Article(id=1322192287061361104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742313600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-19, revisedDate=1743609600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164806379, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164806379, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164806379, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164806379, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322192284670603597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1685', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164805810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164826583, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1695, endPage=1707, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322192287350768081, articleId=1322192287061361104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Peripubertal DEHP exposure impairs reproductive function in adult male mice by inducing damage to Sertoli cells and disrupting the blood-testis barrier, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the mechanism by which peripubertal exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) induces reproductive injury in adult male mice through impairment of Sertoli cell function and the blood-testis barrier.

Methods‍

A total of 180 male C57BL/6J mice (3 weeks old) were randomly divided into corn oil group (control group),and 5,25,125,250 and 500 mg/kg DEHP exposure groups. All groups received daily oral gavage for 5 consecutive weeks. Ten mice from each group were sacrificed for first material collection when they were 9 weeks old. The remaining F0 generation mice were mated with unexposed adult female mice at a male-to-female ratio of 1∶2 at 14 weeks of age for a period of 2 weeks. The second material collection was completed at 16 weeks of age,with 20 mice taken from each group. A computer-assisted analysis system was used to detect sperm density and motility in 9-week-old and 16-week-old male mice. The average birth body weight of F1 generation pups,survival rate of pups at 4 d after birth per litter,number of pups per litter,and male-to-female sex ratio within the litter were recorded. ELISA was used to detect hormone levels in the serum. Sperm abnormalities were observed using eosin staining. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in testicular tissue. Immunofluorescence assay was utilized to detect the protein expression of tight junction protein 1 (zonula occludens-1,ZO-1) and gap junction protein 43 (connexin43,Cx43) related to the blood-testis barrier in testicular tissue,as well as the protein expression of apoptosis-related molecule Cleaved-Caspase3. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Sertoli cell marker SOX9 protein in testicular tissue. TUNEL was used to detect apoptosis in testicular tissue. Comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD) was used to screen for mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) induced reproductive damage-associated genes and combined with GO/KEGG and Reactome enrichment analysis to predict possible signaling pathways. An in vitro exposure model was established by treating TM4 cells with MEHP at concentrations of 0,50,100,200 and 400 μmol/L,respectively. CCK-8 assay,flow cytometry and Western blotting were applied to detect the cell viability,apoptosis,and protein expression of apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax),and blood-testis barrier-related proteins ZO-1 and Cx43.

Results‍

Compared with the control group,the pregnancy rate was decreased from 80.0% to 52.5%,and the total number of pups was decreased from 212 to 125 in the female mice mating with the male from the 500 mg/kg group. Compared with the control group,the sperm density and motility were significantly reduced,and the total rate of sperm abnormalities was obviously increased in the 9-week-old DEHP-exposed mice (P<0.05),and even in the 16-week-old mice,the sperm motility was still in a dose-dependent downward trend (P<0.05). In the 25,125,250 and 500 mg/kg DEHP exposure groups,the thickness of the seminiferous epithelium was obviously decreased,with more cellular vacuolization and notable epithelial atrophy and degeneration. Cell apoptosis in the testicular tissue was enhanced,while the expression of ZO-1 and Cx43 were decreased in the 250 and 500 mg/kg exposure groups. The levels of androgen-binding protein,gonadotropin-releasing hormone,and testosterone in the serum were decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05),while those of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone showed a dose-dependent increase (P<0.05). Bioinformatics analysis showed that 153 genes related to male system diseases were screened out by CTD for MEHP. GO enrichment,KEGG pathway,and Reactome enrichment analyses displayed that the apoptosis signaling pathway was significantly enriched. CCK-8 assay showed that TM4 cell viability was decreased in a dose-dependent manner after MEHP treatment when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Western blotting indicated that MEHP treatment reduced the expression levels of Bcl-2,ZO-1 and Cx43 (P<0.05),and enhanced that of Bax in comparison with the control group (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Peripubertal DEHP exposure may lead to reduced sperm quality and reproductive damage in adult male mice by disrupting the blood-testis barrier and activating Sertoli cell apoptosis.

, authors=Guiyong XU1, 2, Lu ZHANG1, 2, Fengqiong SUN1, 2, Rui YANG1, 2, Ziyuan ZHOU2, Guanghong YANG1, authorsList=Guiyong XU, Lu ZHANG, Fengqiong SUN, Rui YANG, Ziyuan ZHOU, Guanghong YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ziyuan ZHOU, Guanghong YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322192289326285282, articleId=1322192287061361104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=围青春期DEHP暴露通过损害Sertoli细胞和血睾屏障致小鼠生殖损伤, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究围青春期邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)暴露通过损害成年雄性小鼠Sertoli细胞功能及血睾屏障,致其生殖损伤的作用机制。

方法

180只3周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠通过随机数字表法分为(n=30):玉米油组(对照组)、5 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(5 mg/kg 组)、25 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(25 mg/kg组)、125 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(125 mg/kg组)、250 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(250 mg/kg组)、500 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(500 mg/kg 组),连续灌胃5周。首次取材于9周龄进行,每组取10只。各组剩余F0代小鼠于14周龄按雄雌比1∶2与未暴露成年雌性小鼠合笼交配2周,第二次取材于16周龄完成,每组取20只。采用计算机辅助分析系统检测9周龄和16周龄雄性小鼠精子密度与活力;记录F1代仔鼠平均出生体质量、每窝4 d存活率、每窝产仔数及每窝内雌雄性别比。ELISA检测血清中激素水平;伊红染色观察精子畸形;HE染色观察睾丸组织病理变化;免疫荧光检测睾丸组织中血睾屏障相关的紧密连接蛋白1(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1)、缝隙连接蛋白43(connexin43,Cx43)以及细胞凋亡相关分子Cleaved-Caspase3的蛋白表达;免疫组化检测睾丸组织中Sertoli细胞标志物SOX9蛋白的表达;TUNEL检测睾丸组织细胞凋亡情况。通过比较毒理基因组学数据库(comparative toxicogenomics database,CTD)筛选邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,MEHP)致生殖损伤相关基因集,并结合GO/KEGG和Reactome富集分析预测可能信号通路。以MEHP 0、50、100、200和400 μmol/L 处理TM4细胞株建立体外暴露模型;检测不同剂量MEHP处理组中TM4细胞活力;采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;通过Western blot检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白B细胞淋巴瘤蛋白2(B-cell lymphoma 2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax),及血睾屏障相关蛋白ZO-1和Cx43蛋白的表达水平。

结果

与对照组相比,500 mg/kg组雄性小鼠使雌性小鼠的怀孕率从80.0%降低到52.5%,总产仔数从212只减少到125只。与对照组相比,9周龄DEHP暴露组小鼠精子密度和活力显著降低,精子总畸形率显著增加(P<0.05);16周龄小鼠的精子活力仍然呈剂量依赖性下降趋势(P<0.05)。25、125、250、500 mg/kg组小鼠曲细精管生精上皮高度显著下降,细胞空泡化增加,上皮萎缩和退化明显。免疫荧光结果显示,与对照组比较,250、500 mg/kg睾丸组织中的细胞凋亡增加,而血睾屏障相关的ZO-1和Cx43蛋白表达减少。血清中雄激素结合蛋白、促性腺激素释放激素和睾酮水平呈剂量依赖性降低(P<0.05),而黄体生成素和血清中促卵泡激素的水平均呈剂量依赖性升高(P<0.05)。生物信息学分析显示,通过CTD分别筛选出与MEHP相关的男性系统疾病基因为153个。基于153个基因结合GO富集分析、KEGG通路和Reactome富集分析,凋亡信号通路明显富集。CCK-8结果显示,与对照组相比较,MEHP处理组TM4细胞活力呈剂量依赖性降低(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,MEHP处理组中Bcl-2、ZO-1和Cx43蛋白的表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),而Bax蛋白的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05)。

结论

围青春期DEHP暴露可能通过破坏血睾屏障和激活Sertoli细胞凋亡而导致成年雄性小鼠的精子质量降低及生殖力损伤。

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周紫垣,E-mail:
杨光红,E-mail:
ZHOU Ziyuan,E-mail:
YANG Guanghong,E-mail:
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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与对照组比较A:围青春期DEHP灌胃暴露雄性小鼠的体质量增长轨迹;B、C:各组在9周龄和16周龄的睾丸脏器系数和附睾脏器系数(n=10,x¯±s)

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A:各组雌性小鼠的怀孕率;B:各组孕鼠总产仔数;C~E:F1代小鼠的平均出生体质量、每窝4 d存活率和每窝雌雄性别比(n=20,x¯±s)

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与对照组比较A:HE染色显示各组在9周龄和16周龄时的睾丸组织损伤 红色三角:示间质细胞的局部增生,红箭头:示Sertoli细胞的空泡化,蓝色箭头:示生殖上皮的脱落;B、C:各组在9周龄和16周龄时的精子密度、精子畸形率(n=10,x¯±s);D:HE染色显示正常和异常精子形态

, figureFileSmall=nzAbCqN5bFkPoXjwz4VTMw==, figureFileBig=VVaBtWttYc2K6HhLkE9/7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296406270493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287061361104, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yIiWb8tn1hz+zUTNWhSbmA==, figureFileBig=Hw72IcdmlMjJJGzAuZDYhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296469185054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287061361104, language=CN, label=图5, caption=围青春期DEHP暴露导致Sertoli细胞损伤和血睾屏障破坏(n=10,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与对照组比较A:睾丸组织中SOX9蛋白表达水平免疫组化结果;B:睾丸组织中血睾屏障ZO-1和Cx43荧光图像;C:血清中ABP的水平;D~G:血清中GnRH、T、LH、FSH的水平

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A:GO富集分析;B:KEGG富集分析;C:Reactome富集分析前25个信号通路;D:TUNEL检测评估各组睾丸组织中的凋亡水平

, figureFileSmall=HrbP10BEs63tPO4np6pbtw==, figureFileBig=5+OrcjOaybW0XipsZDr3Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296674705953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287061361104, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=s2Alp9FJbllF522rr9YDow==, figureFileBig=aE9JFL3uXxx7EPj8/ap42g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296758592034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287061361104, language=CN, label=图7, caption=DEHP诱导睾丸组织中Sertoli细胞的凋亡及MEHP暴露引起TM4细胞损伤

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与0 µmol/L组比较A:各组睾丸组织中Cleaved-Caspase3蛋白的荧光图像;B:不同浓度MEHP处理TM4细胞24 h后的细胞形态图像;C:TM4细胞暴露于不同浓度MEHP后的细胞活力水平;D:不同浓度MEHP处理TM4细胞24 h后细胞凋亡结果及定量分析

, figureFileSmall=s2Alp9FJbllF522rr9YDow==, figureFileBig=aE9JFL3uXxx7EPj8/ap42g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296842478115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287061361104, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AmKoeRuukcYjur0KZ+hrGQ==, figureFileBig=CXlBokZePC2NmOonsD4d0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192296938947108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287061361104, language=CN, label=续图7, caption=DEHP诱导睾丸组织中Sertoli细胞的凋亡及MEHP暴露引起TM4细胞损伤

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与0 µmol/L组比较

, figureFileSmall=AmKoeRuukcYjur0KZ+hrGQ==, figureFileBig=CXlBokZePC2NmOonsD4d0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192297064776229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287061361104, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别例数精子总活力/%超活化精子百分比/%前向运动百分比/%平均直线速率/(μm/s)平均曲线速率/(μm/s)平均路径速率/(μm/s)鞭打频率/Hz
9周龄
对照组1051.46±1.5513.85±1.0341.10±1.2014.08±0.6743.50±1.4023.34±0.566.05±0.26
5 mg/kg组948.78±1.9212.93±0.9539.33±1.2713.73±1.3438.26±2.1921.49±1.226.28±0.38
25 mg/kg组1045.84±1.7611.32±1.0335.70±1.06a12.24±0.6535.97±1.9519.70±0.86b5.61±0.30
125 mg/kg组1045.15±1.22a10.70±0.7334.90±0.96b12.46±0.8238.94±1.0720.21±0.62a5.16±0.29
250 mg/kg组1040.05±1.36b9.80±0.96a31.50±1.01b10.26±0.43a31.47±1.26b16.46±0.46b4.99±0.20
500 mg/kg组1034.84±0.89b7.98±0.84b27.50±1.20b9.00±0.50b28.01±1.11b14.40±0.47b4.21±0.17b
16周龄
对照组1054.47±3.4713.76±1.3242.30±3.0815.17±1.2444.82±3.6224.19±1.946.03±0.41
5 mg/kg组1052.64±2.3014.58±1.1940.70±2.0415.34±0.9642.83±2.3823.21±1.216.20±0.23
25 mg/kg组1049.97±1.3312.77±0.6436.40±1.1613.30±0.4039.58±1.5820.59±0.855.39±0.12
125 mg/kg组1042.04±0.87b11.91±1.2231.00±0.89b11.19±0.88a32.48±1.46b16.77±0.91b4.82±0.23b
250 mg/kg组1039.39±1.24b10.99±0.9429.90±1.08b11.31±0.78a32.78±1.84b17.33±0.92b4.31±0.18b
500 mg/kg组1036.49±2.16b8.55±0.49b24.90±0.64b9.27±0.31b27.16±1.24b14.38±0.50b3.79±0.13b
), ArticleFig(id=1322192297140273702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192287061361104, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围青春期DEHP暴露对小鼠精子活力的影响(x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别例数精子总活力/%超活化精子百分比/%前向运动百分比/%平均直线速率/(μm/s)平均曲线速率/(μm/s)平均路径速率/(μm/s)鞭打频率/Hz
9周龄
对照组1051.46±1.5513.85±1.0341.10±1.2014.08±0.6743.50±1.4023.34±0.566.05±0.26
5 mg/kg组948.78±1.9212.93±0.9539.33±1.2713.73±1.3438.26±2.1921.49±1.226.28±0.38
25 mg/kg组1045.84±1.7611.32±1.0335.70±1.06a12.24±0.6535.97±1.9519.70±0.86b5.61±0.30
125 mg/kg组1045.15±1.22a10.70±0.7334.90±0.96b12.46±0.8238.94±1.0720.21±0.62a5.16±0.29
250 mg/kg组1040.05±1.36b9.80±0.96a31.50±1.01b10.26±0.43a31.47±1.26b16.46±0.46b4.99±0.20
500 mg/kg组1034.84±0.89b7.98±0.84b27.50±1.20b9.00±0.50b28.01±1.11b14.40±0.47b4.21±0.17b
16周龄
对照组1054.47±3.4713.76±1.3242.30±3.0815.17±1.2444.82±3.6224.19±1.946.03±0.41
5 mg/kg组1052.64±2.3014.58±1.1940.70±2.0415.34±0.9642.83±2.3823.21±1.216.20±0.23
25 mg/kg组1049.97±1.3312.77±0.6436.40±1.1613.30±0.4039.58±1.5820.59±0.855.39±0.12
125 mg/kg组1042.04±0.87b11.91±1.2231.00±0.89b11.19±0.88a32.48±1.46b16.77±0.91b4.82±0.23b
250 mg/kg组1039.39±1.24b10.99±0.9429.90±1.08b11.31±0.78a32.78±1.84b17.33±0.92b4.31±0.18b
500 mg/kg组1036.49±2.16b8.55±0.49b24.90±0.64b9.27±0.31b27.16±1.24b14.38±0.50b3.79±0.13b
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围青春期DEHP暴露通过损害Sertoli细胞和血睾屏障致小鼠生殖损伤
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徐桂勇 1, 2 , 张露 1, 2 , 孙凤琼 1, 2 , 杨芮 1, 2 , 周紫垣 2 , 杨光红 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(15): 1695-1707
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (15) : 1695 -1707
围青春期DEHP暴露通过损害Sertoli细胞和血睾屏障致小鼠生殖损伤
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徐桂勇1, 2, 张露1, 2, 孙凤琼1, 2, 杨芮1, 2, 周紫垣2 , 杨光红1
作者信息
  • 1贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院,环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵阳
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系军队环境卫生学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
周紫垣,E-mail:
杨光红,E-mail:
ZHOU Ziyuan,E-mail:
YANG Guanghong,E-mail:
Peripubertal DEHP exposure impairs reproductive function in adult male mice by inducing damage to Sertoli cells and disrupting the blood-testis barrier
Guiyong XU1, 2, Lu ZHANG1, 2, Fengqiong SUN1, 2, Rui YANG1, 2, Ziyuan ZHOU2 , Guanghong YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control of Ministry of Education,Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang,Guizhou
  • 2Department of Environmental Health,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503059
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目的

探究围青春期邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)暴露通过损害成年雄性小鼠Sertoli细胞功能及血睾屏障,致其生殖损伤的作用机制。

方法

180只3周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠通过随机数字表法分为(n=30):玉米油组(对照组)、5 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(5 mg/kg 组)、25 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(25 mg/kg组)、125 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(125 mg/kg组)、250 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(250 mg/kg组)、500 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(500 mg/kg 组),连续灌胃5周。首次取材于9周龄进行,每组取10只。各组剩余F0代小鼠于14周龄按雄雌比1∶2与未暴露成年雌性小鼠合笼交配2周,第二次取材于16周龄完成,每组取20只。采用计算机辅助分析系统检测9周龄和16周龄雄性小鼠精子密度与活力;记录F1代仔鼠平均出生体质量、每窝4 d存活率、每窝产仔数及每窝内雌雄性别比。ELISA检测血清中激素水平;伊红染色观察精子畸形;HE染色观察睾丸组织病理变化;免疫荧光检测睾丸组织中血睾屏障相关的紧密连接蛋白1(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1)、缝隙连接蛋白43(connexin43,Cx43)以及细胞凋亡相关分子Cleaved-Caspase3的蛋白表达;免疫组化检测睾丸组织中Sertoli细胞标志物SOX9蛋白的表达;TUNEL检测睾丸组织细胞凋亡情况。通过比较毒理基因组学数据库(comparative toxicogenomics database,CTD)筛选邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,MEHP)致生殖损伤相关基因集,并结合GO/KEGG和Reactome富集分析预测可能信号通路。以MEHP 0、50、100、200和400 μmol/L 处理TM4细胞株建立体外暴露模型;检测不同剂量MEHP处理组中TM4细胞活力;采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;通过Western blot检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白B细胞淋巴瘤蛋白2(B-cell lymphoma 2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax),及血睾屏障相关蛋白ZO-1和Cx43蛋白的表达水平。

结果

与对照组相比,500 mg/kg组雄性小鼠使雌性小鼠的怀孕率从80.0%降低到52.5%,总产仔数从212只减少到125只。与对照组相比,9周龄DEHP暴露组小鼠精子密度和活力显著降低,精子总畸形率显著增加(P<0.05);16周龄小鼠的精子活力仍然呈剂量依赖性下降趋势(P<0.05)。25、125、250、500 mg/kg组小鼠曲细精管生精上皮高度显著下降,细胞空泡化增加,上皮萎缩和退化明显。免疫荧光结果显示,与对照组比较,250、500 mg/kg睾丸组织中的细胞凋亡增加,而血睾屏障相关的ZO-1和Cx43蛋白表达减少。血清中雄激素结合蛋白、促性腺激素释放激素和睾酮水平呈剂量依赖性降低(P<0.05),而黄体生成素和血清中促卵泡激素的水平均呈剂量依赖性升高(P<0.05)。生物信息学分析显示,通过CTD分别筛选出与MEHP相关的男性系统疾病基因为153个。基于153个基因结合GO富集分析、KEGG通路和Reactome富集分析,凋亡信号通路明显富集。CCK-8结果显示,与对照组相比较,MEHP处理组TM4细胞活力呈剂量依赖性降低(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,MEHP处理组中Bcl-2、ZO-1和Cx43蛋白的表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),而Bax蛋白的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05)。

结论

围青春期DEHP暴露可能通过破坏血睾屏障和激活Sertoli细胞凋亡而导致成年雄性小鼠的精子质量降低及生殖力损伤。

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯  /  围青春期  /  Sertoli细胞  /  血睾屏障  /  雄性生殖损伤
Objective‍

To investigate the mechanism by which peripubertal exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) induces reproductive injury in adult male mice through impairment of Sertoli cell function and the blood-testis barrier.

Methods‍

A total of 180 male C57BL/6J mice (3 weeks old) were randomly divided into corn oil group (control group),and 5,25,125,250 and 500 mg/kg DEHP exposure groups. All groups received daily oral gavage for 5 consecutive weeks. Ten mice from each group were sacrificed for first material collection when they were 9 weeks old. The remaining F0 generation mice were mated with unexposed adult female mice at a male-to-female ratio of 1∶2 at 14 weeks of age for a period of 2 weeks. The second material collection was completed at 16 weeks of age,with 20 mice taken from each group. A computer-assisted analysis system was used to detect sperm density and motility in 9-week-old and 16-week-old male mice. The average birth body weight of F1 generation pups,survival rate of pups at 4 d after birth per litter,number of pups per litter,and male-to-female sex ratio within the litter were recorded. ELISA was used to detect hormone levels in the serum. Sperm abnormalities were observed using eosin staining. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in testicular tissue. Immunofluorescence assay was utilized to detect the protein expression of tight junction protein 1 (zonula occludens-1,ZO-1) and gap junction protein 43 (connexin43,Cx43) related to the blood-testis barrier in testicular tissue,as well as the protein expression of apoptosis-related molecule Cleaved-Caspase3. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Sertoli cell marker SOX9 protein in testicular tissue. TUNEL was used to detect apoptosis in testicular tissue. Comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD) was used to screen for mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) induced reproductive damage-associated genes and combined with GO/KEGG and Reactome enrichment analysis to predict possible signaling pathways. An in vitro exposure model was established by treating TM4 cells with MEHP at concentrations of 0,50,100,200 and 400 μmol/L,respectively. CCK-8 assay,flow cytometry and Western blotting were applied to detect the cell viability,apoptosis,and protein expression of apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax),and blood-testis barrier-related proteins ZO-1 and Cx43.

Results‍

Compared with the control group,the pregnancy rate was decreased from 80.0% to 52.5%,and the total number of pups was decreased from 212 to 125 in the female mice mating with the male from the 500 mg/kg group. Compared with the control group,the sperm density and motility were significantly reduced,and the total rate of sperm abnormalities was obviously increased in the 9-week-old DEHP-exposed mice (P<0.05),and even in the 16-week-old mice,the sperm motility was still in a dose-dependent downward trend (P<0.05). In the 25,125,250 and 500 mg/kg DEHP exposure groups,the thickness of the seminiferous epithelium was obviously decreased,with more cellular vacuolization and notable epithelial atrophy and degeneration. Cell apoptosis in the testicular tissue was enhanced,while the expression of ZO-1 and Cx43 were decreased in the 250 and 500 mg/kg exposure groups. The levels of androgen-binding protein,gonadotropin-releasing hormone,and testosterone in the serum were decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05),while those of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone showed a dose-dependent increase (P<0.05). Bioinformatics analysis showed that 153 genes related to male system diseases were screened out by CTD for MEHP. GO enrichment,KEGG pathway,and Reactome enrichment analyses displayed that the apoptosis signaling pathway was significantly enriched. CCK-8 assay showed that TM4 cell viability was decreased in a dose-dependent manner after MEHP treatment when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Western blotting indicated that MEHP treatment reduced the expression levels of Bcl-2,ZO-1 and Cx43 (P<0.05),and enhanced that of Bax in comparison with the control group (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Peripubertal DEHP exposure may lead to reduced sperm quality and reproductive damage in adult male mice by disrupting the blood-testis barrier and activating Sertoli cell apoptosis.

di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate  /  peripuberty  /  Sertoli cells  /  blood-testis barrier  /  male reproductive injury
徐桂勇, 张露, 孙凤琼, 杨芮, 周紫垣, 杨光红. 围青春期DEHP暴露通过损害Sertoli细胞和血睾屏障致小鼠生殖损伤. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1695 -1707 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503059
Guiyong XU, Lu ZHANG, Fengqiong SUN, Rui YANG, Ziyuan ZHOU, Guanghong YANG. Peripubertal DEHP exposure impairs reproductive function in adult male mice by inducing damage to Sertoli cells and disrupting the blood-testis barrier[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1695 -1707 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503059
因各种原因导致的生育困难是我国乃至全球面临的一个重要的公共卫生问题[1],而全球近50%的无子女人口归因于男性不育[2]。越来越多的证据表明,环境因素可能是导致男性不育或生育能力下降的重要原因[3]。邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)是一类广泛用于工业、农业、食品行业和医药等诸多行业的人工合成塑化剂[4]。邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)是使用最广、环境检出最高的PAEs,DEHP可通过饮食、饮水、呼吸和皮肤接触等方式进入人体[5],并对包括生殖系统在内的多器官系统均有不利影响[6]。机体吸收DEHP后迅速生成的主要有害活性代谢物为邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,MEHP),MEHP可逐步氧化生成邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-羟基己基)酯(mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate,MEHHP)和邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-氧基己基)酯(mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate,MEOHP),并主要通过尿液排出[7-8]。目前,DEHP及其代谢物已在包括血液、肝脏、肺和粪便等多种人类生物样本中被检出,人群暴露水平为3~30 mg/(kg·d),而职业暴露水平则更高,为300~600 mg/(kg·d)[9]。因此,DEHP的暴露及其潜在的男性生殖健康风险备受关注。
流行病学和动物研究均表明,DEHP暴露与精子质量下降、精子形态异常有关[5,10]。然而,既往关于DEHP对雄性生殖系统损害的相关研究均主要观察暴露结束后的即时损害,而针对不同暴露时间窗口、不同精子发生周期的影响,特别是性成熟期的暴露对成年后雄性生殖系统及功能是否有长期影响的研究还较缺乏。为此,本研究通过建立雄性小鼠围青春期DEHP暴露模型,在完成35 d完整生精周期洗脱后,系统评估其对精子质量、功能及生育能力的持续性影响,以研究DEHP的延迟生殖毒性效应,并初步探索围青春期DEHP暴露对成年后雄性小鼠Sertoli细胞的影响和作用机制。
180只3周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(体质量9.20~14.54 g),以及120只成年期雌性C57BL/6J小鼠(体质量15.78~23.50 g)购自北京维特动物实验科技有限公司。于陆军军医大学动物实验中心开展动物实验,陆军军医大学环境卫生学教研室开展细胞实验。正式实验前,适应性喂养小鼠1周。饲养条件:温度(25±2)℃,湿度50%±2%,12 h光照/黑暗循环,自由获取水和食物。小鼠通过随机数字表法分为(n=30):玉米油组(对照组)、5 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(5 mg/kg 组)、25 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(25 mg/kg组)、125 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(125 mg/kg组)、250 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(250 mg/kg组)、500 mg/kg DEHP暴露组(500 mg/kg 组)。根据称量确定给药体积,灌胃体积为0.1 mL/10 g,连续灌胃5周,每周动态监测小鼠体质量。
F0代小鼠自第4周龄开始暴露于DEHP,持续至第9周龄进行首次取材,每组取10只;小鼠经历一个完整生精周期的洗脱期以清除对精子发生的直接影响,自第14周龄开始进行交配直至第16周龄(成年期),于此时进行第二次取材,每组取20只。所有动物实验由陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(AMUWEC20226243)。
DEHP和MEHP购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司,DMEM/F12 培养基、F12k培养基购自美国Gibco公司,玉米油、伊红染液(醇溶)、4%多聚甲醛购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,小鼠血清睾酮(testosterone,T)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)、促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)、雄激素结合蛋白(androgen-binding protein,ABP)酶联免疫反应ELISA试剂盒购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司,凋亡检测试剂盒购自美国BD公司,一次性精子计数板购自美国Goldcyto公司,兔源抗小鼠B细胞淋巴瘤蛋白2(B-cell lymphoma 2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax)、紧密连接蛋白1(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1)、缝隙连接蛋白43(connexin43,Cx43)、SOX9抗体购自安诺伦(北京)生物科技有限公司,HRP标记的山羊抗兔和山羊抗鼠IgG购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; TM4细胞系(小鼠睾丸Sertoli细胞株)购自美国模式培养物集存库(American type culture collection,ATCC)细胞库。
小鼠F1模型的构建遵循以下程序:自14周开始,将F0代暴露组中的成年雄鼠,按照暴露雄性与未暴露成年雌性1∶2的比例进行合笼交配2周,每天8:00通过阴栓检查法和阴道涂片镜检法检查雌性阴道内是否存在精子。如果观察到阴栓、精子或者2周已过,则将雌性单独放入1个新的干净笼子中。通过计算雌性怀孕率来评估雄性生育力状况,公式为:怀孕率=怀孕的雌性数量/雌性总数×100%。待雌性分娩时,记录幼崽总数、雌性和雄性数量、死亡幼崽数量和所有存活幼崽的体质量,并计算活幼崽的平均出生体质量、出生后每窝4 d存活率、每窝产仔数、每窝雌雄性别比等出生结局指标。在哺乳动物发育过程中,采用PND(postnatal day)表示小鼠出生后的天数。动物实验设计流程示意图见图1。
小鼠通过异氟烷麻醉,眼球取血后颈椎脱位处死,迅速称量标本,液氮冻存以便后续测试。解剖时,分离附睾并剔除周围脂肪组织,称量记录后分离附睾尾部,置于400 μL F12k培养基(含0.1%BSA,37 ℃预热)中,剪碎后,用移液器吹打混匀,于37 ℃电热板上孵育5 min以促进精子释放。吸取5 μL精子悬液于预热的一次性计数板上,利用计算机辅助精子检测系统进行精子密度和活力的分析。每个样品至少分析500个精子。
吸取10 μL精子悬液于载玻片上摊平,自然干燥。95%酒精固定15 min,去除酒精。用伊红染液染色30 min后用流水冲去多余的染液,自然晾干后于光学显微镜下随机选择视野观察精子形态,计数畸形精子数并计算精子畸形率,公式为:精子畸形率=畸形精子数/精子总数×100%。将精子的形态异常分为三大类,包括异常头部形态(无头、双头、无钩头部等)、异常颈部与中段形态(包括颈部弯曲、扭曲、折颈等)、异常尾部形态(包括短尾、卷尾、双尾等)。当观察到最后1个视野时,即使精子数目已经到500个,也要对视野内所有精子进行计数。
为了监测小鼠的生长发育状态,染毒期间及染毒结束后的一段时间,于每周一上午称量并记录小鼠的体质量,观察其体质量变化趋势。脏器取材后,通过公式计算相应脏器系数:脏器系数=脏器质量/体质量×100%。
将一侧睾丸固定在4%多聚甲醛中,脱水后包埋在石蜡中,切成4 μm厚的切片。对切片进行脱蜡,用苏木精和伊红染色,脱水封片,使用数字扫描显微镜进行观察和拍照。
小鼠眼球取血,血液室温放置1 h后,4 ℃静置过夜,以2 000 r/min离心20 min,吸取上清液冻存于-80 ℃以备后续分析。根据ELISA试剂盒说明书检测血清中GnRH、LH、FSH、T和ABP的水平。
石蜡切片脱蜡至水相,待组织切片干燥后,用组化笔在组织切片区域周围画圈,在圈内滴加适量蛋白酶K溶液通透细胞膜和核膜,依次加入TUNEL反应液室温孵育2 h,DAPI染色液室温避光孵育10 min,PBS洗涤后利用抗荧光素淬灭剂封片,于荧光显微镜下镜检、拍照。
将石蜡切片脱蜡至水相,将切片浸入柠檬酸盐抗原修复缓冲液,经微波加热修复抗原后,室温冷却,采用PBS缓冲液漂洗3次(每次5 min)。用组化笔在组织切片区域画圈后,圈内滴加血清封闭,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,二抗室温孵育50 min,用DAPI染液避光室温孵育10 min复染细胞核。切片稍干,加入自发荧光淬灭剂5 min,流水冲洗10 min,封片后镜检、拍照。
将石蜡切片脱蜡至水相,随后将切片置于柠檬酸盐抗原修复缓冲液中,并置于微波炉内加热修复抗原,冷却后置于PBS中洗涤3次,每次5 min。双氧水溶液破膜后用血清封闭,一抗4 ℃过夜孵育,二抗室温孵育50 min。DAB显色液染色,流水冲洗,再利用苏木精细胞核染色。利用梯度乙醇和二甲苯对切片进行脱水和透明处理,封片后镜检、拍照。
在比较毒理基因组学数据库(comparative toxicogenomics database,CTD,http://ctdbase.org/)中[11],通过“Chemials”关键词检索化学物质DEHP,并搜索与之相关的“Diseases”,共1 736条记录。进一步选择“Disease category”中的“Urogenital disease(male)”进行筛选,分别检索到男性泌尿生殖系统疾病123例,同时与这些疾病相关且不重复的153个基因构成了MEHP相关的基因集。使用在线网站David进行GO/KEGG功能富集分析及Reactome富集分析。
TM4细胞培养在含5%胎牛血清、5%马血清和1%双抗的DMEM/F12培养基中,置于培养箱(37 ℃、5%CO2)中培养。MEHP溶于DMSO溶液中,配制成1 mmol/L的贮存液,利用梯度稀释方法配制含不同浓度MEHP的培养基,进行细胞染毒。所有培养基中DMSO体积浓度不超过1‰。
将对数生长期的细胞接种于96孔板,接种密度为5 000个/孔,细胞贴壁后,用不同浓度的MEHP(0、50、100、200、400 µmol/L)处理细胞12、24和48 h,每孔加入10 µL的CCK-8溶液孵育2 h,使用Thermo Scientific Multiskan MK3酶标仪检测450 nm处光密度[D(450)]值,分析细胞增殖活力情况。
细胞在-20 ℃下用75%乙醇固定24 h。37 ℃下用50 mg/mL RNase(Sigma,美国)处理30 min后,细胞用50 µg/mL碘化丙啶(Beyotime,上海)染色15 min,通过BD Accuri C6(BD Biosciences,美国)和Flow JO软件进行分析。
按照凋亡检测试剂盒说明书检测。MEHP染毒处理后,用胰蛋白酶消化收集细胞,用冷PBS洗涤,室温下避光与Annexin V-FITC和Propidium Iodide(PI)孵育15 min。通过BD Accuri C6和Flow JO软件进行分析。
6孔板的细胞用PBS轻轻洗涤2遍后,每孔加入100 µL含PMSF(100∶1)的RIPA裂解液,置于冰上裂解30 min。用细胞刮刮取细胞并收集于1.5 mL EP管中4 ℃离心(12 000×g,15 min),用BCA试剂盒(上海碧云天生物科技有限公司)检测蛋白浓度。根据蛋白质分子量大小配制合适浓度的SDS-PAGE胶,保证50 µg/孔蛋白上样后进行电泳,转膜至PVDF膜上,3%BSA室温封闭1 h,4 ℃过夜孵育一抗。(1×)TBST洗涤3次,室温孵育山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)二抗(1∶1 000),(1×)TBST洗涤3次。ECL化学发光工作液浸泡数秒后,采用Bio-Rad ChemiDoc™ XRS+多功能成像系统曝光检测,并利用Image J软件完成图像处理和灰度值数据分析。
利用GraphPad Prism 8.0以及Image J软件对数据进行统计分析,符合正态分布的计量数据用x¯±s表示。采用t检验比较2组之间的差异,采用单因素方差分析比较多组间差异。实验结果由至少3次独立实验计算。检验水准α=0.05。
在DEHP染毒期间(4~9周龄),各组小鼠体质量增长轨迹相似;然而,脱离DEHP暴露后(9~16周龄),各组小鼠体质量增长轨迹出现不同程度的分离(图2A)。在性成熟时(9周龄),与对照组相比,500 mg/kg组小鼠的睾丸脏器系数显著降低(P<0.01);而脱离DEHP暴露至小鼠16周龄时,各剂量组睾丸脏器系数差异无统计学意义(图2B),但125、250、500 mg/kg组的附睾脏器系数显著增加(P<0.05,图2C)。与对照组相比,DEHP暴露导致雌性小鼠怀孕率和总产仔数呈现出剂量依赖性下降趋势(图3A、B)。与对照组相比,500 mg/kg组雄性小鼠使雌性小鼠的怀孕率从80.0%降低到52.5%,总产仔数从212只减少到125只。但在各剂量组中,出生结局指标之间差异无统计学意义(图3C~E),表明围青春期DEHP暴露对成年期雄性小鼠的生育力产生显著影响,但对子代出生结局无明显影响。
HE染色结果显示:与对照组相比,在小鼠性成熟阶段(9周龄)时,DEHP暴露会导致睾丸萎缩,尤其在250、500 mg/kg组,曲细精管上皮出现严重退化,生精上皮有空泡形成。随DEHP剂量的增加,125、250及500 mg/kg组的曲细精管上皮高度呈现出显著的下降趋势(图4A)。在脱离 DEHP 暴露后,小鼠生长至16周龄时,对照组和 5 mg/kg组精子发生的过程正常进行,各生精细胞排列有序,但25、125、250和500 mg/kg 组生精上皮萎缩,且与对照组相比,生精上皮的高度出现下降(图4A),细胞空泡化增加,上皮萎缩和退化明显。
精子质量结果分析发现,DEHP暴露小鼠9周龄时,与对照组相比,125、250、500 mg/kg组的精子密度显著降低(P<0.01,图4B),具有剂量依赖性。与对照组相比,25、125、250、500 mg/kg组精子畸形率显著增加(P<0.05,图4C),正常、异常精子形态见图4D。脱离暴露后至小鼠16周龄时,各剂量组精子密度、精子畸形率差异无统计学意义,但精子活力相关指标仍呈现剂量依赖性下降趋势(表1)。上述结果表明,围青春期DEHP暴露以剂量依赖的方式导致睾丸组织损伤,对精子质量产生显著影响,即使脱离暴露后至成年期时,影响仍然存在。
免疫组化结果显示,与对照组相比,在睾丸组织中,随着 DEHP 染毒剂量的升高,Sertoli 细胞数量呈现出显著的减少趋势(图 5A)。血清学检测结果也显示出 Sertoli 细胞分泌功能受到抑制。在 DEHP 暴露组中,血清内 ABP 水平明显下降,并且在 25 mg/kg以及更高剂量时,这种下降趋势呈现出明显的剂量依赖性(P<0.05,图5C)。同时,血睾屏障相关蛋白ZO-1和Cx43的表达水平也显著下调(图5B)。随着DEHP剂量增加,血清中GnRH、T水平呈剂量依赖性下降趋势;而LH和FSH的水平呈剂量依赖性上升趋势(P<0.05,图5D~G)。结果表明,DEHP可破坏血睾丸屏障诱导睾丸损伤,从而损害生殖发育。
基于CTD筛选与MEHP暴露相关的疾病1 736条记录,最终选择与这些疾病相关且不重复的153个基因构成了MEHP相关的基因集。对153个基因进行GO/KEGG、Reactome富集分析,GO富集显著的前10个生物过程主要涉及凋亡的正调控和负调控、基因转录和表达的正调控、性腺发育以及对雌二醇的反应;涉及的细胞成分主要包括线粒体、大分子复合物、细胞核、核质和染色质;所涉及的分子功能主要包括蛋白质结合、类固醇结合、ATP酶结合和类固醇羟化酶活性(图6A)。KEGG和Reactome富集分析结果表明,MEHP可能通过凋亡信号通路影响生殖健康状况(图6B、C)。通过TUNEL染色检测睾丸组织凋亡,结果显示与对照组相比,DEHP暴露组的睾丸组织中TUNEL阳性细胞(绿色荧光)的数量增加(图6D)。结果表明,DEHP暴露可能通过激活Sertoli细胞中的凋亡信号通路破坏血睾屏障,最终导致睾丸损伤。
通过免疫荧光染色检测发现,随着DEHP暴露剂量增加,凋亡标记物cleaved-Caspase3蛋白表达增加,证实DEHP可剂量依赖性诱导Sertoli细胞凋亡(图7A)。为验证DEHP介导Sertoli细胞凋亡致睾丸损伤的毒性机制,采用DEHP体内主要代谢产物MEHP处理TM4细胞评估其生物学效应。用100、200、400 µmol/L MEHP处理TM4细胞12、24和48 h后,CCK-8法检测发现,与0 µmol/L MEHP暴露组相比,200、400 µmol/L MEHP暴露组细胞增殖活力呈剂量依赖性显著下降(P<0.05,图7C),形态学观察显示MEHP暴露24 h后,细胞密度随剂量增加而显著降低(图7B)。流式细胞术检测结果证实,与0 µmol/L MEHP暴露组相比,MEHP暴露可剂量依赖性诱导细胞凋亡率升高(P<0.05,图7D)。Western blot检测表明,经400 µmol/L MEHP 暴露24 h后,TM4细胞中促凋亡蛋白Bax表达显著上调,而抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达受到抑制(P<0.05,图7E)。除此之外,与血睾屏障功能密切相关的ZO-1及Cx43蛋白表达水平也出现显著下调(P<0.05,图7F)。以上结果提示MEHP通过调控Bax/Bcl-2信号通路诱导Sertoli细胞凋亡,进而破坏血睾屏障功能。
DEHP作为典型的环境内分泌干扰物,其暴露与男性精子质量下降的关联已被广泛报道[10,12]。青春期是男性生殖系统发育的关键阶段,此时精子发生启动和类固醇激素生成对化学损伤高度敏感[13-15],此阶段的DEHP暴露可能干扰正常发育程序,导致青春期或成年期生殖系统异常及生育力下降等远期不良后果[16]。既往研究多集中于青春期前短期暴露于DEHP对睾丸造成的即时损伤[17-18]。此外,多数研究采用高剂量DEHP暴露[最小可见损害作用水平(lowest observed adverse effect level,LOAEL)500 mg/(kg·d)][19],而忽略了低剂量暴露[接近未观察到不良影响水平(no observed adverse effect level,NOAEL) 4.8 mg/(kg·d)]在更接近人类实际接触情景下可能带来的潜在风险。因此,本研究旨在通过构建从青春期前持续暴露至性成熟的DEHP小鼠模型,旨在深入探究不同剂量(5、25、125、250、500 mg/kg)DEHP暴露对成年期雄性生殖功能的长期影响及潜在机制。
DEHP 对青春期前未成熟睾丸的损伤作用及脱离暴露后生殖功能的恢复潜力,其潜在机制尚未完全阐明。本研究发现,围青春期DEHP暴露对成年雄性小鼠的生殖功能产生了显著且不可逆的损伤,即使在停止暴露并经历一个生精周期的洗脱后,这种损伤依然存在。具体表现为睾丸生精上皮出现持续性萎缩、退化及细胞排列紊乱,伴Sertoli细胞空泡化,且损伤呈剂量依赖性;精子浓度、活力及形态等质量指标显著降低,停止暴露并经历一个生精周期洗脱后,精子质量损害依然存在,最终导致成年期生育力显著下降。另外,睾丸和附睾脏器系数在暴露结束时(9周龄),洗脱后(16周龄)的差异性变化,提示DEHP对附睾生长的影响模式与睾丸和体质量不同,这与既往的报道相一致[20-21]。上述结果提示,青春期持续DEHP暴露可导致雄性小鼠生殖功能的长期不可逆损伤。
Sertoli细胞在睾丸的发育与功能中发挥着核心作用,不仅构成并维持血睾屏障[22-23],还负责分泌ABP等重要因子[10,24]。本研究揭示,DEHP暴露使Sertoli细胞的标志物与功能受到损害,具体表现在DEHP暴露后睾丸中Sertoli细胞的关键标志物SOX9(调控其分化和功能)[25-26]蛋白表达显著降低,血清中ABP水平也随之下降,这反映出Sertoli细胞的分泌功能受损。另外,DEHP暴露后血睾屏障的关键结构蛋白ZO-1(维持紧密连接和细胞旁屏障)[27]和Cx43(介导细胞间通讯)[28]的表达也显著减少。这与既往研究结果相符[29],共同指向DEHP暴露导致血睾屏障完整性破坏,这可能是精子发生微环境紊乱和生精细胞损伤的基础。
通过CTD数据库[11],结合GO和KEGG富集分析,发现凋亡通路是与DEHP暴露相关的男性生殖损伤的显著富集通路[30-31]。这与环境内分泌干扰物常通过调控凋亡通路干扰生殖功能的观点一致[32]。实验结果显示,DEHP暴露组睾丸组织中Sertoli细胞的凋亡关键蛋白表达增加。进一步利用MEHP处理的TM4小鼠Sertoli细胞系体外模型,发现MEHP可呈剂量依赖性抑制细胞活力,升高促凋亡/抗凋亡蛋白比值(Bax/Bcl-2),激活细胞凋亡程序。由此可见,DEHP及其代谢物MEHP可能通过诱导Sertoli细胞凋亡,对睾丸组织造成损伤,最终影响生殖功能。
本研究结果表明,DEHP围青春期持续暴露诱导的Sertoli细胞凋亡,进而导致血睾屏障破坏和分泌功能障碍,是介导其长期生殖毒性的潜在机制之一。这一发现为理解环境内分泌干扰物致男性生殖损害提供了新视角和研究靶点。然而,本研究仍存在不足之处:①未对暴露小鼠血清及精液中的DEHP及其代谢物MEHP浓度进行检测,数据缺失导致无法精准、全面评估DEHP暴露对睾丸损伤的剂量依赖性;②本研究聚焦于DEHP对Sertoli细胞的影响,但DEHP暴露在生殖细胞中引发类似损伤的具体程度尚未完全明确,因而仍需深入研究以明晰DEHP暴露引发睾丸损伤的更多具体机制。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503059
  • 接收时间:2025-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-19
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    1贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院,环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵阳
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系军队环境卫生学教研室,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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