Article(id=1322190602532410006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=1752940800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164404757, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164404757, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164404757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164404757, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190358751069178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1981', pageEnd='2144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164346635, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164560388, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1994, endPage=2011, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190603018949271, articleId=1322190602532410006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Nuclear EGFR cooperates with YY1 to drive CEMIP expression and enhance hepatocellular carcinoma invasion, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To reveal the molecular mechanism by which nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor (nEGFR) synergistically regulates the expression of cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP) by forming a complex with the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1), and to investigate the biological functions of the nEGFR-YY1-CEMIP signaling axis in invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods‍

After HCC cells were serum-starved for 24 h, the cells were treated with 100 ng/mL EGF. Thus, the cells were divided into a control group and EGF-treated groups at different time points. Nuclear expression and localization changes of EGFR were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF). To investigate the interaction between nEGFR and YY1, their nuclear colocalization and interaction were examined by IF and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), respectively. Transcriptional profiling was performed using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify differentially expressed genes at the genome-wide level. Combined with Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and transcription factor binding profiles via using the JASPAR database, CEMIP was identified as a candidate target gene. To validate the regulatory mechanism, the following experimental groups were established, Control, EGF, siYY1, and siYY1+EGF. The expression of CEMIP at protein and mRNA levels was detected by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of nEGFR/YY1 binding to the CEMIP promoter, the control and EGF-treated groups were established. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) was performed to assess the enrichment of nEGFR/YY1 at the CEMIP promoter region. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted following transfection with either wild-type EGFR (EGFR-WT), nuclear localization-deficient mutant (EGFR-dNLS), YY1 overexpression plasmid (YY1-OE), or dominant-negative YY1 mutant (YY1-DN) to evaluate changes in promoter activity. Subsequently, cell migration and invasion capabilities were evaluated using scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay, while hyaluronic acid (HA) level was quantified by ELISA. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2/9) was analyzed via Western blotting to assess the regulatory role of the nEGFR/YY1-CEMIP axis in the migration and invasion of HCC cells. By analyzing the CEMIP expression profiles in HCC patients from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) public databases, its potential association with tumor metastasis risk was validated.

Results‍

Western blotting and IF demonstrated that EGF treatment significantly induced nuclear translocation of EGFR, peaking at 30 min (P<0.001). Co-IP and IF assays indicated both physical interaction and nuclear co-localization between nEGFR and YY1. RNA-seq analysis identified CEMIP as a significantly differentially expressed gene. GO enrichment analysis revealed that CEMIP was significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell invasion promotion. JASPAR prediction identified conserved YY1 potential binding region within the CEMIP promoter region. Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses confirmed that EGF treatment up-regulated CEMIP at both protein and mRNA levels (P<0.05). Notably, YY1 knockdown significantly suppressed CEMIP expression, while exogenous EGF supplementation restored CEMIP level in YY1-deficient cells (P<0.05). ChIP-qPCR analysis demonstrated specific enrichment of the nEGFR/YY1 complex at the CEMIP promoter region, with EGF stimulation significantly enhancing its binding affinity (P<0.001). Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that nEGFR/YY1 robustly enhanced CEMIP promoter activity (P<0.01), while either the EGFR-dNLS or the YY1-DN substantially attenuated this transcriptional activation. Functional phenotyping showed that the nEGFR/YY1-CEMIP axis significantly enhanced the migration and invasion of HCC cells by promoting HA catabolism and up-regulating MMP2/9 expression (P<0.05). Analysis of NCBI datasets revealed that CEMIP expression was significantly up-regulated in HCC tumor tissues than adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001). Moreover, HCC patients with elevated CEMIP expression exhibited higher risk of metastasis (P<0.001).

Conclusion‍

nEGFR promotes HCC invasion by forming a transcriptional complex with YY1 to cooperatively activate CEMIP expression.

, authors=Li TU, Yang LIU, Ying YU, Shiqi OUYANG, Zengli WANG, Xiaolong TANG, authorsList=Li TU, Yang LIU, Ying YU, Shiqi OUYANG, Zengli WANG, Xiaolong TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaolong TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190610153460401, articleId=1322190602532410006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=核表皮生长因子受体与转录因子YY1协同驱动CEMIP表达促进肝细胞癌侵袭, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

揭示核表皮生长因子受体(nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor,nEGFR)通过与转录因子YY1形成复合物协同调控细胞迁移诱导蛋白(cell migration-inducing protein,CEMIP)基因表达的分子机制,并探究nEGFR-YY1-CEMIP信号轴在肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)侵袭中的生物学功能。

方法

将血清饥饿24 h的HCC细胞用100 ng/mL EGF进行处理,设置对照组和不同时间点的EGF处理组,通过Western blot及间接免疫荧光实验(immunofluorescence,IF)检测EGFR的核内表达和定位变化。为明确nEGFR与YY1的相互作用,设置对照组及EGF处理组,采用IF观察核内共定位情况,并通过免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,Co-IP)验证二者是否存在相互作用。通过高通量测序技术(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)检测细胞基因组转录水平差异,结合GO功能富集分析和JASPAR数据库预测,最终锁定候选靶基因CEMIP,为验证调控机制构建YY1的 siRNA后,联合EGF处理,分为:Control组、EGF组、siYY1组、siYY1+EGF组,通过Western blot和RT-qPCR检测CEMIP蛋白及mRNA水平。为明确nEGFR/YY1结合CEMIP启动子的分子机制,设置对照组和EGF处理组,采用染色质免疫沉淀-定量PCR(chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR,ChIP-qPCR)实验检测CEMIP启动子区的富集情况。通过转染野生型EGFR(EGFR-WT)、核定位缺陷突变体(EGFR-dNLS)、YY1过表达质粒(YY1-OE)及功能缺失突变体(YY1-DN),利用荧光素酶报告基因实验检测启动子活性变化。通过划痕愈合实验、Transwell实验检测细胞的迁移侵袭能力,采用ELISA实验检测透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)的含量,并通过Western blot实验检测基质金属蛋白酶(MMP2/9)的含量,评估nEGFR/YY1-CEMIP轴对HCC细胞迁移侵袭的调控作用。通过分析国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI)公共数据库中HCC患者的CEMIP表达谱,验证其与肿瘤转移风险的潜在关联。

结果

Western blot和IF检测显示EGF处理可显著诱导EGFR的核易位,并在30 min达到峰值(P<0.001)。Co-IP和IF证明了nEGFR和YY1存在相互作用,且在细胞核内共定位。RNA-seq分析显示,CEMIP表现为差异显著基因。GO富集分析显示CEMIP主要富集于细胞促侵袭等生物学功能。JASPAR预测发现CEMIP启动子区存在YY1的潜在结合区域。Western blot和RT-qPCR实验进一步证实EGF处理可上调CEMIP蛋白和mRNA的水平,而敲低YY1则显著抑制CEMIP的表达,外源性补充EGF能够恢复YY1缺陷细胞的CEMIP表达(P<0.05)。ChIP-qPCR显示nEGFR/YY1复合物特异性富集于CEMIP启动子区域且EGF刺激可以显著增强其结合强度(P<0.001)。荧光素酶报告基因实验证实nEGFR/YY1可以增强CEMIP的启动子活性(P<0.01),而EGFR-dNLS或YY1-DN则无此效应。功能表型实验证明nEGFR/YY1-CEMIP轴通过促进HA分解和上调MMP2/9表达,显著增强HCC细胞的迁移侵袭能力(P<0.05)。基于NCBI数据库分析显示,CEMIP在HCC肿瘤组织中的表达水平显著高于癌旁正常组织(P<0.001),且CEMIP高表达的HCC患者具有更高的转移风险(P<0.001)。

结论

nEGFR通过与YY1形成转录因子复合物协同激活CEMIP表达促进HCC侵袭。

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唐小龙,E-mail:
TANG Xiaolong,E-mail:
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PLoS One,2017,12(4):e0175058., articleTitle=KIAA1199 promotes migration and invasion by Wnt/β-catenin pathway and MMPs mediated EMT progression and serves as a poor prognosis marker in gastric cancer, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190610975543987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190611013292724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, companyId=1322190610975543987, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,School of Medicine,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Huainan,Anhui,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190611311088309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, companyId=1322190610975543987, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1安徽理工大学医学院生物化学与分子生物学教研室,安徽 淮南)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190627815674595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Temporal and spatial dynamics of EGF regulation for EGFR activation and nuclear translocation, figureFileSmall=k0R5eAxqAA2rYc3V89W7Pg==, figureFileBig=iJ01EqbEqv0MdlVjYYP7+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190628100887268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EGF对EGFR的活化与核易位的时空动态调控

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,in comparison with Control group A:Western blot quantification of EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr1086; B:IF assay showing enhanced p-EGFR (green) expression upon EGF stimulation,with DAPI staining nuclei (blue); C:Western blotting of the peak time of EGFR nuclear translocation

, figureFileSmall=k0R5eAxqAA2rYc3V89W7Pg==, figureFileBig=iJ01EqbEqv0MdlVjYYP7+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190628272853733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 1(continued), caption=Temporal and spatial dynamics of EGF regulation for EGFR activation and nuclear translocation, figureFileSmall=iaTbIEZQTcz3FgO2Awm5Ng==, figureFileBig=PndEZFATM4Y/CdsYnriY8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190628579037926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=续图1, caption=EGF对EGFR的活化与核易位的时空动态调控

D:Quantitative analysis of nuclear translocation efficiency by IF

, figureFileSmall=iaTbIEZQTcz3FgO2Awm5Ng==, figureFileBig=PndEZFATM4Y/CdsYnriY8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190628658729703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Promoting effect of nEGFR nuclear translocation on HCC cell invasion, figureFileSmall=1Ix8yjyBVziQBlJsB2aIfQ==, figureFileBig=+7Xe0FkGEMTyuX+YpB6d/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190628721644264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=图2, caption=nEGFR的核转位机制对HCC细胞侵袭的促进作用

a:P<0.05,in comparison with Control group; b:P<0.01,in comparison with EGF group A:Confocal microscopy analysis of the inhibitory effect of importazole on EGFR nuclear translocation; B:Scratch healing assay showing that importazole significantly inhibits EGF-induced cell migration; C:Transwell assay indicating that importazole pretreatment significantly inhibits EGF-induced HCC cell invasion

, figureFileSmall=1Ix8yjyBVziQBlJsB2aIfQ==, figureFileBig=+7Xe0FkGEMTyuX+YpB6d/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190628977496809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Formation of nEGFR-YY1 transcriptional complex, figureFileSmall=QwWhWE8hQq2w/Cww6PKjqQ==, figureFileBig=Yg9/FC4Xi3BenvN9HPtK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190629036217066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=图3, caption=nEGFR与YY1的转录复合物形成

A:Confocal microscopy showing of EGF-induced nuclear co-localization between EGFR (green) and YY1 (red),with DAPI-stained nuclei (blue); B:Co-IP demonstrating EGF-enhanced EGFR-YY1 interaction

, figureFileSmall=QwWhWE8hQq2w/Cww6PKjqQ==, figureFileBig=Yg9/FC4Xi3BenvN9HPtK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190629099131627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Cooperative regulation of CEMIP gene expression by the nEGFR/YY1 transcriptional complex, figureFileSmall=6Uhfs03H3JL4R0i6XpUpFw==, figureFileBig=VIg0/R5d3t11Xd4NOimC6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190629401121516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=图4, caption=nEGFR/YY1转录复合物对CEMIP基因表达的协同调控

A:Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes,with the X-axis showing Log2 FC between treatment and control groups,and the Y-axis representing -Log10(P-value) for statistical significance of expression differences; B:GO enrichment bubble plot displaying biological functions associated with CEMIP gene; C:JASPAR database prediction of transcription factor binding sites in promoter regions

, figureFileSmall=6Uhfs03H3JL4R0i6XpUpFw==, figureFileBig=VIg0/R5d3t11Xd4NOimC6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190629489201901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 4(continued), caption=Cooperative regulation of CEMIP gene expression by the nEGFR/YY1 transcriptional complex, figureFileSmall=Ibh33tY/xtNiL6VMWNA9EA==, figureFileBig=Oo9sBcSd4moX7kIUqhoBkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190629824746222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=续图4, caption=nEGFR/YY1转录复合物对CEMIP基因表达的协同调控

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,in comparison with Control group; c:P<0.01,in comparison with EGF group; d:P<0.01,e:P<0.001,in comparison with IgG group; f:P<0.01,in comparison with untreated EGF group; g:P<0.01,in comparison with single transfection group D~F:Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses showing EGF-induced up-regulation of CEMIP expression,which is partially inhibited by siYY1; G:ChIP-qPCR demonstrating enrichment of nEGFR/YY1 complex at the S1 region of CEMIP promoter; H~J:Luciferase reporter assay validating cooperative activation of CEMIP promoter by EGFR/YY1

, figureFileSmall=Ibh33tY/xtNiL6VMWNA9EA==, figureFileBig=Oo9sBcSd4moX7kIUqhoBkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190630185456367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=EGFR/YY1 regulates the migration and invasion of HCC cells, figureFileSmall=gUO9RJ6uCYV0xvcJba+2mA==, figureFileBig=jrF0mre9JyEmRoC5ZI+feg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190631808652017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EGFR/YY1对HCC细胞迁移和侵袭能力的调控

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,in comparison with Control group; c:P<0.01,in comparison with EGF group A:Wound healing assay showing the effect of EGFR knockdown on HCC cell migration; B:Wound healing assay demonstrating YY1 expression level-dependent regulation of HCC cell migration

, figureFileSmall=gUO9RJ6uCYV0xvcJba+2mA==, figureFileBig=jrF0mre9JyEmRoC5ZI+feg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190631875760882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 5(continued), caption=EGFR/YY1 regulates the migration and invasion of HCC cells, figureFileSmall=tNR4RaSZFxtBbNsIHw8QBw==, figureFileBig=geSYNlo3/RxSeaPRRUU+jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190631947064051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=续图5, caption=EGFR/YY1对HCC细胞迁移和侵袭能力的调控

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,in comparison with Control group; c:P<0.01,in comparison with EGF group C:Transwell assay analyzing EGFR signaling-mediated regulation of cell invasion; D:Transwell assay evaluating the correlation between YY1 expression levels and invasive capacity

, figureFileSmall=tNR4RaSZFxtBbNsIHw8QBw==, figureFileBig=geSYNlo3/RxSeaPRRUU+jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190632009978612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Restorative effect of CEMIP on the attenuation of migration and invasion of HCC cells induced by EGFR/YY1 deletion, figureFileSmall=2kiIyylO7gB9vqQDzzMGjw==, figureFileBig=Rg37/c7QZ3lQ1qC8euoapA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190632089670389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CEMIP对EGFR/YY1缺失诱导的HCC细胞迁移侵袭减弱的恢复效应

a: P<0.05,in comparison with Control group; b:P<0.05,in comparison with siEGFR group; d:P<0.05,in comparison with siYY1 group A:Rescue effect of CEMIP overexpression on migration inhibition induced by EGFR silencing; B:Reversing effect of CEMIP overexpression on migration suppression caused by YY1 knockdown

, figureFileSmall=2kiIyylO7gB9vqQDzzMGjw==, figureFileBig=Rg37/c7QZ3lQ1qC8euoapA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190632156779254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 6(continued), caption=Restorative effect of CEMIP on the attenuation of migration and invasion of HCC cells induced by EGFR/YY1 deletion, figureFileSmall=krxOHVNNByOyBySvAi9r6w==, figureFileBig=8/DdKnf1satkOVtDrNyxtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190632219693815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=续图6, caption=CEMIP对EGFR/YY1缺失诱导的HCC细胞迁移侵袭减弱的恢复效应

a: P<0.05,in comparison with Control group; c:P<0.01,in comparison with siEGFR group; e:P<0.01,in comparison with siYY1 group C and D:Validation of CEMIP restoration experiment in invasive phenotypes

, figureFileSmall=krxOHVNNByOyBySvAi9r6w==, figureFileBig=8/DdKnf1satkOVtDrNyxtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190632282608376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Pro-invasive role of CEMIP-mediated matrix remodeling in HCC cells, figureFileSmall=vnFcRMHXPoSDerN69gah9A==, figureFileBig=GYJgFXl/oxybwmh6UFxXjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190632362300153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190602532410006, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CEMIP介导的基质重塑对HCC细胞侵袭的促进作用

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,in comparison with Control group A~C:Scratch healing assay showing the effect of CEMIP on the migration of HCC cells;D:Transwell assay indicating the effect of CEMIP on cell invasive capacity; E:ELISA quantification of HA content; F:Western blot analysis of MMP2/MMP9 protein expression in CEMIP-knockdown or -overexpressing cells

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A:Differential expression analysis of CEMIP between HCC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues; B:Multivariate Cox regression analysis of the association between CEMIP expression and metastatic risk in HCC patients

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核表皮生长因子受体与转录因子YY1协同驱动CEMIP表达促进肝细胞癌侵袭
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涂丽 , 刘洋 , 于滢 , 欧阳诗琪 , 王曾丽 , 唐小龙
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(17): 1994-2011
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (17) : 1994 -2011
核表皮生长因子受体与转录因子YY1协同驱动CEMIP表达促进肝细胞癌侵袭
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涂丽, 刘洋, 于滢, 欧阳诗琪, 王曾丽, 唐小龙
作者信息
  • 1安徽理工大学医学院生物化学与分子生物学教研室,安徽 淮南
通讯作者:
唐小龙,E-mail:
TANG Xiaolong,E-mail:
Nuclear EGFR cooperates with YY1 to drive CEMIP expression and enhance hepatocellular carcinoma invasion
Li TU, Yang LIU, Ying YU, Shiqi OUYANG, Zengli WANG, Xiaolong TANG
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,School of Medicine,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Huainan,Anhui,China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505079
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目的

揭示核表皮生长因子受体(nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor,nEGFR)通过与转录因子YY1形成复合物协同调控细胞迁移诱导蛋白(cell migration-inducing protein,CEMIP)基因表达的分子机制,并探究nEGFR-YY1-CEMIP信号轴在肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)侵袭中的生物学功能。

方法

将血清饥饿24 h的HCC细胞用100 ng/mL EGF进行处理,设置对照组和不同时间点的EGF处理组,通过Western blot及间接免疫荧光实验(immunofluorescence,IF)检测EGFR的核内表达和定位变化。为明确nEGFR与YY1的相互作用,设置对照组及EGF处理组,采用IF观察核内共定位情况,并通过免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,Co-IP)验证二者是否存在相互作用。通过高通量测序技术(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)检测细胞基因组转录水平差异,结合GO功能富集分析和JASPAR数据库预测,最终锁定候选靶基因CEMIP,为验证调控机制构建YY1的 siRNA后,联合EGF处理,分为:Control组、EGF组、siYY1组、siYY1+EGF组,通过Western blot和RT-qPCR检测CEMIP蛋白及mRNA水平。为明确nEGFR/YY1结合CEMIP启动子的分子机制,设置对照组和EGF处理组,采用染色质免疫沉淀-定量PCR(chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR,ChIP-qPCR)实验检测CEMIP启动子区的富集情况。通过转染野生型EGFR(EGFR-WT)、核定位缺陷突变体(EGFR-dNLS)、YY1过表达质粒(YY1-OE)及功能缺失突变体(YY1-DN),利用荧光素酶报告基因实验检测启动子活性变化。通过划痕愈合实验、Transwell实验检测细胞的迁移侵袭能力,采用ELISA实验检测透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)的含量,并通过Western blot实验检测基质金属蛋白酶(MMP2/9)的含量,评估nEGFR/YY1-CEMIP轴对HCC细胞迁移侵袭的调控作用。通过分析国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI)公共数据库中HCC患者的CEMIP表达谱,验证其与肿瘤转移风险的潜在关联。

结果

Western blot和IF检测显示EGF处理可显著诱导EGFR的核易位,并在30 min达到峰值(P<0.001)。Co-IP和IF证明了nEGFR和YY1存在相互作用,且在细胞核内共定位。RNA-seq分析显示,CEMIP表现为差异显著基因。GO富集分析显示CEMIP主要富集于细胞促侵袭等生物学功能。JASPAR预测发现CEMIP启动子区存在YY1的潜在结合区域。Western blot和RT-qPCR实验进一步证实EGF处理可上调CEMIP蛋白和mRNA的水平,而敲低YY1则显著抑制CEMIP的表达,外源性补充EGF能够恢复YY1缺陷细胞的CEMIP表达(P<0.05)。ChIP-qPCR显示nEGFR/YY1复合物特异性富集于CEMIP启动子区域且EGF刺激可以显著增强其结合强度(P<0.001)。荧光素酶报告基因实验证实nEGFR/YY1可以增强CEMIP的启动子活性(P<0.01),而EGFR-dNLS或YY1-DN则无此效应。功能表型实验证明nEGFR/YY1-CEMIP轴通过促进HA分解和上调MMP2/9表达,显著增强HCC细胞的迁移侵袭能力(P<0.05)。基于NCBI数据库分析显示,CEMIP在HCC肿瘤组织中的表达水平显著高于癌旁正常组织(P<0.001),且CEMIP高表达的HCC患者具有更高的转移风险(P<0.001)。

结论

nEGFR通过与YY1形成转录因子复合物协同激活CEMIP表达促进HCC侵袭。

核表皮生长因子受体  /  YY1  /  细胞迁移诱导蛋白  /  肝细胞癌  /  肿瘤侵袭
Objective‍

To reveal the molecular mechanism by which nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor (nEGFR) synergistically regulates the expression of cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP) by forming a complex with the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1), and to investigate the biological functions of the nEGFR-YY1-CEMIP signaling axis in invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods‍

After HCC cells were serum-starved for 24 h, the cells were treated with 100 ng/mL EGF. Thus, the cells were divided into a control group and EGF-treated groups at different time points. Nuclear expression and localization changes of EGFR were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF). To investigate the interaction between nEGFR and YY1, their nuclear colocalization and interaction were examined by IF and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), respectively. Transcriptional profiling was performed using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify differentially expressed genes at the genome-wide level. Combined with Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and transcription factor binding profiles via using the JASPAR database, CEMIP was identified as a candidate target gene. To validate the regulatory mechanism, the following experimental groups were established, Control, EGF, siYY1, and siYY1+EGF. The expression of CEMIP at protein and mRNA levels was detected by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of nEGFR/YY1 binding to the CEMIP promoter, the control and EGF-treated groups were established. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) was performed to assess the enrichment of nEGFR/YY1 at the CEMIP promoter region. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted following transfection with either wild-type EGFR (EGFR-WT), nuclear localization-deficient mutant (EGFR-dNLS), YY1 overexpression plasmid (YY1-OE), or dominant-negative YY1 mutant (YY1-DN) to evaluate changes in promoter activity. Subsequently, cell migration and invasion capabilities were evaluated using scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay, while hyaluronic acid (HA) level was quantified by ELISA. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2/9) was analyzed via Western blotting to assess the regulatory role of the nEGFR/YY1-CEMIP axis in the migration and invasion of HCC cells. By analyzing the CEMIP expression profiles in HCC patients from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) public databases, its potential association with tumor metastasis risk was validated.

Results‍

Western blotting and IF demonstrated that EGF treatment significantly induced nuclear translocation of EGFR, peaking at 30 min (P<0.001). Co-IP and IF assays indicated both physical interaction and nuclear co-localization between nEGFR and YY1. RNA-seq analysis identified CEMIP as a significantly differentially expressed gene. GO enrichment analysis revealed that CEMIP was significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell invasion promotion. JASPAR prediction identified conserved YY1 potential binding region within the CEMIP promoter region. Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses confirmed that EGF treatment up-regulated CEMIP at both protein and mRNA levels (P<0.05). Notably, YY1 knockdown significantly suppressed CEMIP expression, while exogenous EGF supplementation restored CEMIP level in YY1-deficient cells (P<0.05). ChIP-qPCR analysis demonstrated specific enrichment of the nEGFR/YY1 complex at the CEMIP promoter region, with EGF stimulation significantly enhancing its binding affinity (P<0.001). Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that nEGFR/YY1 robustly enhanced CEMIP promoter activity (P<0.01), while either the EGFR-dNLS or the YY1-DN substantially attenuated this transcriptional activation. Functional phenotyping showed that the nEGFR/YY1-CEMIP axis significantly enhanced the migration and invasion of HCC cells by promoting HA catabolism and up-regulating MMP2/9 expression (P<0.05). Analysis of NCBI datasets revealed that CEMIP expression was significantly up-regulated in HCC tumor tissues than adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001). Moreover, HCC patients with elevated CEMIP expression exhibited higher risk of metastasis (P<0.001).

Conclusion‍

nEGFR promotes HCC invasion by forming a transcriptional complex with YY1 to cooperatively activate CEMIP expression.

nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor  /  Yin Yang 1  /  cell migration-inducing protein  /  hepatocellular carcinoma  /  tumor invasion
涂丽, 刘洋, 于滢, 欧阳诗琪, 王曾丽, 唐小龙. 核表皮生长因子受体与转录因子YY1协同驱动CEMIP表达促进肝细胞癌侵袭. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (17) : 1994 -2011 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505079
Li TU, Yang LIU, Ying YU, Shiqi OUYANG, Zengli WANG, Xiaolong TANG. Nuclear EGFR cooperates with YY1 to drive CEMIP expression and enhance hepatocellular carcinoma invasion[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (17) : 1994 -2011 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505079
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是最常见的原发性肝癌类型,其高发病率和高病死率对全球公共健康构成重大威胁。据世界卫生组织的数据,HCC是全球癌症相关死亡的第三大原因,其发病率在较多地区呈持续上升趋势[1-3]。
表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)是一种跨膜受体酪氨酸激酶[4],参与细胞的增殖、迁移、凋亡以及血管生成等多种过程[5-6]。EGFR异常活化是人类肿瘤的关键特征,通常与更具侵袭性的肿瘤行为有关,包括细胞增殖、迁移、肿瘤耐药性等[7]。最近有研究发现,在不同类型的肿瘤样本中都能检测到核表皮生长因子受体(nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor,nEGFR)的异常表达,包括乳腺癌、胰腺癌、肺癌等,提示EGFR在细胞核中也存在[8]。目前,nEGFR的功能已被广泛研究,有证据表明它参与转录调节、DNA修复、化学和放疗耐药等,尽管EGFR含有反式激活结构域,但它缺乏DNA结合结构域,nEGFR并不直接与基因的启动子结合,而是通过与DNA结合转录因子的物理相互作用来调节目的基因表达[9]。已有研究发现,nEGFR可以和转录因子STAT3、STAT5和E2F1等相互作用进而调控下游靶基因的表达,nEGFR已知的下游调控的靶基因有:诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)[9]、细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)[10]、转录因子(B-Myb)[11]、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)[12]、极光激酶A(aurora-A)[13]、转录因子(C-Myc)[14]等,进而介导不同肿瘤的生物学功能的改变,使肿瘤细胞的侵袭迁移能力增强,然而nEGFR如何选择性地与不同转录因子协同,以及其在表观遗传调控中的具体作用仍存在认知缺口。
近年来,细胞迁移诱导蛋白(cell migration-inducing protein,CEMIP)被发现在多种肿瘤中呈现高表达,并与肿瘤进展和不良预后相关。涉及CEMIP的研究大部分集中在肿瘤学领域:CEMIP缺陷与肿瘤细胞增殖和迁移的减少有关[15-20],且CEMIP被认为是肿瘤侵袭和转移中的主要蛋白水解酶[21-22]。已知在细胞核内有多种转录因子,参与细胞的迁移侵袭过程的有NF-κB、STAT3、HIF-1α等,但CEMIP启动子区域缺乏STAT3等经典转移相关转录因子的结合位点,却表现出异常活跃的转录活性,提示存在未被发现的非典型转录调控模式。前期研究发现,EGFR与CEMIP在已报道的肿瘤细胞中存在一定相关性,且与肿瘤细胞的迁移侵袭功能呈正相关[23]。
YY1是一种多功能转录因子,在调节参与各种生理过程(包括发育、细胞增殖、分化、DNA修复和细胞凋亡)的基因表达中起关键作用[24-29]。转录因子YY1广泛存在于真核生物中,由转录激活结构域、转录抑制结构域、间隔结构域和DNA结合结构域组成[30],并通过结合特定DNA序列来调控基因转录。
基于此,本研究聚焦于解析nEGFR-YY1-CEMIP轴在HCC侵袭中的分子机制,通过解析nEGFR与YY1的相互作用及其对CEMIP的转录激活作用,填补nEGFR在HCC表观遗传调控中的认知空白,为肿瘤转录调控网络提供新见解。本研究创新地提出了YY1作为nEGFR的新型转录伙伴,可直接激活CEMIP表达的分子模型,突破了nEGFR仅依赖经典转录因子(如STAT3)的调控范式,为晚期HCC治疗策略的优化提供理论依据。
Huh-7肝癌细胞系购自上海青旗有限公司,SNU-387、Hep3B肝癌细胞系以及Li-7细胞系购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。所有细胞系经短串联重复序列鉴定(short tandem repeat,STR)鉴定确认无交叉污染。将细胞系在补充有10%胎牛血清(广州赛业生物科技有限公司)的RPMI 1640培养基(浙江百迪生物科技有限公司)中培养,并将细胞置于37 ℃、5%CO2的培养箱中。
EGFR抗体、P-EGFR抗体、YY1抗体、Lamin B1抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;GAPDH抗体购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司;MMP9抗体、MMP2抗体购自英国Abcam公司;人表皮生长因子EGF刺激剂购自北京义翘神州科技股份有限公司;impotazole购自中国MCE公司;EGFR鼠抗购自中国华安生物科技有限公司;Alexa Fluor® 555 标记兔源IgG二抗和Alexa Fluor® 488 标记鼠源IgG二抗购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;所有病毒载体和质粒[包括人EGFR干扰敲低慢病毒(EGFR-shRNA1、2、3)、人YY1基因过表达慢病毒(YY1-OE)、人CEMIP基因干扰敲低慢病毒(CEMIP-shRNA1、2、3)、人CEMIP基因过表达慢病毒(CEMIP-OE)、阴性对照空质粒(NC)病毒、小干扰RNA(siYY1、siEGFR)]、所用荧光素酶报告基因系统及相关表达质粒(包括野生型EGFR、核定位信号缺失型EGFR-dNLS、YY1过表达载体YY1-OE及功能缺失突变体YY1-DN)均由上海生工有限公司构建并提供;总RNA提取试剂购自上海生工有限公司;PrimeScriptTM RT Master Mix和TB Green Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ试剂均购自日本TaKaRa公司。
去除培养皿中的培养液,用预冷PBS洗涤3次。在培养皿中加入细胞裂解液和蛋白酶抑制剂收集并裂解细胞,加入(5×)Loading Buffer后置于100 ℃的水浴锅内煮30 min得到蛋白样品。配置10%SDS-PAGE分离胶和浓缩胶,将蛋白样品和预染蛋白加入样孔中经过SDS-PAGE电泳后转移到PVDF膜,将PVDF膜放入5%脱脂牛奶中,在摇床上室温封闭1 h,封闭后用一抗(1∶1 000)在4 ℃过夜孵育。次日用TBST洗涤3次后用二抗(1∶3 000)在室温下孵育1 h,再用TBST洗3次。用全自动凝胶成像分析系统进行检测,并使用Image J软件对条带进行灰度值分析。
将细胞分别接种在含有盖玻片的24孔板中,待细胞贴壁后添加4%多聚甲醛固定细胞10 min,用PBS清洗3次,然后加入0.5% Triton X-100室温通透20 min,用PBS清洗3次,加入5%脱脂牛奶封闭10~15 min,封闭后加入一抗4 ℃过夜孵育。次日加入Alexa Fluor® 488和Alexa Fluor® 555标记的二抗室温孵育30 min。DAPI避光复染10 min后用PBS清洗3次,使用共聚焦显微镜拍照捕获图像。
取20 μL磁珠至干净离心管中,加入TBS(1×)用移液器轻轻吹打重悬磁珠,置于磁力架上分离10 s,去除上清,洗涤3次。将TBS洗涤好的磁珠加入抗体工作液中重悬后在室温翻转混合仪上孵育1 h,去除抗体,加入TBS洗涤3次。将蛋白样品加入结合了抗体的或正常IgG的ProteinA+G磁珠,置于旋转混合仪上室温孵育2 h或4 ℃孵育过夜。孵育完毕置于磁力架上分离10 s,弃上清。加入0.5 mL含抑制剂的裂解液,用移液器轻轻吹打重悬磁珠。置于磁力架上分离10 s,弃上清。使用含抑制剂裂解液洗涤3次。使用SDS-PAGE上样缓冲液洗脱法,加入100 μL SDS-PAGE Sample Loading Buffer(1×),95 ℃加热5 min。置于磁力架上分离10 s,取上清用于Western blot检测。
将状态良好的细胞接种于12孔板,在含有10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基中培养24 h。感染前取出病毒在冰上融化,根据病毒的MOI值和滴度值,计算出所需的病毒体积。严格按照说明书进行转染,转染后放入37 ℃和5%CO2的培养箱中继续培养72 h,随后提取细胞蛋白样品通过Western blot等方法检测目的蛋白的表达水平,筛选出敲低效果最佳的细胞用于后续实验。
将状态良好的细胞接种于6孔板,并在含有10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基中进行培养,使其在24 h内细胞的汇合度达到60%~70%。准备2个DEPC 处理过的离心管分别加入无血清的DMEM培养基,再分别加入siRNA母液(标记为A管)和RNATransMate(标记为B管),轻轻混匀;把A管与B管混合轻轻混匀,室温放置10 min后形成siRNA/RNATransMate复合物。将siRNA/RNATransMate复合物按照最佳转染浓度加入含有细胞的6孔板中,在37 ℃和5%CO2的培养箱中培养6~8 h,观察细胞转染情况,更换完全培养基继续培养18~24 h。提取细胞蛋白通过Western blot等方法检测目的蛋白的敲低效率。
去除培养皿中的培养液,加入预冷的PBS洗涤3次,在培养皿中加入总RNA提取试剂,破坏细胞释放RNA,加入氯仿剧烈震荡15 s室温放置3~5 min,以4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min,吸取上层液体至新的离心管,加入异丙醇颠倒混匀后冰上放置沉淀核酸。以4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,弃掉上清,加入75%乙醇洗涤沉淀,以4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心5 min,留沉淀风干,加入无酶水溶解RNA。使用PrimeScriptTM RT Master Mix反转录生成第一链cDNA。接着,使用TB Green Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ试剂利用快速实时PCR系统进行扩增。所有数据采用内源对照GAPDH进行归一化计算mRNA的相对水平。
将细胞用1%甲醛在室温下交联10 min,以固定蛋白质-DNA复合物,用甘氨酸终于交联反应,处理5 min。用预冷的PBS洗涤细胞2次,收集细胞于离心管中,以4 ℃、1 500 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,收集细胞沉淀。用含蛋白酶抑制剂的细胞裂解缓冲液冰上孵育10 min,收集细胞核沉淀。核裂解后,使用超声破碎仪将染色质剪切至200~1 000 bp片段。然后进行免疫沉淀,样品分为输入(Input)组和免疫沉淀(IP)组,IP组加入特异性抗体(如nEGFR、YY1抗体)或IgG对照抗体,4 ℃旋转孵育过夜,加入Protein A/G磁珠捕获抗体-染色质复合物。随后进行DNA洗脱和纯化步骤,将DNA分离和纯化出来。最后,通过qPCR检测CEMIP基因启动子区域的富集情况,每组实验至少重复3次。
将贴壁的细胞用PBS清洗3次,用细胞刮子刮下细胞。以4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心5 min收集细胞,吸尽上清,留下细胞沉淀备用。加入添加了PMSF的细胞浆蛋白抽提试剂A,最高速剧烈涡旋振荡5 s,冰浴10~15 min。加入细胞浆蛋白抽提试剂B(10 μL),最高速剧烈涡旋振荡5 s,冰浴1 min,以4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心5 min。立即吸取上清至预冷的干净离心管中,得到的为细胞浆蛋白。对于沉淀,加入50 μL添加了PMSF的细胞核蛋白抽提试剂,最高速剧烈涡旋振荡15~30 s,放于冰浴中,每隔1~2 分钟取出进行15~30 s的最高速剧烈涡旋振荡 ,全程持续30 min,以4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,立即吸取上清至预冷的干净离心管中,即为细胞核蛋白,可放入-80 ℃冰箱储存备用。
将细胞接种在12孔板,培养24 h至汇合。使用移液器划伤细胞并用PBS清洗细胞碎屑,清洗3次,更换无血清培养液,并加入100 ng/mL EGF进行药物处理。分别在划痕0 h和24 h拍摄图片,通过划痕填补的情况判断细胞生长的能力,置于显微镜下取视野拍照图像。
将细胞用胰酶消化后制备成无血清的细胞悬液。在Transwell小室(24孔板,孔径8 μm)的下层加入600 μL的含血清培养液,在上层加入100 μL的细胞悬液,37 ℃培养48 h。用4%多聚甲醛固定下层细胞15 min,用PBS清洗3次。再用0.5%结晶紫对下层细胞染色10 min,PBS清洗3次。晾干小室,置于显微镜下取视野拍照图像。
将细胞以80%~90%的密度接种于96孔板,放入37 ℃和5%CO2的培养箱中孵育。加入蛋白酶降解蛋白质,收集细胞裂解物,将消化液加载至DEAE Sephacel柱,用低盐缓冲液洗涤,用NaCl洗脱透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)。根据制造商说明书,分别向各反应孔中依次加入50 μL标准溶液或样本,随后滴加100 μL经辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记的抗体工作液,置于37 ℃恒温水浴锅中孵育60 min。洗板后分别向各孔同时注入显色底物溶液A和B各50 μL,避光条件下室温显色反应15 min。显色终止时准确加入终止液,使用酶标仪在450 nm主波长下测定各孔吸光度[OD(450)]值,绘制标准曲线,计算浓度。
将CEMIP基因启动子区克隆至pGL3-Basic荧光素酶基因的报告载体中,构建重组报告质粒。共转染内参质粒以校正转染效率及细胞活性差异。使用脂质体转染法将上述质粒导入目标细胞系,同时设置空载体对照组及实验处理组。转染后培养24~48 h,收集细胞并加入(1×)裂解缓冲液裂解15 min,离心取上清作为检测样本。按试剂盒说明书,依次向样本中加入萤火虫荧光素酶底物及海肾荧光素酶底物,分别检测两种荧光信号强度。计算萤火虫荧光素酶活性与海肾荧光素酶活性的比值,以标准化转染效率差异。每组实验重复3次。
所有实验至少重复3次,数据以x¯±s表示,并使用GraphPad Prism 8.0进行统计分析。2组数据间通过配对student’s t检验进行比较得出差异,而3组及更多组别之间的数据差异使用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)比较,多组间均值比较采用Tukey检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为验证EGF对EGFR的激活作用,通过Western blot和免疫荧光实验检测EGF处理后EGFR的磷酸化水平。Western blot分析显示,100 ng/mL EGF处理后可显著增强SNU-387和Hep3B细胞中EGFR Tyr1086位点的磷酸化水平(P<0.01,图1A),该结果通过免疫荧光观察到P-EGFR(Tyr1086)表达强度增加得到进一步验证(图1B)。为探究EGF在何种条件下促进EGFR入核,基于前期文献调研及课题组前期工作,确定了100 ng/mL EGF为诱导EGFR核易位的最佳浓度,为明确核易位的动态特征,通过Western blot和免疫荧光实验分析了不同时间点的EGFR核易位情况。Western blot结果显示,EGFR核易位呈现典型的时间依赖性特征:核内EGFR水平在刺激20 min后开始显著积累,30 min达到峰值,40 min后逐渐降低(P<0.001,图1C);免疫荧光定量分析显示,静息状态下EGFR主要定位于细胞膜,而EGF刺激30 min后核内荧光强度显著升高(图1D)。这些数据系统证实了EGF通过诱导EGFR磷酸化和时空特异性核易位。
为阐明nEGFR的生物学功能,采用importin β的特异性抑制剂importazole阻断核转运过程,通过免疫荧光实验检测importazole对nEGFR核易位效率的调控作用,并利用划痕愈合实验和Transwell实验分析importazole对nEGFR介导的细胞侵袭能力的影响。结果显示:importazole预处理显著抑制了EGF诱导的EGFR核累积,并使EGFR主要滞留于胞质(图2A);划痕愈合实验表明,与Control组比较,EGF刺激使SNU-387和Hep3B细胞的划痕愈合率分别提高至71%和66%(P<0.05),而importazole干预使划痕愈合率显著降低至34%和35%(P<0.01,图2B);Transwell基质胶侵袭实验显示,importazole处理使EGF诱导的侵袭细胞数显著减少(P<0.01,图2C)。提示EGFR的核转位过程通过调控下游转录程序,在HCC细胞的迁移侵袭能力维持中发挥关键作用。
为阐明nEGFR的转录活性机制,采用免疫荧光实验检测nEGFR与YY1的核内共定位,并通过Co-IP实验验证二者存在相互作用。免疫荧光染色结果显示,EGF未刺激状态下EGFR主要定位于细胞膜;100 ng/mL EGF刺激10 min时,EGFR进入细胞质向核周迁移;刺激30 min时,EGFR和YY1在核内显著共定位(图3A);进一步通过Co-IP分析发现,在未添加EGF的SNU-387细胞和Hep3B细胞中,核内EGFR与YY1的结合信号微弱,EGF处理30 min显著增强二者的相互作用;特异性对照实验显示,IgG同型抗体IP组未检测到EGFR或YY1条带,排除非特异性结合干扰(图3B)。上述结果表明,nEGFR与YY1的核内互作依赖于EGF刺激,驱动其核易位并于YY1形成转录复合物。
基于nEGFR与YY1的核内互作,促使去寻找nEGFR/YY1复合物的潜在靶基因,利用第二代高通量测序技术(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)检测细胞内基因组转录水平差异,生物信息学预测YY1结合CEMIP启动子的结合位点。火山图分析显示,在shEGFR+EGF与siYY1+EGF组中,CEMIP基因表达量较EGF组显著降低(Log2FC>2,P<0.05,图4A),成为差异最显著的候选基因;GO功能富集分析进一步揭示,CEMIP相关差异基因主要参与细胞运动过程,细胞迁移和透明质酸的降解等促侵袭生物学过程(图4B);基于JASPAR数据库的转录因子结合位点预测分析显示,在CEMIP基因启动子区域-507~-496 bp存在YY1的潜在结合区域,结合位点如下(图4C)。提示CEMIP可能成为nEGFR/YY1转录复合物的候选靶基因。
为了进一步探究nEGFR/YY1复合物是否调控CEMIP基因的表达,通过Western blot和RT-qPCR实验检测了CEMIP蛋白和mRNA水平的变化。Western blot与RT-qPCR实验结果显示,与Control组比较,EGF刺激下显著提高了CEMIP蛋白(P<0.05,图4D、F)和mRNA的表达水平(P<0.05,图4E);通过siRNA特异性敲低YY1,发现CEMIP的蛋白(P<0.01)和mRNA(P<0.01)水平均受到抑制,外源性补充EGF能够恢复YY1缺陷细胞的CEMIP表达(P<0.01,图4D~F)。提示nEGFR/YY1复合物对CEMIP的调控具有动态补偿特征,可协同调控CEMIP基因的激活。
为明确nEGFR/YY1复合物是否直接结合CEMIP启动子,采用ChIP-qPCR实验,通过抗体nEGFR和抗YY1抗体进行免疫沉淀,随后通过qPCR检测CEMIP启动子区域的富集情况。qPCR检测显示,CEMIP启动子的3个序列检测到EGFR/YY1抗体的富集尤其是S1序列,且EGF处理显著增强了结合强度(P<0.001,图4G),IgG组未检测到特异性富集,排除了非特异性结合的可能性。提示nEGFR/YY1复合物结合在CEMIP基因启动子序列。
为解析nEGFR/YY1对CEMIP的转录调控机制,通过荧光素酶报告基因实验分析了不同突变体的功能,验证在EGF介导下诱导CEMIP基因活化的重要性。结果表明,与EGF未处理比较,野生型EGFR(EGFR-WT)在EGF刺激下显著激活CEMIP启动子活性(P<0.01,图4H),而核定位缺陷突变体(EGFR-dNLS)则无此效应;进一步研究表明,与EGF未处理相比,YY1功能性失活突变体(YY1-DN)降低了EGF激活CEMIP启动子的能力,而YY1过表达质粒(YY1-OE)无论有无EGF刺激,CEMP启动子活性都会增加(P<0.01,图4I);在EGFR/YY1共转染基础上施加EGF刺激,可使启动子活性进一步增强(P<0.01,图4J),且显著高于单独转染组。提示nEGFR/YY1复合物通过直接结合CEMIP启动子区,在EGF刺激下协同驱动其转录激活。
为阐明EGFR和YY1在HCC生物学中的功能,采用划痕愈合实验和Transwell实验系统评估EGFR和YY1对HCC恶性表型的调控作用。划痕愈合实验结果显示,与Control组比较,EGF处理显著促进SNU-387细胞和Hep3B细胞的迁移能力,24 h划痕愈合率分别为73%、77%(P<0.05),shEGFR介导的基因沉默使划痕愈合率降低至37%、34%(P<0.01);由shEGFR导致的迁移抑制可以被EGF处理部分恢复至为52%、51%(P<0.01,图5A);同样地,相比Control组,siYY1组抑制SNU-387细胞和Hep3B细胞的迁移能力,24 h划痕愈合率分别为40%、42%(P<0.05);过表达YY1组增强细胞迁移能力,24 h划痕愈合率分别为64%、62%(P<0.05,图5B);Transwell实验进一步证实,与Control组比较,EGF处理后细胞侵袭数量增加(P<0.05),EGFR沉默使侵袭细胞数量减少(P<0.01),该抑制效应在EGF共处理时部分恢复(P<0.01,图5C);siYY1组穿过基质胶的细胞数量少于Control组(P<0.05),而过表达YY1组细胞跨膜数量增加,侵袭能力增强(P<0.05,图5D)。上述结果提示EGFR和YY1是HCC迁移侵袭能力的正向调控因子,证实YY1与EGFR共同构成促转移调控网络,通过协同作用驱动HCC的侵袭性进展。
鉴于上述结果发现的EGFR/YY1通路对CEMIP表达的调控,进一步在EGFR或YY1基因沉默背景下过表达CEMIP,通过划痕愈合实验和Transwell实验以验证CEMIP作为该通路下游效应分子的功能恢复效应。划痕愈合实验显示,和Control组比较,siEGFR组的SNU-387细胞及Hep3B细胞划痕愈合率显著抑制至40%和42%(P<0.05);在EGFR沉默下,CEMIP过表达使细胞迁移能力恢复至72%和74%(P<0.05,图6A);类似地,相比Control组,siYY1组的划痕愈合率显著抑制至41%和42%(P<0.05);YY1敲低导致的迁移抑制可被CEMIP过表达逆转至75%和72%(P<0.05,图6B);Transwell实验进一步证实了上述结论,siEGFR处理使穿过基质胶的细胞数量减少(P<0.05),而CEMIP过表达可部分恢复侵袭细胞数量(P<0.01,图6C);同样地,siYY1组穿过基质胶的细胞数量减少(P<0.05),在YY1敲低模型中,CEMIP过表达同样逆转了侵袭抑制效应(P<0.01,图6D)。这些结果证实,EGFR或YY1敲低均可显著减少细胞的迁移侵袭能力,而CEMIP过表达则能显著恢复由EGFR或YY1敲低引起的迁移侵袭能力下降 。
为证实nEGFR/YY1复合物是通过CEMIP驱动肝癌细胞迁移与侵袭,在SNU-387细胞和Hep3B细胞中分别构建CEMIP敲低和过表达慢病毒模型,通过划痕愈合实验和Transwell实验系统评估CEMIP的生物学功能。划痕愈合实验结果显示,相比Control组,shCEMIP组的SNU-387细胞和Hep3B细胞的24 h划痕愈合率分别下降至36%、40%(P<0.05);CEMIP-OE组细胞的24 h划痕愈合率显著提升至75%、76%(P<0.01,图7A~C);Transwell实验也进一步显示,敲低CEMIP以后穿透基质胶的细胞数量较对照组减少(P<0.01),CEMIP过表达后穿透基质胶的细胞数量较Control组增多(P<0.05,图7D)。提示CEMIP缺失显著削弱细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,而过表达会增强其迁移和侵袭能力。
通过ELISA实验检测HA含量,并结合Western blot分析基质金属蛋白酶(MMP2/9)的表达水平,以阐明CEMIP介导的基质重塑在HCC侵袭中的作用。ELISA实验结果显示,与Control组比较,shCEMIP组的HA含量明显增高(P<0.05),CEMIP-OE组的HA含量则减少(P<0.01,图7E);Western blot结果显示,与Control组比较,shCEMIP显著抑制基质金属蛋白酶MMP2和MMP9表达量(P<0.01),而CEMIP-OE可上调MMP2和MMP9表达(P<0.05,图7F)。上述数据提示CEMIP通过HA分解和MMP激活级联反应破坏基质屏障,驱动肝细胞癌侵袭。
为进一步解析CEMIP在HCC进展中的关键作用,通过NCBI相关数据库系统性评估CEMIP在HCC组织中的表达特征与转移风险的关联性。结果显示,CEMIP在HCC临床样本的肿瘤组织中的表达明显高于邻近的癌旁正常组织(P<0.001,图8A);此外,还表明CEMIP升高是预测HCC转移的指标,代表着CEMIP升高的HCC具有高转移的风险(P<0.001,图8B)。上述结果表明,CEMIP在HCC中的异常高表达与肿瘤转移潜能显著相关,提示其可能参与转移调控进程。
本研究证实了nEGFR与转录因子YY1通过形成功能复合物激活CEMIP转录,进而驱动HCC侵袭的分子机制。这一发现为理解EGFR的“非经典”功能提供了新视角,更为HCC靶向治疗提供了潜在靶点。
本研究提出了一种新型的分子调控机制,传统观点认为,EGFR通过膜定位的酪氨酸激酶活性激活PI3K/AKT和MAPK等信号通路,从而调控肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和耐药等过程[31-32]。然而,近年研究逐渐揭示nEGFR在肿瘤进展中的重要作用,例如nEGFR可通过与STAT3或E2F1等转录因子结合,分别激活Cyclin D1或B-Myb等靶基因,促进肿瘤细胞增殖和耐药。临床研究进一步证实,EGFR的核定位与恶性肿瘤、细胞增殖、细胞周期进展和患者生存率高度相关[33-34]。尽管nEGFR的促癌功能已在多种肿瘤中被报道,其在HCC中的生物学意义及作用靶点仍不明确。本研究通过功能筛选首次将CEMIP定义为nEGFR在HCC中的关键效应分子。具体而言,在HCC细胞中,EGF刺激诱导EGFR磷酸化并伴随其快速核转位,这一过程在30 min内达到峰值。进一步通过蛋白质相互作用分析(如Co-IP),鉴定了YY1作为nEGFR新型转录伙伴,并证实二者在细胞核内形成稳定的转录调控复合物。这一发现揭示了nEGFR可能通过与YY1的相互作用,形成一种新型的“受体-转录因子”协同调控模式,而YY1的结合是nEGFR/YY1复合物选择性调控CEMIP的关键结构基础。
本研究发现,YY1在肝癌中通过nEGFR复合物发挥促癌作用。nEGFR与YY1在细胞核内形成复合物,直接结合CEMIP基因启动子并激活其转录,进一步调控肝癌细胞的生物学行为。这些发现不仅解释了EGFR核转位的病理意义,也为YY1在肝癌中的促癌功能提供了机制佐证,说明nEGFR-YY1-CEMIP信号轴在肝癌发展过程中起到关键作用。
CEMIP已报道在肿瘤中发挥促癌基因的作用,其在多种肿瘤中表达上调[35]。现有研究表明,CEMIP可以通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路及调节EMT中基质金属蛋白酶家族活性促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭[36]。然而,CEMIP异常高表达的转录调控机制尚未完全阐明。本研究发现,在HCC中,CEMIP同样存在显著高表达,但其调控机制尚不明确,因此聚焦于解析CEMIP在HCC中的非经典调控机制。以上结果表明:nEGFR/YY1转录复合物可以协同调控CEMIP的表达。CEMIP高表达的肿瘤细胞具有更强的迁移、侵袭等恶性生物学行为。细胞功能恢复实验证实,CEMIP过表达可以明显逆转EGFR或YY1敲低对肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭能力的抑制作用,临床样本数据库进一步证实,CEMIP高表达的HCC患者具有更高的转移风险,表明nEGFR/YY1可以通过调控CEMIP表达促进肝细胞癌的恶性进展。此外,作为一种分泌蛋白,CEMIP可在血清中检测到,可能成为早期癌症诊断的潜在血清标志物。虽然CEMIP的促癌功能已在多种肿瘤中得到广泛验证,但针对该分子的直接靶向治疗策略仍处于探索阶段,临床疗效有限。在此背景下,阐明CEMIP的转录调控机制,尤其是通过靶向其上游表观遗传调控元件来干预基因表达,可能为开发新型抗肿瘤治疗方案开辟潜在路径。
尽管本研究明确了EGFR和YY1的功能关联,但仍存在若干局限:首先,实验仅基于两种HCC细胞系,结果的普适性需要更多细胞模型验证;其次,虽然证实了功能相关性,但具体的分子互作机制(如EGFR与YY1特异性结合的结构域)尚未阐明;最后,动物实验的缺失使得这些发现尚需体内模型进一步验证。这些局限为后续研究提供了明确方向。
综上所述,本研究发现CEMIP在HCC中显著上调,CEMIP能够促进HCC的迁移及侵袭能力,提示CEMIP作为HCC诊断标志物的潜在价值。此外,本研究揭示了nEGFR与YY1通过形成转录复合物激活CEMIP驱动肝细胞癌侵袭的新型分子机制,阐明了该信号轴与患者转移高风险的临床关联。该发现为开发靶向nEGFR核转位及其转录复合物的双重干预策略提供了理论依据和潜在治疗靶点。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505079
  • 接收时间:2025-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-30
  • 修回日期:2025-07-20
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    1安徽理工大学医学院生物化学与分子生物学教研室,安徽 淮南

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