Article(id=1322210841215226852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=1739030400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169230034, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169230034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169230034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169230034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210840242139234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='629', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169229803, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325214855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=639, endPage=648, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210841403970533, articleId=1322210841215226852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Autophagy inducer spermidine improves brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of spermidine (SPD) in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods‍

Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to establish a collagenase-induced ICH model. The 108 mice were randomly divided into Sham group, ICH group and ICH+SPD group (intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg SPD for 3 consecutive days after modeling), with 36 mice in each group. On the 3rd day after ICH, neurological deficits were evaluated using modified Garcia scoring and forelimb placing test; brain pathological damage was assessed with HE staining; activation of microglia/macrophages (Iba-1) and astrocytes (GFAP) was detected by immunofluorescence assay; expression of autophagy markers (Beclin-1, P62) and inflammatory factors (MMP-9, NLRP3, COX-2) was measured with Western blotting. In in vitro experiments, hemin was used to stimulate HT-22 cells to mimic ICH. The HT-22 cells were randomly divided into Control group, Hemin group, Hemin+SPD group, and Hemin+SPD+3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor) group (n=7). After 24 h of hemin treatment, cell viability was detected with CCK-8 assay, the expression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II and P62) were detected with Western blotting, and oxidative stress was determined by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.

Results‍

On day 3 post-ICH, SPD significantly reduced the area of brain damage (P<0.05), improved neurological recovery (P<0.05), activated autophagy with up-regulation of Beclin-1 while down-regulation of P62 (P<0.05), suppressed the activation of microglia/macrophage and astrocytes (P<0.01), reduced the expression of MMP-9, NLRP3 and COX-2, and enhanced SOD activity and decreased MDA content (P<0.05) when compared with the ICH group. SPD increased the viability of HT-22 cells (P<0.05), improved SOD activity and reduced MDA content (P<0.01). Autophagy inhibitor 3-MA effectively blocked the down-regulation of LC3-II and up-regulation of P62, and completely reversed above protective effects caused by SPD (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

SPD activates autophagy after ICH and improves post-ICH brain injury by suppressing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

, authors=Lingxiao QI1, 2, Gaili YAN1, 2, Mengzhou XUE1, 2, authorsList=Lingxiao QI, Gaili YAN, Mengzhou XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mengzhou XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210846214837234, articleId=1322210841215226852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=自噬诱导剂亚精胺改善脑出血后脑损伤, columnId=1322185530771619910, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨亚精胺(spermidine,SPD)在脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)中的作用及其潜在机制。

方法

选用8~10周龄的雄性C57BL/6小鼠构建胶原酶诱导的ICH模型。将108只小鼠随机分为3组,即假手术组、ICH组和亚精胺治疗组,每组36只。亚精胺治疗组小鼠在术后接受连续3 d的15 mg/kg亚精胺腹腔注射。在ICH后第3天,通过神经行为学测试(改良Garcia神经功能评分、前肢放置试验)评估小鼠神经功能缺损、HE染色观察脑组织病理损伤、免疫荧光染色检测小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞与星形胶质细胞活化,以及通过Western blot分析自噬标志物Beclin-1、P62及炎症因子MMP-9、NLRP3、COX-2的表达。以血红素刺激HT-22细胞模拟体外ICH,3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)作为自噬抑制剂。将细胞随机分为4组(n=7):对照组、血红素组、血红素+亚精胺组和血红素+亚精胺+3-MA组。在血红素处理24 h后,通过CCK-8法检测各组细胞存活率、Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白LC3-II、P62的表达,通过测定超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性与丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量以评估氧化应激水平。

结果

在ICH造模后第3天,与ICH组相比,亚精胺显著减少脑损伤面积(P<0.05),促进神经功能恢复(P<0.05),激活自噬Beclin-1表达升高,P62表达降低(P<0.05),抑制小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞和星形胶质细胞活化(P<0.01),降低MMP-9、NLRP3及COX-2表达,同时提高SOD活性并减少MDA含量(P<0.05)。在细胞实验中,亚精胺提高HT-22细胞存活率(P<0.05)、增强SOD活性并降低MDA水平(P<0.01),而自噬抑制剂3-MA有效抑制了自噬,使LC3-II表达降低、P62表达升高(P<0.05),并完全逆转了上述保护效应(P<0.05)。

结论

亚精胺在ICH后激活自噬并通过抑制神经炎症和氧化应激改善ICH后脑损伤。

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薛孟周,E-mail:
XUE Mengzhou,E-mail:
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a:P<0.001,与Sham组比较;b:P<0.05,与ICH+SPD组比较A:HE染色代表性图像 ↘:示血肿区域;B:脑损伤面积定量分析;C、D:造模前以及ICH后24、72 h改良Garcia神经功能评分和前肢放置试验定量分析

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a:P<0.05,与Sham组比较;b:P<0.05,与ICH+SPD组比较A:Western blot检测各组Beclin-1蛋白表达;B:Western blot检测各组P62蛋白表达

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a:P<0.001,与Sham组比较;b:P<0.01,与ICH+SPD组比较A:Iba-1的代表性免疫荧光图像;B:冠状位脑切片示意图 黑色方框:示荧光染色脑区;C:Iba-1阳性细胞数量的定量分析;D:GFAP的代表性免疫荧光图像;E:GFAP阳性细胞数量的定量分析

, figureFileSmall=A1YIfoTNwU+FRKmywZR4gw==, figureFileBig=WsKrkxhhkmMl/rv8qNRViA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210850698547226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841215226852, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NLzJ1QFlsJZgiJT+grABBA==, figureFileBig=f1E0Zz6L2wytOalVkL8ZBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210850782433307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841215226852, language=CN, label=图4, caption=亚精胺抑制炎症细胞因子的释放和氧化应激

a:P<0.01,与Sham组比较;b:P<0.05,与ICH+SPD组比较A:Western blot检测MMP-9、NLRP3和COX-2蛋白表达量;B~D:MMP-9、NLRP3和COX-2蛋白相对表达量的定量分析;E、F:MDA和SOD的定量分析

, figureFileSmall=NLzJ1QFlsJZgiJT+grABBA==, figureFileBig=f1E0Zz6L2wytOalVkL8ZBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210850857930780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841215226852, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SMCi9xdjisZWOvVRMtYYmA==, figureFileBig=GcaBalS4CXoQ+WGdydp8TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210850954399773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841215226852, language=CN, label=图5, caption=亚精胺对HT-22细胞的保护作用可能依赖于自噬激活

a:P<0.05,与0 μmol/L SPD组比较;b: P<0.05,与Control组比较;c:P <0.05,与Hemin+SPD组比A、B:经不同浓度Hemin或SPD处理24 h后HT-22细胞的活力;C:经Hemin、SPD或3-MA处理后的HT-22细胞的活力;D:Western blot检测细胞经不同处理后LC3-II和P62蛋白表达量;E、F:LC3-II和P62蛋白相对表达量的定量分析

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a:P<0.001,与Control组比较;b:P<0.01,与Hemin+SPD组比A:各组HT-22细胞中SOD的活性;B:各组HT-22细胞中MDA的水平

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自噬诱导剂亚精胺改善脑出血后脑损伤
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祁凌霄 1, 2 , 闫改丽 1, 2 , 薛孟周 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 神经科学 2025,47(7): 639-648
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陆军军医大学学报 |神经科学 2025 , 47 (7) : 639 -648
自噬诱导剂亚精胺改善脑出血后脑损伤
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祁凌霄1, 2, 闫改丽1, 2, 薛孟周1, 2
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学:第二附属医院脑血管病科,河南郑州
  • 2郑州大学:医学科学院,河南郑州
通讯作者:
薛孟周,E-mail:
XUE Mengzhou,E-mail:
Autophagy inducer spermidine improves brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage
Lingxiao QI1, 2, Gaili YAN1, 2, Mengzhou XUE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases,Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,Henan,China
  • 2Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,Henan,China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502005
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目的

探讨亚精胺(spermidine,SPD)在脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)中的作用及其潜在机制。

方法

选用8~10周龄的雄性C57BL/6小鼠构建胶原酶诱导的ICH模型。将108只小鼠随机分为3组,即假手术组、ICH组和亚精胺治疗组,每组36只。亚精胺治疗组小鼠在术后接受连续3 d的15 mg/kg亚精胺腹腔注射。在ICH后第3天,通过神经行为学测试(改良Garcia神经功能评分、前肢放置试验)评估小鼠神经功能缺损、HE染色观察脑组织病理损伤、免疫荧光染色检测小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞与星形胶质细胞活化,以及通过Western blot分析自噬标志物Beclin-1、P62及炎症因子MMP-9、NLRP3、COX-2的表达。以血红素刺激HT-22细胞模拟体外ICH,3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)作为自噬抑制剂。将细胞随机分为4组(n=7):对照组、血红素组、血红素+亚精胺组和血红素+亚精胺+3-MA组。在血红素处理24 h后,通过CCK-8法检测各组细胞存活率、Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白LC3-II、P62的表达,通过测定超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性与丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量以评估氧化应激水平。

结果

在ICH造模后第3天,与ICH组相比,亚精胺显著减少脑损伤面积(P<0.05),促进神经功能恢复(P<0.05),激活自噬Beclin-1表达升高,P62表达降低(P<0.05),抑制小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞和星形胶质细胞活化(P<0.01),降低MMP-9、NLRP3及COX-2表达,同时提高SOD活性并减少MDA含量(P<0.05)。在细胞实验中,亚精胺提高HT-22细胞存活率(P<0.05)、增强SOD活性并降低MDA水平(P<0.01),而自噬抑制剂3-MA有效抑制了自噬,使LC3-II表达降低、P62表达升高(P<0.05),并完全逆转了上述保护效应(P<0.05)。

结论

亚精胺在ICH后激活自噬并通过抑制神经炎症和氧化应激改善ICH后脑损伤。

脑出血  /  亚精胺  /  自噬  /  神经炎症  /  氧化应激
Objective‍

To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of spermidine (SPD) in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods‍

Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to establish a collagenase-induced ICH model. The 108 mice were randomly divided into Sham group, ICH group and ICH+SPD group (intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg SPD for 3 consecutive days after modeling), with 36 mice in each group. On the 3rd day after ICH, neurological deficits were evaluated using modified Garcia scoring and forelimb placing test; brain pathological damage was assessed with HE staining; activation of microglia/macrophages (Iba-1) and astrocytes (GFAP) was detected by immunofluorescence assay; expression of autophagy markers (Beclin-1, P62) and inflammatory factors (MMP-9, NLRP3, COX-2) was measured with Western blotting. In in vitro experiments, hemin was used to stimulate HT-22 cells to mimic ICH. The HT-22 cells were randomly divided into Control group, Hemin group, Hemin+SPD group, and Hemin+SPD+3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor) group (n=7). After 24 h of hemin treatment, cell viability was detected with CCK-8 assay, the expression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II and P62) were detected with Western blotting, and oxidative stress was determined by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.

Results‍

On day 3 post-ICH, SPD significantly reduced the area of brain damage (P<0.05), improved neurological recovery (P<0.05), activated autophagy with up-regulation of Beclin-1 while down-regulation of P62 (P<0.05), suppressed the activation of microglia/macrophage and astrocytes (P<0.01), reduced the expression of MMP-9, NLRP3 and COX-2, and enhanced SOD activity and decreased MDA content (P<0.05) when compared with the ICH group. SPD increased the viability of HT-22 cells (P<0.05), improved SOD activity and reduced MDA content (P<0.01). Autophagy inhibitor 3-MA effectively blocked the down-regulation of LC3-II and up-regulation of P62, and completely reversed above protective effects caused by SPD (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

SPD activates autophagy after ICH and improves post-ICH brain injury by suppressing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

intracerebral hemorrhage  /  spermidine  /  autophagy  /  neuroinflammation  /  oxidative stress
祁凌霄, 闫改丽, 薛孟周. 自噬诱导剂亚精胺改善脑出血后脑损伤. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (7) : 639 -648 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502005
Lingxiao QI, Gaili YAN, Mengzhou XUE. Autophagy inducer spermidine improves brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (7) : 639 -648 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502005
脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)作为第二大卒中类型,每年约在全球造成280 万人死亡[1]。其病理进程可分为2阶段:原发性损伤和继发性损伤。原发性损伤源于血肿占位效应引发的机械性破坏,而继发性损伤则由血肿周围神经炎症与氧化应激主导[2]。尽管微创血肿清除术已广泛应用于临床,但它对ICH患者神经功能预后的改善效果有限,亟须探索新的神经保护策略[3]。
亚精胺(spermidine,SPD)是一种内源性自噬诱导剂,广泛存在于小麦胚芽、发酵乳制品及豆类等天然食物中[4]。多胺类化合物(腐胺、SPD和精胺)是人体内广泛存在的多阳离子,参与多种细胞过程,比如细胞增殖、分化和凋亡[5]。作为一种低分子量的天然多胺,亚精胺参与了多项关键的细胞功能,包括促进细胞生长、稳定 DNA 以及诱导自噬[6]。在中枢神经系统中,亚精胺从外部获取并优先储存在神经胶质细胞中,发挥抗炎、抗氧化及抗凋亡等多重神经保护效应[6-7]。然而,亚精胺在ICH模型中能否缓解脑损伤及其具体机制尚未明确。本研究旨在探索亚精胺对ICH后神经损伤的保护作用及其潜在机制。
108只雄性C57BL/6小鼠(8~10周龄,体质量20~22 g)购自北京华阜康实验动物中心。所有小鼠饲养于SPF级屏障设施内,环境参数恒定为温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度50%±10%、12 h/12 h明暗循环。本研究经郑州大学第二附属医院实验动物伦理审查委员会批准(KY2024247),动物处置过程符合伦理要求。在实验中,为减少小鼠疼痛与折磨,手术前腹腔注射40 mg/kg戊巴比妥钠,并由专业的实验人员操作来缩短手术时长。术后给予适量的镇痛药,精心护理创口并提供舒适环境。预期不良事件有麻醉风险、手术创伤及术后感染等,已准备急救药物和应对方法。意外不良事件如过敏、意外死亡等,一旦发生会立即抢救并分析原因。人道终点设定为体质量下降超20%、严重感染、无法自主吃喝、行为严重异常等情况。每天至少2次观察小鼠状态,每周测1次体质量,术后每天检查头皮切口,有异常随时增加监测次数。
ICH 模型的建立参考先前的研究[8]。将小鼠固定于脑立体定位仪(RWD,中国深圳),备皮后以碘伏消毒手术区域,再沿颅骨中线切开头皮约1 cm,暴露前囟。用微型颅钻(直径0.5 mm)钻孔(坐标:前囟前方1.0 mm,中线外侧2.0 mm),制备注射骨窗。接着缓慢进针,深度为颅骨向下5 mm,向孔内注入0.075 U胶原酶VII(Sigma-Aldrich,美国),注射速率0.1 μL/min。注射完成后留针5 min以防止药液反流。最后以无菌骨蜡封闭骨窗,缝合头皮切口并消毒。Sham组小鼠给予0.75 μL生理盐水,其余操作一致。整个手术过程于超净台内进行,严格遵循无菌操作规范。
将小鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(Sham组)、ICH组(ICH+Vehicle组)、亚精胺治疗组(ICH+SPD组),每组36只。实验所用的亚精胺(S0266),购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司,溶解于无菌生理盐水中。在ICH模型建立成功后,ICH组和亚精胺治疗组小鼠需接受连续3 d的腹腔注射。参照之前文献中的方法,向亚精胺治疗组小鼠腹腔注射亚精胺,剂量为15 mg/kg,每日1次,连续注射3 d[9]。而ICH组小鼠则按照体质量腹腔注射对应体积的无菌生理盐水,注射时间与亚精胺治疗组保持一致。
ICH后第3天对小鼠进行心脏灌注,取出脑组织并固定于4%多聚甲醛。对脑组织样本进行石蜡包埋并将其切成厚度为5 μm的石蜡切片。使用HE染色试剂盒(Solarbio,中国北京)切片进行染色,观察脑组织的病理变化。使用Image J软件手动勾选血肿区域并计算脑损伤面积。
在造模前、造模后24 h以及造模后72 h,通过改良的Garcia评分测试和前肢放置试验对小鼠的神经功能进行评估。改良的Garcia评分测试:该评分系统通过综合观察与分析动物的自发活动、肢体运动对称性、前肢伸展程度、本体感觉、攀爬能力以及触须感觉功能来进行量化评分;在实验中,得分越低意味着小鼠ICH后的神经功能损伤越严重。前肢放置试验:当小鼠的触须与桌面发生接触时,正常生理状态的小鼠会迅速且自然地将同侧前肢放置于桌面上;在实验过程中,成功做出此类反应的次数占总测试次数的百分比能够有效反映出神经功能缺损状况。
在小鼠ICH后第3天,提取血肿周围1.0~1.5 mm的脑组织。按照组织质量加入RIPA裂解缓冲液(碧云天,中国),将混合物置于4 ℃研磨仪中匀浆,随后以12 000×g离心10 min。收集上清液,采用BCA蛋白定量法测定蛋白浓度。取等量蛋白样品进行电泳,将蛋白转至PVDF膜,用 5% 脱脂牛奶封闭1 h。随后加入以下一抗:微管相关蛋白1轻链3(Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)、P62、Beclin-1、GAPDH、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinases-9,MMP-9)、环氧化酶-2(Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、NOD样受体蛋白3(NOD-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3),4 ℃孵育过夜。次日,洗膜后加入相应的辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记的二抗,室温孵育1 h。向膜上滴加增强化学发光底物(ECL,碧云天),使用 Bio-Rad ChemiDoc™ MP凝胶成像系统采集化学发光信号,并用 Image J 软件分析蛋白条带灰度值。
首先用二甲苯将石蜡切片脱蜡,再用乙醇水化。随后进行抗原修复,将切片置于10 mmol/L柠檬酸钠溶液中,100 ℃孵育3 min,再于40 ℃孵育15 min。室温冷却后,用5%胎牛血清白蛋白封闭切片30 min。封闭完成后,将石蜡切片与一抗于4 ℃孵育过夜。所用一抗如下:兔抗Iba-1抗体、小鼠抗GFAP抗体。次日,切片用PBS(pH=7.4)清洗3次,之后与相应的二抗在室温下避光孵育1 h。最后,所有切片封片后,使用荧光显微镜(Olympus Co.,日本)在统一拍摄条件下采集图像,并通过Image J软件计数阳性细胞数量。
HT-22小鼠海马神经元细胞系及其专用培养基均购自普诺赛公司(Procell,中国)。细胞培养于37 ℃、5%CO₂的细胞培养箱中。自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司,血红素购自美国MedChemExpress公司。实验分为4组:对照组(Control组)、血红素组(Hemin组)、血红素+亚精胺组(Hemin+SPD组)及血红素+亚精胺+3-MA组(Hemin+SPD+3-MA组)。将HT-22细胞暴露于血红素溶液中培养24 h以模拟体外ICH。亚精胺预处理1 h后加入血红素。为抑制自噬,3-MA(10 μmol/L)于亚精胺处理前1 h加入[10]。
采用CCK-8试剂盒(Glpbio,GK10001,美国)评估经Hemin、亚精胺和3-MA处理的HT-22细胞的活力。该实验严格按照试剂盒制造商的说明书进行操作。使用Tecan Infinite M200酶标仪在450 nm波长处测定吸光度。
使用南京建成的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)检测试剂盒(A001-3-2)和碧云天的丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)检测试剂盒(S0131S)测定脑组织以及HT-22细胞中的氧化应激水平,所有操作均按照制造商的说明进行。
所有数据均以x¯±s表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),随后进行Tukey多重检验。P<0.05时被认为差异具有统计学意义。
与Sham组相比,ICH组小鼠脑损伤面积显著增加(P<0.001),而亚精胺组小鼠脑损伤面积较ICH组明显缩小(P<0.05,图1A、B)。行为学测试的结果(图1C、D)显示,在ICH后24 h及72 h,ICH组改良Garcia评分及前肢放置试验得分均较Sham组显著降低(P<0.001);而亚精胺治疗组在ICH后72 h的神经功能评分较ICH组升高(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,亚精胺在ICH后72 h可显著减轻ICH后脑损伤面积并促进神经功能恢复。
亚精胺是一种天然无毒的自噬诱导剂。Beclin-1和P62都是自噬标志蛋白。为探究ICH后自噬的变化及亚精胺对自噬的调控作用,通过Western blot检测血肿周围脑组织中自噬相关蛋白表达。结果显示,与Sham组相比,ICH组Beclin-1表达显著升高,P62表达显著降低(P<0.05),提示ICH后自噬被激活。亚精胺干预后,Beclin-1表达进一步升高,P62表达进一步降低(P<0.05),表明亚精胺进一步提高了ICH后的自噬通量。
与Sham组相比,ICH组Iba-1和GFAP阳性细胞数量显著增多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),这说明ICH后这2种神经胶质细胞的显著激活。与ICH组相比,亚精胺处理降低了激活的小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞和星形胶质细胞的数量(P<0.01),表明亚精胺能够抑制小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞及星形胶质细胞的活化。
ICH后第3天,通过Western blot检测血肿周围组织中MMP-9、NLRP3及COX-2的表达水平(图4A~D)。结果显示,ICH组MMP-9、NLRP3及COX-2表达较Sham组显著升高(P<0.01),而亚精胺干预后上述炎症因子表达显著降低(P<0.05)。进一步评估氧化应激水平发现,ICH组SOD活性较Sham组降低(P<0.01),脂质过氧化产物MDA含量升高(P<0.01),亚精胺可有效逆转这一趋势(P<0.05,图4E、F)。
为探索亚精胺的神经保护功能是否与自噬有关,通过体外实验分析4组HT-22细胞的活性及自噬的变化。将HT-22细胞暴露于不同浓度的Hemin中24 h,并使用CCK-8检测细胞活力。CCK-8实验显示,Hemin处理24 h后,HT-22细胞存活率呈浓度依赖性下降(图5A)。选择半数抑制浓度120 μmol/L用于后续实验。浓度<20 μmol/L的亚精胺对HT-22细胞没有显示出细胞毒性,故选择20 μmol/L的亚精胺浓度用于后续体外实验(图5B)。相比于Control组,Hemin组细胞存活率显著降低,加入亚精胺后细胞活性显著升高,而自噬抑制剂3-MA完全逆转此效应(P<0.05,图5C)。Western blot结果表明,自噬抑制剂3-MA处理降低了LC3-II的水平(P<0.05),并增加了P62的水平(P<0.05,图5D~F)。这些结果表明,亚精胺对HT-22细胞的保护作用可能与自噬激活有关。
Western blot结果显示,Hemin刺激24 h后,HT-22细胞中SOD活性下降,且MDA水平升高(P<0.001)。此外,亚精胺处理显著提高了SOD活性,并降低MDA水平,而3-MA处理逆转上述变化(P<0.01)。结果表明,亚精胺抑制血红素诱导的HT-22细胞氧化应激,这种效应可能与自噬有关。
ICH是一种致命的卒中类型,其致残率与致死率显著高于缺血性卒中,而现有治疗手段对ICH神经功能预后的改善极为有限[11-12]。随着人口老龄化加剧,探索针对ICH的新型药物治疗至关重要[13-14]。ICH的不良预后是原发性损伤和继发性损伤共同作用的结果[15]。继发性损伤主要由血肿周围炎症反应和氧化应激共同驱动,导致神经元和血管成分的进一步损伤[16]。ICH后,血肿分解产物(如血红素和铁离子)通过激活小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞,释放促炎细胞因子和活性氧,进一步放大炎症级联反应。同时,氧化应激通过损伤线粒体功能和诱导细胞凋亡,显著加剧了脑细胞的死亡[15-17]。这些继发性损伤是ICH后脑功能恶化的主要原因,且其病理机制涵盖炎症、氧化应激等多个方面。
自噬诱导剂亚精胺是一种天然多胺,它的抗炎与抗氧化特性已在多种疾病模型中被广泛报道[18-19]。近年来的研究发现,亚精胺可能通过多通路协同发挥保护效应:①亚精胺可能通过抑制mTOR磷酸化激活促进保护性自噬,从而抑制氧化应激[20-21]。②通过介导线粒体自噬改善认知功能[22]。③通过抑制ROS的产生和NF-κB/NLRP3炎症小体通路减轻细胞氧化损伤[23]。这些错综复杂且相互关联的信号通路为亚精胺的多效性提供了分子基础。本研究通过实验证实,亚精胺在脑出血模型中促进自噬并通过抑制神经炎症与氧化应激在ICH后发挥神经保护作用。
ICH后神经炎症的发生与小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞和星形胶质细胞的激活以及促炎因子如MMP-9、NLRP3和COX-2的聚集密切相关[24-26]。在本研究中,小鼠实验的结果表明,亚精胺治疗显著抑制小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞及星形胶质细胞的活化,并下调MMP-9、NLRP3炎症小体及COX-2的表达,这对改善ICH后的神经炎症意义重大。
ICH后的氧化应激表现为脂质过氧化产物MDA水平升高和SOD活性降低[27]。本研究发现,在ICH小鼠模型中,亚精胺干预显著提升SOD活性、降低MDA水平,表明其增强了抗氧化防御系统并减轻了脂质过氧化损伤。值得注意的是,体外实验同样显示亚精胺可逆转血红素诱导HT-22细胞氧化损伤,提高了细胞存活率。因此体内外实验数据一致表明,亚精胺通过抑制氧化应激在ICH模型中发挥神经保护作用。
自噬是维持细胞稳态和促进细胞存活的一种重要分子途径[28-29]。亚精胺可通过竞争性抑制乙酰转移酶EP300触发细胞保护性自噬,从而在多种疾病模型中发挥保护作用[30-31]。近年研究表明,亚精胺的自噬调控能力与其多效性功能密切相关:在神经系统疾病中,SPD通过增强Beclin-1依赖性自噬通量减轻神经元损伤[32];在炎症模型中,其抗炎效应(如抑制小胶质细胞活化)及抗氧化活性(如清除自由基)也可能通过自噬-炎症/氧化应激交互网络实现[33-34]。这些证据共同提示,亚精胺可能通过增强自噬来发挥抗炎和抗氧化应激作用,自噬通路的激活可能是其发挥神经保护的枢纽。
在ICH中,自噬也是一种重要的调节机制。有研究表明,在ICH继发性脑损伤的病理生理过程中,血凝块成分如柠檬酸铁和凝血酶参与了ICH后自噬的诱导[35-36]。但自噬在ICH中的作用仍存争议[37-38]。有趣的是,人们普遍认为天然自噬诱导剂亚精胺刺激细胞保护性自噬[30]。本研究证实了ICH中存在自噬现象,且亚精胺进一步促进了自噬,这从Beclin-1和LC3-Ⅱ水平的升高以及P62水平的下降得到了证实。本研究中动物实验的结果表明,亚精胺在脑出血模型中促进自噬并抑制神经炎症与氧化应激。此外,细胞实验部分使用了自噬抑制剂3-MA对细胞进行处理。实验结果表明,亚精胺对HT-22细胞的保护效应可被3-MA特异性抑制。这表明了亚精胺通过诱导自噬促进HT-22细胞存活,为自噬的有益作用提供了新的见解。
本研究有一定的局限性:①本研究中的动物实验部分仅使用雄性成年小鼠,未考虑性别和年龄对ICH病理及亚精胺疗效的潜在影响;②亚精胺的干预浓度单一,无法揭示其剂量依赖效应;③本研究中小鼠实验结果证明了亚精胺促进自噬并抑制小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞和星形胶质细胞的激活以及炎症因子的释放,但由于时间限制,当前研究未能充分揭示亚精胺的自噬调控与ICH后胶质细胞激活以及炎症因子释放之间的调控机制。未来需结合多时间点、多剂量及性别/年龄分层模型进一步验证亚精胺的核心机制,从而为亚精胺的临床转化及ICH的治疗提供新方向。总之,动物实验的结果表明,自噬诱导剂亚精胺通过抑制神经炎症和氧化应激改善了ICH后继发性脑损伤,而细胞实验进一步表明亚精胺促进HT-22细胞存活与自噬激活有关。因此,亚精胺可能成为ICH治疗的潜在候选药物,未来需结合多维度模型探索其临床转化价值。

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2025年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502005
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
  • 修回日期:2025-02-09
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    1郑州大学:第二附属医院脑血管病科,河南郑州
    2郑州大学:医学科学院,河南郑州

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薛孟周,E-mail:
XUE Mengzhou,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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