Article(id=1322190444000301764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748448000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-29, revisedDate=1753286400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164366959, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756483200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164366959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164366959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164366959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190316019499694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1825', pageEnd='1980', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756483200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164336447, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164553187, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191225206198613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191225206198614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1862, endPage=1871, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190446135202501, articleId=1322190444000301764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Pramlintide improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease mice through antioxidant stress and PI3K/Akt pathway, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the effect of pramlintide, a pancreatic amyloid peptide analog, on learning and memory of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice through antioxidant stress, and to determine the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway.

Methods‍

The APP/PS1 mice were divided into a pramlintide treatment group (intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 μmol/L per day for 10 weeks) and an AD group (same dose of PBS), with 5 mice in each group. The learning and memory abilities were detected with water maze test, the pathological changes of the hippocampus were observed with HE staining and immunohistochemistry, the morphological characteristics of dendritic spines in hippocampus were observed after Golgi staining, and the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons was observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampal tissue were detected by biochemical assay, and the levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β were determined with ELISA. Western blotting was applied to measure the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway related proteins in the hippocampus. In the cell experiment, SH-SY5Y cells were added with Aβ 1-42 to establish a cell model of AD. After the cells were treated with pramlintide, the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory response were detected, and cell apoptosis was detected by immunofluorescence.

Results‍

The animal experiments showed that pramlintide treatment resulted in significantly shortened escape latency (P<0.01), increased platform crossings (P<0.01), and prolonged time to exploring hidden platform (P<0.01). In the hippocampal tissue of the pramlintide treatment group, HE staining displayed hippocampal neurons in high density and neat arrangement (P<0.05), immunohistochemical results showed significantly reduced Aβ protein (P<0.01), Golgi staining results demonstrated more dendritic spines (P<0.05), TEM revealed almost intact neuronal mitochondrial structure, with reduced vacuolization and clear and identifiable morphology. When compared with the AD group, the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory response were decreased (P<0.01), and the relative expression of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt proteins was increased (P<0.01) in the treatment group. In cell experiments, the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory response were decreased in AD cell model after pramlintide treatment (P<0.01), and the results of immunofluorescence showed that cell apoptosis was declined (P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

Pramlintide can improve the cognitive function, reduce the hippocampal deposition of Aβ, reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response, alleviate the pathological changes of neuronal ultrastructure, and enhance the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in AD mice.

, authors=Yating LIU1, Jing LU1, Xiangqian FENG1, Dongling WANG1, Qirong LIAO1, Hongyan YANG1, Huadong ZHOU1, 2, authorsList=Yating LIU, Jing LU, Xiangqian FENG, Dongling WANG, Qirong LIAO, Hongyan YANG, Huadong ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huadong ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190450287563477, articleId=1322190444000301764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=普兰林肽通过抗氧化应激和PI3K/Akt通路改善阿尔茨海默病小鼠认知功能, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨胰淀粉样多肽类似物普兰林肽(Pramlintide)通过抗氧化应激机制对阿尔茨海默病小鼠学习记忆的影响,并检测磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)信号通路的表达。

方法

动物实验将APP/PS1小鼠分为2组(每组5只):阿尔茨海默病组(AD组)和普兰林肽治疗组(AD+Pramlintide组);普兰林肽组每日经腹腔注射0.5 μmol/L,AD组小鼠腹腔注射相同剂量的PBS;腹腔注射时间为10周。采用水迷宫检测学习记忆能力,HE染色和免疫组化技术观察脑海马组织病理形态变化,高尔基染色观察海马组织树突棘的形态特征,透射电镜(TEM)观察海马神经元超微结构;生化方法检测小鼠海马组织丙二醛 (MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)试剂盒定量分析检测炎症因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平;Western blot技术检测海马组织中PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白的表达。细胞实验采用SH-SY5Y细胞加入Aβ1-42建立AD细胞模型,用普兰林肽处理细胞后,检测氧化应激和炎性反应水平,免疫荧光检测细胞凋亡。

结果

动物实验表明,与不加普兰林肽处理相比,普兰林肽处理的小鼠平台潜伏期明显缩短(P<0.01),穿越平台次数显著增多(P<0.01),探索隐藏平台时间延长(P<0.01)。普兰林肽处理的小鼠HE染色显示海马组织神经元密度高,排列较整齐(P<0.05),免疫组化结果显示Aβ蛋白明显降低(P<0.01),高尔基染色结果显示树突棘数量增加(P<0.05),透射电镜结果显示神经元线粒体结构较为完整、空泡化明显减少,形态特征清晰可辨。与不加普兰林肽处理相比,治疗组的氧化应激和炎性反应水平降低(P<0.01),WB结果显示p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt蛋白相对表达升高(P<0.01)。细胞实验表明,用普兰林肽处理的AD细胞模型氧化应激和炎性反应水平降低(P<0.01),免疫荧光结果显示细胞凋亡降低(P<0.01)。

结论

普兰林肽能够改善AD小鼠的认知功能,减少海马组织Aβ沉积,降低氧化应激和炎性反应,减轻了神经元超微结构的病理改变,同时增强了PI3K/Akt信号通路的表达。

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周华东,E-mail:
ZHOU Huadong,E-mail:
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FASEB J,2015,29(7):2970-2979., articleTitle=Islet amyloid polypeptide exerts a novel autocrine action in β-cell signaling and proliferation, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190450706993878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190450715382487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, companyId=1322190450706993878, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University,Bengbu,Anhui), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190450723771096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, companyId=1322190450706993878, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,安徽 蚌埠)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322190450811851481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190450816045786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, companyId=1322190450811851481, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Neurology,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190450824434395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, companyId=1322190450811851481, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)神经内科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190455589163789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of pramlintide on spatial cognition and memory in AD mice (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=edYe8gZT7sr8Khi4U5CsBg==, figureFileBig=lh0qAFqi19s+Q3+JiK3smQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190455723381518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=CN, label=图1, caption=普兰林肽对AD小鼠空间认知和记忆的影响 (n=5,x¯±s)

A:escape latency time; B:number of platform crossings; C:time to exploring hidden platforms. a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=edYe8gZT7sr8Khi4U5CsBg==, figureFileBig=lh0qAFqi19s+Q3+JiK3smQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190456197337871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Immunohistochemical staining of mouse hippocampal tissue (n=5, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=XXaWv68PfBOPPU6Mf2sQUQ==, figureFileBig=hguPNHsZV4X6layrgg/9Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190456541270800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=CN, label=图2, caption=小鼠海马组织免疫组化染色 (n=5, x¯±s)

A:Immunohistochemistry of hippocampal Aβ in AD and pramlintide (Pram) treatment mice; B:number of Aβ plaques in the hippocampus. a:P<0.01,in comparison with AD group; Arrow indicates Aβ plaque

, figureFileSmall=XXaWv68PfBOPPU6Mf2sQUQ==, figureFileBig=hguPNHsZV4X6layrgg/9Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190456604185361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of pramlintide (Pram) on the morphological structure of mouse hippocampal tissue (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=JEyEcLUNoeCeQu0x2LtFTw==, figureFileBig=YIwPScflEwYZcWEK5PVRTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190456688071442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=CN, label=图3, caption=普兰林肽对小鼠海马组织形态学结构的影响 (n=5,x¯±s)

A:HE staining of the hippocampus in AD and Pram mice; B:number of hippocampal neurons; C:Golgi staining of the hippocampus in AD and Pram mice; D:number of dendritic spines in the hippocampus; E:TEM displaying hippocampal regions in AD and Pram mice. Red arrows indicate mitochondria; Black arrows indicate synapses. a:P<0.05,in comparison with AD group. Pram:pramlintide; TEM:transmission electron microscopy

, figureFileSmall=JEyEcLUNoeCeQu0x2LtFTw==, figureFileBig=YIwPScflEwYZcWEK5PVRTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190456767763219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of pramlintide (Pram) on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in hippocampus of AD mice (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=DhcEI/XnHz87W7lqmIAjAw==, figureFileBig=lLbb92VIHdHO4aQw0vBu6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190457019421460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=CN, label=图4, caption=普兰林肽对AD小鼠海马组织氧化应激和炎性反应的影响 (n=5,x¯±s)

A and B:levels of SOD and MDA in hippocampal tissue; C~E:levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-6 in hippocampal tissue; a:P<0.01,in comparison with AD group

, figureFileSmall=DhcEI/XnHz87W7lqmIAjAw==, figureFileBig=lLbb92VIHdHO4aQw0vBu6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190457086530325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of pramlintide (Pram) on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in mouse hippocampus (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=maMf57JRUQjqcjFmZ3RlNw==, figureFileBig=YClbcQs/Sg2EdfJmZkHR7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190457136861974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190444000301764, language=CN, label=图5, caption=普兰林肽对小鼠海马中 PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响 (n=5,x¯±s)

A:Western blot of PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt,and p-Akt expression in mouse hippocampal tissue; B and C:semi-quantitative analysis of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/AKT. a:P<0.01,in comparison with AD group

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A:immunofluorescence of neuronal cell apoptosis; B and C:levels of SOD and MDA in neuronal cells; D~F:levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-α in neuronal cells. a:P<0.01,in comparison with SH+Aβ group

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普兰林肽通过抗氧化应激和PI3K/Akt通路改善阿尔茨海默病小鼠认知功能
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刘雅婷 1 , 卢静 1 , 冯祥谦 1 , 王东林 1 , 廖旗荣 1 , 杨红岩 1 , 周华东 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(16): 1862-1871
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (16) : 1862 -1871
普兰林肽通过抗氧化应激和PI3K/Akt通路改善阿尔茨海默病小鼠认知功能
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刘雅婷1, 卢静1, 冯祥谦1, 王东林1, 廖旗荣1, 杨红岩1, 周华东1, 2
作者信息
  • 1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,安徽 蚌埠
  • 2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)神经内科,重庆
通讯作者:
周华东,E-mail:
ZHOU Huadong,E-mail:
Pramlintide improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease mice through antioxidant stress and PI3K/Akt pathway
Yating LIU1, Jing LU1, Xiangqian FENG1, Dongling WANG1, Qirong LIAO1, Hongyan YANG1, Huadong ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University,Bengbu,Anhui
  • 2Department of Neurology,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-08-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505072
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目的

探讨胰淀粉样多肽类似物普兰林肽(Pramlintide)通过抗氧化应激机制对阿尔茨海默病小鼠学习记忆的影响,并检测磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)信号通路的表达。

方法

动物实验将APP/PS1小鼠分为2组(每组5只):阿尔茨海默病组(AD组)和普兰林肽治疗组(AD+Pramlintide组);普兰林肽组每日经腹腔注射0.5 μmol/L,AD组小鼠腹腔注射相同剂量的PBS;腹腔注射时间为10周。采用水迷宫检测学习记忆能力,HE染色和免疫组化技术观察脑海马组织病理形态变化,高尔基染色观察海马组织树突棘的形态特征,透射电镜(TEM)观察海马神经元超微结构;生化方法检测小鼠海马组织丙二醛 (MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)试剂盒定量分析检测炎症因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平;Western blot技术检测海马组织中PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白的表达。细胞实验采用SH-SY5Y细胞加入Aβ1-42建立AD细胞模型,用普兰林肽处理细胞后,检测氧化应激和炎性反应水平,免疫荧光检测细胞凋亡。

结果

动物实验表明,与不加普兰林肽处理相比,普兰林肽处理的小鼠平台潜伏期明显缩短(P<0.01),穿越平台次数显著增多(P<0.01),探索隐藏平台时间延长(P<0.01)。普兰林肽处理的小鼠HE染色显示海马组织神经元密度高,排列较整齐(P<0.05),免疫组化结果显示Aβ蛋白明显降低(P<0.01),高尔基染色结果显示树突棘数量增加(P<0.05),透射电镜结果显示神经元线粒体结构较为完整、空泡化明显减少,形态特征清晰可辨。与不加普兰林肽处理相比,治疗组的氧化应激和炎性反应水平降低(P<0.01),WB结果显示p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt蛋白相对表达升高(P<0.01)。细胞实验表明,用普兰林肽处理的AD细胞模型氧化应激和炎性反应水平降低(P<0.01),免疫荧光结果显示细胞凋亡降低(P<0.01)。

结论

普兰林肽能够改善AD小鼠的认知功能,减少海马组织Aβ沉积,降低氧化应激和炎性反应,减轻了神经元超微结构的病理改变,同时增强了PI3K/Akt信号通路的表达。

阿尔茨海默病  /  普兰林肽  /  胰岛淀粉样多肽  /  PI3K/Akt通路  /  抗氧化应激  /  炎性反应
Objective‍

To investigate the effect of pramlintide, a pancreatic amyloid peptide analog, on learning and memory of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice through antioxidant stress, and to determine the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway.

Methods‍

The APP/PS1 mice were divided into a pramlintide treatment group (intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 μmol/L per day for 10 weeks) and an AD group (same dose of PBS), with 5 mice in each group. The learning and memory abilities were detected with water maze test, the pathological changes of the hippocampus were observed with HE staining and immunohistochemistry, the morphological characteristics of dendritic spines in hippocampus were observed after Golgi staining, and the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons was observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampal tissue were detected by biochemical assay, and the levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β were determined with ELISA. Western blotting was applied to measure the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway related proteins in the hippocampus. In the cell experiment, SH-SY5Y cells were added with Aβ 1-42 to establish a cell model of AD. After the cells were treated with pramlintide, the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory response were detected, and cell apoptosis was detected by immunofluorescence.

Results‍

The animal experiments showed that pramlintide treatment resulted in significantly shortened escape latency (P<0.01), increased platform crossings (P<0.01), and prolonged time to exploring hidden platform (P<0.01). In the hippocampal tissue of the pramlintide treatment group, HE staining displayed hippocampal neurons in high density and neat arrangement (P<0.05), immunohistochemical results showed significantly reduced Aβ protein (P<0.01), Golgi staining results demonstrated more dendritic spines (P<0.05), TEM revealed almost intact neuronal mitochondrial structure, with reduced vacuolization and clear and identifiable morphology. When compared with the AD group, the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory response were decreased (P<0.01), and the relative expression of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt proteins was increased (P<0.01) in the treatment group. In cell experiments, the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory response were decreased in AD cell model after pramlintide treatment (P<0.01), and the results of immunofluorescence showed that cell apoptosis was declined (P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

Pramlintide can improve the cognitive function, reduce the hippocampal deposition of Aβ, reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response, alleviate the pathological changes of neuronal ultrastructure, and enhance the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in AD mice.

Alzheimer’s disease  /  pramlintide  /  islet amyloid polypeptide  /  PI3K/Akt pathway  /  antioxidant stress  /  inflammatory response
刘雅婷, 卢静, 冯祥谦, 王东林, 廖旗荣, 杨红岩, 周华东. 普兰林肽通过抗氧化应激和PI3K/Akt通路改善阿尔茨海默病小鼠认知功能. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (16) : 1862 -1871 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505072
Yating LIU, Jing LU, Xiangqian FENG, Dongling WANG, Qirong LIAO, Hongyan YANG, Huadong ZHOU. Pramlintide improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease mice through antioxidant stress and PI3K/Akt pathway[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (16) : 1862 -1871 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505072
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是一种复杂的神经退行性疾病,表现为记忆丧失和脑神经元不明原因的死亡[1]。到2050年,全世界的AD痴呆患者将增加2倍[2]。我国正在快速进入老龄化社会,而老年AD患者会出现严重残疾和生活质量受损,AD患者数量的快速增长构成了重大的老年健康危机[3]。AD的脑部病理特征是淀粉样蛋白-β(Aβ)过度沉积和Tau蛋白的磷酸化,目前普遍认为的发生机制包括氧化应激、炎性反应和能量代谢紊乱等[4-5]。因此,深入研究AD的病理机制,将会为探索有效的AD防治方法提供重要的理论基础和实验依据。
胰岛淀粉样多肽(Islet amyloid polypeptide,IAPP)是胰岛β细胞分泌的一种多肽,大部分存在于2型糖尿病患者胰岛内,其衍生的聚集体或淀粉样蛋白沉积对胰岛β细胞产生毒性作用[6]。一项研究发现在人脑组织中检测到了IAPP蛋白的存在,并且认为IAPP聚集与Aβ的沉积相关,在AD发生发展中有重要作用[7-9]。目前针对IAPP的研究仍然被视为是一种非常有前景的AD治疗途径。普兰林肽(pramlintide)是一种人工合成的IAPP类似物,以脯氨酸取代了人胰淀素的25、28和29位氨基酸,相较于IAPP更稳定且不易发生聚集[7]。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)信号通路调节信号转导和生物过程,如细胞增殖、凋亡和新陈代谢[10]。PI3K的激活可诱导Akt蛋白从胞质向质膜内表面转位,经磷酸化修饰后获得活性,炎症相关细胞因子的生成受到明显抑制,Aβ过度沉积减少,抑制了纤维缠结,PI3K/Akt通路通过抗炎反应保护神经元免受Aβ诱导的神经毒性,在神经细胞中具有保护作用[11]。
普兰林肽是否可以改善AD的认知功能和病理变化尚不明确,作用机制也不清楚。我们的科学假设是普兰林肽的抗氧化应激干预可能成为改善阿尔茨海默病认知功能障碍的有效策略。因此,本实验选用APP/PS1双转基因小鼠模拟AD病理进程,通过给予普兰林肽腹腔注射治疗,检测AD小鼠的学习记忆能力改变及脑内Aβ淀粉样蛋白沉积情况,脑部氧化应激,炎性反应和PI3K/Akt信号通路的变化。并在体外细胞实验,通过检测氧化应激和炎性反应以及细胞凋亡,证明普兰林肽的作用。探讨普兰林肽改善AD小鼠认知障碍及作用机制,为开发新型治疗方案提供实验依据。
本研究中选取 APP/PS1 (APPswe/PSEN1dE9) 转基因小鼠 (8月龄,雄性,购自南京君科生物工程有限公司) 。实验动物饲养的温度和湿度均为正常条件,12 h的光和暗循环光线。允许动物自由摄食和饮水。实验全程均遵循实验动物伦理规定。将小鼠分为2组,普兰林肽(重庆市思恩特医疗器械)组和AD组,每组5只。普兰林肽组小鼠每日一次腹腔注射0.5 μmol/L的普兰林肽溶液,剂量200 μg/kg;AD组小鼠腹腔注射相同剂量的PBS,给药频率和周期同普兰林肽组保持一致,干预时间均为10周,剂量参考文献[12]。
选取人神经母细胞瘤细胞系SH-SY5Y细胞(美国ATCC),采用含10%胎牛血清(美国Gibco)、100 IU/mL青霉素、100 μg/mL链霉素的DMEM培养基在37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱内进行培养。每48~72 h用含0.1%胰蛋白酶的消化液消化后,进行常规传代培养。Aβ1-42溶解后配成1 g·L-1溶液,37 ℃培养箱孵育7 d,进行老化处理,-20 ℃保存备用。使用前将其用超纯水稀释、过滤配成浓度为40 μmol/L的储存液,分装保存。取对数生长期的SH-SY5Y细胞给予Aβ1-42(40 μmol/L)处理作为对照组,普兰林肽处理用Aβ1-42(40 μmol/L)处理过的SH-SY5Y细胞作为干预组。
腹腔内注射普兰林肽后,进行水迷宫测试评估小鼠学习记忆能力。在一个圆形水箱中进行Morris水迷宫(上海欣软信息科技有限公司)实验。小鼠停留平台(直径14 cm)置于水面下1.5 cm处,水池中水温保持在(25±2)℃,平台全程始终保持在同一象限内。在池中加入牛奶隐藏平台。设置观察的系统,使得每只小鼠都有60 s的时间寻找隐藏的平台。若小鼠在60 s未能到达隐藏的平台,则会被引导到平台上停留10 s。实验持续了6 d。前5天采用定位导航试验,测试小鼠的学习能力(逃逸潜伏期),第6天撤去小鼠平台,测试小鼠的记忆能力(穿越平台次数)。
用4%多聚甲醛固定小鼠脑组织24 h,脱水后切片(5 μm)。用二甲苯和乙醇脱蜡后,苏木精染色10 min(北京索莱宝科技),乙醇脱水,盐酸分化。脑组织再次用伊红染色,并密封脑膜。在光学显微镜下观察海马组织的病理形态。
将小鼠海马组织石蜡切片脱蜡、缓冲液修复抗原、PBS清洗吸干后,封闭30 min,加入相应兔抗小鼠一抗(1∶100)过夜,室温孵育二抗(1∶200)1 h。DAB显色,自来水冲洗后,复染细胞核,脱水,封片,观察 Aβ表达。使用Image J软件对图片进行分析。
透射电子显微镜(日本Hitachi公司)观察神经元细胞超微结构,将小鼠海马组织切成5片厚度为1 mm 的切片置入预冷的电镜固定液中固定,室温静置2 h 后,放入4 °C 冰箱固定24~48 h,经漂洗、固定、脱水、包埋后切片(厚度50~60 nm)用乙酸铀、柠檬酸铅双染色于透射电子显微镜观察小鼠海马组织神经元细胞线粒体和突触的超微结构的变化。
麻醉后的小鼠,断头取脑,切成10 mm大小的小块。按照FD快速高尔基染色试剂盒说明书进行染色。染色后的组织于4 ℃用30%蔗糖溶液避光孵育3 d,切成厚4 μm的切片,甘油明胶封片后于显微镜下观察并拍照。Image J软件用于计算树突棘密度。
采用试剂盒(ABclonal公司)测定海马和SH-SY5Y细胞中SOD、MDA、IL-1β、IL6、TNF-α和Aβ42的含量。按照试剂盒说明书按照步骤进行实验操作。
迅速分离小鼠海马组织并称重,加入预冷的RIPA裂解液(含蛋白酶抑制剂),4 ℃条件下,12 000 r/ min离心10 min,收集清液,分装保存于-80 ℃。依据BCA蛋白试剂盒(Thermo Scientific)操作说明测定蛋白浓度。配制浓缩胶胶、上样蛋白、恒压电泳和转膜。封闭,加入兔抗小鼠一抗PI3K(1∶1 000)、p-PI3K(1∶1 000)、Akt(1∶2 000)、p-Akt(1∶1 000),4 ℃孵育过夜。TBST洗涤后加入山羊抗兔二抗(1∶5 000),室温孵育1 h。TBST洗膜增强化学发光法显影,GAPDH(Abcam公司)为内参蛋白,蛋白表达水平为目的蛋白与内参的比值,抗体购自CST公司。用Image J 软件计算条带灰度值。
石蜡切片脱蜡、乙醇水化、抗原修复、PBS洗片后BSA封闭,一抗(Map 2,1∶100;Caspase 3,1∶100)孵育过夜后PBS洗片,加入相应种属二抗(1∶400)孵育后DAPI复染细胞核,PBS缓冲液洗片,抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片,室温避光静置24 h使封片剂完全固化,最后应用显微镜进行切片的观察和图像采集,用Case Viewer和Image J进行观测。
实验数据用x¯±s表示,每个实验重复3次。符合正态分布的组间比较采用独立样本t检验或方差分析差异,不符合正态分布的组间比较采用Wilcoxon检验。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。采用GraphPad Prism 10.1软件对数据进行处理和统计图绘制。
我们通过水迷宫实验检测了普兰林肽能否改善AD小鼠的认知功能。定位航行测试结果分析,AD组和Pram组在为期5 d的连续监测中,各组动物的逃避潜伏期均呈现逐渐降低的趋势。值得注意的是,实验前两天的组间比较未显示出统计学差异(P>0.05)。然而,从第3天开始,普兰林肽治疗组(Pram组)的潜伏期明显短于AD组(P<0.05),且这种差异在后续测试日(第4~5天)增大(P<0.01)。结果显示普兰林肽能够有效减轻AD鼠空间学习能力障碍。空间探索测试结果分析,与没有用Pram处理的小鼠相比,Pram组动物在目标象限的探索时间明显延长(P<0.01)。此外,治疗组小鼠穿越原平台位置的次数较模型组明显增加(P<0.01)。结果显示普兰林肽干预可显著增强转基因AD小鼠的空间参考记忆能力,见图1。
已经证明,AD鼠脑Aβ斑块增加是AD的重要病理特征,但是普兰林肽能否减少AD鼠脑Aβ斑块尚不清楚,我们用免疫组化的方法检测了AD鼠脑海马组织的Aβ斑块。结果显示,与没有用Pram处理的小鼠相比,Pram组海马组织Aβ斑块数量减少(P<0.01),表明普兰林肽可以减少AD鼠海马组织Aβ的过度沉积,见图2。
普兰林肽能否减轻AD鼠脑神经细胞的损伤尚不清楚,我们用HE染色、高尔基染色和透射电镜检测了普兰林肽的作用。HE染色显示,AD组小鼠神经元分布密度明显降低,细胞排列失去正常有序性,细胞形态不规则边界模糊,细胞染色不均匀。Pram组小鼠神经元病理学改变呈现缓解趋势,神经细胞排列较规则,清晰,2组小鼠细胞密度存在显著差异(P<0.05),提示普兰林肽可以减轻AD小鼠的神经元损伤。高尔基染色结果显示,与没有用Pram处理的小鼠相比,Pram组海马神经元树突棘密度增大(P<0.05),此外,电镜结果显示,与没有用Pram处理的小鼠相比,Pram组神经元线粒体包膜完整,嵴排列紧密,空泡化现象减少,肿胀程度减轻,突触前、后膜界限清晰,突触小泡分布均匀,这些形态学结果表明普兰林肽可以有效保护AD小鼠神经元的结构完整性,减轻AD鼠脑神经细胞的损伤,具体见图3。
已经证明,AD鼠脑氧化应激和炎性反应与AD的发生发展密切相关,但是普兰林肽能否减轻AD鼠的氧化应激和炎性反应尚不清楚,我们用生化方法检测了普兰林肽的作用。结果显示,与没有用Pram处理的小鼠相比,Pram组小鼠海马组织SOD含量明显升高,MDA含量明显下降(P<0.01)。此外,Pram组小鼠海马组织促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6的表达水平明显下降(P<0.01),实验结果表明普兰林肽可以降低AD小鼠脑部氧化应激和炎性反应,见图4。
已经证明,PI3K/Akt与AD鼠学习记忆变化和氧化应激密切相关,但是普兰林肽改善AD鼠认知功能,降低氧化应激和炎性反应是否通过PI3K/Akt通路尚不清楚。我们用western blot方法检测了AD鼠脑海马组织的PI3K/Akt通路。结果显示,与没有用Pram处理的小鼠相比,Pram组p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/AKT相对表达量均升高(P<0.01),见图5。
在体实验已经证明,普兰林肽改善AD鼠认知功能和病理损伤,通过降低氧化应激和炎性反应,我们进一步进行体外实验证明普兰林肽能够降低氧化应激和炎性反应,减少神经元凋亡的作用。所以,我们用Aβ处理的SH-SY5Y细胞建立AD的细胞模型,结果显示,与没有使用普兰林肽处理的细胞比较,普兰林肽处理的细胞SOD含量明显升高,MDA含量明显下降(P<0.01),IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6的表达水平都下降(P<0.01),提示普兰林肽可以降低氧化应激和炎性反应。此外,免疫荧光染色结果显示,与没有使用普兰林肽处理的细胞比较,普兰林肽组细胞凋亡率下降(P<0.01),见图6。
多项实验研究结果认为胰淀素类似物普兰林肽在AD中仍然有着巨大的潜在治疗作用[13-14],少数研究也认为普兰林肽加重了AD的发展[15],普兰林肽在AD发病中的作用及机制仍然尚未达成一致认识。本研究数据表明,长期外周补充普兰林肽治疗可以有效减轻AD小鼠的认知障碍,减少Aβ沉积、氧化应激和炎性反应通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路。
IAPP是一种高度保守的37个氨基酸肽,与大脑中的IAPP受体结合调节葡萄糖代谢、炎症反应[16-17],当浓度过高时,胰淀粉样多肽会聚集,在AD发生发展中显著上调,产生神经毒性作用[18-19]。IAPP类似物,即普兰林肽,它保留了IAPP的生理学特性,避开了胰淀素水不溶性和易于聚集的物理性质,在AD发生发展中发挥着调节作用,然而其分子作用机制尚不清楚[7,20]。ADLER等[21]发现普兰林肽增加了小鼠海马的突触标志物和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶的表达,改善散发性AD小鼠模型的记忆和认知能力,具有神经保护性质,可能对 AD 有治疗益处。普兰林肽可能作为一种功能性的淀粉受体拮抗剂,逆转Aβ对阿尔茨海默病小鼠认知功能的损害作用,胰淀素受体拮抗剂可能对阿尔茨海默病有潜在的治疗作用[22]。基于上述研究背景,本研究通过Morris水迷宫行为学测试实验验证普兰林肽对AD小鼠认知功能的调节作用,结果表明,与没有用普兰林肽处理的组相比,普兰林肽组逃避潜伏期时间减少,目标象限停留时间和穿越平台次数增加,表明普兰林肽可以减轻AD小鼠的认知功能障碍。
普兰林肽改善AD鼠认知功能的作用可能与减少Aβ的沉积[23-24]和降低磷酸化Tau蛋白[25-26]相关。β-淀粉样蛋白的病理性聚集在AD发病机制中起着至关重要的致病作用[27]。因此,减少Aβ的产生和增加脑内Aβ的清除是AD的潜在的治疗策略。我们检测了AD小鼠海马区的Aβ斑块,结果显示普兰林肽具有抑制Aβ沉积的作用,减少了Aβ斑块的数量,表明普兰林肽可以减轻AD小鼠病理改变。
自由基的过度产生或自由基清除能力下降导致的氧化应激是AD发生发展的关键部分[28] 。神经炎性反应和神经元凋亡是AD发病机制中的重要病理环节,与疾病进展密切相关,抑制神经炎性反应和神经细胞凋亡可能是一种有用的抗AD策略[29-30] 。丙二醛(MDA)作为线粒体功能障碍时产生的脂质过氧化终产物,其含量可反映细胞氧化损伤程度,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)作为内源性抗氧化防御系统的关键酶,能够有效催化超氧阴离子自由基的歧化反应,这两种生物标志物的水平变化均被用作评估AD小鼠神经组织的氧化应激状态和脂质过氧化损伤程度[31] 。PATRIK等[32]通过腹腔注射普兰林肽在APP/PS1转基因小鼠,发现普兰林肽降低了神经元模型中H2O2诱导的ROS水平,减轻神经元凋亡。这项研究与我们的结果是一致的,我们检测了海马组织和神经元细胞SH-SY5Y中的MDA与SOD和炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的水平以及神经元细胞SH-SY5Y细胞的凋亡。实验数据表明,普兰林肽组SOD水平升高,MDA含量降低,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量均下降,细胞凋亡率下降,证明普兰林肽具有抗氧化应激、减轻炎性反应和降低神经元凋亡的作用。
线粒体功能异常已被证实是AD发病机制中的始发性病理改变,神经元通过细胞抗氧化防御来阻碍线粒体氧化应激[33] 。CALVO-RODRIGUEZ等[34]研究发现在Aβ斑块周围的神经元中线粒体氧化应激加剧,Aβ可溶性寡聚体形式能够增强线粒体氧化应激反应。在AD脑神经病理学研究中,采用透射电镜技术观察神经细胞线粒体损伤的研究文献较多,但是使用透射电镜观察普兰林肽对AD脑组织神经元线粒体损伤的报告较少。为探究普兰林肽对AD线粒体功能的改善作用,本研究采用TEM观察了AD小鼠海马区神经元线粒体和突触的超微结构。实验表明,普兰林肽可以改善线粒体的双层膜肿胀程度,线粒体包膜和嵴的完整性,突触结构的清晰性。同时我们还使用HE染色和高尔基染色观察了AD小鼠海马组织的结构变化。实验表明,腹腔注射普兰林肽后可以减轻AD小鼠Aβ病理变化,树突棘数量增加。表明普兰林肽可以减轻AD小鼠的线粒体功能障碍并改善小鼠脑组织形态结构损伤。
已经证明PI3K/AKT信号表达通路在中枢神经系统中起重要作用[35] 。它参与了中枢神经系统的生理过程,如细胞存活、自噬、神经元增殖和分化以及突触可塑性[36] 。近年来,越来越多的研究发现,PI3K/AKT 信号通路参与了阿尔茨海默病发生中的病理过程,并证明与脑神经细胞分泌炎症细胞因子有关[37] 。为了进一步研究普兰林肽是否能够影响PI3K/Akt信号通路,我们检测小鼠海马组织的PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt和p-Akt的蛋白含量,发现p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/AKT的相对含量增多,实验数据表明普兰林肽可以显著上调PI3K/Akt信号表达通路的活性。
我们通过这项研究证明普兰林肽可以改善AD小鼠学习和记忆的障碍,降低Aβ在脑内的沉积,以及降低氧化应激和炎性反应,上述生物学效应可能经由PI3K/Akt信号转导通路的活化所介导,但具体机制及其因果关系尚不清楚,同时我们没有研究普兰林肽对Tau的过度磷酸化的影响,对于普兰林肽改善AD小鼠的认知功能通过PI3K/Akt信号转导通路的具体机制,进一步的研究探讨是需要的,为AD防治提供新的思路。

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2025年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505072
  • 接收时间:2025-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-29
  • 修回日期:2025-07-24
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    1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,安徽 蚌埠
    2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)神经内科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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