Article(id=1322210908219228274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736697600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-13, revisedDate=1738771200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169246010, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169246010, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169246010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169246010, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=784, endPage=793, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210908470886516, articleId=1322210908219228274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Preparation of tubeimoside Ⅲ nanoemulsion and evaluation of its adjuvant effect, columnId=1322210908391194739, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Pharmacy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To prepare tubeimoside Ⅲ nanoemulsion (TBMⅢ-NE) and evaluate its adjuvant effect in vaccines.

Methods‍

TBMⅢ-NE was prepared using low-energy emulsification. Dynamic light scattering was used to characterize the particle size and polydispersity index of the obtained TBMⅢ-NE, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to observe the morphology. CCK-8 assay was utilized to determine the cytotoxicity of TBMⅢ-NE on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The in vitro safety of TBMⅢ-NE was evaluated using a hemolysis assay. The ability of TBMⅢ-NE to promote the phagocytosis of antigens by DC2.4 cells was observed using confocal laser microscopy. After co-incubation of TBMⅢ-NE with BMDCs, the expression levels of CD40, CD86, MHC-Ⅰ, and CCR7 on the surface of BMDCs were detected using flow cytometry, and the levels of cytokines in the supernatant of BMDCs were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After female BALB/c mice were immunized with the SARS-CoV-2 antigen RBD in combination with TBMⅢ-NE, ELISA was conducted to determine the serum levels of specific IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1 antibodies. The number of specific IFN-γ-secreting cells in mouse splenocytes was detected using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay.

Results‍

The prepared blank nanoemulsion (BNE) and TBMⅢ-NE were in a particle size of 25.46 and 25.89 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.214 and 0.125, respectively. TEM displayed that TBMⅢ-NE was in uniform sphere and well dispersed. When the TBMⅢ-NE adjuvant was diluted by 400-fold, the survival rate of BMDCs was approximately 86%. Compared with free TBMⅢ, the hemolytic toxicity of TBMⅢ-NE was significantly reduced (P<0.01). TBMⅢ-NE promoted the phagocytosis of antigens by DC2.4 cells and significantly increased the expression of CCR7 on the surface of BMDCs (P<0.05), indicating its potential to promote more dendritic cells to effectively migrate to lymph nodes. TBMⅢ-NE also promoted the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β in the supernatant of BMDCs (P<0.05). When combined with RBD, TBMⅢ-NE significantly increased the levels of specific IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1 antibodies in mouse serum (P<0.01) and promoted the secretion of specific IFN-γ in splenocytes (P<0.01), indicating that TBMⅢ-NE could enhance specific cellular immune responses.

Conclusion‍

A stable and highly effective TBMⅢ-NE that can induce humoral and cellular immune responses is successfully prepared.

, authors=Jing WEI1, 2, Shulin LIU2, Yan YE2, Mingqi XU1, Zhen SONG2, Yan DENG2, Hongwu SUN2, Lei MA1, 3, Haibo LI2, authorsList=Jing WEI, Shulin LIU, Yan YE, Mingqi XU, Zhen SONG, Yan DENG, Hongwu SUN, Lei MA, Haibo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei MA, Haibo LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210912023462018, articleId=1322210908219228274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=土贝母皂苷丙纳米乳的构建及其佐剂效应评价, columnId=1322210908563161205, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=药学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

制备土贝母皂苷丙纳米乳(tubeimoside Ⅲ nanoemulsion,TBMⅢ-NE),并评价其疫苗佐剂效应。

方法

利用低能乳化法制备TBMⅢ-NE,采用动态光散射法表征TBMⅢ-NE的粒径和平均分散系数,透射电镜观察TBMⅢ-NE的形态,CCK-8法检测TBMⅢ-NE对骨髓来源的树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,BMDCs)的细胞毒性;红细胞溶血实验评价TBMⅢ-NE的体外安全性;激光共聚焦显微镜观察TBMⅢ-NE促进DC2.4对抗原的吞噬作用;TBMⅢ-NE与BMDCs共孵育后,利用流式细胞术检测BMDCs表面CD40、CD86、MHC-Ⅰ和CCR7的表达水平,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测BMDCs上清中细胞因子的表达水平;新冠病毒抗原RBD与TBMⅢ-NE联用免疫小鼠,ELISA测定小鼠血清中特异性IgG、IgG2a、IgG1抗体水平,酶联免疫斑点(ELISpot)法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞中特异性分泌γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的细胞数量。

结果

制备的空白纳米乳(blank nanoemulsion,BNE)和TBMⅢ-NE的平均粒径分别为25.46 nm和25.89 nm,平均多分散系数分别为0.214和0.125,透射电镜观察TBMⅢ-NE呈均匀“球型”且分散性良好;当TBMⅢ-NE佐剂稀释400倍时,BMDCs存活率约为86%;与游离土贝母皂苷丙(TBMⅢ)相比,TBMⅢ-NE的溶血毒性显著降低(P<0.01);TBMⅢ-NE可促进DC2.4对抗原的吞噬,并显著提高BMDCs表面CCR7的表达水平(P<0.05),具有促进树突状细胞向淋巴结迁移的潜力;TBMⅢ-NE还可促进BMDCs培养上清中IL-6和IL-1β的表达(P<0.05);与RBD联用,TBMⅢ-NE可显著提升小鼠血清中特异性IgG、IgG2a、IgG1抗体的水平(P<0.01),并促进脾淋巴细胞中特异性IFN-γ的分泌(P<0.01),提示TBMⅢ-NE可以增强特异性T细胞免疫应答。

结论

成功构建出质量稳定、具有高效诱导体液和细胞免疫应答的TBMⅢ-NE。

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马 雷,E-mail:
李海波,E-mail:
MA Lei,E-mail:
LI Haibo,E-mail:
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J Army Med Univ,2025,47(4):350-359., articleTitle=Immune-enhancing effect and mechanism of natural plant-derived immunostimulatory molecule ophiopogonin, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322210912266731651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210912275120260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, companyId=1322210912266731651, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Clinical Medicine,Jiamusi University,Jiamusi,Heilongjiang), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210912287703173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, companyId=1322210912266731651, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1佳木斯大学临床医学院,黑龙江 佳木斯)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322210912346423430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210912354812040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, companyId=1322210912346423430, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry Pharmacy,National Engineering Research Center for Immunobiological Products,Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210912363200648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, companyId=1322210912346423430, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322210912455475337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210912468058250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, companyId=1322210912455475337, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Laboratory Medicine,Chenjiaqiao Hospital of Shapingba District,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210912476446859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, companyId=1322210912455475337, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3重庆市沙坪坝区陈家桥医院检验科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322210917044043971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=97hqNOwqs7O7de63LIz9Gg==, figureFileBig=ZsxtwU/m5nDmXHjXJNUDlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917115347140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BNE、TBMⅢ-NE的制备与表征

A:TBMⅢ-NE粒径图;B:BNE粒径图;C:TBMⅢ-NE透射电镜观察;D:TBMⅢ-NE对BMDCs细胞活率的影响;E:TBMⅢ-NE的红细胞溶血率;a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=97hqNOwqs7O7de63LIz9Gg==, figureFileBig=ZsxtwU/m5nDmXHjXJNUDlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917320868037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vf7avVYC8lJjdNLfO3+jMw==, figureFileBig=d4a4L2UanSAVW36k54pXsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917396365510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=CN, label=图2, caption=TBMⅢ-NE促进DCs对抗原的摄取情况

A:激光共聚焦显微镜观察DC2.4对抗原的吞噬能力;B:Cy5-OVA在DC2.4内的平均荧光强度;a:P<0.01,与OVA+BNE比较

, figureFileSmall=vf7avVYC8lJjdNLfO3+jMw==, figureFileBig=d4a4L2UanSAVW36k54pXsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917480251591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SmNYRNh+euNYmxU8jCqdWQ==, figureFileBig=29LEQXpzuUgqphJhUED/SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917564137672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=CN, label=图3, caption=流式细胞术检测BMDCs共刺激分子、CCR7的表达水平及圈门策略

A:BMDCs表达CD11c+CD40+的流式及统计结果;B:BMDCs表达CD11c+CD86+的流式及统计结果;C:BMDCs表达CD11c+MHC-Ⅰ+的流式及统计结果;D:BMDCs表达CD11c+CCR7+的流式及统计结果;E;BMDCs表达共刺激分子及CCR7的流式圈门策略;a:P<0.05,与BNE组比较;b:P<0.01,与PBS组比较

, figureFileSmall=SmNYRNh+euNYmxU8jCqdWQ==, figureFileBig=29LEQXpzuUgqphJhUED/SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917631246537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sJkgRf7bP75m4AH6JpdQIA==, figureFileBig=aj4VL+jaJtkvp5kYwSruvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917706744010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ELISA试剂盒检测BMDCs培养上清中IL-1β(A)和IL-6(B)的含量

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与PBS组比较

, figureFileSmall=sJkgRf7bP75m4AH6JpdQIA==, figureFileBig=aj4VL+jaJtkvp5kYwSruvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917799018699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+bQTTJRHiyGaTeB79d/98A==, figureFileBig=syknTyDaFfoCVyoOZMtx5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917857738956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ELISA检测末次免疫后第14天小鼠血清中特异性抗体及其亚型水平和体质量 (n=5,x¯±s)

A:末次免疫后14 d血清IgG水平;B:末次免疫后14 d血清IgG1水平;C:末次免疫后14 d血清IgG2a水平;D:末次免疫后14 d血清IgG2a与IgG1的比值;E:免疫后小鼠体质量;a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=+bQTTJRHiyGaTeB79d/98A==, figureFileBig=syknTyDaFfoCVyoOZMtx5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210917937430733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jDGN0bOt5+ytempVtLDB1A==, figureFileBig=ryvSN/LToAnNgtk7kmVs7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210918000345294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210908219228274, language=CN, label=图6, caption=ELISpot检测末次免疫后第14天小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ

A:各组IFN-γ斑点数量;B:ELISpot检测脾细胞分泌IFN-γ的细胞数量;a:P<0.01

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土贝母皂苷丙纳米乳的构建及其佐剂效应评价
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魏静 1, 2 , 刘姝琳 2 , 叶演 2 , 徐铭琦 1 , 宋振 2 , 邓炎 2 , 孙红武 2 , 马雷 1, 3 , 李海波 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 药学 2025,47(8): 784-793
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陆军军医大学学报 |药学 2025 , 47 (8) : 784 -793
土贝母皂苷丙纳米乳的构建及其佐剂效应评价
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魏静1, 2, 刘姝琳2, 叶演2, 徐铭琦1, 宋振2, 邓炎2, 孙红武2, 马雷1, 3 , 李海波2
作者信息
  • 1佳木斯大学临床医学院,黑龙江 佳木斯
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆
  • 3重庆市沙坪坝区陈家桥医院检验科,重庆
通讯作者:
马 雷,E-mail:
李海波,E-mail:
MA Lei,E-mail:
LI Haibo,E-mail:
Preparation of tubeimoside Ⅲ nanoemulsion and evaluation of its adjuvant effect
Jing WEI1, 2, Shulin LIU2, Yan YE2, Mingqi XU1, Zhen SONG2, Yan DENG2, Hongwu SUN2, Lei MA1, 3 , Haibo LI2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Clinical Medicine,Jiamusi University,Jiamusi,Heilongjiang
  • 2Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry Pharmacy,National Engineering Research Center for Immunobiological Products,Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 3Department of Laboratory Medicine,Chenjiaqiao Hospital of Shapingba District,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501034
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目的

制备土贝母皂苷丙纳米乳(tubeimoside Ⅲ nanoemulsion,TBMⅢ-NE),并评价其疫苗佐剂效应。

方法

利用低能乳化法制备TBMⅢ-NE,采用动态光散射法表征TBMⅢ-NE的粒径和平均分散系数,透射电镜观察TBMⅢ-NE的形态,CCK-8法检测TBMⅢ-NE对骨髓来源的树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,BMDCs)的细胞毒性;红细胞溶血实验评价TBMⅢ-NE的体外安全性;激光共聚焦显微镜观察TBMⅢ-NE促进DC2.4对抗原的吞噬作用;TBMⅢ-NE与BMDCs共孵育后,利用流式细胞术检测BMDCs表面CD40、CD86、MHC-Ⅰ和CCR7的表达水平,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测BMDCs上清中细胞因子的表达水平;新冠病毒抗原RBD与TBMⅢ-NE联用免疫小鼠,ELISA测定小鼠血清中特异性IgG、IgG2a、IgG1抗体水平,酶联免疫斑点(ELISpot)法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞中特异性分泌γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的细胞数量。

结果

制备的空白纳米乳(blank nanoemulsion,BNE)和TBMⅢ-NE的平均粒径分别为25.46 nm和25.89 nm,平均多分散系数分别为0.214和0.125,透射电镜观察TBMⅢ-NE呈均匀“球型”且分散性良好;当TBMⅢ-NE佐剂稀释400倍时,BMDCs存活率约为86%;与游离土贝母皂苷丙(TBMⅢ)相比,TBMⅢ-NE的溶血毒性显著降低(P<0.01);TBMⅢ-NE可促进DC2.4对抗原的吞噬,并显著提高BMDCs表面CCR7的表达水平(P<0.05),具有促进树突状细胞向淋巴结迁移的潜力;TBMⅢ-NE还可促进BMDCs培养上清中IL-6和IL-1β的表达(P<0.05);与RBD联用,TBMⅢ-NE可显著提升小鼠血清中特异性IgG、IgG2a、IgG1抗体的水平(P<0.01),并促进脾淋巴细胞中特异性IFN-γ的分泌(P<0.01),提示TBMⅢ-NE可以增强特异性T细胞免疫应答。

结论

成功构建出质量稳定、具有高效诱导体液和细胞免疫应答的TBMⅢ-NE。

土贝母皂苷丙  /  纳米乳  /  疫苗佐剂  /  免疫效应
Objective‍

To prepare tubeimoside Ⅲ nanoemulsion (TBMⅢ-NE) and evaluate its adjuvant effect in vaccines.

Methods‍

TBMⅢ-NE was prepared using low-energy emulsification. Dynamic light scattering was used to characterize the particle size and polydispersity index of the obtained TBMⅢ-NE, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to observe the morphology. CCK-8 assay was utilized to determine the cytotoxicity of TBMⅢ-NE on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The in vitro safety of TBMⅢ-NE was evaluated using a hemolysis assay. The ability of TBMⅢ-NE to promote the phagocytosis of antigens by DC2.4 cells was observed using confocal laser microscopy. After co-incubation of TBMⅢ-NE with BMDCs, the expression levels of CD40, CD86, MHC-Ⅰ, and CCR7 on the surface of BMDCs were detected using flow cytometry, and the levels of cytokines in the supernatant of BMDCs were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After female BALB/c mice were immunized with the SARS-CoV-2 antigen RBD in combination with TBMⅢ-NE, ELISA was conducted to determine the serum levels of specific IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1 antibodies. The number of specific IFN-γ-secreting cells in mouse splenocytes was detected using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay.

Results‍

The prepared blank nanoemulsion (BNE) and TBMⅢ-NE were in a particle size of 25.46 and 25.89 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.214 and 0.125, respectively. TEM displayed that TBMⅢ-NE was in uniform sphere and well dispersed. When the TBMⅢ-NE adjuvant was diluted by 400-fold, the survival rate of BMDCs was approximately 86%. Compared with free TBMⅢ, the hemolytic toxicity of TBMⅢ-NE was significantly reduced (P<0.01). TBMⅢ-NE promoted the phagocytosis of antigens by DC2.4 cells and significantly increased the expression of CCR7 on the surface of BMDCs (P<0.05), indicating its potential to promote more dendritic cells to effectively migrate to lymph nodes. TBMⅢ-NE also promoted the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β in the supernatant of BMDCs (P<0.05). When combined with RBD, TBMⅢ-NE significantly increased the levels of specific IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1 antibodies in mouse serum (P<0.01) and promoted the secretion of specific IFN-γ in splenocytes (P<0.01), indicating that TBMⅢ-NE could enhance specific cellular immune responses.

Conclusion‍

A stable and highly effective TBMⅢ-NE that can induce humoral and cellular immune responses is successfully prepared.

‍tubeimoside Ⅲ  /  nanoemulsion  /  vaccine adjuvant  /  immune effect
魏静, 刘姝琳, 叶演, 徐铭琦, 宋振, 邓炎, 孙红武, 马雷, 李海波. 土贝母皂苷丙纳米乳的构建及其佐剂效应评价. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 784 -793 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501034
Jing WEI, Shulin LIU, Yan YE, Mingqi XU, Zhen SONG, Yan DENG, Hongwu SUN, Lei MA, Haibo LI. Preparation of tubeimoside Ⅲ nanoemulsion and evaluation of its adjuvant effect[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 784 -793 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501034
佐剂是一类能够增强机体对抗原的免疫应答或改变免疫应答类型,提高疫苗保护效力的物质[1],广泛应用于疫苗的设计与开发。在某些情况下,佐剂能够显著增加抗原成分的稳定性,延长其半衰期并有利于疫苗的长期保存。因此,佐剂对于疫苗的安全性和有效性至关重要[2]。
植物皂苷是苷元为三萜或螺旋甾烷类化合物的一类糖苷,具有多种生理和药理活性。植物皂苷可激活哺乳动物的免疫系统,作为疫苗佐剂有着巨大的开发潜能[3]。当前应用最广泛的是从南美皂树皮中提取的Quil A及其活性成分QS-21,它们能特定地激活Th1型免疫应答,并促进细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的产生[4]。以QS-21为核心成分的AS01、AS02和Maxtrix-M复合佐剂可促进树突状细胞对抗原的交叉递呈,诱导炎症小体产生,从而激发强烈的细胞及体液免疫应答。尽管QS-21作为疫苗佐剂具有独特的效力和前景,但存在稀缺性、异质性、剂量限制性、毒性和化学不稳定性等缺点[5]。因此,其他天然植物中皂苷成分作为佐剂的应用正受到越来越多的关注。
土贝母是葫芦科植物土贝母的干燥块茎,含三萜皂苷、生物碱、多酚、黄酮醇、甾醇等生物活性物质[6]。作为一种传统中药,土贝母对炎症、疣、肿瘤等多种疾病具有疗效。土贝母苷(tubeimoside,TBMS)被认为是土贝母的主要活性成分之一,为苷元的C-3和C-28位的2个糖基侧链通过3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸形成结构独特的环双糖链皂苷,课题组之前的研究证实土贝母皂苷丙(tubeimoside Ⅲ,TBM Ⅲ)具有潜在的疫苗佐剂活性[7],但存在溶血毒性强、水溶性差等缺点,限制了其作为疫苗佐剂的进一步应用。
纳米乳是一种由水相、油相、表面活性剂及助表面活性剂自发形成的热力学稳定、各向同性的均相分散体系[8]。纳米乳独特的油核结构具备负载脂溶性物质的能力,因而成为与脂溶性佐剂复合的理想载体[9],例如商业化复合佐剂AS03便是通过纳米乳油核有效搭载脂溶性佐剂分子——生育酚,显著提升了其疫苗佐剂效应[10-11]。本研究利用纳米乳在佐剂递送领域的优势,制备土贝母皂苷丙纳米乳(tubeimoside Ⅲ nanoemulsion,TBMⅢ-NE),期望克服TBMⅢ水溶性不佳及溶血毒性较高的缺点,并评价TBMⅢ-NE的初步安全性和体内外佐剂效应。
25只SPF级BALB/c雌性小鼠(6~8周龄,体质量16~18 g)购自北京维通利华生物科技股份有限公司,饲养于陆军军医大学国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心SPF动物房。所有动物实验均获得陆军军医大学动物伦理委员会的批准(AMUWEC20223007)。
土贝母皂苷丙(TBMⅢ)购自成都普瑞法科技有限公司;司盘-85、吐温-80购自Seppic公司;角鲨烯购自Sigma公司;AddaVax购自Invivogen公司;新冠病毒S蛋白受体结合域(receptor-binding domain,RBD)购自重庆智飞生物制品股份有限公司;RBD肽库由上海波泰生物科技有限公司合成;RPMI1640培养基、胎牛血清均购自Gibco公司;青霉素-链霉素溶液(×100)购自HyClone公司;DMSO购自Sigma公司;CCK-8试剂盒购自白鲨易公司;集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,GM-CSF)、白介素4(interleukin-4)购自赛默飞世尔科技公司;FITC anti-mouse CD11c、PerCp anti-mouse CD86、PE anti-mouse CD40、PE/Cy7 anti-mouse CCR7、APC anti-mouse MHC-Ⅰ均购自Biolegend公司;鬼笔环肽购自Bioss公司;DAPI购自碧云天公司;Cy5-OVA由西安齐岳创科生物科技有限公司提供;小鼠IL-1β酶联免疫吸附试剂盒、小鼠IL-6酶联免疫吸附试剂盒均购自睿信公司;ELISpot Plus:Mouse IFN-γ(ALP)试剂盒购自达科为生物技术股份有限公司;马尔文粒度电位分析仪购自Malvern Panalytical公司;全波长自动酶标仪购自Bio-Rad公司;FACS CantoⅡ流式细胞仪购自美国BD公司;ELISpot读板机购自德国艾迪AID公司。所有仪器由陆军军医大学药学与检验医学系国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心及陆军军医大学中心实验室提供。
洗净50 mL烧杯、玻璃棒,置于烘干箱烘干。首先,准确称量助乳化剂司盘850.08 g,乳化剂吐温800.40 g,油相角鲨烯0.12 g;然后,加入TBMⅢ 4 mg,利用低能乳化法,用玻璃棒沿顺时针方向搅拌,边搅拌边缓慢滴加灭菌纯水,得到TBMⅢ-NE,制备空白纳米乳(blank nanoemulsion,BNE)时,不加入TBMⅢ,其余制备方法同TBMⅢ-NE。用Zetasizer pro(Malven PANalutical)测量样品的颗粒大小(Size)、平均分散系数(PDI),用TECNAI10透射电镜观察其形态。
首先,配制DC完全培养基,向44.5 mL的RPMI1640中加入5 mL胎牛血清(FBS)、500 μL链霉素和青霉素,以及10 μL集落刺激因子(GM-CSF,10 ng/mL)和5 μL白细胞介素4(interleukin-4,IL-4)(50 ng/mL)。之后,分离出小鼠的胫骨和股骨,并采用5 mL预冷的PBS冲洗出骨髓,得到骨髓细胞悬液。加入红细胞裂解液裂解可能存在的红细胞,以离心的方法收集未被裂解的骨髓造血干细胞。以1×106/mL的浓度,将分离得到的细胞小心接种于细胞培养板。置于37 ℃、5 %CO2环境下培养,每隔1 d,采用半量换液的方式处理细胞。第6天,收集细胞,即为骨髓源树突状细胞(bone marrow dendritic cells,BMDCs)。按3×105个/孔铺于96孔板中,BNE、TBMⅢ-NE分别按100、200、400、800倍稀释后加入孔板中培养24 h,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8试剂,于培养箱中再孵育3 h。测定每孔450 nm波长处光密度并按照下述公式计算制剂对细胞活力的影响。
细胞存活率=D(450)实验-D(450)空白D(450)对照-D(450)空白×100%
取小鼠新鲜血液于抗凝管,上下颠倒数次后转移至1.5 mL离心管内,经4次洗涤离心后得到红细胞,用PBS将红细胞稀释为2%的红细胞悬液(体积比),将制剂分别稀释至64.5 μg/mL和15.6 μg/mL后与2%红细胞混合,将所得悬浮液加入圆底96孔(每孔200 μL),以PBS为阴性对照,2%Triton X-100为阳性对照。在37 ℃孵育1 h后,通过测量上清液在570 nm处的光密度来确定溶血毒性。溶血百分比计算公式为:
溶血率=D(570)样本-D(570)PBSD(570)2%TritonX-100-D(570)PBS×100%
复苏DC2.4细胞,以3×105/mL的浓度滴加在共聚焦小皿的中间位置,置于培养箱中孵育12 h。之后,吸出上层清液,加入Cy5-OVA(终浓度为10 μg/mL)、Cy5-OVA+BNE、Cy5-OVA+TBMⅢ-NE。在培养的第3小时取出各组细胞,4%多聚甲醛避光固定15 min后,吸出4%多聚甲醛,缓慢滴加含有1% Triton X-100(质量体积比)的PBS溶液并浸泡15 min,以增加细胞膜通透性。最后,利用鬼笔环肽和DAPI特异性地对细胞膜骨架和细胞核进行染色,即得到荧光染色的激光共聚焦样品,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞吞噬抗原情况,并在随机视野中采集数据。
收集培养好的BMDCs,调整细胞浓度为1×106/mL,以1 mL/孔加入到24孔板中。随后将BNE、TBMⅢ-NE各稀释800倍加入到相应孔中,PBS作为空白对照,LPS作为阳性对照,各组设置3个复孔,37 ℃、5 %CO2环境下培养孵箱孵育24 h。收集细胞,在冰上先用L/D-BV510染色15 min,而后用FITC anti-mouse CD11c、PerCp anti-mouse CD86、PE anti-mouse CD40、PE/Cy7 anti-mouse CCR7、APC anti-mouse MHC-Ⅰ染色30 min,经Staining Buffer洗涤,PBS重悬后,利用FACS CantoⅡ流式细胞仪进行检测。
收集BMDCs刺激上清,用ELISA试剂盒检测IL-6、IL-1β水平。
将25只小鼠按随机数表法分为5组:PBS组、RBD组、RBD+BNE组、RBD+TBMⅢ-NE组、RBD+AddaVax组,每组5只。将RBD蛋白(浓度为500 μg/mL)和佐剂进行混合(质量比1∶1)后,在第0、14、28天肌肉注射免疫[9],在第1次免疫后每日称体质量并观察小鼠健康状况,连续7 d。第42天时处死小鼠,收集眼球血及脾脏,用于进一步分析。
在末次免疫后第14天,收集各组小鼠的眼球血,室温静置2 h,以2 236×g离心10 min后,分离并收集血清存放于-80 ℃。用包被液将RBD抗原稀释至2 μg/mL后,100 μL/孔加入ELISA板中,于4 ℃包被过夜后洗板;250 μL/孔加入封闭液(PBST+1%BSA),37 ℃封闭2 h后洗板;将免疫后小鼠血清稀释后加入孔板内,而后进行梯度稀释,于37 ℃孵育1 h后洗板;100 μL/孔HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG、IgG1、IgG2a(1∶10 000)加入孔板,37 ℃孵育40 min后洗板;50 μL/孔TMB加入孔板,避光显色10 min后,50 μL/孔加入终止液;酶标仪读取D(450)后进行统计分析。阳性参考血清D(450)≥0.5;阴性参考血清D(450)≤0.1;Cut-off值=阴性参考血清D(450)×2.1;以D(450)≥Cut-off值作为判定阳性的临界值,对应的稀释度为该样品的抗体滴度。
在末次免疫后14 d,分离小鼠脾脏,制备单细胞悬液。用RPMI1640完全培养基将细胞浓度调整为1×107/mL,将其以50 μL/孔加入预先已活化的ELISpot-IFN-γ板中,存在肽库刺激的孔中再加入100 μL浓度为40 μg/mL的RBD肽库进行混合,不存在肽库刺激的孔中加入100 μL RPMI1640完全培养基。在阳性对照孔中注入2 μL佛波酯溶液,阴性对照孔加入100 μL RPMI1640完全培养基。随后,把平板放置于37 ℃(5 % CO2)细胞培养箱中培养48 h;弃培养基,250 μL/孔PBS溶液洗涤5次,100 μL/孔加入检测抗体(R4-6A2-biotin,1∶1 000稀释),室温下孵育2 h;250 μL/孔PBS溶液洗涤5次,加入100 μL/孔链霉亲和素-辣根过氧化物酶(1∶1 000),于室温下孵育1 h。250 μL/孔PBS溶液洗涤5次,100 μL/孔加入TMB显色液,当出现明显斑点时,用蒸馏水冲洗板子终止显色反应。待板子晾干后,将其置于ELISpot读板机中进行斑点读数并采集图片,肽库刺激后产生的斑点数目减去未刺激产生的斑点数目用来表示脾淋巴细胞中特异性分泌IFN-γ的细胞数量。
采用Graphpad Prism 9.5进行统计学分析,数据表示为x¯±s,2组数据之间的比较采用t检验,多组数据之间的比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
利用低能乳化法制备BNE和TBMⅢ-NE,动态光散射粒度分析仪检测结果如图1A、B所示,TBMⅢ-NE的平均粒径为25.89 nm,标准差为0.66 nm,平均分散系数(PDI)的均值为0.125 7,标准差为0.011 9;BNE的平均粒径为25.46 nm,标准差为0.16 nm,PDI的均值为0.214,标准差为0.008 1;透射电镜下(图1C)TBMⅢ-NE呈球形,表面光滑,根据比例尺估算其粒径范围在25~40 nm,与动态光散射粒度分析仪的结果基本一致。且CCK-8实验结果表明(图1D),当TBMⅢ-NE佐剂稀释400倍时,呈现出较好的安全性。与皂苷单体TBMⅢ相比,TBMⅢ-NE的红细胞溶血率显著降低(P<0.01,图1E)。以上结果表明BNE、TBMⅢ-NE具有良好的形态特征,且纳米乳递送TBMⅢ可显著降低其溶血毒性。
将Cy5标记的OVA分别与BNE、TBMⅢ-NE物理混合,与DC2.4共孵育3 h后,共聚焦显微镜观察结果如图2所示。Cy5-OVA组、Cy5-OVA+BNE组在视野内仅见少部分红色荧光标记的抗原,多数并未被DCs吞噬。与之对应的Cy5-OVA+TBMⅢ-NE在视野内存在大量红色荧光标记的抗原,且红色荧光已经进入细胞内部,提示DCs细胞已经对OVA进行吞噬和处理。以上结果表明,TBMⅢ-NE能够更高效地辅助抗原被DCs摄取,具有促进DCs吞噬抗原的能力。
BNE、TBMⅢ-NE分别刺激BMDCs 24 h后,通过流式细胞术评价DCs表面共刺激分子CD40、CD86、MHC-Ⅰ以及CCR7的表达水平。如图3所示,TBMⅢ-NE在刺激DCs表达CD40、CD86和MHC-Ⅰ的水平均与BNE无统计学差异,提示TBMⅢ-NE刺激DCs成熟以及抗原交叉递呈能力与BNE相当。分析CD11c+CCR7+的比例发现,相较于BNE,TBMⅢ-NE可显著提升DCs表达CCR7的水平(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,TBMⅢ-NE刺激DCs成熟的能力主要由纳米乳赋予,并可能通过促进更多的树突状细胞有效迁移到淋巴结来参与免疫应答。
为了探究TBMⅢ-NE刺激后BMDCs分泌细胞因子的情况,ELISA检测BMDCs培养上清中IL-1β和IL-6的浓度。经纳米乳佐剂刺激后,与PBS组相比,BNE组及TBMⅢ-NE组分泌IL-1β的含量显著增加(P<0.01,图4A),提示其具有更强的启动适应性免疫反应的能力。IL-6作为T细胞极化细胞因子,TBMⅢ-NE组较BNE组、PBS组均有显著提升(P<0.05,图4B),提示TBMⅢ-NE具有更强的T细胞活化的潜力。
经3次肌肉注射免疫后,RBD+TBMⅢ-NE组小鼠血清特异性IgG均显著高于单用抗原组和BNE组,且是AddaVax组(对标商业化佐剂MF59)的9.18倍(P<0.01,图5A)。IgG2a和IgG1是Th1和Th2细胞应答的标志物,因此本研究测定了RBD特异性IgG1和IgG2a水平,TBMⅢ-NE较BNE可同时提高血清特异性IgG1及IgG2a水平(P<0.01,图5B~D)。监测免疫后7 d小鼠的体质量变化(图5E),并观察整个免疫过程中的健康状况,结果表明,小鼠体质量未出现明显下降,且在整个实验过程中未观察到明显的健康异常(如活动减少、食欲下降或其他不良反应)。数据表明,TBMⅢ-NE在实验条件下未对体内安全性产生显著影响,并且提示RBD+TBMⅢ-NE诱导了Th1/Th2混合型免疫应答。结果表明TBMⅢ-NE可以有效提升特异性体液免疫应答。
为进一步明确RBD+TBMⅢ-NE激发的细胞免疫应答水平,利用ELISpot检测经RBD肽库刺激后的脾淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的水平,如图6所示,末次免疫14 d后,RBD+TBMⅢ-NE可显著增强抗原特异性T细胞产生IFN-γ的能力(P<0.01),提示其可以激发特异性T细胞免疫应答,可能为机体提供更全面的保护作用。
纳米乳由油、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂组成,具有良好的生物相容性、高度热力学稳定和易于制备等优点,在疫苗佐剂中应用广泛。例如已经上市的MF59佐剂,是由角鲨烯、吐温80和司盘85组成的乳剂[12],平均粒径约为160 nm,安全性高且耐受性良好,可通过肌肉注射或者滴鼻免疫的方式递送到引流淋巴结或者黏膜部位发挥佐剂效应[13],已获批用于老年人流感疫苗、婴幼儿疫苗和孕妇的H1N1大流行疫苗[14]。本研究在前期发现TBMⅢ具有佐剂活性的基础上,利用低能乳化技术,制备出可以提高TBMⅢ溶解度,减小其溶血毒性,且增强抗原特异性体液和细胞免疫应答的新型土贝母皂苷丙自纳米乳佐剂(TBMⅢ-NE)。
TBMⅢ具有显著的溶血毒性[15],在进行实验之前有必要通过红细胞溶血实验检测TBMⅢ-NE的毒性,评价其体外安全性。本研究显示TBMⅢ-NE较游离TBMⅢ可显著降低其溶血毒性。BMDCs是实验室中最容易取得的小鼠来源的未成熟DCs,也是评估疫苗佐剂活性的重要模型之一。BMDCs未成熟时,虽然具有摄取和处理抗原的能力,但递呈抗原并活化初始T细胞的能力很弱。本研究的结果表明,TBMⅢ-NE不仅可促进DCs对抗原的吞噬,并提升CD40、CD86等共刺激分子的表达水平[16],但与BNE组无统计学差异,说明TBMⅢ-NE诱导DCs成熟的能力主要由纳米乳赋予。TBMⅢ-NE刺激的DCs细胞表面CCR7的表达水平较BNE组显著提升,提示其可能通过促进更多的树突状细胞有效迁移到淋巴结来参与免疫反应[17-18]。
抗原进入体内后,可刺激B细胞增殖分化为效应B细胞,产生特异性抗体,是获得性免疫应答被激活以及发挥预防和清除病原体作用的关键物质基础和手段[19-20]。抗原特异性抗体的分泌水平不仅与该疫苗的保护效力密切相关,同时也是疫苗和佐剂评价的核心指标。已有研究表明SARS-CoV-2的中和抗体可以通过与RBD结合,从而抑制病毒附着宿主细胞,而IgG作为主要的免疫球蛋白,其抗体滴度与SARS-CoV-2的中和抗体滴度呈正相关[21],其中IgG1与IgG2a是IgG的2个主要亚型,其比值大小可以反映疫苗刺激后的偏向免疫应答类型[22]。本研究表明,TBMⅢ-NE较BNE可产生更高滴度的IgG,且IgG1、IgG2a抗体滴度也显著高于其他对照组,其比值也提示TBMⅢ-NE可同时激活Th1/Th2混合型免疫应答。除了以抗体为特征的体液免疫外,T细胞介导的细胞免疫在SARS-CoV-2疫苗研发中也相当重要[23],有研究表明,疾病初期时特异性T细胞反应的强度和广度与COVID-19严重程度息息相关[24-25]。ELISpot结果显示,TBMⅢ-NE可诱导T细胞分泌更多的IFN-γ,产生更强大的特异性细胞免疫,可能为机体提供更全面的保护作用。
本研究成功制备了TBMⅢ-NE,在免疫原性方面诱导了比商业化佐剂AddaVax更强的特异性抗体,突出了TBMⅢ-NE在增强体液免疫反应方面的优势;在细胞免疫方面,TBMⅢ-NE提升了IL-1β、IL-6等具有促进T细胞分化潜力的细胞因子分泌,且TBMⅢ-NE组血清中特异性IgG2a/IgG1比值小于1,结合小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的水平显著提高,表明TBMⅢ-NE显著提升了Th1免疫应答,而Th1应答在保护病毒感染方面发挥着至关重要的作用。未来将继续探究TBMⅢ-NE增强免疫应答的具体机制以及长期安全性系统评估,为开发出具有我国自主知识产权的新型皂苷类佐剂奠定实验基础和提供理论支撑。

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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501034
  • 接收时间:2025-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13
  • 修回日期:2025-02-06
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    1佳木斯大学临床医学院,黑龙江 佳木斯
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆
    3重庆市沙坪坝区陈家桥医院检验科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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