Article(id=1322190424802964431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=1756224000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164362382, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164362382, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164362382, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164362382, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190358751069178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1981', pageEnd='2144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164346635, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164560388, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1981, endPage=1993, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190425042039760, articleId=1322190424802964431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Emerging advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: evolution of comprehensive treatment strategies, columnId=1320434417353470541, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Expert Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, characterized by high incidence and mortality. Recent advancements in multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment have accelerated the shift toward personalized therapeutic strategies, with significant progress in combining targeted therapy,immunotherapy, and locoregional therapies, which has achieved remarkable results and significantly improved the prognosis of patients. Moreover, advancements in comprehensive treatment have enabled disease downstaging in selected advanced-stage patients, ultimately qualifying them for curative-intent interventions such as anatomic hepatectomy or liver transplantation. The evolving HCC treatment paradigm continuously reshapes surgical approaches while introducing novel clinical challenges. Moving forward, advancements in HCC diagnosis and treatment must balance technological innovation with rigorous clinical validation, while proactively implementing evidence-based standardization of emerging techniques such as minimally invasive surgery and molecular subtyping. Multicenter clinical research should further define optimal patient cohorts for specific therapeutic strategies, ultimately establishing reliable evidence-based frameworks for clinical practice.

, authors=Jianwei LI1, 2, Xingru WANG1, authorsList=Jianwei LI, Xingru WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianwei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190425914454993, articleId=1322190424802964431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=肝细胞癌临床诊治新进展:综合治疗策略的演变, columnId=1320434417496076879, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专家述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是全球范围内发病率和死亡率均较高的恶性肿瘤,在癌症相关病死原因中位居第三。近年来,随着多学科综合治疗模式的广泛推广,HCC的治疗策略日益趋向个体化,尤其在靶向治疗、免疫治疗与局部治疗联合应用方面取得了显著进展,极大改善了患者的预后。此外,综合治疗的进步使部分晚期患者实现疾病降期,从而获得了接受根治性肝切除术或肝移植的机会。HCC治疗理念与策略的演变不断重塑其外科治疗模式,同时也带来了新的临床挑战。展望未来,HCC的诊疗发展需在技术创新与临床验证之间寻求平衡,积极推进微创外科和分子分型等新兴技术的规范化应用,并通过高质量的临床研究明确不同治疗策略的适宜人群,为临床实践提供更加可靠的循证依据。

, authors=李建伟1, 2, 王星入1, authorsList=李建伟, 王星入, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李建伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李建伟,副教授、副主任医师、医学博士,硕士生导师。主要从事肝胆胰微创外科的临床和应用研究、胆管癌复发转移的分子机制研究;致力于肝胆胰脾疾病的微创外科治疗,擅长腹腔镜肝切除、胰腺切除和胆管结石、门静脉高压的微创治疗;兼任中国医师学会专业信息传播和教育工作委员会委员,中国医师学会内镜医师分会腹腔镜青年医师委员会委员,重庆市医学会肝胆胰外科专业委员会青年委员会副主任委员。在SCI及国内核心期刊以第一、通讯作者发表论文50余篇。主持国家自然科学基金“青年科学基金项目”“国家重点研发计划”等科研项目;获得“右肝后叶暴露装置”“肝门阻断装置”等发明专利。参编肝胆外科领域中国指南及专家共识6部,获重庆市科技进步一等奖1项、二等奖1项。E-mail:
LI Jianwei,E-mail:
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肝细胞癌临床诊治新进展:综合治疗策略的演变
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李建伟 1, 2 , 王星入 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 专家述评 2025,47(17): 1981-1993
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陆军军医大学学报 |专家述评 2025 , 47 (17) : 1981 -1993
肝细胞癌临床诊治新进展:综合治疗策略的演变
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李建伟1, 2 , 王星入1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学第一附属医院全军肝胆外科研究所,重庆
  • 2陆军第九五三医院,西藏自治区,日喀则
通讯作者:
李建伟,副教授、副主任医师、医学博士,硕士生导师。主要从事肝胆胰微创外科的临床和应用研究、胆管癌复发转移的分子机制研究;致力于肝胆胰脾疾病的微创外科治疗,擅长腹腔镜肝切除、胰腺切除和胆管结石、门静脉高压的微创治疗;兼任中国医师学会专业信息传播和教育工作委员会委员,中国医师学会内镜医师分会腹腔镜青年医师委员会委员,重庆市医学会肝胆胰外科专业委员会青年委员会副主任委员。在SCI及国内核心期刊以第一、通讯作者发表论文50余篇。主持国家自然科学基金“青年科学基金项目”“国家重点研发计划”等科研项目;获得“右肝后叶暴露装置”“肝门阻断装置”等发明专利。参编肝胆外科领域中国指南及专家共识6部,获重庆市科技进步一等奖1项、二等奖1项。E-mail:
LI Jianwei,E-mail:
Emerging advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: evolution of comprehensive treatment strategies
Jianwei LI1, 2 , Xingru WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery of PLA,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2No.953 Hospital of PLA Army,Xigaze,Tibet Autonomous Region,China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508010
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肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是全球范围内发病率和死亡率均较高的恶性肿瘤,在癌症相关病死原因中位居第三。近年来,随着多学科综合治疗模式的广泛推广,HCC的治疗策略日益趋向个体化,尤其在靶向治疗、免疫治疗与局部治疗联合应用方面取得了显著进展,极大改善了患者的预后。此外,综合治疗的进步使部分晚期患者实现疾病降期,从而获得了接受根治性肝切除术或肝移植的机会。HCC治疗理念与策略的演变不断重塑其外科治疗模式,同时也带来了新的临床挑战。展望未来,HCC的诊疗发展需在技术创新与临床验证之间寻求平衡,积极推进微创外科和分子分型等新兴技术的规范化应用,并通过高质量的临床研究明确不同治疗策略的适宜人群,为临床实践提供更加可靠的循证依据。

肝细胞癌  /  综合治疗  /  靶向治疗  /  免疫治疗  /  降期治疗  /  根治性肝切除

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, characterized by high incidence and mortality. Recent advancements in multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment have accelerated the shift toward personalized therapeutic strategies, with significant progress in combining targeted therapy,immunotherapy, and locoregional therapies, which has achieved remarkable results and significantly improved the prognosis of patients. Moreover, advancements in comprehensive treatment have enabled disease downstaging in selected advanced-stage patients, ultimately qualifying them for curative-intent interventions such as anatomic hepatectomy or liver transplantation. The evolving HCC treatment paradigm continuously reshapes surgical approaches while introducing novel clinical challenges. Moving forward, advancements in HCC diagnosis and treatment must balance technological innovation with rigorous clinical validation, while proactively implementing evidence-based standardization of emerging techniques such as minimally invasive surgery and molecular subtyping. Multicenter clinical research should further define optimal patient cohorts for specific therapeutic strategies, ultimately establishing reliable evidence-based frameworks for clinical practice.

hepatocellular carcinoma  /  comprehensive treatment  /  targeted therapy  /  immunotherapy  /  downstaging treatment  /  radical hepatectomy
李建伟, 王星入. 肝细胞癌临床诊治新进展:综合治疗策略的演变. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (17) : 1981 -1993 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508010
Jianwei LI, Xingru WANG. Emerging advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: evolution of comprehensive treatment strategies[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (17) : 1981 -1993 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508010
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是全球第六大常见恶性肿瘤,也是第三大癌症致死原因[1-2]。尽管病毒性肝炎和酒精中毒仍然是全球慢性肝病的主要病诱因,但伴随着肥胖和代谢综合征患病率的增加,代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis,MASH)逐渐成为肝硬化和HCC的重要病因[3-5]。近年来,随着诊断技术的进步和治疗理念的更新,HCC的诊疗模式发生了深刻变革。早期筛查的广泛推广显著提高了早期诊断率,而综合治疗策略的优化则显著改善了患者预后。
手术是实现根治或长期生存的最佳途径,适用于所有符合肝切除或肝移植(liver transplantation,LT)指征的HCC患者[1]。然而大量患者在确诊时已进展至晚期,仅能接受局部或全身性的姑息治疗。这些手段虽可缓解症状并控制病情,但大多旨在延长生存而非治愈。免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICISs)的出现彻底重塑了晚期HCC的治疗格局[6-8]。ICISs联合局部或其他全身治疗手段显著提升了疗效,不仅延长了转移性或晚期HCC患者的生存期[9-10],甚至让部分原先无法接受根治性手术的患者获得了手术干预机会,此即“降期转化治疗”[1,3]。
然而,HCC的高度异质性和免疫抑制性微环境,构成了其临床治疗的主要难点。多学科联合诊疗(multi-disciplinary treatment,MDT)模式在个体化治疗中至关重要。MDT团队由外科、肿瘤内科、放射科、介入科以及肝病科的医生组成,协作制定最优治疗方案,以追求最佳临床结局为目的,兼顾患者本身及肿瘤相关因素制定治疗决策。值得关注的是,这种综合治疗的模式正在重新定义HCC的手术适应证与术式选择标准。未来,深入探索精准外科理念与多学科综合治疗的深度融合,将成为进一步提升HCC患者长期生存率的关键方向。本文旨在系统梳理和探讨相关重要进展,为临床诊疗策略的优化提供参考依据。
大量高质量等级证据显示:直径≤5 cm的小肝癌接受根治性手术切除术后5年生存率可以达到80%以上[11-13],因此早期诊断是影响HCC患者长期生存的关键因素。然而,传统诊断手段存在局限性,近年来血清生物标志物、液体活检、微生物特征分析及人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)等技术的创新应用,为 HCC 早期筛查与诊断带来了新突破。
HCC经典血清学诊断标记物甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)虽在临床应用多年,但其灵敏度和特异度均不尽如人意,尤其对AFP阴性的肝癌诊断价值有限[14-15]。为此,新型标志物的探索成为重要方向,AFP、甲胎蛋白异质体百分比(alpha-fetoprotein heterogeneity-L3%,AFP-L3%)和异常凝血酶原(des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin,DCP)、高尔基体膜蛋白73(golgi protein 73,GP73)、骨桥蛋白等可作为AFP诊断肝癌的有效补充。其中,DCP在HCC中特异性较高,尤其对AFP阴性患者具有补充诊断价值[16-17];GP73在肝硬化向HCC转化过程中表达显著上调,敏感性和特异性均优于AFP,为早期诊断提供了更多参考依据[18-19]。
液体活检技术也显著提升了肝癌早期诊断水平,循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)、循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell,CTC)、循环微小RNA(miRNA)等技术各具优势,临床应用潜力巨大[20-22]。另一方面,ctDNA携带有肿瘤来源的特异性基因组变异特征,利用靶向深度测序进行ctDNA检测可克服肿瘤异质性,兼具高灵敏度和发现潜在药物靶点的能力[23-24]。将表观遗传特征与ctDNA检测相结合,能实现极早期肿瘤的精确诊断,还可用于术后微小残留病灶监测和预后评估。2024版我国指南新增了肝癌风险预测与早期诊断工具[1]。在预测方面,推出了基于多变量纵向队列数据和循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)特征开发的aMAP-2与aMAP-2 Plus模型,能有效甄别年肝癌发生风险高达12.5%的超高危个体[1];在诊断方面,新增了GAAD及ASAP模型,以助力肝癌的更早发现[25-26]。
除传统生物标志物外,微生物特征为HCC诊断提供了新思路[27]。浙江大学团队研究发现:借助AI筛选,可在肠道微生物中找到30个最佳区分早期肝癌与健康人的微生物标记物,且在不同地区患者样本中得到验证[28]。另有研究联合微生物基因组测序和机器学习模型,通过检测血液中游离微生物DNA实现癌症与无癌样本的鉴别[29-30]。另一方面,AI技术与影像组学的结合,进一步提升了HCC早期筛查效能。其中多模态影像技术联合应用显著提高诊断效能,动态增强CT/MRI结合肝胆特异性对比剂可清晰显示肿瘤血供与肝细胞功能,MRI扩散加权成像和灌注成像能评估微观结构与血流动力学,超声造影则通过实时观察微血管灌注优化鉴别诊断。同时,影像组学通过高通量提取图像特征并结合机器学习,实现肿瘤定量分析与风险分层;深度学习算法分析大规模影像数据,自动检测微小病灶并量化恶性风险,准确性可媲美经验丰富的放射科医师[31]。在标志物分析过程中,人工智能模型通过整合多组学数据,构建精准的预测模型。决策支持系统则综合临床资料、影像学特征及生物标志物检测结果,提供个体化的筛查建议,从而推动诊断模式由经验驱动向数据驱动转变[32]。尽管AI技术在HCC诊断中发展前景广阔,但其临床应用仍面临数据标准化、模型可解释性和伦理问题等挑战,未来需通过多中心合作进一步验证其效能。
从血清标志物的优化、液体活检技术的创新,再到微生物特征的深入挖掘与人工智能影像组学的融合,HCC的早期筛查与诊断策略持续升级。这些新兴技术有效突破了传统方法在灵敏度、特异性及临床实用性方面的局限,显著提升了早期诊断效能,为改善患者长期预后奠定了坚实基础。和探索新兴技术同样重要的是加强患者的早期筛查,以实现早诊早治。实现这一目标的关键在于让患者从“被动筛查”转变为“主动防控”,这是肝癌全链条诊治的核心。首先,帮助患者“识别自身风险”:有慢性乙肝/丙肝、肝硬化、酒精性或非酒精性脂肪肝、或HCC家族史的人群,属于高危人群,应定期筛查。医疗机构可通过社区宣传和慢病随访,提醒患者重视筛查,避免因“无症状”忽视风险。其次,高危人群应每6个月进行1次“腹部超声+AFP检测”,可在社区或二级医院完成。医疗机构可提供“预约提醒”“报告解读绿色通道”等服务,降低筛查门槛。更重要的是,建立“筛查-诊断-治疗-随访”的全链条管理:若筛查发现异常,应引导患者转诊至肝癌专科门诊,通过增强 CT、磁共振或活检明确诊断;确诊后及时采取手术或消融等根治手段,术后定期复查以防复发。当患者从“被动筛查者”转变为“主动健康管理者”,定期筛查、积极治疗,才能真正打通肝癌防控的“最后一公里”,使早期筛查成为肝癌综合治疗的基础,实现从“治病”到“健康管理”的转变。
中国指南提出亚厘米肝癌(subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma,scHCC)的概念,将其明确定义为直径≤1 cm的肝癌[33]。这一概念的提出建立在多项对scHCC临床表现与治疗结局深入研究的证据基础之上[1]。在病理特征方面,scHCC与直径1~2 cm肝癌存在显著差异。研究[1]显示,scHCC的微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI)发生率明显较低,仅为4.3%,而在直径1~2 cm肝癌中达到17.6%。这表明,在scHCC阶段进行切除有望减少复发风险,从而提高患者的长期生存率。文献报道scHCC患者接受局部切除术后5年生存率为98.5%,明显高于直径1~2 cm肝癌患者[34-35]。该结果突显了对肝癌极早阶段进行诊断干预,以及将scHCC作为一个独立实体进行管理的重要性。
LT被视为HCC治疗的“理想策略”,因既能彻底根除肿瘤,又可同时替代功能失代偿的肝脏,临床价值已得到广泛证实。米兰标准作为最早确立的HCC肝移植选择标准,在提高患者移植预后方面发挥了关键作用,但也因其局限性引发了诸多争议[36-27]。该标准以肿瘤大小和数量为核心(单个肿瘤≤5 cm或≤3个肿瘤且最大≤3 cm),形成了“非此即彼”的二分法判断,过度严格且无法区分HCC的疾病异质性,导致许多超出米兰标准但实际可能从移植中获益的患者被排除在外,因此许多更具包容性的标准得到推广应用。
原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版)推荐采用加州大学旧金山分校(University of California,San Francisco,UCSF)标准[1],即:单个肿瘤直径≤6.5 cm;肿瘤数目≤3个,其中最大肿瘤直径≤4.5 cm,且肿瘤直径总和≤8.0 cm;无大血管侵犯。符合LT适应证的HCC患者在等待供肝期间可以接受桥接治疗控制肿瘤进展,以防止患者失去LT机会。同时,众多国内标准在未明显降低术后总生存率(overall survival,OS)的前提下,均不同程度地扩大了HCC肝移植的适用范围,使更多的HCC患者因LT手术受益[38-39],但需要多中心协作研究以支持和证明,从而获得高级别的循证医学证据。
2022版BCLC分期系统在个体化治疗和LT适应证方面也有重要更新[3]。BCLC B期的肿瘤负荷具有高度异质性,即使患者均属于Child-Pugh A级,其预后仍可能因AFP水平和肝功能状态的不同而存在显著差异。然而,目前尚无公认的临界值(cut-off值)用于指导治疗决策。此版指南依据肿瘤负荷与肝功能状况,将BCLC B期患者进一步细分为3个亚组,并且倡导患者应根据个体情况选择具体治疗模式[40]。第一亚组为符合扩展LT标准的患者,优先推荐LT;第二亚组为不适合LT的患者,但其门静脉血流状况良好,肿瘤边界清晰,建议采用选择性经动脉治疗,如经动脉化疗栓塞(trans arterial chemoembolization,TACE)或经动脉放射栓塞(trans arterial radioembolization,TARE)。若患者既不符合“LT扩展标准”,也未达到TACE治疗适应证,则应考虑系统治疗[41]。第三亚组为弥漫性肝癌患者,其肿瘤广泛侵犯肝脏,病变分布缺乏明确边界。临床证据表明该类患者无法从TACE中获益,因此系统治疗被推荐为首选治疗策略,不建议局部干预[42-43]。此外,指南明确将LT作为多灶性小肝癌、部分BCLC B期患者及成功降期患者的关键治疗目标。这一修订充分考虑了现代治疗模式的相关进展,同时强调了应依据地区医疗资源灵活调整治疗策略。
尽管BCLC分期系统在HCC临床决策中被广泛应用,但其在预后预测的精确性方面仍存在明显局限。现有系统未能充分量化不同治疗模式(如手术切除、局部治疗或全身疗法)对肿瘤学结局的差异化影响。例如:TARE在早期和中期HCC患者中积累的疗效数据尚未系统整合至分期标准中。虽然在接受TACE治疗的患者中,BCLC系统展现出相对较高的预后判别能力,但其预测准确性仍然存在进一步提升的空间[43]。
为了提升预测的准确性,研究者们加入治疗变量并显著提高BCLC分期系统的预后预测能力[44-45]。结合影像组学特征的BCLC模型在预测无移植生存率方面也表现出更高的分类能力[46]。另外,ctDNA、CTC和miRNA等分子标志物的潜在预后价值也未被纳入传统分期框架。这种局限性致使临床医生难以精准评估患者的长期生存获益,尤其对于转化治疗后序贯手术的患者。未来需开发整合肿瘤生物学特征、治疗反应动态评估的多维预后模型,以弥补当前分期系统的缺陷。
靶向治疗领域近年来取得了多项里程碑式突破,为晚期肿瘤患者带来了更多生存希望。索拉非尼作为首个获批用于晚期HCC的多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI),可显著延长患者中位总生存期,奠定了系统治疗的基石[47-48]。仑伐替尼在REFLECT非劣效性试验中展现出与索拉非尼相当的总生存期,且具有更高的客观缓解率和更长的无进展生存期,为不适合免疫联合治疗的患者提供了重要选择[48]。
二线治疗中,瑞戈非尼在RESORCE试验中较安慰剂显著延长进展后患者的总生存期[49];卡博替尼则在Ⅲ期试验中展现出对多线治疗失败患者的生存获益,且能有效控制肿瘤进展[50]。此外,雷莫西尤单抗作为VEGFR2拮抗剂,在REACH-2试验中对AFP≥400 ng/mL的晚期患者显示出明确疗效,进一步完善了个体化治疗格局[51]。这些药物的迭代为HCC的全程管理提供了阶梯式治疗方案,显著改善了患者预后。
同时,基于纳米载体的靶向药物递送系统,通过被动靶向、主动靶向及刺激响应性递送等策略,极大地提高了天然药物单体在肿瘤部位的富集效率,降低了全身毒性[52]。这些创新疗法不仅为晚期HCC拓展了治疗选择,还为个体化治疗方案的制定筑牢了基础。
免疫检查点抑制剂的问世标志着HCC治疗进入免疫时代,其独特的作用机制为晚期患者带来了持久获益。纳武利尤单抗在CheckMate 040试验中首次证实PD-1抑制剂单药治疗的有效性,且安全性可控,为后续研究奠定了基础[53]。阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗的IMbrave150试验更是突破性地为晚期HCC在OS、无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)、客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)方面均带来具有统计学显著性和临床意义的改善,成为目前一线治疗的金标准[54]。
双免疫联合方案进一步拓展了免疫治疗的潜力。HIMALAYA研究首次提出的双免疫STRIDE方案凭借其显著的长期生存数据,已成为HCC系统治疗领域备受关注的一线新疗法[55-56]。在2024年欧洲肿瘤内科学会年会上,HIMALAYA研究公布了其5年OS数据,结果显示STRIDE方案组的5年OS率高达19.6%,为索拉非尼组的两倍,进一步巩固了该方案在肝癌一线治疗中的重要地位,为不适合抗血管生成治疗的患者提供了新选择。此外,纳武利尤单抗(O药)联合伊匹木单抗(Y药)是目前中国唯一获批用于HCC一线治疗的双免联合疗法。基于CheckMate-9dw研究,该方案显著延长患者总生存期,且2年生存率高达49%,ORR达36%,远超传统靶向治疗,展现出强效缩瘤和持久生存获益[57]。这些进展不仅重塑了晚期HCC的治疗格局,也为早期患者的新辅助/辅助治疗探索提供了方向。
局部治疗技术的创新与联合策略显著提升了 HCC 的局部控制率和长期生存。TACE技术的革新尤为关键,药物洗脱微球TACE(DEB-TACE)通过缓释化疗药物提高局部浓度,较传统TACE展现出更高的完全缓解率、更少的不良反应和生存优势[58]。
肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion chemo-therapy,HAIC)是通过导管将抗肿瘤药物直接注入肝动脉,使肿瘤持续接触高浓度化疗药物,从而高效杀伤肿瘤细胞,同时减少对正常肝组织的损害。由于肝脏的首过效应,全身毒性较低,不良反应明显少于全身化疗。HAIC主要适用于存在血管侵犯或肝内肿瘤负荷较大的患者。它不仅能直接控制肿瘤,还可能改善肿瘤微环境,提高机体对靶向和免疫治疗的敏感性,增强抗肿瘤效果。无论是作为HCC术前新辅助或转化治疗、术后辅助治疗,还是中晚期HCC的局部治疗,HAIC均显示出一定疗效[59]。尤其在BCLC C期或高肿瘤负荷患者中,HAIC可作为推荐治疗,也可用于系统治疗无效后的补救手段。虽然FOLFOX-HAIC已被纳入2022年中国临床肿瘤学会肝癌诊疗指南[60],但由于临床证据仍有限,尚未被国际主流肝癌指南推荐。
消融技术方面,微波消融凭借更短的操作时间和更强的热场稳定性,在治疗≤3 cm病灶时与射频消融效果相当,且对邻近大血管病灶的处理更具优势。立体定向体部放疗作为精准放疗技术,在不可手术或消融的病灶中显示出优异的局部控制率,且NRG/RTOG 1112试验证实其联合索拉非尼较单药显著延长中位总生存期,同时改善生活质量[61]。
钇-90微球通过肝动脉精准注入肿瘤血管,微球滞留于肿瘤内部,释放高能量β射线,直接破坏癌细胞,实现“内放疗”。其辐射能量高、半衰期短,能在短时间内集中杀伤肿瘤细胞,且对周围正常组织影响小。钇90为HCC患者提供了新的希望,尤其适合中晚期或无法手术的患者,治疗后肿瘤体积缩小为后续手术切除、LT或靶向免疫治疗创造条件[62]。
联合策略方面,TACE与免疫治疗的协同作用也被证实。目前已受到指南推荐的两种组合分别是“TACE+度伐利尤单抗+贝伐珠单抗(EMERALD-1研究[63])”和“TACE+帕博利珠单抗+仑伐替尼(LEAP-012研究[64])”,而2025 ESMO GI会议中入选LBA的一项TALENTACE研究达到了主要终点,所采取的“TACE+阿替利珠单抗+贝伐珠单抗”组合也引起高度关注。HAIC局部治疗联合分子靶向和免疫治疗的初步研究也显示良好疗效。这些技术的优化与组合为不同分期HCC提供了个体化治疗方案,推动了“局部+系统”综合协同治疗模式的成熟。但多种治疗手段的应用顺序、优势人群的筛选以及个体化用药策略仍需进一步探索,并需通过全球多中心随机对照研究加以验证。
HCC系统治疗的核心模式已经进入“双免疫”或“免疫+靶向”的联合治疗时代,其中“双免+靶向”的三联治疗模式目前仍处于积极探索阶段,尚未确立为标准一线方案。三联治疗理论上结合抗CTLA-4,抗PD-(L)1和抗血管生成/多靶点激酶抑制,旨在进一步增强抗肿瘤活性和克服免疫耐药,为初始不可切除HCC患者创造手术机会[3]。尽管三联疗法在理念上代表了一种更为强化的治疗策略,且部分早期研究显示出一定的抗肿瘤活性,但由于其伴随的毒副反应显著增加,尚未证实明确的OS获益优势[1,3],缺乏与现有标准二联方案的优效性比较,且未被主要临床指南推荐为一线治疗方案,因此目前仍处于临床研究探索和个体化应用阶段,尚未成为主流的一线治疗选择。未来,三联疗法的研究方向将主要聚焦于降低治疗毒性、明确最佳获益人群、对比现有标准二联疗法并验证其疗效与耐受性,以及探索不同治疗干预的序贯顺序等方面,以推动其在综合治疗体系中的进一步发展。
转化治疗的核心在于通过系统治疗,使初始不可切除(因技术限制或预期生存获益不足)或仅适合姑息治疗的患者,实现肿瘤显著缩小、达到PR、门脉癌栓退缩、卫星灶消失或剩余肝脏体积增生,从而转化为可接受根治性肝切除或LT的状态。该策略拓展了外科手术适应证,术前评估不应再局限于解剖可切除性,更应关注肿瘤生物学行为及系统治疗的反应潜力。外科医生需积极参与MDT,评估转化可行性,并紧跟系统治疗的最新进展。
新辅助治疗是指在计划性肝切除或LT前进行2~4个周期的系统治疗,旨在缩小肿瘤体积以降低手术难度与风险,并清除微转移灶以降低术后复发风险。研究显示,新辅助治疗不仅能够筛选出对系统治疗敏感、可能从手术中获益更多的患者,还有助于评估肿瘤的生物学行为[3,39]。然而,新辅助治疗仍面临诸多关键挑战,包括最佳治疗方案的选择、治疗周期的确定以及药物安全性的管理等。我国最先提出肝癌新辅助治疗的诊疗理念,并已经出台相关专家共识规范诊疗流程[39]。然而国际共识指南均认为HCC新辅助治疗研究证据尚不完善和充分,且存在丧失手术机会、不良事件和并发症增加、术后病理分型困难等风险,故未被作为推荐的治疗方式[25]。同时,如何定义新辅助治疗的成功,是影像学缓解还是需要达到病理学缓解、是否需要其他指标评定仍存在争议。最重要的是,其在改善RFS和OS的长期肿瘤学结果方面的有效性仍需大规模Ⅲ期临床试验进一步验证。
HCC术后辅助治疗的核心意义在于弥补手术对微小残留病灶清除的局限性,针对术后高复发风险,通过抑制残留肿瘤细胞增殖、延缓或阻断复发,从而延长患者PFS和OS,提升手术疗效和改善预后。
一项研究显示术后复发在巨大肝癌患者中是一个常见问题,而TACE作为术后辅助治疗可能在这一人群中发挥重要作用[65]。中山大学肿瘤防治中心的研究也表明对于单发伴微血管侵犯的肝癌患者,术后TACE显著延长了中位无复发生存期(17.5 vs 9.3个月,HR=0.70)和中位总生存期(44.3 vs 22.4个月,HR=0.68)[66-67]。一项荟萃分析表明:术后辅助HAIC可显著改善肝癌患者长期预后,尤其对伴有微血管或大血管侵犯者[68]。而对于无复发风险因素的患者,HAIC可能无效。2022年中山大学肿瘤防治中心开展的一项多中心前瞻性RCT显示:对微血管侵犯阳性的肝癌患者,术后接受两个疗程HAIC(间隔4~5周)治疗,复发率显著下降(40.1% vs 55.7%),中位无复发生存期明显延长(20.3 vs 10.0个月,P=0.001)[69]。关于术后放疗的作用,研究显示窄切缘(<1 cm)患者接受放疗可显著延长DFS和OS,降低切缘旁复发、肝内弥漫性复发和肝外转移风险,预后接近宽切缘患者[70]。
随着近年免疫联合方案在QIN等[71]研究中证实显著延长DFS的突破,HCC术后辅助治疗逐步形成“靶向+免疫”为主的联合治疗格局。这一发展对外科领域产生深远影响。外科治疗从“单纯切除”转向“手术+全程辅助”的综合模式,外科医生需更注重术后复发风险分层,如基于肿瘤大小、血管侵犯、病理分级等,以精准选择辅助治疗人群,最终实现以手术为基础、辅助治疗为延伸的生存获益最大化。
然而,Ⅲ期IMbrave050试验中,尽管最初的结果肯定了阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗的辅助治疗可改善RFS,但2024年欧洲肿瘤医学学会(ESMO)大会上公布的最新疗效数据显示,在与主动监测进行比较时,该联合方案的RFS获益并未持续。尽管OS数据尚不成熟,但当前的获益-风险评估结果并不支持将此方案作为所有高风险HCC患者的常规辅助治疗选择。笔者认为,这一结果并非否定T+A方案的价值,而是提醒临床:HCC辅助治疗仍需突破“泛人群应用”的局限,向“精准筛选获益人群、优化治疗策略、探索耐药机制”方向发展。未来需以患者个体特征为核心,结合多维度生物标志物、长期随访数据及真实世界证据,不断优化治疗决策,最终实现延长总生存期、改善总体生活质量的目标。
综合治疗模式要求外科医生掌握转化/新辅助治疗的策略选择、药物毒性管理、疗效评估及手术时机优化的综合能力。转化/新辅助治疗可能影响肿瘤血管及局部组织,间接改变手术难度和术后并发症风险。HCC的肿瘤血管以肝动脉异常增生为主,血供丰富,是术中出血的主要来源。抗血管生成靶向治疗通过抑制VEGF等通路,直接阻碍肿瘤新生血管生成,降低血管密度并扰乱其结构[72]。TACE则通过栓塞肿瘤供血动脉,直接阻断血供,引发肿瘤缺血坏死[73],二者均可降低动脉性出血风险。相反,放疗可能损伤肿瘤周围正常血管壁,导致血管内皮坏死、脆性增加;同时放疗所致纤维化可包裹重要血管,使解剖层次模糊,分离时易致血管损伤。若治疗后肿瘤未缩小甚至进展,肿瘤血管可能因缺氧代偿性增生,血管密度不降反升;若肿瘤侵犯肝静脉或下腔静脉,将进一步增加术中止血难度。
转化/新辅助治疗通过诱导肿瘤坏死、炎症反应或纤维化,还可能改变肿瘤与周围组织的解剖关系,导致粘连程度增加。化疗、免疫治疗或放疗可诱导肿瘤周围组织的炎症反应导致中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞浸润,进而激活成纤维细胞增殖,导致肿瘤与邻近肝包膜、膈肌、胃肠道等组织形成纤维性粘连。有效新辅助治疗后肿瘤坏死,坏死组织周围会形成纤维瘢痕,与周围肝实质、胆囊或胃肠道粘连,使解剖间隙消失。这些致密粘连让重要解剖结构识别不清,而且因为炎症性新生血管而血供丰富,分离时易出现弥漫性渗血,术中止血不彻底可能增加术后迟发性出血风险。另一方面,肿瘤与肝内胆管分支的致密粘连可能导致分离时胆管损伤;放疗等可能引起胆管壁纤维化、管腔狭窄,影响胆汁引流,增加胆瘘风险。此外,转化/新辅助治疗可能加重肝功能损伤,从而增加术后肝功能代偿不足的风险;免疫治疗还可能引发免疫功能紊乱,或因肿瘤坏死组织残留而提高术后腹腔感染的发生风险。
转化/新辅助治疗对手术的影响呈“双面性”,其对HCC手术的具体影响并非绝对,需结合治疗方式、治疗反应及患者的个体差异进行综合评估来平衡疗效与安全性。术前通过增强MRI/CTA评估肿瘤血管密度、粘连范围及坏死程度,结合Child-Pugh分级、ICG-R15等指标评估肝功能储备,优先选择抗血管生成靶向治疗或低剂量TACE等低风险方案,规避大剂量放疗导致的血管纤维化与粘连风险。术中针对血管变化采用分层止血策略:血管减少时利用超声刀沿假包膜快速剥离,血管脆弱或粘连时通过解剖性肝切除明确血管走行,钝锐结合分离粘连组织并备齐修补器械;对毗邻器官粘连需直视下保护肠管、胆管等结构。术后针对性监测并发症:出血患者延长止血药物使用并及时干预活动性出血,胆瘘患者保持引流通畅或行ERCP支架治疗,肝功能受损者加强保肝支持,免疫治疗或肿瘤坏死明显者预防性抗感染。
精准的转化、新辅助及辅助治疗决策,需依赖肝胆外科、肿瘤内科、介入科、放射科、病理科、肝病科等多学科协作。外科医生应主动融入MDT团队,积极发起讨论,深入理解系统治疗原理与进展,尊重各专业意见,共同确立最佳手术时机与治疗介入点,并强化对疗效预测和毒性管理的重视。
具体而言,外科医生应掌握“改良实体瘤疗效评价标准”(modified response evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors,mRECIST)等疗效评估标准及相应影像学表现,识别肿瘤免疫治疗中可能出现的“假性进展”或“延迟反应”,避免过早终止有效治疗或延误手术。若患者在靶向或免疫治疗期间出现药物不良反应,应暂停用药,待不良反应恢复至Ⅰ级或正常后再行手术。
在毒性管理与治疗衔接方面,术前应全面评估系统治疗的潜在毒性,如免疫相关性肝炎、肺炎,以及靶向药所致高血压、出血风险等,严格把握停药与治疗间隔:小分子靶向药建议停药≥1周;PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂建议停药≥2周;贝伐珠单抗需停药≥4周;若患者曾行TACE治疗,建议末次治疗4周后再手术;合并门静脉主干癌栓且接受放疗者,建议放疗后间隔8周再行肝切除。同时应确保足够的洗脱期,并待相关毒性控制稳定后再手术[74]。术后若需辅助治疗,应密切监测并及时处理不良反应,必要时暂停或停药,并注意免疫治疗可能延缓伤口愈合的风险。建议MDT团队全程参与诊疗,并于术前重新评估风险,以保障患者安全。
多灶性HCC指肝脏内存在2个及以上癌灶,其手术适应证的演变与诊疗理念更新、技术进步及循证医学证据积累密切相关。传统上,由于多灶性HCC复发风险高、手术难度大,手术切除的适用人群较为有限。然而,随着对其生物学行为认识的深入、精准肝切除技术的成熟以及综合治疗策略的发展,多灶性HCC的手术治疗正逐渐被纳入新的临床共识。研究显示,对于肝功能良好且肿瘤生物学行为可控的患者,手术切除仍可显著改善生存预后。若病灶数量≤5个、局限于同一肝段、肝叶或半肝且无弥漫性分布,技术上具备完全切除可行性,可考虑手术治疗;若为单中心起源而非肝内转移,且各病灶间无血管侵犯,则更支持积极手术干预。
微创手术在现代医学中应用日益广泛,腹腔镜(laparoscopic liver resection,LLR)和机器人辅助技术(robot-assisted liver resection,RALR)显著减少了手术创伤,提高了安全性和疗效。研究表明,LLR在减少术中出血、降低术后并发症和缩短住院时间方面优于传统开放性肝切除术[75]。其长期肿瘤学结果也不逊于开放手术,进一步确立了其在肝细胞癌治疗中的地位[76]。RALR因其在复杂手术中的灵活性和精确性受到关注,尤其在处理后上段病变时,能实现更宽的切缘和更低的R1切缘率[77-79]。机器人技术还缩短了学习曲线,使更多外科医生能够掌握该技术[80]。此外,微创手术在老年患者和伴有肝硬化的患者中也表现出良好的安全性和有效性,显著降低了术后并发症风险。
多种新兴技术已广泛应用于解剖性肝切除中。术中超声可实时成像肝脏内部结构,精准定位肿瘤并明确其与周边血管、胆管的解剖关系,为手术操作提供实时引导,在确保肿瘤完整切除的同时有效避免重要结构损伤。吲哚菁绿(ICG)荧光染色导航技术通过术中荧光显影,清晰勾勒肿瘤边界、门静脉流域及肝段界限,助力术者精准规划切除范围,实现荷瘤门静脉流域的精准切除。混合现实引导技术则通过虚拟三维肝脏模型与术中实时场景的融合,为术者提供直观、全面的肝脏解剖及肿瘤空间定位信息,有效辅助手术决策。随着技术革新与临床经验积累,微创手术在肝脏疾病治疗中的应用前景将更为广阔。未来需进一步探索其在不同病理条件下的适应证范围及优化应用策略,以推动临床应用的精准化与规范化。
1888年,德国医生LANGENBUCH完成世界首例肝脏切除术,标志着肝脏外科的诞生[80]。20世纪中叶,通过对肝内管道的铸形研究,人类首次系统性地掌握了肝脏解剖结构,规则性肝叶切除术随之发展成熟。这些早期的手术实践与技术探索,为后续精准肝脏外科理论的建立奠定了坚实基础。20世纪50年代,学者基于门静脉和肝静脉的分支分布,提出了将肝脏划分为8个独立肝段的解剖分段系统,为解剖性肝切除的实施提供了理论依据。1985年,日本学者MAKUUCHI正式提出解剖性肝切除概念,主张完整切除具有独立门静脉流域的肝段或联合肝段,以提高肿瘤的根治性切除效果[81]。董家鸿院士[1]首次提出“精准肝脏外科”理念,强调通过精确的病情评估、科学的外科决策和精细的手术规划,实现以最小创伤和最大肝脏保护为目标的最佳康复效果。此后,精准肝脏外科理念和技术迅速发展,借助现代医学影像技术精确评估肝脏病变范围、肿瘤分期等,为手术方案设计提供依据。同时,肝功能定量检测方法吲哚菁绿排泄试验(indocyanine green excretion test,ICG)结合常规肝脏生化检查以及Child分级,成为综合评定肝脏储备功能的主要标准,为确定肝切除安全限量和适当肝切除范围提供了可靠依据。2008年,AOKI等[82]首次应用ICG荧光导航系统替代传统美蓝染色法,完成了开放解剖性肝切除术。2012年,ISHIZAWA等[83]进一步在腹腔镜下实现ICG正染或负染引导的解剖性肝切除。
近年来,随着三维可视化、3D打印、术中超声、虚拟现实与增强现实等技术的发展,解剖性肝切除逐步迈向精准化、个体化和安全化,以亚肝段切除为基础的精准外科理念也日益受到国际学术界的认可。其中解剖性肝切除仍然是其核心部分,具有多项明显优势。在降低肿瘤复发率方面,该术式可完整切除荷瘤肝段或肝叶及其所属门静脉流域内的肝组织,有效清除微小转移灶和癌前病变,降低术后复发风险。在控制术中出血方面,通过精准处理相应肝段的血管和胆管,有助于减少出血,保持视野清晰,降低输血需求。手术安全性也得以提高,因遵循肝脏解剖结构操作,减少了对剩余肝脏重要血管和胆管的损伤,从而降低术后肝功能衰竭等严重并发症的发生概率。此外,该术式还能确保剩余肝脏具备完整的血管和胆管引流,有利于术后肝功能恢复和肝脏再生。
随着肝脏解剖学和肿瘤生物学研究的深入,传统解剖学理论不断细化,衍生出多种分支理论。流域性解剖性肝切除理论针对HCC沿门静脉流域播散的特点,以门静脉流域肝段/亚段为单位,系统性切除荷瘤门静脉流域及相应Glisson系统,通过精准阻断播散途径优化肿瘤学疗效。笔者提出的切缘优先解剖性肝切除理论强调在保证肿瘤学安全的前提下,以切缘评估为核心规划切除范围,实现肿瘤精准切除与功能性肝组织最大化保留的平衡[79]。郑树国教授等[84]提出的限量解剖性肝切除理论,则针对我国80%以上HCC患者合并肝硬化的特点,倡导以肿瘤为中心,参照荷瘤门静脉流域解剖平面,在精准切除肿瘤及所属流域的同时最大限度保留功能性肝实质,有效降低因切除体积过大导致的术后肝衰竭风险,尤其适用于肿瘤跨肝段生长的患者。当前多种理论体系为解剖性肝切除提供了多元化指导。未来随着研究的进一步深入,手术理念将朝着更高精度的方向发展,形成整合肝脏解剖特征、肿瘤生物学行为、患者个体状况及术后恢复规律的综合理论体系,为精准肝脏外科提供更科学、更优化的临床决策依据。
当肿瘤侵犯肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉或下腔静脉等重要血管时,传统手术难以完整切除,且易引发严重并发症。对于侵犯肝中静脉或肝左静脉的肿瘤,在行左半肝扩大切除的同时重建肝中静脉,有助于保障肝脏血液回流和功能。若肿瘤累及下腔静脉,可考虑在切除肿瘤的同时进行下腔静脉切除与重建,甚至结合自体LT。部分HCC患者合并门静脉癌栓,若癌栓位于门静脉主干、分叉或双侧分支,也需进行门静脉重建。目前,血管重建手术主要适用于肿瘤侵犯重要血管、癌栓范围广泛或术中血管损伤无法直接修复的情况。实际操作中,应综合评估患者肝功能、肿瘤分期及全身状况,判断其是否能耐受手术。
以川北医学院附属医院实施的1例改良自体LT术为例,该术式为免ByPass原位在体冷灌注复杂肝切除(肝癌根治术)联合下腔静脉与肝中静脉重建。患者为巨大肝尾状叶HCC伴血管侵犯,瘤体占据整个尾状叶,侵犯范围从肝上下腔静脉延伸至肝下下腔静脉,累及肝中静脉、肝左静脉及门静脉根部,并包绕第一肝门。对于此类位置复杂、常规术式难以切除的肿瘤,采用原位在体冷灌注技术处理拟保留的右半肝,切除全尾状叶瘤体、受侵犯的左半肝及血管,并重建肝中静脉与下腔静脉,以恢复残肝血液回流。该术式适用于肿瘤侵犯重要血管且范围广泛、无法通过常规手术实现根治性切除的患者。此类手术对医疗团队技术及医院设备要求极高,需肝胆外科、血管外科、麻醉科等多学科协作,以保障手术顺利及围手术期安全。
HCC的诊疗已从单一手术或局部治疗迈进MDT时代。这一转变既得益于早期筛查技术的进步(如高灵敏度影像学与液体活检),也归功于系统治疗的重大突破(如靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂)。然而,当前实践中仍存在临床指南与研究观点之间的分歧,亟待协调统一。尽管手术适应证有所拓宽,其应用仍须严格遵循循证医学证据,并结合患者肿瘤生物学行为及肝功能储备进行个体化评估。腹腔镜和机器人辅助手术等微创技术有助于提高手术安全性和促进术后康复,但其远期肿瘤学疗效尚需更多高质量前瞻性研究加以验证。未来HCC诊疗应在技术创新与临床验证之间寻求平衡:既要推动微创外科、分子分型等新技术的规范应用,也需通过严谨研究明确各类策略的适用人群,避免治疗过度或不足。完善MDT协作机制与深化个体化治疗理念,将成为提升HCC患者长期生存率的重要保障。

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2025年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508010
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
  • 修回日期:2025-08-27
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    1陆军军医大学第一附属医院全军肝胆外科研究所,重庆
    2陆军第九五三医院,西藏自治区,日喀则

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李建伟,副教授、副主任医师、医学博士,硕士生导师。主要从事肝胆胰微创外科的临床和应用研究、胆管癌复发转移的分子机制研究;致力于肝胆胰脾疾病的微创外科治疗,擅长腹腔镜肝切除、胰腺切除和胆管结石、门静脉高压的微创治疗;兼任中国医师学会专业信息传播和教育工作委员会委员,中国医师学会内镜医师分会腹腔镜青年医师委员会委员,重庆市医学会肝胆胰外科专业委员会青年委员会副主任委员。在SCI及国内核心期刊以第一、通讯作者发表论文50余篇。主持国家自然科学基金“青年科学基金项目”“国家重点研发计划”等科研项目;获得“右肝后叶暴露装置”“肝门阻断装置”等发明专利。参编肝胆外科领域中国指南及专家共识6部,获重庆市科技进步一等奖1项、二等奖1项。E-mail:
LI Jianwei,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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