Article(id=1322210841164890785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=1735488000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169230023, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169230023, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169230023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169230023, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210840242139234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='629', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169229803, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325214855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=656, endPage=663, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210841353634466, articleId=1322210841164890785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Pathological response of a mouse model of lethal Vibrio vulnificus infection and its preliminary application in inactivated whole cell vaccine, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To establish a mouse model of infection with the minimum lethal dose of Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) and to evaluate the protective efficacy of inactivated whole-cell (IWC) vaccine using this model.

Methods‍

A mouse model of lethal-dose infection was established by intraperitoneal injection of different doses of V. vulnificus. Bacterial colonization in the organs was detected with tissue homogenate plating, and pathological changes in the organs were observed after tissue section staining. Flow cytometry was used to detect immune cell responses after liver tissues were digested into single-cell suspension. IWC vaccine of V. vulnificus was prepared, and the mice were immunized through different routes to observe the protective efficacy of the vaccine.

Results‍

A mouse model of infection with the minimum lethal dose at 1×106 CFU of V. vulnificus was successfully established. After infection, the bacteria weremainly colonized in the liver of mice and caused severe pathological damages. Compared with the uninfected mice, the proportion of neutrophils in the liver was significantly increased in the infected mice, whereas the proportions of B cells and T cells were correspondingly decreased (P<0.05). A single intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection of the IWC vaccine could protect the mice effectively against lethal infection of V. vulnificus in 7 d later (P<0.01), although the level of serum IgG having no significant increase.

Conclusion‍

A mouse model of lethal-dose infection with V. vulnificus is successfully established, with histopathological characteristics. The IWC vaccine of V. vulnificus rapidly mediates immune protection in this model probably independent of IgG.

, authors=Baohang ZHU1, Jiale PAN2, Shulin LIU1, Yan YE1, Zhen SONG1, Yuxian LI1, Yun YANG1, Hongwu SUN1, Quanming ZOU1, Liusheng PENG1, authorsList=Baohang ZHU, Jiale PAN, Shulin LIU, Yan YE, Zhen SONG, Yuxian LI, Yun YANG, Hongwu SUN, Quanming ZOU, Liusheng PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Quanming ZOU, Liusheng PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210845891871405, articleId=1322210841164890785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=创伤弧菌致死性感染小鼠模型的组织病理改变及其在疫苗中的应用初探, columnId=1322185581656920707, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

建立创伤弧菌最低致死剂量感染小鼠模型,评估创伤弧菌灭活全菌疫苗的免疫保护效果。

方法

采用不同剂量的创伤弧菌腹腔注射小鼠,确定感染的最低致死剂量;采用组织匀浆涂板检测脏器的细菌定植量,组织切片染色分析脏器的病理改变;将肝脏消化成单细胞悬液,采用流式细胞术检测免疫细胞的应答变化;制备创伤弧菌灭活全菌疫苗,采用不同途径免疫小鼠,观察疫苗的保护效果。

结果

成功确定了创伤弧菌腹腔感染的最低致死剂量为1×106 CFU,创伤弧菌感染后主要定植在小鼠的肝脏,并造成了肝脏的严重病理损伤;与未感染组小鼠相比,感染组小鼠肝脏中的中性粒细胞比例显著增加,而B细胞和T细胞的比例则相应的显著下降(P<0.05);小鼠经肌肉或腹腔单次注射灭活全菌疫苗7 d后即可有效抵抗创伤弧菌的致死性感染(P<0.01),但血清IgG抗体的水平并未明显升高。

结论

成功确定了创伤弧菌最低致死剂量感染小鼠模型及其组织病理学应答特征,灭活全菌疫苗可能通过IgG抗体非依赖的方式介导对该创伤弧菌感染小鼠的快速免疫保护。

, authors=朱宝行1, 潘佳乐2, 刘姝琳1, 叶演1, 宋振1, 李雨贤1, 杨赟1, 孙红武1, 邹全明1, 彭六生1, authorsList=朱宝行, 潘佳乐, 刘姝琳, 叶演, 宋振, 李雨贤, 杨赟, 孙红武, 邹全明, 彭六生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邹全明, 彭六生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
彭六生,E-mail:
邹全明,E-mail:
PENG Liusheng,E-mail:
ZOU Quanming,E-mail:
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A:不同剂量的创伤弧菌感染C57BL/6小鼠的生存曲线;B:不同剂量的创伤弧菌感染BALB/c小鼠的生存曲线

, figureFileSmall=YeI81kDILq0Uy+e4rAJJEA==, figureFileBig=UyPQ66mM1g40XwnA2hg/Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210851587736305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841164890785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/0kjaeF0Owsi6Keq6SkSlA==, figureFileBig=5dRnpmoncZgTwoyLq2fowQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210851688399602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841164890785, language=CN, label=图2, caption=小鼠不同脏器的细菌定植情况(n=4,x¯±s)

A:C57BL/6小鼠各脏器的细菌定植情况;B:BALB/c小鼠各脏器的细菌定植情况

, figureFileSmall=/0kjaeF0Owsi6Keq6SkSlA==, figureFileBig=5dRnpmoncZgTwoyLq2fowQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210851755508467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841164890785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7HV6+CQ3vs/puAm/4IFLYA==, figureFileBig=11BXwQ1cL9Oq8lPzJ5OOow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210851864560372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841164890785, language=CN, label=图3, caption=创伤弧菌感染C57BL/6小鼠后4 h与10 h的脏器病理学特征

↙:示感染后各脏器病理损伤区

, figureFileSmall=7HV6+CQ3vs/puAm/4IFLYA==, figureFileBig=11BXwQ1cL9Oq8lPzJ5OOow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210851940057845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841164890785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oAC7vPcubuv0C6F7+iL0zg==, figureFileBig=uhvotPaA1MRwz5tGolhObg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210853634556664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841164890785, language=CN, label=图4, caption=创伤弧菌感染小鼠后4 h和10 h肝脏与脾脏的免疫细胞变化情况(n=4,x¯±s)

a:P<0.01,b: P<0.05,与对照组比较;c: P<0.05,与感染后4 h组比较;d: P<0.01,e: P<0.05,与感染后10 h组比较A:肝脏中不同免疫细胞亚群占CD45+细胞的百分比比较;B:肝脏中不同CD3+T细胞亚群占CD3+T细胞的百分比比较;C:脾脏中不同免疫细胞亚群占CD45+细胞的百分比比较;D:脾脏中不同CD3+T细胞亚群占CD3+T细胞的百分比比较

, figureFileSmall=oAC7vPcubuv0C6F7+iL0zg==, figureFileBig=uhvotPaA1MRwz5tGolhObg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210853743608569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841164890785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9utqPWBShLp+BGk1xzqEgA==, figureFileBig=AzxYkt/FNluACeVaHpln9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210853852660474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210841164890785, language=CN, label=图5, caption=创伤弧菌灭活全菌(IWC)疫苗的免疫保护效果(n=6,x¯±s)

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,c:P<0.001,与对照组比较;d:P<0.01,e: P<0.001,f:P<0.05,与肌肉免疫组比较A~C:C57BL/6小鼠经IWC疫苗免疫3次后的创伤弧菌感染示意图、感染后7 d的生存曲线及免疫3次后的血清IgG抗体水平;D~F:C57BL/6小鼠经IWC疫苗免疫2次后的创伤弧菌感染示意图、感染后7 d的生存曲线及免疫2次后的血清IgG抗体水平; G~I:C57BL/6小鼠经IWC疫苗免疫1次后的创伤弧菌感染示意图、感染后7 d的生存曲线及免疫1次后的血清IgG抗体水平

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创伤弧菌致死性感染小鼠模型的组织病理改变及其在疫苗中的应用初探
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朱宝行 1 , 潘佳乐 2 , 刘姝琳 1 , 叶演 1 , 宋振 1 , 李雨贤 1 , 杨赟 1 , 孙红武 1 , 邹全明 1 , 彭六生 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 军事医学 2025,47(7): 656-663
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陆军军医大学学报 |军事医学 2025 , 47 (7) : 656 -663
创伤弧菌致死性感染小鼠模型的组织病理改变及其在疫苗中的应用初探
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朱宝行1, 潘佳乐2, 刘姝琳1, 叶演1, 宋振1, 李雨贤1, 杨赟1, 孙红武1, 邹全明1 , 彭六生1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆
  • 2重庆理工大学药学院,重庆
通讯作者:
彭六生,E-mail:
邹全明,E-mail:
PENG Liusheng,E-mail:
ZOU Quanming,E-mail:
Pathological response of a mouse model of lethal Vibrio vulnificus infection and its preliminary application in inactivated whole cell vaccine
Baohang ZHU1, Jiale PAN2, Shulin LIU1, Yan YE1, Zhen SONG1, Yuxian LI1, Yun YANG1, Hongwu SUN1, Quanming ZOU1 , Liusheng PENG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy,Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2College of Pharmacy,Chongqing University of Technology,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412009
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目的

建立创伤弧菌最低致死剂量感染小鼠模型,评估创伤弧菌灭活全菌疫苗的免疫保护效果。

方法

采用不同剂量的创伤弧菌腹腔注射小鼠,确定感染的最低致死剂量;采用组织匀浆涂板检测脏器的细菌定植量,组织切片染色分析脏器的病理改变;将肝脏消化成单细胞悬液,采用流式细胞术检测免疫细胞的应答变化;制备创伤弧菌灭活全菌疫苗,采用不同途径免疫小鼠,观察疫苗的保护效果。

结果

成功确定了创伤弧菌腹腔感染的最低致死剂量为1×106 CFU,创伤弧菌感染后主要定植在小鼠的肝脏,并造成了肝脏的严重病理损伤;与未感染组小鼠相比,感染组小鼠肝脏中的中性粒细胞比例显著增加,而B细胞和T细胞的比例则相应的显著下降(P<0.05);小鼠经肌肉或腹腔单次注射灭活全菌疫苗7 d后即可有效抵抗创伤弧菌的致死性感染(P<0.01),但血清IgG抗体的水平并未明显升高。

结论

成功确定了创伤弧菌最低致死剂量感染小鼠模型及其组织病理学应答特征,灭活全菌疫苗可能通过IgG抗体非依赖的方式介导对该创伤弧菌感染小鼠的快速免疫保护。

创伤弧菌  /  小鼠模型  /  肝损伤  /  灭活全菌疫苗
Objective

To establish a mouse model of infection with the minimum lethal dose of Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) and to evaluate the protective efficacy of inactivated whole-cell (IWC) vaccine using this model.

Methods‍

A mouse model of lethal-dose infection was established by intraperitoneal injection of different doses of V. vulnificus. Bacterial colonization in the organs was detected with tissue homogenate plating, and pathological changes in the organs were observed after tissue section staining. Flow cytometry was used to detect immune cell responses after liver tissues were digested into single-cell suspension. IWC vaccine of V. vulnificus was prepared, and the mice were immunized through different routes to observe the protective efficacy of the vaccine.

Results‍

A mouse model of infection with the minimum lethal dose at 1×106 CFU of V. vulnificus was successfully established. After infection, the bacteria weremainly colonized in the liver of mice and caused severe pathological damages. Compared with the uninfected mice, the proportion of neutrophils in the liver was significantly increased in the infected mice, whereas the proportions of B cells and T cells were correspondingly decreased (P<0.05). A single intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection of the IWC vaccine could protect the mice effectively against lethal infection of V. vulnificus in 7 d later (P<0.01), although the level of serum IgG having no significant increase.

Conclusion‍

A mouse model of lethal-dose infection with V. vulnificus is successfully established, with histopathological characteristics. The IWC vaccine of V. vulnificus rapidly mediates immune protection in this model probably independent of IgG.

Vibrio vulnificus  /  mouse model  /  liver injury  /  inactivated whole-cell vaccine
朱宝行, 潘佳乐, 刘姝琳, 叶演, 宋振, 李雨贤, 杨赟, 孙红武, 邹全明, 彭六生. 创伤弧菌致死性感染小鼠模型的组织病理改变及其在疫苗中的应用初探. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (7) : 656 -663 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412009
Baohang ZHU, Jiale PAN, Shulin LIU, Yan YE, Zhen SONG, Yuxian LI, Yun YANG, Hongwu SUN, Quanming ZOU, Liusheng PENG. Pathological response of a mouse model of lethal Vibrio vulnificus infection and its preliminary application in inactivated whole cell vaccine[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (7) : 656 -663 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412009
创伤弧菌是一种嗜盐的革兰氏阴性条件致病菌[1-2],其感染途径多样,主要经创伤伤口或消化道等途径感染机体,可造成严重的伤口感染或胃肠道感染,若出现脓毒症可导致高达50%的死亡率[3-4]。近年来,由于全球气候变暖及海洋环境的污染,创伤弧菌感染导致死亡的人数逐年增加,严重威胁人类的生命健康[5-6]。
创伤弧菌的致病机理复杂,其感染机体后能够迅速播散至全身,并通过释放毒素破坏宿主细胞,进而引发一系列的病理学改变[7-8]。然而,目前尚未见到关于创伤弧菌感染后导致机体脏器病理学改变的特征分析的报道,特别是创伤弧菌是否具有组织嗜性定植以影响组织的功能还有待研究。既往研究表明,肝脏作为人体最大的实体器官,不仅是营养物质合成与代谢的中心,还承担着重要的免疫防御功能[9-10],肝脏内的免疫细胞在清除血源性细菌感染和保护宿主的过程中发挥了重要作用[11]。文献报道肝损伤或者伴发其他肝脏疾病的患者更易遭受创伤弧菌的感染[12],提示创伤弧菌的易感性与机体肝脏的免疫应答状态密切相关。目前,创伤弧菌入侵机体后,肝脏中免疫细胞的应答变化尚不明确。
为了探索机体在创伤弧菌感染后的病理性进程,本研究利用创伤弧菌临床感染菌株MO6-24/O,建立小鼠腹腔最低致死剂量感染模型,并分析创伤弧菌感染后小鼠脏器的细菌定植量与病理学变化特征以及肝脏中免疫细胞的应答改变情况[13],同时评价创伤弧菌灭活全菌疫苗在该模型中的免疫保护效果,为更好地认识这一疾病本质,并采取有效的防治策略奠定了基础。
143只C57BL/6雌性小鼠(SPF级,6~8周龄,体质量18~20 g),44只BABL/c雌性小鼠(SPF级,6~8周龄,体质量18~20 g),购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司;创伤弧菌MO6-24/O菌株由中国人民解放军第960医院曹源老师赠予;所有动物实验获陆军军医大学动物伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20240061),涉及动物处理的程序符合实验动物护理机构的指南。
氯化钠购自上海沪试实验室器材股份有限公司;胰蛋白胨、酵母提取物购自法国OXOID公司;琼脂粉购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;一级水由实验室自制;PE/Cy7 anti-mouse CD45、APC anti-mouse CD11b、Percp/Cy5.5 anti-mouse Ly6C、PE anti-mouse Ly6G、Brilliant Violet 605TM anti-mouse F4/80、APC/Cy7 anti-mouse CD3、Percp/Cy5.5 anti-mouse CD8a、PE anti-mouse CD19、APC anti-mouse TCRγδ、Brilliant Violet 421TM anti-mouse NK1.1、Brilliant Violet 605TM anti-mouse CD4、staining bufffer稀释液均购自Biolegend生物科技有限公司;Percoll购自瑞典cytiva公司;生理盐水、PBS、4%多聚甲醛、细菌培养方板均购自北京兰杰柯科技有限公司;红细胞裂解液购自北京天根生化科技有限公司;IV型胶原酶购自美国赛默飞公司;细胞筛网购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;台式高速离心机购自德国艾本德股份公司;细菌培养箱购自美国赛默飞公司;细胞计数仪购自德京科技有限公司;FACS Canto流式细胞仪购自美国BD公司。
创伤弧菌在LBS固体培养基(胰蛋白胨10 g/L、酵母提取物5 g/L、氯化钠30 g/L、琼脂粉17.5 g/L)采用三线法划线接种,在37 ℃孵育箱培养14~16 h后,挑取单菌落于装有LBS液体培养基(胰蛋白胨10 g/L、酵母提取物5 g/L、氯化钠30 g/L)的摇瓶内,置于37 ℃细菌培养箱中220 r/min培养14~16 h进行活化,随后取100 μL菌液加入含10 mL LBS液体培养基的摇瓶中,置于37 ℃细菌培养箱中220 r/min培养4~6 h再次活化。
收集再次活化后的菌液,离心弃上清后用生理盐水稀释,使用紫外分光光度计测D(600),当D(600)=1时,细菌数量为1.3×109 CFU/mL。调整细菌浓度,以不同浓度梯度的细菌进行腹腔注射,观察小鼠的生存情况。
收集活化后测D(600)=1的菌液,用4%的多聚甲醛重悬,4 ℃过夜。随后用生理盐水洗涤2次,并用生理盐水重悬,制得创伤弧菌灭活全菌(inactivated whole cell,IWC)疫苗,于4 ℃保存备用。
采用创伤弧菌1×106 CFU/只进行腹腔感染C57BL/6和BALB/c小鼠,分别于感染后4 h和10 h取眼球血,心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏称量后加入2 mL生理盐水匀浆,取100 µL匀浆液置于96孔板进行梯度稀释,每个梯度10倍递增,共稀释4个梯度即10 000倍,取每个梯度匀浆液5 µL滴于LBS平板,置于37 ℃孵育箱中培养过夜,并进行计数。
采用创伤弧菌1×106 CFU/只进行腹腔感染C57BL/6小鼠,分别于感染后4 h与10 h取出心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏,放入4%多聚甲醛溶液中室温固定,石蜡包埋切片且HE染色后,光学显微镜下观察各脏器的病理变化。
腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉C57BL/6小鼠,打开腹腔,将静脉留置针刺入下腔静脉,用PBS以5 mL/min的流速灌洗肝脏,当观察到肝脏充盈后,剪断肝门静脉,冲洗至肝门静脉无血液流出,再用IV型胶原酶以5 mL/min的流速灌洗肝脏2~3 min,结扎肝门静脉,继续灌流IV型胶原酶至肝脏充盈,结扎下腔静脉。20 min后分离肝脏并用镊子撕碎,40 mL PBS重悬后过150 μm筛网,再用70 µm细胞筛网过滤后收集液体,50×g离心4 min后收集上清,500×g离心10 min后弃上清。用6 mL 30% Percoll重悬细胞,缓慢加入含3 mL 70% Percoll的离心管中,注意保持两界面分界处清晰,800×g离心15 min。离心后吸取中间层细胞,用PBS清洗获得肝脏免疫细胞。
取出C57BL/6小鼠脾脏,用70 µm细胞筛网研磨过滤,452×g离心5 min后,用红细胞裂解液裂解5 min,随后PBS清洗获得脾脏免疫细胞。
免疫细胞染色分为2组,一组染色髓系细胞相关荧光素标记抗体(CD45、CD11b、Ly6C、Ly6G、F4/80),另一组染淋巴细胞相关荧光素标记抗体(CD45、CD19、CD3、NK1.1、TCRγδ、CD4、CD8a)。采用50 µL封闭液重悬免疫细胞转入96孔板中,4 ℃孵育30 min。随后将流式抗体用staining buffer稀释液稀释混合,每孔加入50 µL混合流式抗体重悬细胞,4℃避光孵育 30 min,PBS清洗2次后重悬,流式细胞仪收集细胞进行检测。
用1×107CFU/只IWC疫苗免疫C57BL/6小鼠,采用腹腔或肌肉注射或滴鼻的方式进行免疫,免疫次数分别为3次、2次或1次,每次免疫的间隔时间为7 d,并于末次免疫完成7 d后,采取小鼠尾静脉血,37 ℃孵育30 min后,以832×g离心6 min,分离并收集血清存放于-80 ℃冰箱备用;而后用创伤弧菌以1×106CFU/只进行腹腔感染,观察不同免疫方式、不同免疫次数的小鼠生存情况。
将创伤弧菌全菌裂解液稀释至10 μg/mL后,每孔70 μL加入ELISA板中,4 ℃孵育过夜,洗板3次;加入封闭液于37 ℃封闭2 h,洗板3次;将免疫后小鼠血清稀释加入96孔板内,于37 ℃孵育1 h后洗板3次;100 μL/孔HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG(1∶10 000)加入96孔板,37 ℃孵育40 min后洗板3次;100 μL/孔TMB加入96孔板,避光显色15 min,而后加入50 μL/孔终止液;酶标仪读取D(450)并进行分析。
采用 GraphPad Prism 9.0进行统计学分析,数据表示为x¯±s,两组数据之间的比较采用t检验,多组数据之间的比较采用单因素方差分析,生存曲线之间的比较采用Log-rank检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为确定创伤弧菌感染的最低致死剂量,不同剂量的创伤弧菌通过腹腔注射入C57BL/6小鼠,观察其感染后7 d的存活率。结果显示:1×108、1×107和1×106 CFU感染剂量的小鼠7 d内存活率为0,5×105 CFU感染剂量的小鼠7 d内存活率为33.33%,而1×105及1×104 CFU感染剂量的小鼠7 d内存活率为100%(图1A)。此外,进一步采用不同剂量的创伤弧菌腹腔感染BALB/c小鼠,结果显示,BALB/c小鼠在不同感染剂量时的死亡率趋势与C57BL/6小鼠基本一致(图1B),提示创伤弧菌腹腔感染C57BL/6和BALB/c小鼠模型最低致死剂量均为1×106 CFU。
为了确定创伤弧菌感染小鼠后的器官定植水平,采用1×106 CFU/只感染C57BL/6和BALB/c小鼠,分别对感染后4 h和10 h的脏器和血液进行涂板分析细菌定植量。结果显示:与感染后4 h相比,感染后10 h的小鼠心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏中的细菌定植量均呈现出增加的趋势,且肝脏中的细菌定植量最高,超过1×106 CFU;与此同时,血液中的细菌定植量在感染后4 h和10 h比较则无明显差异,且血液中细菌定植量最低,仅为2×103 CFU左右(图2A)。此外,相同剂量的创伤弧菌感染BALB/c小鼠后,其肝脏和血液中的细菌定植量变化与C57BL/6小鼠基本一致(图2B)。
创伤弧菌感染C57BL/6小鼠后,分别于4 h和10 h取各脏器制作组织切片并进行HE染色。光学显微镜观察结果显示:与未感染对照组相比,在感染后4 h组中,小鼠心脏无明显变化;肝脏中肝窦扩张充血;脾脏中红髓内充血;肺脏中肺泡腔内充满大量红细胞;肾脏中肾小球充血。在感染后10 h组中,小鼠的心脏中心肌纤维排列疏松,部分心肌纤维断裂;肝脏中肝细胞肿胀、胞质疏松,并伴有炎症细胞浸润;脾脏中红髓扩张充血;肺脏出现间质充血、水肿、肺泡腔出血;肾脏中出现出血、水肿和炎症细胞浸润(图3)。以上结果表明,随着创伤弧菌感染的进程,小鼠的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏均出现不同程度的病理性损伤。
基于创伤弧菌感染小鼠后主要定植在肝脏并造成其严重病理损伤,流式细胞术分析肝脏中的免疫细胞应答变化特征。结果显示:与未感染组相比,在感染后4 h组和10 h组中,CD11b+Ly6G+中性粒细胞比例均显著增加(P<0.05),CD11b+Ly6C+单核细胞和CD11b+F4/80+巨噬细胞比例有一定的上升趋势,而CD19+B细胞和CD3+T细胞比例则相应的显著下降(P<0.05),CD3-NK1.1+NK细胞比例无显著变化(图4A);此外,在CD3+T细胞中,TCRγδ+T细胞的比例在4 h时稍下降但10 h时有所回升,而CD4+T细胞与CD8+T细胞的比例变化则无统计学差异(图4B)。脾脏的免疫细胞变化趋势与肝脏有所不同,与未感染组相比,CD11b+Ly6G+中性粒细胞比例在感染后4 h上升但10 h下降,而CD11b+Ly6C+单核细胞、CD11b+F4/80+巨噬细胞和CD3-NK1.1+NK细胞比例则在10 h时有所下降,此外,CD19+B细胞比例在感染后4 h下降但10 h回升,而CD3+T细胞比例的应答趋势无明显改变(图4C);在CD3+T细胞中,TCRγδ+T细胞和CD4+T细胞比例无显著变化,但CD8+T细胞比例在感染后10 h有所下降(图4D)。
为了探索疫苗在创伤弧菌感染小鼠模型中的保护效果,使用IWC疫苗通过不同途径免疫C57BL/6小鼠3次,并在末次免疫后7 d时,腹腔感染创伤弧菌(图5A);结果显示:肌肉或腹腔注射免疫的小鼠均获得了100%的保护效果,滴鼻免疫的保护效果稍低,存活率为83.3%(图5B,P<0.05)。进一步减少疫苗的免疫次数(图5D、G),结果显示:肌肉或腹腔注射免疫2次或仅免疫1次的小鼠亦获得了100%的保护效果,而滴鼻免疫2次或仅免疫1次小鼠的存活率则明显下降,为33.3%(图5E、H);采用ELISA检测小鼠末次免疫后7 d时的血清IgG抗体水平。结果显示:免疫3次或免疫2次时,肌肉注射免疫组与对照组、腹腔注射组、滴鼻免疫组相比,其血清IgG抗体水平均显著增加(P<0.05),但腹腔注射免疫组、滴鼻免疫组与对照组间血清IgG抗体水平无统计学差异(图5C、F);免疫1次时,腹腔注射免疫组、肌肉注射免疫组、滴鼻免疫组与对照组间血清IgG抗体水平均无统计学差异(图5I)。
创伤弧菌作为一种致命的人类机会性感染海洋病原菌,其在临床相对少见。美国CDC最新调查报道,每年因创伤弧菌感染而住院治疗患者约100 例[14-15],然而,由于创伤弧菌具有感染隐匿、发病急的特点,导致患者经治疗后的死亡率仍然超过30%[16]。目前,创伤弧菌是全球弧菌属中非霍乱弧菌相关死亡的主要原因,也是治疗成本最高的海洋传播病原体,给患者造成了严重的生命威胁和经济负担[17]。
创伤弧菌经伤口感染后,可随血液迅速播散至全身各个器官,进而导致机体产生病理学应答。本研究成功确定了创伤弧菌腹腔感染的最低致死剂量,并在此基础上探索了组织中的细菌定植量及其病理学改变特征,发现创伤弧菌感染后随时间的延长而主要定植于肝脏,并造成了肝脏的严重病理损伤,表明创伤弧菌感染机体后具有肝脏嗜性定植的特点。文献报道创伤弧菌的感染与致病在肝功能障碍如肝硬化、病毒性肝炎和慢性酒精性肝病等患者中最为常见[18],这提示着创伤弧菌的肝组织嗜性可能是造成肝功能障碍患者致命性感染的重要原因。此外,本研究发现创伤弧菌在血液中的定植量最低,且随着感染时间的延迟并没有明显增加,这与既往关于其他细菌感染在血液中定植发生变化的报道不同,比如文献报道肺炎链球菌感染入血后,血液中的菌量随时间的延长而逐渐增加[19] 。这些研究提示创伤弧菌可能进入血液后即迅速侵入肝脏等机体的各个器官,以逃避血液免疫细胞的捕获与清除。然而,创伤弧菌感染的肝组织定植嗜性及其逃逸血液免疫细胞监测的机制还有待进一步探索。
肝脏不仅是机体新陈代谢的重要器官,亦在机体抵抗病原菌的感染中发挥重要作用。本研究进一步分析了创伤弧菌感染小鼠后肝脏中的免疫细胞动态变化,发现感染后4 h检测出中性粒细胞的显著增加,提示中性粒细胞很可能通过快速迁移入肝脏以响应创伤弧菌的感染。然而感染后10 h时,肝脏中的中性粒细胞并未持续增加,尽管单核细胞与巨噬细胞呈现出增加的趋势,但与此同时肝脏中的细菌定植量却明显增多且病理损伤加重,提示创伤弧菌不仅突破了肝脏的天然免疫保护屏障,而且加剧了肝脏的致病性进程。脾脏作为人体最大的外周免疫器官,其在介导机体的系统性免疫应答中至关重要。本研究发现与肝脏中免疫细胞的应答规律不同,创伤弧菌感染后脾脏中的中性粒细胞比例呈现出先增加后回落的变化,而单核细胞、巨噬细胞以及NK细胞比例则持续下降,表明随着时间的推移,脾脏中的天然免疫细胞不仅难以清除创伤弧菌的感染,而且创伤弧菌可能诱导这些细胞发生死亡而促使其在脾脏中的浸润下降。此外,尽管肝脏以及脾脏中的T细胞和B细胞比例也出现不同程度的变化,但由于其属于获得性免疫细胞,难以在短时间内发挥效应功能,由此提示T细胞与B细胞在创伤弧菌早期感染中的作用可能并不十分关键。
创伤弧菌感染机体后在肝脏的聚集及其天然免疫屏障的破坏,是宿主发生严重致病甚至死亡的重要因素。目前,抗生素的应用是防治创伤弧菌感染与致病的最重要手段,然而,由于创伤弧菌的临床确诊依赖于血培养结果[20],难以及时地为抗生素治疗提供依据。此外,近年来的数据显示,创伤弧菌开始对多种抗生素产生耐药[12,21-22]。因此,寻找新的非抗生素防治措施迫在眉睫。本研究通过制备IWC疫苗,发现其通过肌肉或腹腔注射免疫小鼠3次甚至1次均可获得100%的免疫保护效果。但滴鼻免疫的保护率则随着免疫次数的减少而明显下降,提示系统性免疫而非呼吸道局部免疫在该疫苗抵抗创伤弧菌的致死性感染中发挥了关键作用。目前,尚未见到关于IWC疫苗在小鼠感染模型中的文献报道,但GU等[23]探索了其在创伤弧菌感染鱼类(大菱鲆)模型中应用,研究显示IWC疫苗单次肌注免疫后的保护率仅为53.29%,远低于本研究在小鼠模型中取得的100%保护率,这可能是物种的差异性所致。疫苗发挥保护效应有赖于IgG抗体的产生。但是本研究发现肌肉或腹腔注射免疫1次后,小鼠血清中IgG的抗体水平并无明显变化,提示IWC疫苗单次免疫介导的快速保护效应并不依赖于IgG抗体,而是很可能通过增强天然免疫细胞如中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等的吞噬杀菌能力,从而促使这些细胞更高效的抵御创伤弧菌的感染与致病,但其相关的免疫保护机制还有待后续进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究应用创伤弧菌最低致死剂量感染小鼠模型,发现肝脏是创伤弧菌感染后的重要定植器官。同时成功制备了创伤弧菌灭活全菌疫苗,并发现其具有快速起效的免疫保护作用,相关研究为后续进一步阐明创伤弧菌的感染机制及其疫苗的开发与设计提供了理论基础。

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2025年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412009
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
  • 修回日期:2024-12-30
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆
    2重庆理工大学药学院,重庆

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彭六生,E-mail:
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PENG Liusheng,E-mail:
ZOU Quanming,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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