Article(id=1322190697139130498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505062, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164427312, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1759161600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164427312, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164427312, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164427312, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190415911043621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='2145', pageEnd='2288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1759161600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164360263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164574764, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191316100960652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191316105154957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2163, endPage=2173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190697428537475, articleId=1322190697139130498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Role and mechanism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in rotenone-induced damage in dopaminergic neurons, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the effect of rotenone exposure on the metabolic homeostasis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in dopaminergic neurons of the rat mid-brain striatum, and investigate the effect of exogenous NAD+ intervention on the cellular damage response of dopaminergic neurons induced by rotenone.

Methods

Male SD rats (8 weeks old, 200~250 g) were divided into a control group using a table of random numbers, a rotenone exposure group, an NAD+-intervention group, and an NAD+ group. An intoxication model was established in the rotenone exposure group. NAD+ (250 mg/kg) was administered simultaneously with rotenone exposure in the NAD+ -intervention group. The NAD+ group was only given NAD+, while the control group received no intervention. After modeling, open field test was performed to evaluate behavioral changes. After scarification, serum samples and mid-brain striatal tissues were collected. HE staining was used to observe the morphology of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum. The NAD+ content in the tissues was detected with NAD+/NADH kit. Western blotting was employed to determine the contents of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), and solute carrier family 25 member A51 (SLC25A51). ELISA was utilized to measure the content of dopamine in the striatal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to observe the distribution and contents of TH proteins in the striatal tissues of each group.

Results

Rotenone exposure significantly affected the vital signs and motor abilities of rats, induced disorderly-arranged, atrophy and deformed neurons in the striatal tissue, decreased the content of TH, rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis, by approximately 29% (P<0.01), the content of dopamine by about 42%, and that of NAD+ by almost 50% (P<0.01), while increased the NADH/NAD+ ratio (P<0.01). After exposure, the content of NAMPT, an enzyme related to NAD+ synthesis, was decreased by 26% (P<0.05), the contents of NMNAT1-3 and SLC25A51, mitochondrial transporters of NAD+ by approximately 21%, 38%, 43%, and 21%, respectively (P<0.01). Exogenous NAD+ intervention improved the motor function of exposure rats and the morphology of dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain striatal tissue, and restored the content of TH in the striatal tissue significantly by 12.8% (P<0.05), and the content of dopamine by 20.9% (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Rotenone disrupts the NAD+ homeostasis in dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting the NAD+ synthesis and transport pathways in the mid-brain striatal tissues, while exogenous NAD+ intervention can effectively alleviate the dopaminergic neuron damage induced by rotenone exposure.

, authors=Wei GE, Haoyin LIU, Xunhu DONG, Wenqi YE, Xiaogang WANG, Feng YE, Yuanpeng ZHAO, Yan SAI, authorsList=Wei GE, Haoyin LIU, Xunhu DONG, Wenqi YE, Xiaogang WANG, Feng YE, Yuanpeng ZHAO, Yan SAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan SAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190699034955918, articleId=1322190697139130498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸在鱼藤酮诱导的多巴胺神经元损伤中的作用和机制研究, columnId=1320435149964169690, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨鱼藤酮暴露对大鼠中脑纹状体多巴胺神经元烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+)代谢稳态的作用,以及外源性NAD+干预对鱼藤酮诱导的多巴胺神经元细胞损伤的影响。

方法

将8周龄雄性SD大鼠(200~250 g)按随机数字表法分为(n=10):对照组、鱼藤酮暴露组、NAD+干预组、NAD+组。用鱼藤酮暴露组建立染毒模型,NAD+干预组在染毒同时给予NAD+(250 mg/kg),NAD+组仅给予NAD+,对照组不干预。造模后通过旷场实验评估行为学变化,处死后收集血清及中脑纹状体组织。HE染色观察纹状体多巴胺神经元形态;NAD+/NADH试剂盒检测组织中NAD+水平;Western blot检测酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)、烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase,NAMPT)、烟酰胺单核苷酸腺苷酸转移酶(nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase,NMNAT)、溶质载体家族25成员A51(solute carrier family 25 member 51,SLC25A51)的含量;ELISA检测纹状体组织中多巴胺的含量;免疫组织化学染色观察各组纹状体组织中TH蛋白的分布和含量。

结果

鱼藤酮暴露影响大鼠的生命体征和运动能力,纹状体组织神经元细胞排列紊乱、萎缩变形;多巴胺合成限速酶TH蛋白的含量显著下降约29%(P<0.01),多巴胺含量下降约42%;NAD+含量降低约50%(P<0.01),NADH/NAD+比值提升(P<0.01);NAD+合成相关酶NAMPT显著下降约26%(P<0.05);NMNAT1-3及NAD+线粒体转运蛋白SLC25A51的含量分别下降约21%、38%、43%、21%(P<0.01)。外源性NAD+干预后,显著改善鱼藤酮暴露大鼠的运动功能和中脑纹状体组织多巴胺神经元形态;纹状体组织中TH蛋白显著恢复约12.8%(P<0.05)、多巴胺水平恢复约20.9%(P<0.05)。

结论

鱼藤酮通过抑制大鼠中脑纹状体组织中NAD+合成、转运通路,破坏多巴胺神经元组织的NAD+稳态,而外源性NAD+干预可有效改善鱼藤酮暴露诱导的多巴胺神经元损伤。

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赛 燕,E-mail:
SAI Yan,E-mail:
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Biomedicines,2022,10(11):2929., articleTitle=Neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide against MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice:impact on oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4 signaling pathways, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190699295002768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190699307585681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, companyId=1322190699295002768, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Chemical Defense,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190699315974290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, companyId=1322190699295002768, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系防化医学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190701836751045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of rotenone exposure on behavioral and dopaminergic striatal neuronal function in rats, figureFileSmall=iQN413tq5Wb4QVSUqvvPYQ==, figureFileBig=Y/RSQgarCX3KxAAULHTEQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190701895471302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=CN, label=图1, caption=鱼藤酮暴露对大鼠行为学及多巴胺神经元纹状体组织功能的影响

A:Movement trajectory of rats in open field test; B:Statistical analysis of total distance,average speed and number of entries into central area in open field test; C:HE staining of striatal tissue. Black arrows and white arrows indicate typical cells in the tissue; D:Western blotting of TH protein and relative quantitative analysis. Con:Control group; Rot:Rotenone exposure group. a:P<0.01,compared with the control group

, figureFileSmall=iQN413tq5Wb4QVSUqvvPYQ==, figureFileBig=Y/RSQgarCX3KxAAULHTEQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190702092603591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of rotenone exposure on NAD+ content in striatal tissue of rats, figureFileSmall=+VUao7PMrhX7TGV3DQkrdA==, figureFileBig=Q6xRPClBjv2/I1QL7w44oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190702155518152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=CN, label=图2, caption=鱼藤酮暴露对大鼠纹状体组织中NAD+含量的影响

A:NAD+ content of striatal tissue; B:NADH/NAD+ results of striatal tissue. Con:Control group; Rot:Rotenone exposure group. a:P<0.01,compared with the Control group

, figureFileSmall=+VUao7PMrhX7TGV3DQkrdA==, figureFileBig=Q6xRPClBjv2/I1QL7w44oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190702214238409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of rotenone exposure on NAD+ synthesis and transporter in striatal tissue of rats, figureFileSmall=N2ZihZRlvIe7e7P6iROv0g==, figureFileBig=9aMHLRdmSYR/tYgay+w5rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190702319096010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=CN, label=图3, caption=鱼藤酮暴露对大鼠纹状体组织中NAD+合成、转运蛋白含量的影响

A:Western blotting of NAD+ synthesis and transport molecules; B:Semi-quantitative analysis of NAD+ synthesis and transport molecules. Con:Control group; Rot:Rotenone exposure group. a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,compared with the Control group

, figureFileSmall=N2ZihZRlvIe7e7P6iROv0g==, figureFileBig=9aMHLRdmSYR/tYgay+w5rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190702377816267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of exogenous NAD+ intervention on behavior changes in rats exposed to rotenone, figureFileSmall=JpQle1etwJfVTPGKbDEICA==, figureFileBig=7Mhp666ojXB8iIpSgxLU5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190702444925132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=CN, label=图4, caption=外源性NAD+干预对鱼藤酮暴露大鼠行为学的影响

A:Movement trajectory of rats in open field test; B:Statistical analysis of total distance,average speed and number of entries into central area in open field test. Con:Control group; Rot:Rotenone exposure group. a:P<0.01,compared with the Control group; b:P<0.05,compared with the Rotenone exposure group

, figureFileSmall=JpQle1etwJfVTPGKbDEICA==, figureFileBig=7Mhp666ojXB8iIpSgxLU5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190702520422605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of exogenous NAD+ intervention on morphology and function of dopamine neurons in rats exposed to rotenone, figureFileSmall=T9bBP3W3Fr7DLq8eAPks/A==, figureFileBig=CN5C3F2Sck5xU2HsF5Oxuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190702579142862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190697139130498, language=CN, label=图5, caption=外源性NAD+干预对鱼藤酮暴露大鼠多巴胺神经元组织形态及功能的影响

A:HE staining of striatal tissue. Yellow arrows and black arrows indicate typical cells within the tissue; B:Immunohistochemistry of TH protein in striatal tissue. Red arrows and green arrows indicate typical locations in the tissue; C:H-score of immunohistochemistry of TH protein in striatum tissue; D:Western blotting results and relative quantitative analysis of TH protein; E:Dopamine level in striatal tissue. Con:Control group; Rot:Rotenone exposure group. a:P<0.01,compared with the Control group; b:P<0.05,compared with the Rotenone exposure group

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烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸在鱼藤酮诱导的多巴胺神经元损伤中的作用和机制研究
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葛维 , 刘浩银 , 董训虎 , 叶文奇 , 王晓刚 , 叶枫 , 赵远鹏 , 赛燕
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·神经科学 2025,47(18): 2163-2173
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·神经科学 2025 , 47 (18) : 2163 -2173
烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸在鱼藤酮诱导的多巴胺神经元损伤中的作用和机制研究
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葛维, 刘浩银, 董训虎, 叶文奇, 王晓刚, 叶枫, 赵远鹏, 赛燕
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系防化医学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
赛 燕,E-mail:
SAI Yan,E-mail:
Role and mechanism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in rotenone-induced damage in dopaminergic neurons
Wei GE, Haoyin LIU, Xunhu DONG, Wenqi YE, Xiaogang WANG, Feng YE, Yuanpeng ZHAO, Yan SAI
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Chemical Defense,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-09-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505062
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目的

探讨鱼藤酮暴露对大鼠中脑纹状体多巴胺神经元烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+)代谢稳态的作用,以及外源性NAD+干预对鱼藤酮诱导的多巴胺神经元细胞损伤的影响。

方法

将8周龄雄性SD大鼠(200~250 g)按随机数字表法分为(n=10):对照组、鱼藤酮暴露组、NAD+干预组、NAD+组。用鱼藤酮暴露组建立染毒模型,NAD+干预组在染毒同时给予NAD+(250 mg/kg),NAD+组仅给予NAD+,对照组不干预。造模后通过旷场实验评估行为学变化,处死后收集血清及中脑纹状体组织。HE染色观察纹状体多巴胺神经元形态;NAD+/NADH试剂盒检测组织中NAD+水平;Western blot检测酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)、烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase,NAMPT)、烟酰胺单核苷酸腺苷酸转移酶(nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase,NMNAT)、溶质载体家族25成员A51(solute carrier family 25 member 51,SLC25A51)的含量;ELISA检测纹状体组织中多巴胺的含量;免疫组织化学染色观察各组纹状体组织中TH蛋白的分布和含量。

结果

鱼藤酮暴露影响大鼠的生命体征和运动能力,纹状体组织神经元细胞排列紊乱、萎缩变形;多巴胺合成限速酶TH蛋白的含量显著下降约29%(P<0.01),多巴胺含量下降约42%;NAD+含量降低约50%(P<0.01),NADH/NAD+比值提升(P<0.01);NAD+合成相关酶NAMPT显著下降约26%(P<0.05);NMNAT1-3及NAD+线粒体转运蛋白SLC25A51的含量分别下降约21%、38%、43%、21%(P<0.01)。外源性NAD+干预后,显著改善鱼藤酮暴露大鼠的运动功能和中脑纹状体组织多巴胺神经元形态;纹状体组织中TH蛋白显著恢复约12.8%(P<0.05)、多巴胺水平恢复约20.9%(P<0.05)。

结论

鱼藤酮通过抑制大鼠中脑纹状体组织中NAD+合成、转运通路,破坏多巴胺神经元组织的NAD+稳态,而外源性NAD+干预可有效改善鱼藤酮暴露诱导的多巴胺神经元损伤。

鱼藤酮  /  多巴胺神经元  /  烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸  /  线粒体转运蛋白
Objective

To explore the effect of rotenone exposure on the metabolic homeostasis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in dopaminergic neurons of the rat mid-brain striatum, and investigate the effect of exogenous NAD+ intervention on the cellular damage response of dopaminergic neurons induced by rotenone.

Methods

Male SD rats (8 weeks old, 200~250 g) were divided into a control group using a table of random numbers, a rotenone exposure group, an NAD+-intervention group, and an NAD+ group. An intoxication model was established in the rotenone exposure group. NAD+ (250 mg/kg) was administered simultaneously with rotenone exposure in the NAD+ -intervention group. The NAD+ group was only given NAD+, while the control group received no intervention. After modeling, open field test was performed to evaluate behavioral changes. After scarification, serum samples and mid-brain striatal tissues were collected. HE staining was used to observe the morphology of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum. The NAD+ content in the tissues was detected with NAD+/NADH kit. Western blotting was employed to determine the contents of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), and solute carrier family 25 member A51 (SLC25A51). ELISA was utilized to measure the content of dopamine in the striatal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to observe the distribution and contents of TH proteins in the striatal tissues of each group.

Results

Rotenone exposure significantly affected the vital signs and motor abilities of rats, induced disorderly-arranged, atrophy and deformed neurons in the striatal tissue, decreased the content of TH, rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis, by approximately 29% (P<0.01), the content of dopamine by about 42%, and that of NAD+ by almost 50% (P<0.01), while increased the NADH/NAD+ ratio (P<0.01). After exposure, the content of NAMPT, an enzyme related to NAD+ synthesis, was decreased by 26% (P<0.05), the contents of NMNAT1-3 and SLC25A51, mitochondrial transporters of NAD+ by approximately 21%, 38%, 43%, and 21%, respectively (P<0.01). Exogenous NAD+ intervention improved the motor function of exposure rats and the morphology of dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain striatal tissue, and restored the content of TH in the striatal tissue significantly by 12.8% (P<0.05), and the content of dopamine by 20.9% (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Rotenone disrupts the NAD+ homeostasis in dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting the NAD+ synthesis and transport pathways in the mid-brain striatal tissues, while exogenous NAD+ intervention can effectively alleviate the dopaminergic neuron damage induced by rotenone exposure.

rotenone  /  dopamine neurons  /  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide  /  mitochondrial transporter
葛维, 刘浩银, 董训虎, 叶文奇, 王晓刚, 叶枫, 赵远鹏, 赛燕. 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸在鱼藤酮诱导的多巴胺神经元损伤中的作用和机制研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (18) : 2163 -2173 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505062
Wei GE, Haoyin LIU, Xunhu DONG, Wenqi YE, Xiaogang WANG, Feng YE, Yuanpeng ZHAO, Yan SAI. Role and mechanism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in rotenone-induced damage in dopaminergic neurons[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (18) : 2163 -2173 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505062
鱼藤酮是一种源自豆科鱼藤属等植物的天然化合物,以其强大的杀虫活性广泛应用于农业和水产业[1]。随着研究的深入,流行病学研究发现长期慢性接触农药鱼藤酮的人群其帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)的发病率显著高于普通人群,相关的实验室研究显示,鱼藤酮具有极强的亲脂性,易透过血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统,诱发中脑黑质纹状体组织多巴胺神经元的变性损伤等与临床PD相类似的病理学改变和临床症状[2]。因此,尽管我国和许多其他国家已停止鱼藤酮作为农药使用,但其仍被广泛应用于帕金森病动物模型的建立。
鱼藤酮可选择性抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ,引起多巴胺神经元线粒体氧化磷酸化功能障碍,导致多巴胺神经元线粒体功能障碍,影响腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)的合成[3]。神经元作为神经系统正常运作的基础单元,对线粒体能量供应有着极高要求。而线粒体功能的维持高度依赖烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+)的稳态,NAD+作为一种细胞中关键的氧化还原化合物,几乎在所有细胞中广泛参与调控生物能量代谢、基因组稳定性、线粒体稳态、适应性应激反应以及细胞衰老死亡等生命过程,其在细胞内的含量对于维持线粒体和细胞功能健康至关重要[4]。NAD+的补救合成途径是哺乳动物细胞内维持NAD+稳态的核心机制,烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase,NAMPT)作为补救途径的关键限速酶,其催化效率直接影响细胞内NAD+的再生能力。同时,烟酰胺单核苷酸(nicotinamide mononucleotide,NMN)也可通过烟酰胺单核苷酸腺苷转移酶(nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase,NMNAT)的作用下转化为NAD+,在不同区域合成NAD+发挥功能以支持细胞的正常生理和应对各种应激反应[26]。此外,溶质载体家族25成员A51(solute carrier family 25 member 51,SLC25A51)作为近年来新发现的一种哺乳动物线粒体转运蛋白,参与了将NAD+从细胞质转运到线粒体基质的过程,其正常功能对于维持线粒体内的NAD+水平至关重要[5]。
随着机体衰老或处于病理状态,NAD+水平呈现下降趋势,而这一变化往往伴随着神经退行性疾病发病风险的显著提升,由此推断NAD+水平的动态变化与多种神经退行性疾病的发生发展存在着紧密的内在关联[6]。有研究报道,NAD+通过维持线粒体功能、调控沉默信息调节蛋白(silent information regulator proteins,SIRT)家族去乙酰化酶活性及抑制炎症小体激活等途径,在细胞代谢与炎症反应之间发挥了关键调控作用,其水平下降会加剧氧化应激和促炎因子释放[7-8]。在阿尔茨海默病模型中,NAD+前体NMN的补充可减少β-淀粉样蛋白沉积并改善突触可塑性,其机制可能与激活SIRT1介导的自噬途径相关[9]。在帕金森病研究中,NAD+前体烟酰胺核糖可保护多巴胺能神经元免受α-突触蛋白毒性,这一效应与增强线粒体生物合成和抑制神经炎症有关[10-11]。因此,通过补充NAD+及其相关化合物对神经退行性疾病的防治具有重要的研究价值,然而鱼藤酮通过何种方式破坏NAD+稳态,以及外源性NAD+干预能否能够减轻鱼藤酮暴露所导致的多巴胺神经元变性损伤,目前尚不明确。
因此,本研究通过建立鱼藤酮染毒大鼠动物模型,探索鱼藤酮暴露对中脑纹状体多巴胺神经元内NAD+含量的影响及可能存在的机制,并检测外源性NAD+对鱼藤酮暴露诱导纹状体组织多巴胺神经元损伤的干预效果,为鱼藤酮所引发的多巴胺神经元毒性损伤及PD的发生发展和防治策略研究提供思路。
8周龄雄性SD大鼠(200~250 g)购自陆军军医大学动物实验中心;兔抗大鼠酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)抗体(25859-1-AP)、NAMPT抗体(11776-1-AP)、NMNAT1抗体(11399-1-AP)、NMNAT2抗体(27698-1-AP)、NMNAT3抗体(13236-1-AP)购自武汉三鹰生物技术公司;兔抗大鼠SLC25A51抗体(A21105)、β-actin抗体(AC026)购自武汉爱博泰克生物技术公司;NAD(H)含量检测试剂盒(KTB1020)购自亚科因生物技术有限公司;HE染色试剂盒(C0105M)、HRP标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)(A0208)购自上海碧云天生物公司;大鼠多巴胺(dopamine,DA)ELISA检测试剂盒(ml003201)购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司;ECL化学发光液、PVDF膜购自美国Merck Millipore公司。
动物饲养流程与护理操作经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会核准通过(AMUWEC2019137),并在实验过程中严格遵循相关伦理准则。根据实验设计,将所有大鼠按随机数字表法分为(n=10):对照组、鱼藤酮暴露组、NAD+干预组和NAD+组。按照课题组既往构建类PD大鼠模型的造模方法[13-14],采用背部皮下鱼藤酮剂量3阶段递减注射的方法进行造模。配置鱼藤酮注射工作液时,使用DMSO溶液溶解鱼藤酮粉末,然后使用注射用生理盐水稀释至相应浓度,现用现配。配置NAD+注射工作液时,使用注射用生理盐水溶解NAD+粉末至25 mg/mL。鱼藤酮暴露组造模第1阶段配置鱼藤酮注射工作液4.0 mg/mL,根据大鼠体质量按照2.0 mg/kg进行注射,连续3 d;第2阶段配置鱼藤酮注射工作液2.0 mg/mL,根据大鼠体质量按照1.0 mg/kg进行注射,连续7 d;第3阶段配置鱼藤酮注射工作液1.0 mg/mL,根据大鼠体质量按照0.5 mg/kg进行注射,连续20 d。NAD+干预组进行鱼藤酮背部皮下注射的同时根据大鼠体质量,按照每天250 mg/kg腹腔注射NAD+注射工作液,连续30 d[15]。NAD+组按照每天250 mg/kg腹腔注射NAD+注射工作液,连续30 d;对照组大鼠每天皮下注射DMSO溶液50 μL/kg,腹腔注射生理盐水10 mL/kg,连续给药30 d。造模过程中,大鼠自由进食和饮水,环境温度(23±2)℃,相对湿度45%±5%,1∶1光照黑暗的循环周期。
利用旷场实验箱,其高度为40 cm,底边长度为100 cm,内壁用黑布覆盖,正上方2 m处设置运动捕捉摄像头,将底面平均分为9个方格,中心区域为正中方格。将大鼠放入箱内底面中心,同时进行摄像和计时,观察5 min后停止摄像,使用运动跟踪系统记录大鼠进入中心区域的次数、平均移动速度、移动总距离和站立次数等数据。旷场实验在隔音室中完成,实验室内部背景噪音控制在40 dB以下,人员和设备位于另一房间,以确保实验全程在安静环境下进行。每只大鼠测试完毕后,用75%酒精清洗旷场实验箱内壁及底面,避免上一只大鼠留下的大小便或气味影响后续测试结果。
使用20%乌拉坦按1.0 g/kg体质量对大鼠进行腹腔注射麻醉,待其深度麻醉后,延腹正中线打开胸腔暴露心脏,使用负压采血管采集血液,室温静置30 min后,3 000×g离心15 min,吸取上层血清。固定大鼠头部,剪下并置于冰盒上,沿正中线切开头皮,打开颅骨,暴露脑组织。依据解剖图谱定位纹状体区域,分离取出纹状体组织,将纹状体组织和其余大脑组织分别放入离心管,迅速置于液氮保温罐中保存,另一部分放入4%多聚甲醛固定液室温保存。取材完成后,将样本按组织类型分类存放于-80 ℃冰箱长期保存,残余组织用实验动物无公害处理垃圾袋收集处理。
用预冷PBS洗涤大鼠中脑纹状体组织后称取50 mg组织,剪碎后置于匀浆管。向纹状体组织中加入100 µL NAD提取缓冲液或NADH提取缓冲液进行匀浆。匀浆完毕后于加热器中煮沸5 min,再加入20 µL 检测缓冲液和100 µL NADH提取缓冲液或NAD提取缓冲液中和提取物。4 ℃、21 913×g离心5 min后,取上清使用BCA法测定各组蛋白浓度后校正配平。将68 µL 检测缓冲液与1 µL NAD循环混合物、5 µL WST-8和1 µL Enhancer混合均匀后,室温孵育5 min,再加入10 µL 乙醇溶液,制得85 µL检测工作液。将NAD标品及样本分别加入新96孔板,每孔40 µL,每个样本设3个复孔,再加入80 µL检测工作液,充分混合后室温孵育30 min。最后使用酶标仪测定各孔450 nm处的吸光度[A(450)],根据标品制作标准曲线计算NAD+/NADH含量。
纹状体组织剪碎后匀浆,提取总蛋白,使用BCA法测定各组蛋白浓度后校正配平。加入5×上样缓冲液进行变性;按照组织样品100 μg/孔进行 SDS-PAGE 凝胶电泳;按照湿转法进行转印至 PVDF 膜;使用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST室温下封闭 2 h;加入TH(1∶1 000)、NAMPT(1∶1 000)、NMNAT1(1∶1 000)、NMNAT2(1∶500)、NMNAT3(1∶200)、SLC25A51(1∶1 000)、β-actin(1∶10 000)于4 ℃下孵育过夜;TBST 洗膜后3次,每次10 min;加入HRP标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)(1∶1 000)于室温下孵育2 h;再次洗膜后加入 ECL 化学发光液,采用 VILBER FUSION FX7 成像系统曝光成像。
将大鼠DA ELISA检测试剂盒充分恢复至室温,设置标准品孔、0值孔和样本孔,标准品孔各加不同浓度的标准品50 μL,0值孔加样本稀释液50 μL,样本孔加大鼠样本50 μL。加入辣根过氧化物酶标记的检测抗体100 μL后37 ℃恒温箱避光孵育60 min。使用洗涤液清洗,将底物A和B按1∶1体积混合后向所有孔中加入底物混合液100 μL,继续避光孵育15 min。结束后向所有孔加入终止液50 μL,并在酶标仪上检测各孔450 nm处吸光度[A(450)]。
将固定好的纹状体组织经过脱水、透明、包埋形成组织蜡块;使用石蜡切片机将蜡块切成3~5 μm的薄片进行染色;将切片脱蜡、水化后放入苏木精染液中染色15 min,1%盐酸酒精分化10 s,温水中浸泡10 min返蓝,再放入伊红染液中染色10 min;染色完毕后再将切片脱水、透明;使用中性树胶进行封片并37 ℃温箱烘干;于显微镜下观察。
将纹状体组织蜡块切片,依次进行脱蜡、水化、抗原修复。使用3%H2O2阻断内源性过氧化物酶活性后,于5%BSA室温孵育30 min。滴加兔抗大鼠TH抗体(25859-1-AP,1∶500),4 ℃孵育过夜。PBS漂洗后滴加HRP标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)(1∶50),室温孵育1 h。DAB显色液显色3~5 min,苏木素复染细胞核30 s。再次经过脱水、透明,使用中性树胶封片后于显微镜下观察。IHC染色结果采用H-score评分法:H-score=Σ(染色强度×阳性细胞比例),染色强度分为4级:0级=阴性,1级=弱阳性,2级=中等阳性,3级=强阳性。
原始数据使用SPSS 20.0进行统计,计量资料结果以x¯±s表示,每组实验至少独立重复3次。Western blot灰度及IHC图片使用Image J 1.51 K软件进行量化,两组之间分析比较时,采用双侧独立样本t检验;多组间比较时,先以 Levene 检验进行方差齐性判断,再采用单因素方差分析,并进行Bonferroni校正;Pearson相关性分析时先验证数据正态性,随后计算相关系数r并检验其统计学显著性P值。当P<0.05时认为差异具有统计学意义。
对照组大鼠活动活跃,毛发闪亮,精神状态良好。鱼藤酮暴露组大鼠的皮毛逐渐变深黄色,粪便松散蓬松。大鼠也表现出自主活动的减少和类似的PD综合征的特征,出现典型的四肢肌肉肌张力增高伴阵挛性发作、垂直尾征和呼吸短促。进一步使用旷场实验记录并分析大鼠的行为学变化(图1A)。与对照组相比,鱼藤酮暴露组大鼠总距离、平均速度和经过中心区域次数均显著减少(P<0.01,图1B)。结果表明,鱼藤酮暴露可显著减弱大鼠的运动功能和探索行为。
使用HE染色观察鱼藤酮暴露下纹状体组织神经元形态结构的变化情况。结果显示,大鼠纹状体组织细胞排列整齐,形态规则,胞体完整,核清晰可见,细胞间界限分明(黑箭头);而鱼藤酮暴露后大鼠纹状体组织出现明显细胞排列紊乱,部分细胞出现萎缩、变形,胞体变小,核固缩深染的现象(白箭头,图1C)。结果提示,鱼藤酮暴露显著破坏了纹状体组织神经元细胞间的正常结构和功能联系。
在多巴胺神经元中,TH是多巴胺生物合成过程中的限速酶,其活性直接调控着多巴胺的生成速度。TH蛋白的功能受损或其含量不足,将会严重限制多巴胺的合成量,进而影响神经系统的正常功能。结果显示,相较于对照组,鱼藤酮暴露组大鼠多巴胺纹状体组织中的TH蛋白含量显著性下降(P<0.01,图1D),约为对照组的71%。因此,鱼藤酮暴露可显著影响大鼠中脑纹状体组织多巴胺神经元的功能,导致了多巴胺神经元损伤。
纹状体作为大脑重要的运动调控核团,纹状体组织中NAD+为多巴胺等神经递质的合成、神经元能量代谢、精确神经信号传导提供必需辅酶,保障正常的生理功能。相较于对照组,鱼藤酮染毒后纹状体组织NAD+含量显著下降(P<0.01,图2A),较同期对照组减少约50%,而NADH/NAD+比值呈显著性上升趋势(P<0.01,图2B)。结果提示,鱼藤酮暴露严重影响多巴胺纹状体组织中的NAD+稳态,破坏氧化还原状态,导致中脑纹状体组织多巴胺神经元的损伤。
鱼藤酮暴露显著抑制纹状体组织NAD+生物合成及转运核心酶系的表达。相较于对照组,鱼藤酮暴露后纹状体组织NAD+生物合成中关键酶NAMPT、NMNAT1、NMNAT2、NMNAT3的蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05),NAD+线粒体转运蛋白SLC25A51同样呈现显著性下降(P<0.01),其中,NAMPT下降约26%、NMNAT1下降约21%、NMNAT2下降约38%、NMNAT3下降约43%、SLC25A51下降约21%(图3)。结果提示,鱼藤酮染毒后可显著影响纹状体组织中NAD+的合成及线粒体NAD+转运效率,破坏纹状体组织中NAD+代谢的稳态,诱导多巴胺神经元损伤。
利用外源性NAD+对鱼藤酮暴露的大鼠模型进行干预,旷场实验显示,鱼藤酮暴露组大鼠运动能力明显下降,出现类似帕金森病患者的运动迟缓症状,大鼠在旷场中探索行为受限(图4A)。大鼠移动总路程、平均速度和经过中心区域的次数较对照组显著减少(P<0.01);而相较于鱼藤酮暴露组,NAD+干预后大鼠移动总路程、平均速度和经过中心区域的次数在一定程度上得到了显著改善(P<0.05,图4B),更接近于对照组水平。
相较于对照组,鱼藤酮暴露组纹状体出现明显病理变化,部分神经元胞体萎缩变小,胞核固缩、深染,形态不规则,核仁模糊甚至消失(黄色箭头);而NAD+干预组相较于鱼藤酮暴露组,纹状体病理改变部分减轻,萎缩的胞体部分恢复正常大小,胞核形态趋于正常,纤维断裂、紊乱现象减少(黑色箭头,图5A)。相较于对照组,鱼藤酮组纹状体组织中TH蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.01),而外源性NAD+干预后显著恢复约12.8%(P<0.05,图5D)。同时,相较于对照组,鱼藤酮暴露组多巴胺水平显著降低(P<0.01,图5E),约为对照组的58.0%;而NAD+干预在一定程度上恢复了其含量约20.9%,与TH表达趋势一致。观察各组纹状体组织中TH蛋白免疫反应阳性产物并计算染色阳性H-score评分,对照组纹状体中多巴胺能神经元TH蛋白免疫反应阳性产物丰富,呈棕褐色颗粒状,广泛分布于神经元胞体及神经纤维周围;相较于对照组,鱼藤酮组纹状体中免疫反应阳性产物明显减少,神经元胞体和神经纤维上的棕褐色颗粒稀疏,部分区域甚至几乎消失(红色箭头,图5B),H-score评分显著降低(P<0.01,图5C);而NAD+干预组相较于鱼藤酮暴露组,纹状体中TH蛋白免疫反应阳性产物有所增加(绿色箭头),H-score评分提升(P<0.05,图5C),但未完全恢复至对照组水平。因此,鱼藤酮暴露显著影响了纹状体多巴胺神经元的形态及功能,NAD+能够在一定程度上改善鱼藤酮对纹状体多巴胺神经元造成的损伤,维护多巴胺神经元组织和功能的完整性。
鱼藤酮是一种天然存在的生物源性农药,被广泛用于农业和水产业。鱼藤酮属于脂溶性化合物,独特化学结构赋予其易穿透生物膜和进入细胞的能力。同时鱼藤酮作为线粒体复合物Ⅰ的经典抑制剂,阻断线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ电子传递进程,使细胞内能量生成障碍。目前,鱼藤酮也被广泛用于诱导PD动物模型的研究[16]。中脑纹状体作为基底神经节的重要组成部分,接收来自大脑皮层的兴奋性输入和黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元的投射,在运动调节中起着关键作用,其多巴胺能神经元的损伤是PD运动症状的关键病理基础[17]。在本研究中观察到,鱼藤酮暴露大鼠出现震颤、运动迟缓、探索欲望降低等神经行为学功能异常的表现,纹状体组织细胞出现病理性损伤,多巴胺合成限速酶TH及多巴胺含量的显著下降,这些结果均提示鱼藤酮暴露对大鼠中脑纹状体组织多巴胺神经元造成了严重的损伤。
NAD+作为细胞内至关重要的辅酶,广泛参与了能量代谢、基因调控以及氧化还原反应等诸多关键生物过程,NAD+水平的动态变化亦可直接反映细胞生理状态的变化[18]。因此,深入研究鱼藤酮暴露对大鼠中脑纹状体组织多巴胺神经元中NAD+水平的影响及其潜在机制,对于理解鱼藤酮的毒性作用机制及PD的发生发展过程具有重要意义。在本次鱼藤酮暴露的大鼠模型研究中观察到,鱼藤酮暴露后中脑纹状体组织中NAD+水平呈现出显著下降趋势,同时,NADH/NAD+的比值则呈现显著升高趋势。因此,鱼藤酮暴露会对多巴胺神经元细胞内的NAD+含量造成影响,扰乱多巴胺神经元的正常功能与代谢功能。一方面,细胞内NAD+稳态失衡,可能导致氧化还原状态发生改变,这种失衡表现为细胞氧化还原状态的紊乱,过高的NADH/NAD+比例提示细胞的氧化还原状态过于还原,抑制丙酮酸脱氢酶和α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶等关键酶的活性,从而干扰三羧酸循环和氧化磷酸化的正常进行,使ATP的生成减少,影响细胞的能量供应[19];另一方面,NADH/NAD+比例的失衡导致了细胞内电子传递过程的紊乱,使电子漏出呼吸链的机会增加,进而产生过多的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),ROS进一步攻击细胞内的脂质、蛋白质和DNA等生物大分子,引发脂质过氧化、蛋白质变性和DNA损伤等,破坏细胞的结构和功能,导致细胞衰老、凋亡或坏死[20];此外,NAD+含量的下降可能直接影响了SIRT蛋白等依赖NAD+的酶和转录因子的活性,导致其在基因表达调控、DNA修复等过程的作用受到影响,进而使细胞的正常生理功能和代谢平衡出现异常[21]。
NAD+的合成主要包括从头合成途径、补救合成途径和Preiss-Handler途径,其中,NAD+的补救合成途径是哺乳动物细胞内维持NAD+稳态的核心机制[22]。补救合成途径则是指利用体内既有的NAD+分解代谢产物来重新合成NAD+的过程,NAMPT是NAD+合成中的关键酶,NAM在NAMPT的催化下生成NMN,NMN继而在NMNATs的作用下,通过腺苷化反应生成NAD+。此外,烟酰胺核糖(nicotinamide riboside,NR)同样可通过烟酰胺核糖激酶(nicotinamide riboside kinase,NRK)的作用生成NMN,随后继续借助NMNAT生成NAD+。NMNAT家族主要包含NMNAT1、NMNAT2、NMNAT3,这些不同亚型虽然具有相似的酶催化功能核心结构域,但在细胞内的定位以及具体作用细节上存在差异。NMNAT1主要分布于细胞核内,它在维持细胞核内的NAD+水平稳定方面发挥关键作用,参与保障基因组稳定性等诸多细胞核相关生理功能;NMNAT2主要存在于神经元的胞体、轴突以及树突等部位,对于维持神经元的正常生理功能、保障神经信号传递过程中的能量代谢以及维持轴突的稳态等至关重要;NMNAT3则主要分布于线粒体中,参与线粒体内部的NAD+合成代谢循环,帮助线粒体高效完成能量转换等工作,满足细胞对能量的需求[23]。同时,线粒体作为细胞内能量代谢的核心枢纽,对NAD+有着旺盛需求,正常情形下,细胞质中的NAD+会借助特定转运蛋白进入线粒体,以此维系线粒体的正常功能运转。SLC25A51作为近年来新发现的一种线粒体转运蛋白,参与了将NAD+转运进入线粒体的过程。已有研究报道指出,SLC25A51蛋白对NAD+的转运功能对于维持线粒体内部的NAD+水平,保障线粒体正常的代谢及能量产生功能起着至关重要的作用[5]。在本次鱼藤酮暴露研究中,鱼藤酮暴露显著影响了纹状体组织中NAMPT、NMNAT1、NMNAT2、NMNAT3和SLC25A51蛋白含量,因此,鱼藤酮可能会通过干扰NAD+合成途径中的关键分子,使得细胞通过合成途径补充NAD+的过程受到了抑制,导致了鱼藤酮诱导多巴胺神经元内NAD+水平的失衡,同时鱼藤酮暴露也可以影响NAD+线粒体转运功能,影响神经元线粒体内NAD+的含量,导致线粒体的功能障碍,诱导多巴胺神经元变性损伤。
近年研究也表明,衰老过程中NAD+水平显著下降可能通过线粒体功能障碍和表观遗传失调加剧神经退行性病变[24-25]。相较于传统线粒体保护剂,在鱼藤酮诱导的线粒体功能障碍模型中,NAD+展现出了更全面的神经保护作用。N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N- acetylcysteine,NAC)是一种经典的抗氧化剂,主要通过提供半胱氨酸前体促进谷胱甘肽合成,清除ROS减轻氧化应激,从而增强细胞的抗氧化能力[33]。辅酶Q10(coenzyme Q10,CoQ10)作为另一种重要的线粒体保护剂,是线粒体电子传递链(electron transport chain,ETC)的关键组分,主要在复合体Ⅰ和Ⅱ之间维持ETC功能,维持氧化磷酸化过程,同时能够直接中和线粒体产生的自由基,保护线粒体膜免受氧化损伤,减少细胞色素C的释放,从而抑制凋亡通路的激活[34]。然而NAC及CoQ10对代谢紊乱的干预十分有限,其中对免疫反应的调节作用较弱,且无法激发SIRT活性和聚ADP核糖聚合酶1(poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1,PARP1)介导的DNA修复,也无法系统修复线粒体-代谢-炎症网络。相比之下,NAD+通过激活SIRT3依赖性线粒体去乙酰化网络,能够恢复ETC功能并抑制ROS过度生成[26];同时,NAD+通过SIRT1/6介导的表观遗传调控抑制NF-κB信号核转位,下调促炎基因转录,同时促进抗炎因子表达,重塑炎症稳态平衡[12-27]。此外,PARP1的过度激活直接导致NAD+含量的下降,这与氧化应激、神经炎症和线粒体功能障碍等多种神经病理过程相关,通过抑制PARP-1,可以减轻氧化应激、抑制炎症反应,并改善认知功能[28]。在阿尔茨海默病模型中,NAD+前体NMN的补充可减少β-淀粉样蛋白沉积并改善突触可塑性,其机制可能与激活SIRT1介导的自噬途径相关[29]。在PD研究中,NAD+前体NR可保护多巴胺能神经元免受α-突触蛋白毒性,这一效应与增强线粒体生物合成和抑制神经炎症有关[30]。在面对致死剂量的细菌感染时,NAD+处理的小鼠表现出显著的生存优势,其主要是通过阻断信号转导与转录激活因子1/干扰素-β(STAT-1/IFN-β)信号通路抑制炎症小体的激活,同时显著降低IL-1β水平[31]。NAD+也可通过连接蛋白43-PARP1轴逆转了衰老诱导的血脑屏障损伤[32]。同样的,在既往关于1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)诱导PD小鼠模型的研究中发现,MPTP处理后显著损害了小鼠运动功能,并使TH蛋白水平降低了50%,而使用NAD+前体NAM进行干预后显著逆转了这些PD样病生理改变,减少PD小鼠大脑中TLR-4、p-NFκB、TNF-α和COX-2的水平,调节了神经炎症[35],也与本研究结果相一致。因此,NAD+及其相关化合物作为核心代谢物的多功能性和对多病理环节的协同干预能力在神经退行性疾病模型中具有更优越的治疗潜力。
本研究聚焦于鱼藤酮影响NAD+代谢过程中的一些关键分子事件,而鱼藤酮引起NAD+合成、转运关键分子下降的具体机制仍未阐明,外源性NAD+干预后所产生的对炎症调节的具体分子机制也未进一步深入研究。同时,研究中NAD+采用250 mg/kg腹腔注射的剂量主要基于既往的研究报道,未评价该剂量对大鼠的肝肾功能产生的影响,长期高剂量使用NAD+的安全性仍需进一步评估。此外,本研究也未进一步探讨NAD+对多巴胺神经元自噬、凋亡、焦亡的影响,后续研究应进一步检测相关分子,以明确NAD+在改善鱼藤酮诱导多巴胺神经元损伤的分子机制,为改善多巴胺神经元组织毒性损伤提供帮助。
综上所述,鱼藤酮暴露干扰了纹状体组织多巴胺神经元NAD+合成、转运通路,最终导致神经元内NAD+的含量下降,加剧了神经元细胞和线粒体内生理功能与能量代谢的紊乱,导致了多巴胺神经元细胞的损伤。外源性NAD+干预可通过改善多巴胺神经元功能,减轻鱼藤酮诱导的毒性损伤。全面地剖析这一损伤机制,有助于深化对鱼藤酮中毒机制的认知,为PD等相关神经退行性疾病的研究及防治提供依据和方向。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505062
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系防化医学教研室,重庆

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SAI Yan,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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