图4B)。值得注意的是,认知重评对愉悦度的改善显著优于表达抑制(P<0.001,图4A)。
结果显示,与LTA组比较,HTA组报告使用认知重评[t(55)=2.16,P=0.02]和表达抑制[t(55)=2.92,P<0.01]的难度更高(图5A),且使用表达抑制的成功度更低[t(55)=-1.88,P=0.03],但两组被试对认知重评的使用成功度无显著差异[t(55)=-1.32,P=0.10,图5B]。HTA组使用认知重评的难度低于表达抑制[t(27)=-2.78,P<0.01,图5A],且成功度更高[t(27)=2.09,P=0.02,图5B]。
无论是愉悦度还是唤醒度,均发现了作用条件的主效应[愉悦度:F(1,55)=163.65,P<0.001,η2=0.75;唤醒度:F(1,55)=57.99,P<0.001,η2=0.51]。事后比较发现,外显认知重评在提升负性情绪的愉悦度和降低唤醒度方面均优于内隐认知重评(P<0.001),外显表达抑制也优于内隐表达抑制(P<0.001)。
研究发现,在情绪调节策略的使用习惯上,HTA个体更倾向于使用表达抑制,而较少使用认知重评,这一发现与以往研究结果一致[10-11,13]。认知重评是一种适应性的调节策略,其习惯性使用与积极情绪状态和人际关系呈正相关,是改善个体抑郁、焦虑症状的有益因素[7,25]。然而,表达抑制则常被视为一种适应不良的情绪调节策略,它虽然能暂时减少负性情绪的外在表现,如面部表情和肢体动作,但调节后个体的主观体验和生理唤醒反而加剧,这常与一系列消极结果相关联[6]。因此,较少使用认知重评而较多依赖表达抑制,可能是HTA个体频繁体验强烈负性情绪,并使得这种情绪状态得以持续的重要原因。
YAO等[18]对正常个体的研究发现,在内隐条件下,认知重评和表达抑制均可有效下调负性情绪。但本研究发现,在内隐条件下高、低特质焦虑个体都能有效地使用这两种策略来改善负性情绪,且表达抑制的改善效果更优。这可能与实验中所采用的情绪刺激材料有关,研究使用的负性图片包含了较高强度的情绪刺激(如血腥或暴力场景)。有研究指出,在内隐条件下,表达抑制在处理高强度情绪刺激时更为有效,而认知重评则更适用于调节中低强度的情绪刺激[26]。
在外显条件下HTA和LTA个体同样能有效地使用2种情绪调节策略,但与内隐条件不同的是,在情绪调节的效率上,外显条件下表达抑制对愉悦度的改善效果低于认知重评。特质焦虑的注意控制理论提出[27],焦虑会影响个体信息加工的效率而非有效性,即焦虑个体虽然可以通过动员更多的认知资源或激活更多大脑区域活动来完成当前任务[10-11],但其效率会大为降低,也就是说使用表达抑制进行情绪调节的难度更大、成功度更低。
双加工情绪调节模型[15]表明情绪调节可在不同的意识层面发挥着有益的情绪调节效能。本研究结果从行为学角度验证了双加工情绪调节模型的观点,发现HTA个体内隐和外显条件下都可使用认知重评及表达抑制进行有效的情绪调节,而且2种情绪调节策略在外显条件下的效果均优于内隐条件。这与其他相关研究的行为学数据结果不完全一致,对正常个体的研究发现,外显认知重评的调节效应要优于内隐认知重评[17,28],YUAN等[28]采用点计数任务发现,重度抑郁个体在两种条件下的认知重评调节效果并无显著差异。此外,GAO等[20,29]通过经颅磁直流电刺激(transcranial direct current stimulation,tDCS)激活HTA个体腹内侧前额叶(ventromedial prefrontal cortex,vmPFC),其行为学数据显示外显认知重评的调节效应依然优于内隐。值得注意的是,在双加工模型框架下对认知重评的研究较多,而对表达抑制的研究相对较少。当前分析仅限于行为学角度,其与脑电数据(如ERP)结果是否相互支持,还需将两者结合起来进一步探索。
研究同时从外显和内隐的双重视角呈现了高特质焦虑在情绪调节策略使用习惯、分析了外显/内隐情绪调节的行为学特点,发现在日常使用习惯上,相较于LTA个体,HTA个体存在着认知重评使用不足而表达抑制使用较多的特点。但在实验情境下加工较高强度情绪刺激图片时,从主观报告的行为学数据来看,与正常个体(LTA)一样,HTA个体可有意识或无意识地启动认知重评和表达抑制以达成对负性情绪的调节,但相比而言,有意识情绪调节的效果优于无意识。尽管外显认知重评和表达抑制对负性情绪体验的改善更佳,但HTA个体的主观报告表明实施中的难度要明显高于LTA个体,且情绪调节的效率更低。可见,HTA个体往往有意识地调动更多认知资源来费力地改善负性情绪,但由于高强度情绪材料本身会导致个体认知资源的消耗[28],对HTA个体而言无疑是雪上加霜,因此,通过费力调动认知资源来实现情绪调节可能不是最适宜的解决方案。近年来越来越多的研究开始关注内隐情绪调节对个体心理健康的效能[20],本研究也发现HTA个体可以在内隐条件下通过认知重评和表达抑制来下调负性情绪,并且表达抑制的效果更佳。
为此,未来改善HTA个体情绪调节困难可从效率和效应两方面着手。从外显情绪调节来看,需要调整其有效但费力的调节策略,指导个体合理有效使用外显情绪调节策略,加强积极重评、分离重评等[30-31] 方面的指导性训练,降低实施难度,提高成功度,切实达成对情绪的有效调节。从内隐情绪调节来看,可利用其良好的调节功能,加强相关情绪调节策略的训练。比如依据不同情绪强度来匹配相应的内隐情绪调节训练,高情绪强度情境下加强表达抑制训练,低情绪强度下提高个体认知重评的使用。
综上所述,本研究从外显和内隐的视角较为全面地展现了HTA个体的情绪调节特点,为深入理解高特质焦虑情绪调节困难提供了研究证据。但在评价指标、样本代表性等方面还需进一步完善:首先,可通过结合相关生理指标的评估,如皮肤电反应和心率等[19,32],采用多种测量手段来验证情绪调节的效果;其次,本次招募的主要是高校学生且样本量有限,未来可考虑扩展到相关临床人群、增加样本量,以进一步支持当前的研究结果。

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2025年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407075
  • 接收时间:2024-07-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-19
  • 修回日期:2024-11-12
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):医学心理系,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院三大队九队,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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