Article(id=1322192312516596469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=1747238400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164812448, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164812448, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164812448, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164812448, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322192284670603597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1685', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164805810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164826583, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1720, endPage=1728, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322192314659885815, articleId=1322192312516596469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Chronic exposure to polystyrene microplastics induces ferroptosis in testicular Sertoli cells, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate whether long-term low-dose exposure to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) induces ferroptosis in testicular Sertoli cells and then leads to testicular injury.

Methods‍

Forty 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group (deionized water group) and a PS-MPs group [2.5 mg/(kg·d)], with 20 mice in each group. Corresponding agents were gavaged once a day for 12 consecutive months. HE staining and Prussian blue staining were used to detect histopathological damage and accumulation of ferrous ions in the testes. Electron transmission microscopy was employed to observe the mitochondrial morphology of testicular Sertoli cells. Mouse Sertoli cell line TM4 was divided into a Con group (standard culture) and an MPs group (2.5 μg/mL PS-MPs). After both groups underwent continuous exposure and passed up to the 100th generation, morphological changes were observed under the microscope; cell viability was detected with CCK8 assay, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected with a ROS probe and a mitochondrial membrane potential probe (JC-1), respectively. Flow cytometry, ferrous ion (Fe2+) kit and Western blotting were applied to detect cell apoptosis, intracellular iron ion content, and protein levels of key molecules of ferroptosis in tissues and cells.

Results‍

Long-term exposure to PS-MPs resulted in significantly reduced diameter and thickness of mouse varicocele (P<0.01), fewer testicular Sertoli cells (P<0.05), with characteristic ferroptosis alterations in the mitochondria, and increased accumulation of ferrous ions in testicular tissue. Exposure to PS-MPs down-regulated the key molecules of ferroptosis, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferritin light chain (FTL) when compared with the control group (P<0.05). In the cell model, long-term PS-MPs exposure led to morphological changes and decreased cell viability (P<0.05), more production of ROS (P<0.01), and decrease in MMP (P<0.05) of TM4 cells. The exposure had no effect on cell apoptosis, but elevated the intracellular content of ferric ions (P<0.01), and down-regulated GPX4 and FTL protein levels (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Long-term low-dose exposure to PS-MPs induces mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in testicular Sertoli cells, activates the ferroptosis pathway, and ultimately leads to testicular injury in mice.

, authors=Yi LI, Yixian WEN, Jing CAI, Huilian ZHANG, Fei HAN, authorsList=Yi LI, Yixian WEN, Jing CAI, Huilian ZHANG, Fei HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fei HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322192320527717122, articleId=1322192312516596469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=聚苯乙烯微塑料长期暴露诱导睾丸支持细胞铁死亡, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究聚苯乙烯微塑料(polystyrene microplastics,PS-MPs)长期低剂量暴露是否诱导睾丸支持细胞发生铁死亡导致睾丸损伤。

方法

40只8周龄C57BL/6雄性小鼠按随机数字抽样法分为(n=20):对照组(去离子水)、处理组[PS-MPs,2.5 mg/(kg·d)],每日灌胃1次,持续12个月;HE染色及普鲁士蓝染色检测睾丸组织病理损伤及Fe2+蓄积情况;电子透射显微镜观察睾丸支持细胞线粒体形态。使用小鼠睾丸支持细胞系TM4作为研究模型,分为Con组(常规培养)和MPs组(PS-MPs,2.5 μg/mL),2组细胞均连续处理至第100代,显微镜下观察细胞形态变化;CCK-8检测细胞活性变化,活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)探针、线粒体膜电位探针(JC-1)分别检测TM4细胞ROS和线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP);利用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况;Fe2+试剂盒检测细胞内Fe2+含量;Western blot检测组织和细胞内铁死亡关键分子的蛋白表达水平。

结果

PS-MPs长期暴露后,与对照组相比,处理组小鼠睾丸组织曲细精管直径和厚度显著降低(P<0.01),睾丸支持细胞数量减少(P<0.05);睾丸支持细胞线粒体呈现铁死亡特征性改变,睾丸组织Fe2+蓄积增加;PS-MPs暴露可下调铁死亡关键分子谷胱甘肽过氧化酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)和铁蛋白轻链(ferritin light chain,FTL)蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)。在细胞模型中,PS-MPs长期染毒导致TM4细胞形态改变、活性显著降低(P<0.05),ROS水平明显升高(P<0.01),MMP显著降低(P<0.05);PS-MPs暴露后TM4细胞未发生明显凋亡,但细胞内Fe2+含量显著升高(P<0.01);PS-MPs暴露可下调GPX4和FTL蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)。

结论

PS-MPs长期低剂量暴露可以诱导睾丸支持细胞线粒体损伤和氧化应激,并激活铁死亡途径,导致小鼠睾丸损伤。

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韩 飞,E-mail:
HAN Fei,E-mail:
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Biochim Biophys Acta,2011,1813(4):532-9., articleTitle=Bcl-2 proteins and mitochondria—specificity in membrane targeting for death, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322192322155107075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192322645840644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, companyId=1322192322155107075, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1International Joint Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education,School of Public Health,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192322725532421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, companyId=1322192322155107075, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,教育部生殖与发育国际联合研究实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322192335736263465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lGQqXgcu5K2zG6vMaovaQQ==, figureFileBig=3uxsw9fSoVLrrc4dJvqVVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192336084390698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PS-MPs慢性暴露致睾丸组织病理损伤分析

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与对照组比较A:小鼠睾丸组织HE染色结果 黑色箭头:示睾丸支持细胞,红色双箭头:示曲细精管直径,蓝色双箭头:示曲细精管厚度;B~D:曲细精管直径、曲细精管厚度和支持细胞数量统计结果

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与对照组比较A:睾丸组织透射电镜结果 红色箭头:示线粒体嵴肿胀,黑色箭头:示线粒体嵴断裂;B:睾丸组织普鲁士蓝染色情况 红色箭头:示睾丸支持细胞;C~E:Western blot检测睾丸组织铁死亡关键分子GPX4、FTL蛋白的表达及定量分析结果

, figureFileSmall=iab/GZjFe6axaSrtt9XZaw==, figureFileBig=n0BzKiuRAXg2PagcNTlndA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192336952611629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=f5LUlad1MtzqjoRnYz+oSg==, figureFileBig=pMhX6bps2PPmzHObQp4udA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192337019720494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PS-MPs慢性暴露后TM4细胞形态和增殖情况

A:显微镜下观察细胞形态的变化 红色箭头:示细胞空泡;B:CCK-8检测细胞OD(450)值 a:P<0.05,与Con组比较

, figureFileSmall=f5LUlad1MtzqjoRnYz+oSg==, figureFileBig=pMhX6bps2PPmzHObQp4udA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192337262990127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=29yyXcJr06/yR68ooAx3gA==, figureFileBig=1bce86yn5Fu/7/Tz+tyaIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192337393013552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PS-MPs慢性暴露后TM4细胞线粒体功能变化及凋亡情况

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Con组比较A:细胞ROS水平及统计分析;B:细胞MMP水平及统计分析;C:细胞凋亡水平及统计分析

, figureFileSmall=29yyXcJr06/yR68ooAx3gA==, figureFileBig=1bce86yn5Fu/7/Tz+tyaIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192337451733809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cgXVsQxdlOVcQS+7D6DWtQ==, figureFileBig=wL4qkZwzw5B93pcZuIUARw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192337518842674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192312516596469, language=CN, label=图5, caption=细胞铁离子含量及铁死亡关键分子的蛋白表达水平

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Con组比较A:细胞内Fe2+含量;B~D:Western blot检测铁死亡分子GPX4和FTL蛋白的表达及定量分析结果

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聚苯乙烯微塑料长期暴露诱导睾丸支持细胞铁死亡
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李燚 , 文乙先 , 蔡景 , 张慧莲 , 韩飞
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(15): 1720-1728
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (15) : 1720 -1728
聚苯乙烯微塑料长期暴露诱导睾丸支持细胞铁死亡
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李燚, 文乙先, 蔡景, 张慧莲, 韩飞
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,教育部生殖与发育国际联合研究实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
韩 飞,E-mail:
HAN Fei,E-mail:
Chronic exposure to polystyrene microplastics induces ferroptosis in testicular Sertoli cells
Yi LI, Yixian WEN, Jing CAI, Huilian ZHANG, Fei HAN
Affiliations
  • 1International Joint Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education,School of Public Health,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502021
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目的

探究聚苯乙烯微塑料(polystyrene microplastics,PS-MPs)长期低剂量暴露是否诱导睾丸支持细胞发生铁死亡导致睾丸损伤。

方法

40只8周龄C57BL/6雄性小鼠按随机数字抽样法分为(n=20):对照组(去离子水)、处理组[PS-MPs,2.5 mg/(kg·d)],每日灌胃1次,持续12个月;HE染色及普鲁士蓝染色检测睾丸组织病理损伤及Fe2+蓄积情况;电子透射显微镜观察睾丸支持细胞线粒体形态。使用小鼠睾丸支持细胞系TM4作为研究模型,分为Con组(常规培养)和MPs组(PS-MPs,2.5 μg/mL),2组细胞均连续处理至第100代,显微镜下观察细胞形态变化;CCK-8检测细胞活性变化,活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)探针、线粒体膜电位探针(JC-1)分别检测TM4细胞ROS和线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP);利用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况;Fe2+试剂盒检测细胞内Fe2+含量;Western blot检测组织和细胞内铁死亡关键分子的蛋白表达水平。

结果

PS-MPs长期暴露后,与对照组相比,处理组小鼠睾丸组织曲细精管直径和厚度显著降低(P<0.01),睾丸支持细胞数量减少(P<0.05);睾丸支持细胞线粒体呈现铁死亡特征性改变,睾丸组织Fe2+蓄积增加;PS-MPs暴露可下调铁死亡关键分子谷胱甘肽过氧化酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)和铁蛋白轻链(ferritin light chain,FTL)蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)。在细胞模型中,PS-MPs长期染毒导致TM4细胞形态改变、活性显著降低(P<0.05),ROS水平明显升高(P<0.01),MMP显著降低(P<0.05);PS-MPs暴露后TM4细胞未发生明显凋亡,但细胞内Fe2+含量显著升高(P<0.01);PS-MPs暴露可下调GPX4和FTL蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)。

结论

PS-MPs长期低剂量暴露可以诱导睾丸支持细胞线粒体损伤和氧化应激,并激活铁死亡途径,导致小鼠睾丸损伤。

聚苯乙烯微塑料  /  睾丸损伤  /  睾丸支持细胞  /  铁死亡
Objective

To investigate whether long-term low-dose exposure to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) induces ferroptosis in testicular Sertoli cells and then leads to testicular injury.

Methods‍

Forty 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group (deionized water group) and a PS-MPs group [2.5 mg/(kg·d)], with 20 mice in each group. Corresponding agents were gavaged once a day for 12 consecutive months. HE staining and Prussian blue staining were used to detect histopathological damage and accumulation of ferrous ions in the testes. Electron transmission microscopy was employed to observe the mitochondrial morphology of testicular Sertoli cells. Mouse Sertoli cell line TM4 was divided into a Con group (standard culture) and an MPs group (2.5 μg/mL PS-MPs). After both groups underwent continuous exposure and passed up to the 100th generation, morphological changes were observed under the microscope; cell viability was detected with CCK8 assay, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected with a ROS probe and a mitochondrial membrane potential probe (JC-1), respectively. Flow cytometry, ferrous ion (Fe2+) kit and Western blotting were applied to detect cell apoptosis, intracellular iron ion content, and protein levels of key molecules of ferroptosis in tissues and cells.

Results‍

Long-term exposure to PS-MPs resulted in significantly reduced diameter and thickness of mouse varicocele (P<0.01), fewer testicular Sertoli cells (P<0.05), with characteristic ferroptosis alterations in the mitochondria, and increased accumulation of ferrous ions in testicular tissue. Exposure to PS-MPs down-regulated the key molecules of ferroptosis, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferritin light chain (FTL) when compared with the control group (P<0.05). In the cell model, long-term PS-MPs exposure led to morphological changes and decreased cell viability (P<0.05), more production of ROS (P<0.01), and decrease in MMP (P<0.05) of TM4 cells. The exposure had no effect on cell apoptosis, but elevated the intracellular content of ferric ions (P<0.01), and down-regulated GPX4 and FTL protein levels (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Long-term low-dose exposure to PS-MPs induces mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in testicular Sertoli cells, activates the ferroptosis pathway, and ultimately leads to testicular injury in mice.

polystyrene microplastics  /  testicular injury  /  testicular Sertoli cell  /  ferroptosis
李燚, 文乙先, 蔡景, 张慧莲, 韩飞. 聚苯乙烯微塑料长期暴露诱导睾丸支持细胞铁死亡. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1720 -1728 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502021
Yi LI, Yixian WEN, Jing CAI, Huilian ZHANG, Fei HAN. Chronic exposure to polystyrene microplastics induces ferroptosis in testicular Sertoli cells[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1720 -1728 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502021
目前,不孕不育症已经成为社会和公共卫生的重要问题,由男方因素引起的生育问题占不育夫妇的40%~50%。研究发现,环境有害因素暴露是引起男性生殖损害的重要危险因素[1]。塑料因为具有良好的稳定性和耐久性,在世界范围内被广泛使用从而导致大量塑料垃圾释放到环境中[2]。由于塑料的难降解和难分解特性,这些塑料垃圾在理化因素和机械外力作用下被降解为微塑料,并广泛分布于环境中,导致微塑料污染十分严重,这可能给生态环境和人类健康造成重大影响[3]。近年来,微塑料对雄性生殖健康的影响引起了越来越广泛的关注。微塑料(microplastics,MPs)一词在2004年被海洋生态学家THOMPSON等[4]定义为直径或长度<5 mm的塑料颗粒、纤维或薄膜。聚苯乙烯微塑料(polystyrene microplastics,PS-MPs)是环境中最主要的微塑料类型[5]。尽管目前已有不少关于PS-MPs对雄性生殖损害的研究,但大多为高剂量急性毒效应的研究结果,低剂量慢性暴露模型的毒性效应罕见报道,且潜在毒性机制也亟待阐明。课题组前期研究发现,较高剂量[40 mg/(kg·d)] 5 μm粒径的PS-MPs暴露60 d会导致睾丸组织学改变,血清睾酮水平降低,精子质量下降,最终导致小鼠雄性生殖功能障碍[6]。一项最新研究显示,PS-MPs短期暴露后在支持细胞内聚集,引起炎症相关蛋白的显著升高[7]。睾丸支持细胞作为睾丸组织中重要的体细胞之一,能够分泌多种细胞因子为生精细胞的发育提供保护和营养物质,促使生精细胞正常有序地发育至成熟[8]。然而,PS-MPs长期低剂量暴露造成睾丸支持细胞损伤的效应和具体机制仍不明确。
铁死亡是一种铁依赖性的细胞程序性死亡方式,与Fe2+过载导致的芬顿反应、胞内脂质过氧化等密切相关[9]。线粒体形态结构变化、膜电位损伤、线粒体活性氧增加等也在铁死亡中扮演重要角色[10]。然而,目前尚不清楚铁死亡是否参与PS-MPs诱导的睾丸损伤。已有研究表明,PS-MPs能够通过铁死亡途径影响睾丸精母细胞的存活[11]。铁过载会损害小鼠的睾丸发育和精子发生[12]。因此,本课题组推测PS-MPs很有可能通过铁死亡途径诱导睾丸损伤。本研究利用粒径为5 μm的聚苯乙烯微塑料,用人体实际接触换算的最低剂量[2.5 mg/(kg·d)]连续暴露构建12个月的小鼠模型,以及低剂量(2.5 μg/mL)暴露100代的细胞模型相结合,探讨PS-MPs是否导致睾丸组织损伤、铁离子蓄积以及诱导睾丸支持细胞发生铁死亡,旨在为PS-MPs诱导睾丸损伤的具体机制提供新思路。
PS-MPs(粒径5 μm,纯度>98%)购自江苏先丰纳米材料科技有限公司;小鼠支持细胞系TM4购自美国ATCC细胞库;普鲁士蓝染色液(DAB增强法)试剂盒和Fe2+试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;CCK-8试剂盒购自山东思科捷生物技术有限公司;线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP)和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)试剂盒购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;谷胱甘肽过氧化酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)抗体购自杭州华安生物技术有限公司;铁蛋白轻链(ferritin light chain,FTL)抗体购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;睾丸固定液和β-actin抗体购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。
动物模型:40只8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠[体质量(22±2)g]购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,在无特定病原体的动物房中适应性喂养1周后,将小鼠按随机数字抽样法分为(n=20):对照组(去离子水)和处理组[PS-MPs,2.5 mg/(kg·d)],每日灌胃1次,连续灌胃12个月建立PS-MPs体内暴露模型。本课题组设计的低剂量慢性暴露模型是基于一项估算人类每天摄入微塑料总量的分析研究,人类每日摄入0.014~0.710 g的微塑料[13];正常小鼠与体质量70 kg的人类药物摄入剂量换算系数为12.3[14],剂量换算公式如下:小鼠剂量(mg/kg)=人体剂量×剂量换算系数,即14/70×12.3=2.46 mg/kg。按照这一换算比例,在小鼠中考虑的相应暴露剂量为2.46~124.76 mg/(kg·d)。为了研究长期暴露于微塑料颗粒对健康的影响,本研究选择最低剂量2.5 mg/(kg·d)作为实验暴露剂量。所有实验遵循国家实验动物伦理规定,并通过重庆医科大学实验动物管理和使用委员会批准(IACUC-CQMU-2023-0458)。
细胞模型:TM4细胞用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基于37 ℃、5%CO2的培养箱中培养,分为Con组(常规培养)和MPs组(PS-MPs,2.5 μg/mL),实验均选取对数生长期细胞。细胞实验所选剂量参考了相关研究设定[15]。
对各组小鼠腹腔注射10%水合氯醛麻醉后脱颈处死小鼠于冰上分离睾丸组织,睾丸固定液进行固定,脱水后石蜡包埋切成5 μm厚的切片,60 ℃烘箱内烤片,二甲苯、无水乙醇脱蜡后,进行HE染色,封片后镜下观察睾丸组织病理学形态。HE染色后,细胞基部附着于生精小管基膜,顶部延伸至管腔,细胞核大且呈卵圆形或不规则形细胞则判定为支持细胞。在同一放大倍数下,随机选择样本的5个视野,使用软件Caseviewer的线段工具测量曲细精管的直径最长距离与最短距离,计算二者之和的平均值,同理测量曲细精管厚度。
将睾丸组织取材完成后,立即用2.5%戊二醛固定,放置于4 ℃中,后续步骤由塞维尔生物科技有限公司进行透射电镜扫描。
石蜡切片脱蜡至水(同睾丸组织HE染色),根据普鲁士蓝染色液试剂盒说明书进行染色,蒸馏水冲洗后依次进行梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明,用中性树胶封片,在光学显微镜下观察并计算阳性细胞比例。
将TM4细胞接种相等数量的细胞于96孔板中,按照CCK-8试剂盒操作步骤,待细胞贴壁后,光学显微镜下观察细胞形态,按10∶1的体积比例将DMEM/F12培养基和CCK-8试剂进行配比混匀,并进行换液操作,避光37 ℃孵育1~2 h,每组设置3个复孔,使用酶标仪测定吸光度[OD(450)]值。
将TM4细胞接种于6孔板中,每组设置3个复孔,消化并收集细胞至EP管中,多次PBS溶液洗涤、离心(800 r/min,3 min)、重悬细胞后,加入DCFH-DA荧光探针,37 ℃细胞培养箱孵育30 min,使用工作液重悬TM4细胞,使用流式细胞仪检测ROS平均荧光强度。将2组的TM4细胞接种等量细胞于共聚焦皿中,细胞密度达到50%时,根据MMP试剂盒说明书,加入JC-1探针在37 ℃下细胞培养箱孵育30 min,PBS清洗2次后于共聚焦显微镜下观察。细胞凋亡检测实验的细胞处理步骤同ROS,后续检测由重庆医科大学生命科学院流式细胞平台进行检测,以上实验均重复3次。
将TM4细胞接种于2个10 cm2培养皿中,消化后收集细胞,加入提取液超声破碎细胞。严格按照Fe2+试剂盒说明书步骤进行操作,收集上清液,用酶标仪检测细胞中的Fe2+水平,实验至少重复3次。
称取10 mg的睾丸组织,200 μL蛋白裂解液裂解组织后,使用匀浆机在冰上低温下研磨睾丸组织,冰水中超声2次,每次5 min,在4 ℃下以12 000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清即为提取的蛋白;将TM4细胞接种在6 cm2培养皿中,细胞密度达到90%时,PBS清洗3遍,加入配好的细胞裂解液,用细胞刮刮下细胞将混悬液收集于EP管中,冰上裂解10 min,在4 ℃下以12 000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液即为提取的蛋白。采用BCA法测量睾丸组织和TM4细胞蛋白浓度,将蛋白在100 ℃煮15 min变性。根据蛋白相对分子量大小选择不同浓度的胶浓缩分离,将蛋白转至PVDF膜上,脱脂牛奶封闭2 h,一抗孵育过夜,1×TBST洗涤3次,二抗室温孵育1 h,1×TBST洗涤3次,使用化学发光法曝光蛋白条带观察,实验至少重复3次。
数据用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件进行统计分析,计量资料结果均以x¯±s表示,每个独立实验至少重复3次以获得平均值,2组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为了明确PS-MPs对雄性生殖系统的损伤,通过HE染色进行病理分析,结果显示,与对照组相比,处理组睾丸组织病理形态发生了明显改变,曲细精管内细胞排列稀疏、紊乱,支持细胞发生空泡变性、呈絮状的改变(图1A),曲细精管直径和厚度显著降低(P<0.01,图1B、C),支持细胞的数量显著减少(P<0.05,图1D)。
透射电镜结果显示,与对照组相比,处理组睾丸支持细胞线粒体出现明显损伤,线粒体嵴呈泡状膨大崩解、断裂甚至消失,外膜破裂(图2A)。为确定PS-MPs处理后睾丸组织铁蓄积情况,利用普鲁士蓝对睾丸组织进行染色观察发现,处理组睾丸中可见支持细胞及其他细胞Fe2+含量升高,提示睾丸支持细胞出现Fe2+蓄积现象(图2B)。Western blot结果显示:与对照组相比,处理组睾丸组织内铁死亡关键分子GPX4和FTL蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05,图2C~E),提示PS-MPs暴露可能会导致GPX4失活,铁蛋白储存铁能力降低,从而导致睾丸抗氧化能力降低、游离Fe2+增加并导致铁死亡。以上结果初步提示,PS-MPs长期低剂量暴露可能诱导了睾丸支持细胞发生铁死亡。
为进一步明确PS-MPs长期低剂量暴露对TM4细胞的损伤效应,光学显微镜下观察细胞形态,结果显示,与Con组相比,MPs组细胞密度减少,细胞胞内空泡增加(图3A)。CCK-8检测细胞活性发现,与Con组相比,MPs组细胞活力显著降低(P<0.05,图3B)。
为进一步探究TM4细胞活力降低是否与线粒体功能障碍有关,采用流式细胞术对细胞内ROS水平进行检测。检测结果显示,与Con组相比,MPs组的ROS水平显著增加(P<0.01,图4A);过量的ROS会导致线粒体膜去极化,破坏线粒体完整性,导致MMP水平显著降低(P<0.05,图4B)。为确定PS-MPs抑制TM4细胞增殖是否与细胞凋亡相关,采用流式细胞术对TM4细胞进行凋亡情况分析,分析结果显示,MPs组细胞并未出现明显的凋亡效应(图4C)。以上结果提示,低剂量PS-MPs长期暴露导致TM4细胞活力降低可能与铁死亡诱导的线粒体功能障碍有关,而并非由细胞凋亡导致。
Fe2+含量检测结果发现,与Con组相比,MPs组细胞内Fe2+含量显著升高(P<0.01,图5A),Western blot结果显示,与Con组相比,MPs组细胞内铁死亡关键分子GPX4和FTL蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05,图5B~D)。结果提示,PS-MPs会诱导TM4细胞铁代谢紊乱,脂质过氧化损伤增加,出现铁死亡效应。
PS-MPs作为一种新型污染物,广泛应用于各行各业中,并可通过多种途径进入人体。生殖系统作为生物体敏感的系统之一[16],可能更容易受到PS-MPs的威胁。既往研究多关注于PS-MPs大剂量急性暴露对睾丸的损伤[17],但这与人体实际接触时间和剂量明显不同,而本研究采取人体接触换算的低剂量长期慢性暴露的实验模型,符合人类实际情况。睾丸支持细胞作为睾丸损伤的重要靶细胞,为生殖细胞提供营养环境和物理支撑[18],睾丸支持细胞功能受损能够影响精子发生过程,导致男性不育或生育能力低下[19-20]。但是新型污染物PS-MPs诱导睾丸损伤机制尚未完全阐明。近年来,铁死亡被发现参与了包括睾丸损伤在内的许多疾病的发展过程,然而在PS-MPs所致的睾丸损伤中,铁死亡的机制尚未得到充分研究。基于上述背景,本研究建立了粒径为5 μm的PS-MPs长期暴露的雄鼠模型和睾丸支持细胞系TM4细胞模型。既往研究发现PS-MPs可通过氧化应激[21]、线粒体损伤[22]等途径损害雄性生殖系统,因此本研究考虑PS-MPs会通过线粒体氧化应激途径诱导铁死亡途径从而造成睾丸损伤[23]。随后,在PS-MPs长期暴露的雄鼠模型和细胞模型证实了铁死亡的发生,结果提示,PS-MPs长期暴露会通过铁死亡途径导致睾丸支持细胞损伤,为进一步研究PS-MPs对雄性生殖系统的毒性效应及机制提供了新的思路。
铁死亡作为一种新型调节性细胞死亡方式,在器官损伤机制研究中展现出重要的生物学价值。本研究结果表明,低剂量的PS-MPs长期暴露会导致睾丸组织损伤,包括曲细精管厚度和直径显著减小,支持细胞形态改变,数目明显减少。由于铁代谢是一个极其复杂的途径,主要为Fe2+的运输、储存和调节[24],而在睾丸曲细精管中,支持细胞主要参与铁的运输,维持铁稳态[20],因此研究支持细胞铁代谢过程极为重要。普鲁士蓝染色发现睾丸支持细胞Fe2+蓄积,而Fe2+蓄积是铁死亡的重要表征。此外,透射电镜下观察到PS-MPs长期暴露后小鼠睾丸支持细胞的线粒体损伤显著,考虑睾丸组织出现Fe2+蓄积可能与线粒体损伤有关。GPX4是铁死亡发生的重要保护机制,GPX4降低表示铁死亡的发生[25]。FTL是维持机体铁离子的贮铁蛋白,通过结合游离铁来调节铁的分布[26],FTL表达降低会引起细胞储铁能力降低,GPX4和FTL在维持细胞内氧化应激和铁代谢平衡中起关键作用,其表达水平能够很好地反映外界因素刺激下细胞的铁死亡程度[27]。本研究的蛋白结果表明,睾丸组织中铁死亡关键蛋白GPX4、FTL的表达均显著降低。上述结果提示PS-MPs慢性暴露的雄鼠睾丸组织出现了铁死亡。
为进一步验证PS-MPs慢性暴露对睾丸支持细胞的影响,本研究建立了PS-MPs慢性暴露的TM4细胞模型,结果显示,与Con组相比,低剂量的PS-MPs长期暴露会导致TM4细胞密度降低,细胞内空泡增加,细胞活力下降。研究表明PS-MPs暴露可以引起氧化应激[28],氧化应激水平失衡会导致ROS积累增多,进而启动细胞死亡,而线粒体在氧化应激过程中发挥核心作用[29],同时还是铁利用、分解代谢和合成代谢途径中的重要细胞器[30],因此线粒体功能障碍与铁死亡关系密切[31]。本研究结果与上述发现一致,线粒体损伤的相关指标发生明显变化,例如ROS水平升高,MMP水平降低都提示了细胞内Fe2+蓄积,细胞线粒体受损,进一步导致氧化应激水平失衡。有研究指出线粒体功能障碍与细胞凋亡存在密切联系[32],因此本研究检测了细胞凋亡情况,但研究结果进一步表明线粒体损伤极有可能引起铁死亡,而非细胞凋亡途径。同时,研究结果发现PS-MPs长期暴露后TM4细胞中铁死亡关键蛋白GPX4、FTL的蛋白表达均显著降低。由此可见,低剂量的PS-MPs长期处理TM4细胞,触发了铁代谢紊乱,导致细胞内Fe2+过载,氧化应激水平失衡产生的过量ROS导致细胞线粒体损伤,最终引起铁死亡的发生。
本研究通过PS-MPs慢性暴露雄鼠睾丸组织,发现铁死亡途径可能是导致睾丸损伤的关键机制之一。此外,通过体外细胞模型进一步探索发现线粒体损伤导致的氧化应激在铁死亡发生过程中发挥重要作用。本研究也存在不足之处:①铁死亡主要通过氧化应激和炎症引起细胞损伤,但本研究只关注了线粒体氧化应激损伤,未涉及PS-MPs造成的炎症反应与铁死亡之间的关系;②本研究只建立了睾丸支持细胞TM4慢性暴露模型,而在睾丸组织普鲁士蓝染色中可以明显观察到生精细胞与间质细胞可能同样存在铁死亡情况,后续还需要进一步探讨低剂量PS-MPs长期暴露对生精细胞和间质细胞铁死亡的影响及可能机制;③本研究没有从铁死亡角度进行干预,从而更加充分证实PS-MPs诱导的损伤以铁死亡为主。综上所述,本研究揭示了PS-MPs长期低剂量暴露可造成睾丸支持细胞Fe2+蓄积及引起线粒体氧化应激进而诱导睾丸支持细胞发生铁死亡。然而,PS-MPs通过引起睾丸支持细胞铁死亡造成睾丸损伤的具体机制,还需进一步地深入研究。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502021
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08
  • 修回日期:2025-05-15
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    1重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,教育部生殖与发育国际联合研究实验室,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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