Article(id=1322192287367549573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739462400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-14, revisedDate=1745510400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164806453, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164806453, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164806453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164806453, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322192284670603597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1685', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164805810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164826583, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1708, endPage=1719, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322192287577264774, articleId=1322192287367549573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Effect of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics on mesenchymal phenotypic transformation in testicular Sertoli cells, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics (PS-MNPs) on testicular Sertoli cells.

Methods

Sixty male C57BL/6N mice (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into a control group (deionized water), a PS-NPs group [particle size of 20 nm, 2.5 mg/(kg·d)], and a PS-MPs group [particle size of 5 μm, 2.5 mg/(kg·d)], with 20 mice in each group. The corresponding agents were gavaged once daily for 6 months. HE staining was used to observe the histopathological and morphological changes in the testicular tissues. Immunohistochemistry of marker proteins was employed to evaluate the changes in the number of Sertoli cells. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to identify functions and signaling pathways enriched in the testicular transcriptome. Mouse testicular Sertoli cell line TM4 was divided into a control group (deionized water), a 2.5NPs group (2.5 μg/mL), and a 2.5MPs group (2.5 μg/mL). All groups received continuous exposure through 130 cell passages. Cell viability and proliferative capacity were evaluated using CCK-8 assay and EdU incorporation, while cell migration was assessed using transwell and cell scratch assays. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the changes in the expression of key molecules regulating mesenchymal phenotypic transformation (MPT) at mRNA and protein levels.

Results

Pathological analysis revealed that, when compared to the control group, PS-NPs and PS-MPs treatment resulted in extended spaces between testicular seminiferous tubules, loosely arranged spermatogenic cells, and enhanced vacuolization. Immunohistochemical analysis of marker proteins indicated a decreasing trend in the number of testicular Sertoli cells in the PS-NPs and PS-MPs groups than the control group, with the PS-NPs group having statistical significance (P<0.01). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that PS-MNPs exposure-related altered genes were significantly enriched in cell adhesion signaling pathways (P<0.05). PS-MPs exposure significantly inhibited the growth and migration ability of TM4 cells (P<0.05), but PS-NPs exposure had no such effect on cell growth but notably enhanced cell migration ability. PS-NPs exposure inhibited the expression levels of E-cadherin and ZO-1 (P<0.01) and up-regulated the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin (P<0.01), and PS-MPs exposure led to significant up-regulation of vimentin (P<0.01) and down-regulation of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and ZO-1 (P<0.05). Both PS-MPs and PS-NPs exposure up-regulated the mRNA levels of Snail2, Twist1, and Zeb2 (P<0.01).

Conclusion

Exposure of PS-MNPs leads to abnormal proliferation and migration of TM4 cells, induces decreases in cell-cell contacts among Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells at all levels possibly through MPT, and thus results in testicular damage.

, authors=Jing CAI, Yixian WEN, Huilian ZHANG, Yi LI, Fei HAN, authorsList=Jing CAI, Yixian WEN, Huilian ZHANG, Yi LI, Fei HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fei HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322192291146617491, articleId=1322192287367549573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=聚苯乙烯微/纳米塑料对睾丸支持细胞间质表型转化的影响, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨聚苯乙烯微/纳米塑料(polystyrene micro/nanoplastics,PS-MNPs)对睾丸支持细胞的影响及潜在机制。

方法

60只8周龄C57BL/6N雄性小鼠按照完全随机法分为(n=20):Ctrl组(去离子水)、聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(polystyrene nanoplastics,PS-NPs)组[粒径为20 nm,2.5 mg/(kg·d)]和聚苯乙烯微米塑料(polystyrene microplastics,PS-MPs)组[粒径为5 μm,2.5 mg/(kg·d)]。每日灌胃1次,持续6个月。采用HE染色分析睾丸组织病理形态差异;标志蛋白免疫组化分析支持细胞数量变化。采用GO和KEGG富集分析睾丸转录组富集的功能及信号通路。使用小鼠睾丸支持细胞系(TM4)作为研究模型,分为Con组(去离子水)、2.5NPs组(粒径为20 nm,2.5 μg/mL)和2.5MPs组(粒径为5 μm,2.5 μg/mL),各组TM4细胞均连续处理至130代,CCK-8法及EdU检测细胞活性与增殖能力,Transwell和细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力,利用RT-qPCR和Western blot检测调控间质表型转化关键分子mRNA和蛋白水平表达变化。

结果

病理学分析结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,PS-NPs和PS-MPs组小鼠的睾丸曲细精管间距增大,生精细胞排列松散,并伴有空泡化程度增加。标志蛋白免疫组化结果显示,PS-NPs和PS-MPs组小鼠的睾丸支持细胞数量与Ctrl组相比呈下降趋势,其中PS-NPs组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。对暴露睾丸组织转录组筛选的差异基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析发现,PS-MNPs暴露相关变化基因明显富集到细胞黏附分子信号通路(P<0.05)。PS-MPs暴露TM4细胞明显抑制细胞生长及细胞迁移能力(P<0.05);PS-NPs暴露TM4细胞对细胞生长没有明显影响,但能明显增强细胞迁移能力;PS-NPs暴露后抑制E-cadherin和ZO-1的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01),上调N-cadherin和Vimentin的表达(P<0.01);PS-MPs暴露后上调Vimentin的表达(P<0.01),下调E-cadherin、N-cadherin及ZO-1的表达(P<0.05);PS-MPs和PS-NPs暴露上调Snail2、Twist1和Zeb2的mRNA水平(P<0.01)。

结论

PS-MNPs暴露会导致TM4细胞增殖和迁移功能异常,并可能通过间质表型转化诱导支持细胞与各级生精细胞间的细胞-细胞接触减少,进而导致睾丸损伤。

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韩飞,E-mail:
HAN Fei,E-mail:
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EBioMedicine,2024,108:105369., articleTitle=Association of mixed exposure to microplastics with sperm dysfunction:a multi-site study in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322192291377304214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192291389887126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, companyId=1322192291377304214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1International Joint Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education,School of Public Health,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192291398275735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, companyId=1322192291377304214, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,生殖与发育教育部国际合作联合实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322192296095896258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zGsKM5TjKKI0hKLsTN0iqA==, figureFileBig=uZO3VJ7t1w+ZffdS0cPAAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296188170948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露对小鼠睾丸病理结构的影响(n=5,x¯±s)

a:P<0.01,与Ctrl组比较A:睾丸组织切片HE染色结果 五角星:示管腔增大;黑色箭头:示细胞空泡化;红色箭头:示生精细胞排列松散;B:睾丸曲细精管管腔直径统计结果;C:睾丸曲细精管细胞层厚度与曲细精管直径之比;D:睾丸曲细精管间距统计结果;E:免疫组化观察支持细胞特异性染色 黑色三角形:示支持细胞;F:曲细精管平均支持细胞数量统计结果

, figureFileSmall=zGsKM5TjKKI0hKLsTN0iqA==, figureFileBig=uZO3VJ7t1w+ZffdS0cPAAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296582435525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uX9ZlMThPzC9VZEBIUE/jA==, figureFileBig=yK5MyKjyPEKLIcfRrRBf8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296657932998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PS-NPs和PS-MPs慢性暴露对睾丸转录组的影响分析

A、B:PS-NPs、PS-MPs组差异基因火山图;C、D:PS-NPs、PS-MPs组差异基因 KEGG富集结果;E、F:PS-NPs、PS-MPs组差异基因GO富集结果

, figureFileSmall=uX9ZlMThPzC9VZEBIUE/jA==, figureFileBig=yK5MyKjyPEKLIcfRrRBf8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297001865927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vXHWBoT8LBMIVwRIgDVe1g==, figureFileBig=oDwHGOSSVV0SspHlzMTUqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297094140616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露后TM4细胞形态和增殖情况

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Con组比较A:PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露130代细胞形态和密度变化;B:PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露130代细胞增殖情况;C:EdU结果定量分析;D:PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露130代细胞OD(450)值

, figureFileSmall=vXHWBoT8LBMIVwRIgDVe1g==, figureFileBig=oDwHGOSSVV0SspHlzMTUqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297173832393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=62yqNfcJ3FGMF3MLJted3g==, figureFileBig=s7IZHwg017gaVOtkPlQbUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297438073546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露对TM4细胞迁移能力的影响

a:P<0.01,与Con组比较A:Transwell检测PS-NPs和PS-MPs对TM4细胞迁移的影响;B:Transwell 结果定量分析;C:细胞划痕检测PS-NPs和PS-MPs对TM4细胞迁移的影响;D:划痕结果定量分析

, figureFileSmall=62yqNfcJ3FGMF3MLJted3g==, figureFileBig=s7IZHwg017gaVOtkPlQbUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297526153931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tGpZ53hrJrrq7ZtZBOKkMA==, figureFileBig=E2cOlk+NW6gxifl+ejmMDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297610040012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露后TM4细胞间质表型转化关键蛋白变化

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Con组比较A:2.5NPs和2.5MPs暴露TM4细胞130代后Western blot检测相关蛋白表达;B~E:2.5NPs和2.5MPs暴露后 E-cadherin、N-cadherin、ZO-1和Vimentin蛋白表达半定量分析

, figureFileSmall=tGpZ53hrJrrq7ZtZBOKkMA==, figureFileBig=E2cOlk+NW6gxifl+ejmMDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297702314701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hnz/r5xgYwGkRL3TA6mWoQ==, figureFileBig=Pg4PhBzbLEg8wqdnXVVeyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297832338126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287367549573, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露后TM4细胞间质表型转化转录调控因子的mRNA表达变化

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Con组比较

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聚苯乙烯微/纳米塑料对睾丸支持细胞间质表型转化的影响
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蔡景 , 文乙先 , 张慧莲 , 李燚 , 韩飞
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(15): 1708-1719
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (15) : 1708 -1719
聚苯乙烯微/纳米塑料对睾丸支持细胞间质表型转化的影响
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蔡景, 文乙先, 张慧莲, 李燚, 韩飞
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,生殖与发育教育部国际合作联合实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
韩飞,E-mail:
HAN Fei,E-mail:
Effect of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics on mesenchymal phenotypic transformation in testicular Sertoli cells
Jing CAI, Yixian WEN, Huilian ZHANG, Yi LI, Fei HAN
Affiliations
  • 1International Joint Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education,School of Public Health,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502043
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目的

探讨聚苯乙烯微/纳米塑料(polystyrene micro/nanoplastics,PS-MNPs)对睾丸支持细胞的影响及潜在机制。

方法

60只8周龄C57BL/6N雄性小鼠按照完全随机法分为(n=20):Ctrl组(去离子水)、聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(polystyrene nanoplastics,PS-NPs)组[粒径为20 nm,2.5 mg/(kg·d)]和聚苯乙烯微米塑料(polystyrene microplastics,PS-MPs)组[粒径为5 μm,2.5 mg/(kg·d)]。每日灌胃1次,持续6个月。采用HE染色分析睾丸组织病理形态差异;标志蛋白免疫组化分析支持细胞数量变化。采用GO和KEGG富集分析睾丸转录组富集的功能及信号通路。使用小鼠睾丸支持细胞系(TM4)作为研究模型,分为Con组(去离子水)、2.5NPs组(粒径为20 nm,2.5 μg/mL)和2.5MPs组(粒径为5 μm,2.5 μg/mL),各组TM4细胞均连续处理至130代,CCK-8法及EdU检测细胞活性与增殖能力,Transwell和细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力,利用RT-qPCR和Western blot检测调控间质表型转化关键分子mRNA和蛋白水平表达变化。

结果

病理学分析结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,PS-NPs和PS-MPs组小鼠的睾丸曲细精管间距增大,生精细胞排列松散,并伴有空泡化程度增加。标志蛋白免疫组化结果显示,PS-NPs和PS-MPs组小鼠的睾丸支持细胞数量与Ctrl组相比呈下降趋势,其中PS-NPs组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。对暴露睾丸组织转录组筛选的差异基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析发现,PS-MNPs暴露相关变化基因明显富集到细胞黏附分子信号通路(P<0.05)。PS-MPs暴露TM4细胞明显抑制细胞生长及细胞迁移能力(P<0.05);PS-NPs暴露TM4细胞对细胞生长没有明显影响,但能明显增强细胞迁移能力;PS-NPs暴露后抑制E-cadherin和ZO-1的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01),上调N-cadherin和Vimentin的表达(P<0.01);PS-MPs暴露后上调Vimentin的表达(P<0.01),下调E-cadherin、N-cadherin及ZO-1的表达(P<0.05);PS-MPs和PS-NPs暴露上调Snail2、Twist1和Zeb2的mRNA水平(P<0.01)。

结论

PS-MNPs暴露会导致TM4细胞增殖和迁移功能异常,并可能通过间质表型转化诱导支持细胞与各级生精细胞间的细胞-细胞接触减少,进而导致睾丸损伤。

微塑料  /  聚苯乙烯  /  睾丸损伤  /  纳米塑料  /  睾丸支持细胞  /  间质表型转化
Objective‍

To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics (PS-MNPs) on testicular Sertoli cells.

Methods

Sixty male C57BL/6N mice (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into a control group (deionized water), a PS-NPs group [particle size of 20 nm, 2.5 mg/(kg·d)], and a PS-MPs group [particle size of 5 μm, 2.5 mg/(kg·d)], with 20 mice in each group. The corresponding agents were gavaged once daily for 6 months. HE staining was used to observe the histopathological and morphological changes in the testicular tissues. Immunohistochemistry of marker proteins was employed to evaluate the changes in the number of Sertoli cells. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to identify functions and signaling pathways enriched in the testicular transcriptome. Mouse testicular Sertoli cell line TM4 was divided into a control group (deionized water), a 2.5NPs group (2.5 μg/mL), and a 2.5MPs group (2.5 μg/mL). All groups received continuous exposure through 130 cell passages. Cell viability and proliferative capacity were evaluated using CCK-8 assay and EdU incorporation, while cell migration was assessed using transwell and cell scratch assays. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the changes in the expression of key molecules regulating mesenchymal phenotypic transformation (MPT) at mRNA and protein levels.

Results

Pathological analysis revealed that, when compared to the control group, PS-NPs and PS-MPs treatment resulted in extended spaces between testicular seminiferous tubules, loosely arranged spermatogenic cells, and enhanced vacuolization. Immunohistochemical analysis of marker proteins indicated a decreasing trend in the number of testicular Sertoli cells in the PS-NPs and PS-MPs groups than the control group, with the PS-NPs group having statistical significance (P<0.01). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that PS-MNPs exposure-related altered genes were significantly enriched in cell adhesion signaling pathways (P<0.05). PS-MPs exposure significantly inhibited the growth and migration ability of TM4 cells (P<0.05), but PS-NPs exposure had no such effect on cell growth but notably enhanced cell migration ability. PS-NPs exposure inhibited the expression levels of E-cadherin and ZO-1 (P<0.01) and up-regulated the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin (P<0.01), and PS-MPs exposure led to significant up-regulation of vimentin (P<0.01) and down-regulation of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and ZO-1 (P<0.05). Both PS-MPs and PS-NPs exposure up-regulated the mRNA levels of Snail2, Twist1, and Zeb2 (P<0.01).

Conclusion

Exposure of PS-MNPs leads to abnormal proliferation and migration of TM4 cells, induces decreases in cell-cell contacts among Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells at all levels possibly through MPT, and thus results in testicular damage.

microplastics  /  polystyrene  /  testicular injury  /  nanoplastics  /  testicular Sertoli cells  /  mesenchymal phenotypic transformation
蔡景, 文乙先, 张慧莲, 李燚, 韩飞. 聚苯乙烯微/纳米塑料对睾丸支持细胞间质表型转化的影响. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1708 -1719 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502043
Jing CAI, Yixian WEN, Huilian ZHANG, Yi LI, Fei HAN. Effect of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics on mesenchymal phenotypic transformation in testicular Sertoli cells[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1708 -1719 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502043
塑料制品因其优异的性能已成为人类生产生活的重要材料。二十世纪以来,塑料制品的产量不断攀升,随之产生的大量塑料垃圾排放到自然环境中导致塑料垃圾污染日趋严重。微塑料(microplastics,MPs)是指直径<5 mm的塑料颗粒或碎片[1]。目前已在世界各地甚至远离人类活动的偏远地区都检测到MPs的存在,包括大气[2]、土壤[3]、海洋[4]、冰川[5]等。相比于大型塑料垃圾,MPs在环境中的数量更多,分布也更加广泛。MPs具有粒径小、密度轻、易吸附等特点,可通过膳食(饮水)摄入、皮肤接触、呼吸等途径进入生物体内,并通过食物链在人体中富集,最终对人类健康造成危害[6]。据估计,人类每周可能通过各种途径摄入0.1~5.0 g的MPs[7]。目前研究发现在人体的血液[8]、粪便[9]、胎盘[10]和母乳[11]中都检测到MPs,表明它们可以在人体内进行传递。MPs及更小的纳米塑料(nanoplastics,NPs)作为一类新型污染物,其对人类健康的潜在风险和威胁已经引起了全世界的高度关注。
尽管当前尚缺乏直接证据表明MPs或NPs可在人体中引发普遍毒性,但在哺乳动物研究中表明,MPs会对小鼠的生殖系统造成一定损害。现有研究表明,聚苯乙烯微塑料(polystyrene microplastics,PS-MPs)可能通过诱导氧化应激[12]、炎症反应[13]、自噬[14]以及改变肠道菌群的组成[15]和代谢功能[16],对雄性生殖系统造成损伤效应。口服聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(polystyrene nanoplastics,PS-NPs)会导致大鼠睾丸中的生精小管退化、精子数量减少和活力降低[17]。不仅如此,暴露于PS-MPs可显著影响哺乳动物血睾屏障(blood-testis barrier,BTB)的结构和功能完整性,从而干扰精子发生过程[18]。睾丸支持细胞是睾丸组织中主要的体细胞之一,在精子发生过程中扮演着重要的角色,其不仅为生精细胞提供必要的营养和结构支持,还通过相邻的支持细胞之间的紧密连接参与构成BTB,以确保精子的正常发育和成熟[19]。然而,目前关于MPs造成支持细胞的损伤及具体机制尚不明确,亟需进一步的深入研究。本研究以小鼠睾丸支持细胞TM4细胞株为主要研究模型,探讨不同粒径(5 μm和20 nm)的聚苯乙烯微/纳米塑料(polystyrene micro/nanoplastics,PS-MNPs)对TM4细胞增殖和迁移功能的影响,分析PS-MPs造成支持细胞功能损伤的潜在分子机制,以期为防治MNPs造成的雄性生殖损伤提供重要理论依据。
5 μm PS-MPs和20 nm PS-NPs购自江苏先丰纳米材料科技有限公司;DMEM培养基购自美国Gibco公司;胎牛血清购自美国Clark公司;增强型兔二步法免疫组化检测试剂盒购自中山金桥生物技术有限公司;CCK-8试剂购自武汉亚科因生物技术有限公司;EdU Cell Proliferation Kit with Alexa Fluor 594购自上海碧云天生物科技有限公司;PrimeScriptTM FAST RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser反转录试剂盒、TB Green®Premix Ex TaqTMⅡ(Tli RNaseH Plus)及TRIzol均购自大连TaKaRa公司; Snail1、Snail2、Twist1、Zeb1和Zeb2引物由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成;RIPA蛋白裂解液购自上海碧云天生物科技有限公司,BCA蛋白浓度检测试剂盒购自武汉亚科因生物技术有限公司;PMSF、通用型抗体稀释液、辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)均购自上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司;β-actin(HRP Conjugated)购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司;PageRulerTM预染蛋白分子量标准购自美国ThermoFisher公司;E-cadherin、N-cadherin及WT1抗体购自杭州华安生物技术有限公司,ZO-1购自上海艾比玛特医药科技有限公司,Vimentin抗体购自美国Abcam公司。
动物模型:60只8周龄清洁级C57BL/6N雄性小鼠购自维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,体质量(22±2)g,饲养于相对湿度50%、24 ℃左右、明暗循环各12 h的环境中。适应环境1周后按完全随机法分为(n=20):Ctrl组(去离子水)、PS-NPs组[粒径为20 nm ,2.5 mg/(kg·d)]和PS-MPs组[粒径为5 μm ,2.5 mg/(kg·d)]。经口灌胃6个月,每日1次,每个月对实验动物做全面的身体检查,记录一般健康状况。灌胃结束后,对各组小鼠腹腔注射10%水合氯醛麻醉后处死,取睾丸组织。动物实验已获重庆医科大学实验动物管理和使用委员会批准(IACUC-CQMU-2023-0458),并严格遵循实验动物伦理及福利规范开展实验。
细胞模型:小鼠睾丸支持细胞系TM4购自美国ATCC细胞库。使用含10%FBS、1%青-链霉素的F12/DMEM培养基培养细胞,分别建立Con组(去离子水)、2.5MPs组(粒径为5 μm,2.5 μg/mL)和2.5NPs组(粒径为20 nm,2.5 μg/mL)。并在5%CO₂、37 ℃的细胞培养箱中培养,实验均选取对数生长期细胞。
HE染色方法可参考文献[20]进行操作。将睾丸组织切片置于60 ℃二甲苯中脱蜡,随后依次放入100%、95%、85%、75%梯度酒精中水化;水化后进行苏木精染色、0.5%盐酸酒精分色、饱和碳酸锂复色及蒸馏水缓慢冲洗;将苏木精染色适宜的组织切片进行伊红染色;置于37 ℃烘箱中烘干、二甲苯透明、中性树脂封片;后续利用显微成像系统观察并拍照。
睾丸组织切片通过数字切片扫描仪扫描成像,以评估不同组别中睾丸组织病理学变化。曲细精管直径、曲细精管管腔直径、曲细精管间距及曲细精管细胞层厚度使用Caseviewer软件进行测量统计分析。
睾丸石蜡切片经程序脱蜡、水化后,置于EDTA抗原修复液中微波热修复20 min;自然冷却至室温后灭活内源性过氧化物酶活性。滴加支持细胞特异性标志物WT1一抗工作液,4 ℃孵育过夜,次日依据免疫组化试剂盒说明,滴加反应增强液并于37 ℃孵育20 min,洗涤后,继续滴加二抗,37 ℃孵育20 min。DAB溶液孵育3 min显色后用流水冲洗;随后置于苏木精溶液中染色1 min、0.5%盐酸酒精分化2 s、流水缓慢冲洗反蓝;将切片依次浸入梯度酒精中各脱水5 min,二甲苯中透明3 min,封片并于光学显微镜下拍照并进行特异性显色细胞计数。
对不同暴露组的小鼠睾丸组织进行高通量转录组测序,方法可参考文献[21]进行操作。采用TRIzol法提取睾丸组织总RNA,使用Bioanalyzer 2100和Agilent RNA 6000 Nano LabChip试剂盒(Agilent,美国)快速检测RNA的完整性和质量。文库构建参考mRNA建库试剂盒说明书(TaKaRa,大连),在Illumina Nova平台进行测序。HISAT2软件作为参考基因组图谱工具,并使用Deseq2软件分析不同组间的差异表达。
细胞活力检测方法可参考文献[22]进行操作。取不同处理组130代的TM4细胞,以每孔1×103个的密度接种于96孔板中,待细胞贴壁后,观察细胞形态,每孔中加10 μL CCK-8试剂,置于培养箱中避光孵育60 min后,使用酶标仪在450 nm处测定吸光度[OD(450)]值。
将不同处理组130代的TM4细胞接种于96孔板,每孔1×103个,细胞生长至70%汇合度后,每孔加入EdU 溶液(终浓度为10 μmol/L),37 °C细胞培养箱孵育2 h。用洗涤液(含3%BSA的PBS)将未渗入DNA的EdU洗脱,使用4%多聚甲醛室温固定细胞 15 min,用洗涤液清洗固定液后,每孔加入100 μL通透液(含0.03% TritonX-100的PBS)室温孵育10 min,清洗后,每孔加入50 μL Alexa Fluor 594染色液室温避光孵育 30 min,(1×)Hoechst 33342染细胞核。荧光显微镜下对EdU阳性细胞进行拍照计数。
收集Con、2.5MPs和2.5NPs组的TM4细胞,以1×104个重悬于200 μL无血清培养基中,将细胞悬液均匀加入Transwell小室(Corning,美国)内。在下室中加入800 μL完全培养基,置于37 ℃细胞培养箱中培养24 h,弃去培养基,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min后使用结晶紫进行细胞染色,随后用PBS洗涤Transwell小室3次,干净棉签擦去小室内残余细胞。光学显微镜下对细胞数量进行拍照统计。
划痕实验方法可参考文献[23]进行操作。取各处理组对数生长期的TM4细胞,以1×105个/孔接种到6孔板中,每组设置3个重复;待细胞汇合度达到80%~90%时,用200 μL枪头垂直于细胞划直线;划线结束后,用PBS轻轻洗涤3次,以除去脱落的细胞,更换新鲜无血清培养基继续培养;分别于0和24 h观察细胞愈合情况并拍照记录结果,使用Image J软件对结果进行统计分析。
蛋白提取及Western blot检测方法可参考文献[22]进行操作。取各处理组对数生长期的TM4细胞,PBS洗2次后,每孔加入200 μL含1%PMSF的RIPA蛋白裂解液,冰上裂解5 min。收集细胞裂解液至1.5 mL 离心管中,超声处理10~15 s,在4 ℃下离心机以12 000 r/min离心20 min,采用BCA法进行蛋白浓度检测并定量。根据定量结果制备蛋白混合液,100 ℃变性后于-20 ℃保存备用。配制10%SDS-PAGE胶进行电泳,电转至PVDF膜上,5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭2 h 后;4 ℃过夜孵育Vimentin(1∶1 000)、E-cadherin(1∶5 000)、ZO-1(1∶1 000)及N-cadherin(1∶5 000)等抗体,次日洗膜并室温孵育山羊抗兔二抗(1∶10 000),以抗体β-actin(1∶10 000)作为内参。充分洗膜后配制发光液显影,使用Image J软件分析蛋白条带灰度值。
不同处理组TM4细胞在6孔板培养至90%汇合度后,弃去培养基,PBS洗涤3次。每孔加入1 mL TRIzol裂解液,静置于冰上5 min以充分裂解细胞,使用移液枪轻柔吹打细胞后,将裂解液转移至无酶的 1.5 mL离心管中。按TRIzol∶氯仿为5∶1的体积比例加入氯仿200 μL,涡旋仪震荡20 s混匀后,冰上静置5 min。在4 ℃下以12 000 r/min离心15 min,吸取上清液后,加入与上清液等体积的异丙醇,混匀后冰上静置10 min。离心15 min(4 ℃、12 000 r/min)后,弃掉上清,用70%乙醇洗涤沉淀,重复洗涤2次,通风橱内静置干燥,加入20 μL DEPC水溶解RNA沉淀。利用Nanodrop 2000软件检测RNA的浓度和质量,并将其保存于-80 ℃以备后续实验使用。
使用PrimeScriptTM FAST RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser反转录试剂盒进行反转录,荧光定量试剂盒TB Green®Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ (Tli RNaseH Plus)进行RT-qPCR检测,每个样品设置3个复孔。反应条件:预变性,95 ℃,30 s;循环反应:95 ℃、5 s,60 ℃、30 s,循环39次;融解曲线:使用仪器默认采集程序。以β-actin作为内参,使用2-ΔΔCt法计算相对表达量。
所有实验独立重复3次,数据以x¯±s表示。采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行数据统计分析与可视化。组间差异采用单因素方差进行检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
睾丸组织病理结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,PS-NPs和PS-MPs组小鼠的曲细精管管腔直径显著增大,生精细胞排列松散,且空泡化现象明显增加(图1A、B),生精细胞层厚度与曲细精管直径比值下降(P<0.01,图1C)。同时,PS-NPs和PS-MPs组小鼠睾丸可能存在水肿,表现为曲细精管间距增加(P<0.01,图1D)。支持细胞标志蛋白免疫组化结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,PS-NPs和PS-MPs组WT1阳性染色数量有下降趋势,且PS-NPs组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图1E、F),提示PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露可造成支持细胞数量的减少。
为进一步明确PS-MPs和PS-NPs慢性暴露导致小鼠睾丸和支持细胞异常的原因,对染毒小鼠睾丸组织进行转录组测序和分析,结果显示与Ctrl组相比,PS-NPs组小鼠睾丸组织中鉴定出269个差异表达基因,其中176个基因表达上调,93个基因表达下调;PS-MPs组中鉴定出295个差异表达基因,其中202个基因表达上调,93个基因表达下调[Log2(fold change)>1.5,P<0.05,图2A、B]。为了进一步探讨这些差异表达基因在PS-MPs和PS-NPs暴露过程中所涉及的生物功能及信号通路,对其进行GO富集分析,发现这些变化的基因主要参与细胞黏附和生殖细胞发育等。KEGG富集分析发现PS-NPs组和PS-MPs组变化的基因均明显富集到细胞黏附分子通路(P<0.05,图2C~F)。结果提示PS-MPs和PS-NPs暴露可能显著影响了睾丸细胞的黏附能力。
为进一步明确PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露对TM4细胞的影响,显微观察PS-NPs和PS-MPs处理后的细胞形态和密度变化发现,Con组细胞间连接较为紧密,整体形态未见明显异常;2.5NPs与2.5MPs组细胞间连接变得疏松,细胞密度降低(图3A)。利用EdU和CCK-8实验对PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露后细胞增殖情况进行检测,EdU结果显示,与Con组相比,2.5MPs组细胞增殖显著下降(P<0.01),而2.5NPs组细胞增殖无明显差异(图3B、C)。CCK-8结果显示,与Con组相比,2.5MPs组细胞活力显著下降(P<0.05),而2.5NPs组细胞活力无明显差异 (图 3D)。
进一步利用Transwell和划痕实验对PS-NPs 和PS-MPs暴露后TM4细胞的迁移能力进行检测,结果显示:与Con组相比,2.5NPs组TM4细胞迁移能力增强,而2.5MPs组TM4细胞迁移能力减弱(P<0.01,图4A、B)。细胞划痕实验的结果表明,与Con组相比,2.5NPs组TM4细胞迁移能力显著增强,而2.5MPs组TM4细胞迁移能力显著降低(P<0.01,图4C、D)。结果表明,PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露会明显导致TM4细胞迁移功能的异常。
采用Western blot检测间质表型转化关键蛋白E-cadherin、N-cadherin、ZO-1和Vimentin的表达。结果显示,与Con组比较,2.5NPs组间充质细胞标志物N-cadherin和Vimentin的表达显著上调(P<0.01),上皮细胞标志物E-cadherin、紧密连接蛋白ZO-1的表达显著下调(P<0.01)。而2.5MPs组仅Vimentin的表达上调(P<0.01),E-cadherin、N-cadherin及 ZO-1的表达显著下调(P<0.05,图5)。这进一步表明PS-NPs和PS-MPs通过间质表型转化影响TM4细胞的迁移能力。
为进一步证实PS-NPs和PS-MPs暴露对间质表型转化的影响,采用RT-qPCR检测间质表型转化的重要上游转录调控因子中Snail1、Snail2、Twist1、Zeb1和Zeb2的mRNA水平表达。结果显示,与Con组相比,2.5NPs组和2.5MPs组细胞中Snail2、Twist1、Zeb2的mRNA水平显著升高(P<0.01,图6)。结果表明PS-NPs通过间质表型转化增强TM4细胞的迁移能力。
随着塑料制品的不断生产和消费,MPs在环境中广泛传播。PS-MPs对人类生殖健康的负面影响引起了人们的广泛关注,尽管目前关于PS-MPs对哺乳动物雄性生殖系统损伤的研究已取得一定进展,但现有研究主要聚焦于PS-MPs的急性和亚急性暴露所引发的毒性作用。然而,PS-MPs的危害效应更可能表现为一个缓慢积累的过程,其潜在的慢性毒性机制尚未得到系统深入的研究。鉴于PS-MPs的环境持久性和在生物体内的长期蓄积特性,深入探讨其慢性暴露对雄性生殖系统的潜在危害及机制具有重要意义。
本研究动物体内实验表明,长期暴露于PS-MNPs后,小鼠睾丸曲细精管中生精细胞排列松散,空泡化增加,这可能是由于BTB的完整性受损所致;且标志蛋白免疫组化结果显示支持细胞数量显著减少,进一步提示BTB可能受到损伤。BTB是由支持细胞之间的紧密连接等复合结构形成的物理屏障,能够有效隔离有害物质及免疫细胞的入侵,维持生精细胞发育的微环境稳定性[24]。研究证实,高剂量PS-MPs暴露可通过活性氧诱导的p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/核因子红细胞-2相关因子2信号通路,破坏BTB的完整性并导致生精细胞凋亡[12]。亦有研究表明,PS-MPs可通过抑制自噬损害BTB的完整性[25],并诱导TM4细胞发生线粒体功能异常和内质网应激,从而导致细胞功能障碍[26]。尽管已有这些研究发现,PS-MNPs破坏BTB的确切机制仍不明确。
支持细胞不仅是BTB的结构核心,其极性状态和黏附功能亦对精子发生过程具有决定性作用。转录组富集分析结果显示,PS-MNPs暴露后差异表达基因富集于细胞黏附分子相关信号通路。细胞黏附分子是表达在细胞表面的(糖)蛋白质,在止血、免疫反应、炎症、胚胎发育和神经组织发育等一系列生物过程中发挥着关键作用。它们主要分为整合素家族、免疫球蛋白超家族、选择蛋白和黏附蛋白。黏附分子E-cadherin是维持上皮细胞稳定性的重要黏附分子,已有研究表明,MPs暴露可能导致E-cadherin降解或下调,同时促进β-catenin在细胞核中的积累,从而诱导ZEB1、Twist、Snail等间质表型转化关键转录因子的表达[27]。因此,MPs引发的E-cadherin失活可能是其促进间质表型转化的重要诱因。
研究表明,低浓度的PS-NPs可诱导 A549细胞发生上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),但对细胞活力没有明显影响[27]。这与本研究中,PS-NPs暴露后TM4细胞的变化一致。根据现有研究报道,上皮性标志因子E-cadherin表达下调,紧密连接蛋白如闭锁小带蛋白1(ZO-1)的数量减少,间质性标志因子N-cadherin以及EMT调控因子Snail1/2和Zeb1/2上调,这些基因的变化是经典EMT的发生过程[28]。这与本研究中,TM4细胞经PS-MNPs处理后EMT的转录因子、紧密连接蛋白以及特定间充质和上皮标志物表达改变总体一致。然而睾丸支持细胞从组织学特征和功能属性来看,其本质更倾向于一种特化的上皮细胞,而非典型上皮细胞,因此经典EMT的定义并不完全适用于睾丸支持细胞,EMT相关分子的变化使TM4细胞的功能变化更倾向于间质表型转化。
尽管在PS-MNP中Snail1的mRNA表达呈下降趋势,但Snail2作为Snail1的同源物,可能通过功能补偿发挥更强的作用,以维持间质表型转化的进程。而PS-MPs暴露通过异常调控间质表型转化样变化(Vimentin上调)和破坏细胞紧密连接(E-cadherin、N-cadherin和ZO-1下调),导致TM4细胞迁移和增殖能力下降。E-cadherin和N-cadherin在支持细胞与生精细胞之间的结构连接中起着关键作用[24]。本研究发现,PS-MNPs暴露均导致E-cadherin、N-cadherin及ZO-1的异常表达,这提示PS-MNPs可能削弱支持细胞-生精细胞的相互作用,使生精细胞更容易脱落或排列松散,进而影响生精过程。因此,PS-MNPs通过间质表型转化介导的BTB损伤机制,可能在生殖毒性效应中发挥关键作用,有待进一步深入阐明。
本研究显示,PS-MPs和PS-NPs对TM4细胞的影响具有一定差异性,提示不同粒径的MPs对雄性生殖系统可能具有不同的毒性。长期暴露后,PS-MPs可导致TM4细胞迁移能力和增殖能力下降,而PS-NPs则表现出迁移能力增强而活力未明显改变。二者虽均可诱导间质表型转化相关分子表达变化,但在功能水平上的分化效应提示其毒性机制不尽相同。相关研究显示,0.5 μm MPs更易引发器官积累介导的炎症和机械损伤,而5 μm MPs易引发与器官损伤相关的肠道菌群失调和代谢紊乱[29]。这种粒径依赖性可能源自MNPs在细胞内的沉积方式、生物可及性以及诱导信号通路的差异。
已有许多研究表明,MPs和NPs不仅广泛存在于环境中,也可在人体组织和体液中被检测到,如血液[8]、粪便[9]、胎盘[10]和精液[30]等,表明其可能已成为影响人类健康的潜在风险因素。尽管目前关于MPs/NPs对人类生殖系统的直接临床证据有限,但流行病学数据显示,近年来,全球男性精子浓度显著下降[31],部分研究推测MPs可能是潜在诱因之一[32]。因此,未来需加强MPs/NPs在人群中的暴露调查,结合体外研究与临床数据进一步评估其对男性生殖健康的长期影响,并制定MPs/NPs的环境污染防控政策,以降低人群长期暴露风险。
综上所述,PS-MNPs在长期暴露条件下可通过诱导睾丸支持细胞发生间质表型转化、破坏BTB结构完整性及可能干扰支持细胞-生精细胞之间的黏附联系,从而扰乱睾丸微环境稳定性并影响精子发生过程。本研究不仅拓展了环境微/纳米塑料对雄性生殖系统影响的分子机制认知,也为人类生殖健康的风险预警与干预策略提供了一定的理论依据与研究参考。

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2025年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502043
  • 接收时间:2025-02-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-14
  • 修回日期:2025-04-25
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    1重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,生殖与发育教育部国际合作联合实验室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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