Article(id=1322192396943741101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745769600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-28, revisedDate=1751558400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164832577, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164832577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164832577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164832577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322192284670603597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1685', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164805810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164826583, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1806, endPage=1814, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322192397161844911, articleId=1322192396943741101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Protective effect of remimazolam on intestinal barrier function in septic mice, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the protective effects of remimazolam (Remi), a novel benzodiazepine sedative, on intestinal barrier function in septic mice.

Methods

A mouse model of sepsis was established using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). A total of 96 SPF-grade adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into sham operation (Sham), sepsis (Sepsis), and sepsis with Remi intervention (Sepsis+Remi) groups. Survival rate and survival time were recorded within 72 h after modeling. Intestinal pathological alterations, barrier functional indicators, ZO-1 expression, and macrophage polarization status were observed and detected to evaluate the effects of Remi. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to treat RAW264.7 cells for 24 h to simulate in vitro sepsis model. The cells were divided into control (Control), LPS, and LPS+Remi groups. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess macrophage phenotype, mitochondrial morphology, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MtROS), and Western blotting was applied to detect the protein expression of iNOS and CD206.

Results

Compared with the sepsis group, Remi intervention significantly improved the survival rate of septic mice from 12.50% to 68.75% and markedly prolonged survival duration (P<0.05). Histopathological analysis demonstrated partial restoration of intestinal villus architecture, accompanied with attenuated interstitial edema and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration after Remi intervention. Furthermore, the intervention group demonstrated significant improvement in functional indicators. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated elevated iNOS and decreased CD206 expression in the septic mice and LPS-stimulated macrophages(P<0.05), which were partially reversed after Remi intervention. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated macrophages exhibited fragmented mitochondria and elevated MtROS level, whereas Remi intervention ameliorated these conditions(P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Remi protects intestinal barrier function in septic mice by mitigating mitochondrial dynamics imbalance-induced oxidative damage and ameliorating inflammatory macrophage activation.

, authors=Weifei WANG1, Haoyue DENG2, Yunxia DU1, Zhongyuan DU1, Liangming LIU2, Tao LI2, Qingxiang MAO1, authorsList=Weifei WANG, Haoyue DENG, Yunxia DU, Zhongyuan DU, Liangming LIU, Tao LI, Qingxiang MAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingxiang MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322192398185255096, articleId=1322192396943741101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=瑞马唑仑对脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能的保护作用, columnId=1322185581656920707, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨新型苯二氮䓬类镇静药瑞马唑仑(remimazolam,Remi)对脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能的保护作用。

方法

采用盲肠结扎穿孔 (cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)构建脓毒症模型,将96只成年雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为假手术(Sham)组、脓毒症(Sepsis)组、脓毒症+瑞马唑仑(Sepsis+Remi)组,记录各组小鼠72 h存活情况和存活时间,观察小鼠肠道病理结构、肠道屏障功能指标、肠道ZO-1蛋白表达及肠道巨噬细胞极化变化来评估Remi对肠道屏障功能的影响。采取脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激RAW264.7细胞24 h构建脓毒症体外模型,分为对照(Control)组、LPS组、瑞马唑仑干预(LPS+Remi)组,免疫荧光染色观察巨噬细胞表型、线粒体形态及线粒体活性氧(mitochondrial reactive oxygen species,MtROS),Western blot检测诱导型一氧化碳合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和甘露糖受体(cluster of differentiation 206,CD206)蛋白表达。

结果

与Sepsis组相比,Remi干预后脓毒症小鼠的存活率从12.50%提升至68.75%,存活时间显著延长(P<0.05),肠道绒毛结构部分恢复,间质水肿程度减轻,炎症细胞浸润减少,功能性指标显著改善。同时,体内外实验均发现,相较于Sham组和Control组,Sepsis组和LPS组巨噬细胞iNOS表达增加、CD206表达减少(P<0.05),而Sepsis+Remi组和LPS+Remi组可部分逆转此现象(P<0.05)。LPS组巨噬细胞线粒体呈明显碎片化,且相较于Control组,MtROS显著增加(P<0.05);而相较于LPS组,LPS+Remi组巨噬细胞线粒体碎片化显著改善,MtROS也明显减少(P<0.05)。

结论

Remi可通过调控线粒体动力失衡诱导的氧化损伤,改善巨噬细胞炎性活化,进而在保护脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能中发挥作用。

, authors=王维飞1, 邓皓月2, 杜云霞1, 杜钟媛1, 刘良明2, 李涛2, 毛庆祥1, authorsList=王维飞, 邓皓月, 杜云霞, 杜钟媛, 刘良明, 李涛, 毛庆祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=毛庆祥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
毛庆祥,E-mail:
MAO Qingxiang,E-mail:
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a: P<0.05,与Sham组比较;b:P<0.05,与Sepsis组比较

, figureFileSmall=dKzNStrT3GBcPodlKW4hBw==, figureFileBig=gqrbhdJ3aq7X/5465E1qjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192405105856753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192396943741101, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Yw48PMulQUoTNMu09eTeig==, figureFileBig=vtZvjvMadgJjMV90f17nTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192405160382706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192396943741101, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Remi对脓毒症小鼠肠道病理结构和肠道屏障功能的保护作用(n=8,x¯±s)

a: P<0.05,与Sham组比较;b:P<0.05,与Sepsis组比较A:肠道病理结构变化;B:肠组织病理损伤评分;C:肠道EB染色观察结果;D:肠组织EB含量统计分析;E、F:Western blot检测肠道ZO-1蛋白表达水平及相对表达量;G~I:ELISA测定肠道屏障功能指标

, figureFileSmall=Yw48PMulQUoTNMu09eTeig==, figureFileBig=vtZvjvMadgJjMV90f17nTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192405227491571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192396943741101, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QLAFXYIQsyL8RJjvBPIqGw==, figureFileBig=Z5q94gBXNcvQy7SYApTYKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192405282017524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192396943741101, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Remi对肠道巨噬细胞极化的影响

a: P<0.05,与Sham组比较;b:P<0.05,与Sepsis组比较A:免疫荧光检测肠道巨噬细胞iNOS、CD206的表达;B:各组相对荧光强度比较(n=5,x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=QLAFXYIQsyL8RJjvBPIqGw==, figureFileBig=Z5q94gBXNcvQy7SYApTYKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192405336543477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192396943741101, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nguFnrfbxoMqMmWK5KLQ3w==, figureFileBig=VCPEJbKS3K99x6McdCbY0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192405395263734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192396943741101, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Remi对巨噬细胞极化及线粒体功能和形态的影响(n=3,x¯±s)

a: P<0.05,与Control组比较;b:P<0.05,与LPS组比较A:免疫荧光检测各组巨噬细胞iNOS、CD206表达;B:各组iNOS、CD206蛋白相对荧光强度比较;C、D:Western blot检测各组巨噬细胞中iNOS、CD206蛋白表达及灰度值相对表达水平;E:免疫荧光检测各组线粒体形态;F:免疫荧光检测MtROS表达;G:各组MtROS相对荧光强度比较

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瑞马唑仑对脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能的保护作用
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王维飞 1 , 邓皓月 2 , 杜云霞 1 , 杜钟媛 1 , 刘良明 2 , 李涛 2 , 毛庆祥 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 军事医学 2025,47(15): 1806-1814
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陆军军医大学学报 |军事医学 2025 , 47 (15) : 1806 -1814
瑞马唑仑对脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能的保护作用
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王维飞1, 邓皓月2, 杜云霞1, 杜钟媛1, 刘良明2, 李涛2, 毛庆祥1
作者信息
  • 1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院):麻醉科,重庆
  • 2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院):野战外科研究部战伤休克与输血研究室,重庆
通讯作者:
毛庆祥,E-mail:
MAO Qingxiang,E-mail:
Protective effect of remimazolam on intestinal barrier function in septic mice
Weifei WANG1, Haoyue DENG2, Yunxia DU1, Zhongyuan DU1, Liangming LIU2, Tao LI2, Qingxiang MAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing, China
  • 2Department of Combat Trauma and Shock & Transfusion,Institute of Field Surgery,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504115
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目的

探讨新型苯二氮䓬类镇静药瑞马唑仑(remimazolam,Remi)对脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能的保护作用。

方法

采用盲肠结扎穿孔 (cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)构建脓毒症模型,将96只成年雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为假手术(Sham)组、脓毒症(Sepsis)组、脓毒症+瑞马唑仑(Sepsis+Remi)组,记录各组小鼠72 h存活情况和存活时间,观察小鼠肠道病理结构、肠道屏障功能指标、肠道ZO-1蛋白表达及肠道巨噬细胞极化变化来评估Remi对肠道屏障功能的影响。采取脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激RAW264.7细胞24 h构建脓毒症体外模型,分为对照(Control)组、LPS组、瑞马唑仑干预(LPS+Remi)组,免疫荧光染色观察巨噬细胞表型、线粒体形态及线粒体活性氧(mitochondrial reactive oxygen species,MtROS),Western blot检测诱导型一氧化碳合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和甘露糖受体(cluster of differentiation 206,CD206)蛋白表达。

结果

与Sepsis组相比,Remi干预后脓毒症小鼠的存活率从12.50%提升至68.75%,存活时间显著延长(P<0.05),肠道绒毛结构部分恢复,间质水肿程度减轻,炎症细胞浸润减少,功能性指标显著改善。同时,体内外实验均发现,相较于Sham组和Control组,Sepsis组和LPS组巨噬细胞iNOS表达增加、CD206表达减少(P<0.05),而Sepsis+Remi组和LPS+Remi组可部分逆转此现象(P<0.05)。LPS组巨噬细胞线粒体呈明显碎片化,且相较于Control组,MtROS显著增加(P<0.05);而相较于LPS组,LPS+Remi组巨噬细胞线粒体碎片化显著改善,MtROS也明显减少(P<0.05)。

结论

Remi可通过调控线粒体动力失衡诱导的氧化损伤,改善巨噬细胞炎性活化,进而在保护脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能中发挥作用。

瑞马唑仑  /  脓毒症  /  肠道屏障功能  /  巨噬细胞
Objective‍

To investigate the protective effects of remimazolam (Remi), a novel benzodiazepine sedative, on intestinal barrier function in septic mice.

Methods

A mouse model of sepsis was established using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). A total of 96 SPF-grade adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into sham operation (Sham), sepsis (Sepsis), and sepsis with Remi intervention (Sepsis+Remi) groups. Survival rate and survival time were recorded within 72 h after modeling. Intestinal pathological alterations, barrier functional indicators, ZO-1 expression, and macrophage polarization status were observed and detected to evaluate the effects of Remi. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to treat RAW264.7 cells for 24 h to simulate in vitro sepsis model. The cells were divided into control (Control), LPS, and LPS+Remi groups. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess macrophage phenotype, mitochondrial morphology, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MtROS), and Western blotting was applied to detect the protein expression of iNOS and CD206.

Results

Compared with the sepsis group, Remi intervention significantly improved the survival rate of septic mice from 12.50% to 68.75% and markedly prolonged survival duration (P<0.05). Histopathological analysis demonstrated partial restoration of intestinal villus architecture, accompanied with attenuated interstitial edema and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration after Remi intervention. Furthermore, the intervention group demonstrated significant improvement in functional indicators. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated elevated iNOS and decreased CD206 expression in the septic mice and LPS-stimulated macrophages(P<0.05), which were partially reversed after Remi intervention. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated macrophages exhibited fragmented mitochondria and elevated MtROS level, whereas Remi intervention ameliorated these conditions(P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Remi protects intestinal barrier function in septic mice by mitigating mitochondrial dynamics imbalance-induced oxidative damage and ameliorating inflammatory macrophage activation.

remimazolam  /  sepsis  /  intestinal barrier function  /  macrophage
王维飞, 邓皓月, 杜云霞, 杜钟媛, 刘良明, 李涛, 毛庆祥. 瑞马唑仑对脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能的保护作用. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1806 -1814 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504115
Weifei WANG, Haoyue DENG, Yunxia DU, Zhongyuan DU, Liangming LIU, Tao LI, Qingxiang MAO. Protective effect of remimazolam on intestinal barrier function in septic mice[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1806 -1814 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504115
脓毒症是宿主对病原体免疫应答失调引发的致死性器官功能障碍综合征[1],已成为全球严峻的公共卫生挑战。最新流行病学统计数据显示,该疾病每年约有4 890万新发病例、1 100万死亡病例,是危重症领域亟待突破的临床困局[2]。而肠道屏障系统在脓毒症的病理进程中具有双重作用,是机体遭受感染后首当其冲的损伤靶器官,更是诱发多器官功能障碍综合征的关键驱动因素[3]。因此,研究肠道屏障的稳态调控具有重要的临床价值,相关研究结果可能为改善脓毒症预后提供新策略。
镇静治疗策略的精准调控直接影响危重症患者的临床转归。瑞马唑仑(remimazolam,Remi)是一种新型苯二氮䓬类的镇静药,具有“快速起效-快速恢复”特性,药代动力学参数显示其分布半衰期(t½α)仅2~5 min,消除半衰期(t½β)1~2 h[4-5]。同时兼具氟马西尼特异性拮抗作用,可最大限度降低传统镇静剂相关的呼吸抑制与循环波动风险。近年有研究显示,该药具备超越单纯镇静的多重器官保护效应。Remi通过激活外周苯二氮䓬类受体和抑制巨噬细胞P38通路而减轻脓毒症肝损伤[6],其调控肺巨噬细胞极化的特性也被证实与急性肺损伤的改善相关[7]。这些发现提示,Remi的免疫调节效应可能成为其器官保护作用的重要机制。
线粒体动力学是调控细胞能量代谢的关键机制,其稳态失衡与免疫细胞功能异常密切相关。近年研究发现,Remi除经典镇静作用外,也能通过调控线粒体动态平衡发挥器官保护功能,该药可通过稳定心肌细胞线粒体嵴结构改善能量代谢障碍[8],也能通过HIPK2-HDAC3轴调控神经元线粒体分裂/融合进程以减轻氧化应激所致脑损伤[9]。然而,目前关于该药物对免疫细胞线粒体动力学的调控作用,特别是巨噬细胞这一关键免疫效应细胞中的动态平衡机制未见相关报道。
在肠道屏障损伤研究领域,巨噬细胞线粒体动力学紊乱已被证实是肠屏障功能障碍的重要调控机制[10-11]。尽管已有研究揭示Remi通过抑制MAPK/PI3K等炎症通路调节巨噬细胞活化[6-7],但其对巨噬细胞线粒体分裂/融合动态的直接调控作用及其在肠道屏障保护中的机制仍待阐明。基于此,本研究提出Remi可能通过调节线粒体动力学失衡介导的氧化应激损伤,抑制巨噬细胞炎症的过度激活,进而减轻脓毒症小鼠肠黏膜屏障功能障碍。为验证该假说,拟通过体内外模型探讨其具体的作用机制。
成年雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠,体质量(20±2)g,由陆军特色医学中心实验动物中心提供。动物饲养环境为SPF等级,饲养期间可按需自由饮水进食。昼夜节律采用12 h明暗交替精准调控,恒温系统维持在(22±1)℃,湿度稳定控制在40%~70%。这项研究已通过陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会的审核批准(AMUWEC20237291),同时所有实验操作严格遵循实验动物伦理规范要求。
注射用苯磺酸Remi购自人福医药集团股份有限公司,脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)购自德国Sigma公司;伊文思蓝(Evans blue,EB)、ZO-1、诱导型一氧化碳合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)抗体购自美国abcam公司;β-actin、甘露糖受体(cluster of differentiation 206,CD206)、山羊抗鼠二抗、山羊抗兔二抗购自美国CST公司;DAPI购自中国Servicebio公司;二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)、D-乳酸脱氢酶(D-lactate dehydrogenase,D-LDH)、分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin a,sIgA)ELISA试剂盒购自中国Elabscience公司;DMEM培养基、MitoSOX试剂盒、MitoTracker染料购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒购自中国碧云天生物技术公司;小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。
小鼠术前禁食12 h,可自由饮水,用0.3%戊巴比妥钠(30 mg/kg)腹腔麻醉,进行盲肠结扎穿孔(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)制作脓毒症模型[12]。小鼠如出现自主探索行为频率下降,蜷缩于角落呈现典型病态姿势,被毛蓬松无光泽,眼、鼻、口角出现黏液性或脓性分泌物,粪便呈黄绿稀便或肉眼血便,翻正反射减弱,触须刺激反应消失等症状视为建模成功。采用随机数字表法将96只C57BL/6小鼠分为(n=32):假手术(Sham)组,仅实施开腹后关腹操作,不进行CLP;脓毒症(Sepsis)组,通过CLP术构建脓毒症模型;脓毒症+瑞马唑仑(Sepsis+Remi)组,在脓毒症建模前2 h,通过腹腔注射苯磺酸Remi(10 mg/kg)。观察各组小鼠术后72 h生存分析,记录存活时间并计算存活率;于术后24 h取材,取肠组织检测肠道屏障功能指标与病理形态学改变,检测肠道通透性、巨噬细胞极化状态及ZO-1蛋白表达水平。
将小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7分为3组,实验前24 h以1×10⁶个/mL的密度接种至培养皿中。对照(Control)组:使用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基常规培养24 h;LPS组:使用含500 ng/mL LPS、10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基刺激24 h;瑞马唑仑干预(LPS+Remi)组:使用含25 μg/mL Remi、10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基预处理2 h,弃去原培养基后,更换为含25 μg/mL Remi、500 ng/mL LPS、10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基刺激24 h。
建模24 h后,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠达到深度麻醉,采用颈椎脱臼法将小鼠安乐死,开腹取一段肠组织,经PBS冲洗后置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定24 h。依次进行脱水、透明、石蜡包埋、切片及贴片处理,行HE染色后在光学显微镜下观察和拍摄肠道组织病理结构,并进行肠组织病理损伤评分[13]。
通过EB肠腔灌注法检测肠道通透性。CLP法建立脓毒症模型24 h后,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠达到深度麻醉,采用颈椎脱臼法将小鼠安乐死,剖腹取约6 cm回肠段。使用4 ℃预冷PBS冲洗肠腔后,结扎肠段一端形成盲囊,注入200 μL 1.5%EB溶液后封闭另一端。37 ℃水浴孵育30 min后剖开肠段,以PBS冲洗至流出液澄清。将处理后的肠组织平铺于6孔板锡箔纸上,50 ℃烘箱干燥24 h后记录干质量。将干燥组织转移至5 mL EP管中,加入2 mL甲酰胺溶液,37 ℃孵育24 h后充分震荡混匀,在4 ℃下以8 000×g离心10 min,小心吸取上清液,用酶标仪在650 nm波长处测定吸光度[A(650)]值,根据标准曲线计算肠组织EB含量。
建模完成24 h后,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠达到深度麻醉,采用颈椎脱臼法将小鼠安乐死,取出回肠组织,使用4 ℃预冷PBS冲洗内容物。称取50~100 mg肠组织后,将其剪成约0.5 cm长的小段,加入1 mL含蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液。磁珠振荡研磨至完全破碎,裂解液透亮无漂浮物。将研磨液在4 ℃、以12 000×g离心15 min,取上清。用BCA试剂盒测定蛋白浓度,加入上清液一半体积的3×上样缓冲液混匀后进行煮沸,进行Western blot分析[14]。
造模24 h后,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠达到深度麻醉,采用颈椎脱臼法将小鼠安乐死,采集回肠组织。经4 ℃预冷PBS冲洗后,将组织剪切成约0.5 cm长的碎片,称取50~100 mg置于离心管中,加入1 mL PBS后采用磁珠匀浆系统进行低温匀浆处理。匀浆液经4 ℃ 以12 000×g离心15 min后收集上清待测。采用商业化ELISA试剂盒,检测前将试剂盒室温平衡30 min。按说明书要求设置标准孔、样本孔及空白对照孔。除空白对照孔外,向各孔加入50 μL生物素化检测抗体,37 ℃孵育2 h后弃去孔内液体,每孔加入350 μL洗涤液,静置30 s后弃液,重复洗涤操作4次并拍干酶标板。添加100 μL酶结合物工作液,室温孵育30 min,按上述洗涤步骤重复操作。加入100 μL显色液,避光反应15 min,再加入100 μL终止液终止反应,于5 min内使用酶标仪测定450 nm波长处A(450)值,结合标准曲线计算各组肠道屏障功能指标D-LDH、DAO和sIgA的含量。
造模24 h后,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠达到深度麻醉,采用颈椎脱臼法将小鼠安乐死,采集约2 cm回肠组织,于4 ℃预冷PBS中冲洗肠腔,快速取材并在室温下固定于4%多聚甲醛溶液30 min。固定后组织经PBS漂洗3次,每次5 min,采用液氮速冻法进行OCT包埋,-80 ℃保存备用。使用冷冻切片机制备8 μm连续切片,贴附于防脱载玻片后室温干燥。切片经4%多聚甲醛后固定15 min,0.1% Triton X-100透膜处理10 min,PBS漂洗3次,每次5 min,采用10%山羊血清室温封闭1 h。滴加iNOS/CD206一抗(1∶400,PBS稀释),置于4 ℃下湿盒中孵育过夜。次日复温后,用PBS漂洗3次,每次5 min,滴加山羊抗鼠二抗、山羊抗兔二抗(1∶300,PBS稀释),室温避光孵育1 h,DAPI(1∶1 000)染核5 min。封片后使用Leica激光共聚焦显微镜观察进行图像采集,采用Image J软件进行荧光强度定量分析。
将RAW264.7细胞接种于激光共聚焦专用培养皿,密度为40%左右。药物干预24 h后弃去培养液,4%多聚甲醛室温固定30 min。用PBS漂洗3次,每次5 min,采用5%山羊血清室温封闭1 h。滴加iNOS/CD206一抗(1∶300,PBS稀释),置于4 ℃下湿盒中孵育过夜。次日复温后,用PBS漂洗3次,每次5 min,滴加山羊抗鼠二抗、山羊抗兔二抗(1∶300,PBS稀释),避光孵育1 h后DAPI(1∶1 000)染核5 min。使用Leica激光共聚焦显微镜观察检测巨噬细胞iNOS/CD206表达,Image J软件进行荧光强度定量分析。
将RAW264.7细胞接种于激光共聚焦专用培养皿,药物干预24 h后弃去培养液,用室温孵育的无血清培养基刷洗3遍培养皿,用37 ℃水浴复温的无血清培养基稀释MitoTracker™ Green CMXRos(1∶12 000),37 ℃、5%CO₂下避光染色30 min。染色后PBS漂洗3次以去除残余染料。上述处理完成后,按照对应的波长在Leica激光共聚焦显微镜进行观察拍摄,进行图像采集。
提前1 d将RAW264.7细胞接种至共聚焦培养皿,对各组细胞做相应处理,待细胞生长良好后,弃培养基,用室温孵育的无血清培养基刷洗3遍培养皿,用无血清培养基按1∶1 000浓度稀释MitoSOX染料,加入培养皿后放进细胞培养箱中孵育约20 min,取出后用温热无血清培养基刷洗3次,滴加DAPI(1∶1 000)染核后用Leica激光共聚焦显微镜进行观察检测。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.4.0统计软件进行分析,数据以x¯±s表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,存活时间和存活率用Kaplan-Meier法分析,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
实验结果显示,在72 h观察期内,Sepsis组大量死亡,仅有2只存活,存活率为12.50%(2/16),与Sham组相比,Sepsis组存活时间减少(P<0.05); Sepsis+Remi组生存结局显著改善,存活率提升至68.75%(11/16),与Sepsis组相比,Sepsis+Remi组存活时间增加(P<0.05,图1)。
肠组织HE染色病理结果显示:Sepsis组小鼠肠道绒毛排列显著紊乱,绒毛高度降低且不均匀,间质水肿明显,部分绒毛脱落,大量炎细胞浸润,表明肠组织损伤严重且炎症反应剧烈,与Sham组相比,肠组织病理损伤评分增加(P<0.05);Sepsis+Remi组小鼠肠道绒毛排列较整齐,绒毛高度部分恢复,水肿程度减轻,绒毛脱落数量减少,炎细胞浸润显著减少,与Sepsis组相比,肠组织病理损伤评分减少(P<0.05),提示Remi 干预对脓毒症所致肠组织损伤有一定的改善作用(图2A、B)。EB灌注肠腔结果发现:与Sham组相比,Sepsis 组小鼠肠组织渗漏明显,肠组织EB含量增加(P<0.05);Sepsis+Remi组较Sepsis组渗漏有所改善,肠组织EB含量减少(P<0.05,图2C、D)。Western blot结果显示,与Sham组相比,Sepsis 组小鼠的肠道ZO-1蛋白含量减少,Remi干预可明显增加ZO-1蛋白的表达(P<0.05,图2E、F)。ELISA检测结果表明Sepsis组肠道D-LDH、DAO和sIgA分别较Sham组增加1.9~3.2倍;相较于Sepsis 组,Sepsis+Remi组的上述指标显著改善(P<0.05,图2G~I)。结果表明,Remi 干预可改善脓毒症小鼠肠道组织病理结构损伤,增加肠道ZO-1 蛋白的表达,减少肠组织渗漏,改善肠道黏膜损伤指标,从组织形态、分子表达及功能检测层面共同证实了其对脓毒症小鼠肠道的保护作用。
肠道巨噬细胞的免疫荧光染色及荧光定量分析显示:Sepsis组iNOS较Sham组表达显著增加,CD206表达显著减少;Sepsis+Remi组 iNOS表达较 Sepsis组减少,CD206表达则有所增加,相对荧光强度比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05,图3)。结果表明,脓毒症促进肠道巨噬细胞向M1型极化,而Remi可部分逆转这一趋势,提示其对巨噬细胞表型具有调节作用。
免疫荧光结果显示:与Control组相比,LPS组细胞的iNOS增加、CD206减少;与LPS组相比,LPS+Remi组细胞的iNOS减少、CD206增加,且相对荧光强度比较具有统计学差异(图4A、B, P<0.05),表明Remi可部分逆转LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞极化。Western blot实验结果显示:与Control组相比,LPS组iNOS蛋白含量增加,CD206蛋白含量减少; LPS+Remi组可部分逆转该现象(P<0.05,图4C、D);与Control组相比,LPS组的线粒体断裂明显,形态呈短、小、破碎状且MtROS显著增加(P<0.05),相较于LPS组,LPS+Remi组能部分改善线粒体的碎片化且MtROS的产生显著减少(P<0.05,图4E~G)。上述结果表明,Remi可能调控线粒体动力失衡诱导的氧化损伤,从而改善LPS诱导的巨噬细胞M1型极化。
脓毒症作为一种源于宿主免疫调控失衡的致死性器官功能衰竭综合征[1],导致的临床死亡率已构成重症监护领域的重大治疗挑战[15]。既往研究显示,肠道屏障在脓毒症病理进展中呈现双重角色:既是病程早期易受攻击的靶器官,又是系统性器官衰竭级联反应的触发枢纽[3]。肠黏膜完整性破坏通过双重机制加剧病程进展,既触发全身性炎症瀑布反应,又导致肠源性病原体易位形成恶性循环。因此,保护肠道屏障功能是干预脓毒症的关键切入点。
在肠道免疫稳态调控中,巨噬细胞的生物学行为与线粒体结构动态密切关联。线粒体形态变化通过介导能量代谢转换、炎症信号释放等过程深度参与巨噬细胞功能调控[16-17]。研究证据显示,干预线粒体分裂相关因子能有效调控巨噬细胞促炎状态。MANCINI等[18]的研究证实线粒体分裂抑制剂P110可减轻硫酸葡聚糖钠盐诱导的结肠炎。SHARMA等[19]的研究表明巨噬细胞中ORMDL3通过调节内质网-线粒体接触从而促进线粒体分裂,加剧炎症性肠病的炎症。SUN等[20]发现抑制线粒体的过度分裂或促进线粒体融合可维持肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体动态平衡,均可以抑制肺泡巨噬细胞向促炎表型的极化,减轻脓毒症诱导的急性肺损伤。这些发现揭示了线粒体动态平衡在巨噬细胞免疫调控中的关键地位。
Remi具有快速代谢、低蓄积性及可逆性镇静等特有的药代动力学优势[4-5],为其在危重症治疗中的拓展应用提供了潜在价值。除经典镇静效应外,近年研究逐步揭示其多重保护机制以及在多器官保护中的差异化作用机制。LIU等[7]的研究证实Remi能够显著延长脓毒症模型动物的生存时间,同时改善肝脏和肺部组织损伤,值得注意的是这些保护作用并不依赖于巨噬细胞中的外周型苯二氮䓬受体途径。然而,FANG等[6]观察到该药物通过调控巨噬细胞表面的同一类型受体和抑制P38信号通路而减少脓毒症肝损伤。YANG等[9]研究表明Remi可通过HIPK2-HDAC3轴调控神经元线粒体分裂从而改善脑功能损伤;LIU等[8]研究证实其也能通过NLRP3/IL-1β信号通路抑制巨噬细胞氧化应激反应,改善缺血再灌注后的心脏功能。这些差异化的机制揭示Remi的器官保护具有多靶点特性,提示线粒体动力学可能参与Remi的器官保护效应。但针对免疫细胞(特别是巨噬细胞)线粒体分裂/融合动态平衡的直接调控作用及其在脓毒症肠屏障功能障碍中的机制研究仍待阐明。
本研究发现Remi对脓毒症肠屏障功能具有保护效应。在CLP小鼠模型中,Remi可显著改善脓毒症小鼠生存结局,并逆转肠道通透性增加及肠道屏障功能指标的异常。深入机制研究发现,Remi能重塑肠道巨噬细胞表型平衡,表现为促炎标志物iNOS表达抑制伴随修复型标志物CD206上调。细胞实验进一步证实,Remi能修复LPS诱导的线粒体网络断裂,减少MtROS积累。这些证据提示,Remi可能通过调控线粒体动力学-氧化应激轴恢复巨噬细胞免疫稳态,从而发挥对脓毒症小鼠肠道屏障功能的保护作用。同时提示Remi可能代表一种具有转化潜力的干预策略,其快速代谢特性理论上更契合血流动力学不稳定危重患者的药代动力学需求,而调控线粒体动力学实现的器官保护效应,为探索兼具镇静与多脏器功能保护作用的临床治疗方案提供了新的实验依据。
本研究也存在一定的局限性:①在机制层面,虽然证实线粒体动力是调控的核心机制,但对关键分子事件(如线粒体分裂相关的Drp1磷酸化修饰、融合相关的MFN1/2蛋白表达调控)尚未进行深入探究,这限制了对作用靶点的精准定位。②实验设计存在2方面的局限,在对照组设置方面,未纳入丙泊酚等经典镇静药物平行组别,致使难以区分Remi特异性器官保护效应与镇静作用的潜在关联性;在机制研究方面,肠道屏障功能的维持依赖上皮细胞-免疫细胞-菌群三重协同作用网络,而本研究仅聚焦于巨噬细胞单细胞层面的机制探讨,尚未系统评估其他细胞亚群(如肠上皮细胞、T淋巴细胞等)在该药物保护效应中的潜在贡献及菌群代谢物对药物效应的调节作用。后续研究本课题组将通过增加经典镇静药平行对照分组、细胞流式术分析、基因敲除等手段,解析该药物在肠道免疫微环境中的细胞间互作机制,以明确巨噬细胞靶点的特异性及其他类型细胞的协同调控作用。

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2025年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504115
  • 接收时间:2025-04-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-28
  • 修回日期:2025-07-04
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    1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院):麻醉科,重庆
    2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院):野战外科研究部战伤休克与输血研究室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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