Article(id=1322190421753713244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=1747756800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164361656, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756483200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164361656, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164361656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164361656, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190316019499694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1825', pageEnd='1980', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756483200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164336447, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164553187, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191225206198613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191225206198614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1838, endPage=1848, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190422152172125, articleId=1322190421753713244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Effects of clesmatine on myelination and neuronal activity during sleep in the hippocampus of adult APP/PS1 mice, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the effects of clesmatine on the myelination and neural oscillation-related firing activities during sleep in the hippocampus of adult APP/PS1 mice.

Methods‍

Oral administration of clemastine in drinking water was given to APP/PS1 mice for 3 months to enhance myelination in adulthood. Based on the treatment regimens, the mice were randomly assigned into APP/PS1 group, APP/PS1+clemastine group, and wild-type (WT) group. Local field potentials combined with three-dimensional acceleration of the head and neck were employed to determine the brain states, that is, wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, REM sleep. In vivo multi-electrode arrays were utilized to continuously monitor neuronal firing activities in the dorsal hippocampus across the 3 sleep states.

Results‍

① Oral clemastine administration via drinking water significantly increased MBP+ protein expression levels in APP/PS1+Clemastine mice than the APP/PS1 controls (P<0.001). ② Clemastine administration did not alter the time proportions of NREM sleep, REM sleep and wakefulness during the daytime phase in APP/PS1 mice (Ps>0.05). ③ Clemastine administration obviously reduced the mean firing rate of hippocampal pyramidal cells (P<0.05) while increasing that of hippocampal interneurons (P<0.05) in APP/PS1 mice. ④ Clemastine administration increased the occurrence rate of hippocampal sharp wave-ripple (SWR) oscillations during NREM sleep and specifically reduced the firing rate of pyramidal cells during SWR oscillations in APP/PS1 mice (P<0.05). ⑤ Clemastine administration had no significant effect on the hippocampal neuronal firing activity during theta oscillation in REM sleep in APP/PS1 mice (Ps >0.05).

Conclusion‍

Clemastine administration not only enhances the adult myelination, but also rescues both the SWRs and associated hippocampal neuronal firing during NREM sleep in APP/PS1 mice.

, authors=Ye YANG1, Haibo ZHANG2, Yanji LIU1, Zhongxiang YAO2, Bo HU1, authorsList=Ye YANG, Haibo ZHANG, Yanji LIU, Zhongxiang YAO, Bo HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongxiang YAO, Bo HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190425209819757, articleId=1322190421753713244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=氯马斯汀对APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化和睡眠期神经活动的影响, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化和睡眠期间神经振荡及相关神经元放电活动的影响。

方法

连续饮水口服氯马斯汀3个月,促进成年期APP/PS1小鼠大脑髓鞘化。根据给药情况,将小鼠分为3组:APP/PS1组、APP/PS1+Clemastine组、野生型(WT)组。结合海马局部场电位和头部三维加速度信号特征判定小鼠的睡眠和觉醒状态(觉醒、NREM睡眠、REM睡眠)。在体多通道记录连续监测背侧海马神经元在觉醒、NREM睡眠和REM睡眠状态下的放电活动。

结果

①饮水口服氯马斯汀可以使APP/PS1+Clemastine组小鼠MBP+蛋白表达水平显著高于APP/PS1组(P<0.001)。②氯马斯汀处理不会改变APP/PS1小鼠日间时相中NREM睡眠、REM睡眠和觉醒所占的时间比例(Ps>0.05)。③ 氯马斯汀处理降低APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞的平均放电频率(P<0.05)、增加该区中间神经元的平均放电频率(P<0.05)。④ 氯马斯汀处理增加NREM睡眠期海马SWR振荡发生率,并特异性降低APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞在SWR(Sharp wave ripple)振荡发生时的放电频率(P<0.05)。⑤氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元在REM睡眠期theta振荡发生时的放电活动无显著影响(Ps>0.05)。

结论

氯马斯汀可促进APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化,改善NREM睡眠期SWR振荡发生及其相关的海马神经元放电活动。

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胡波,E-mail:
姚忠祥,E-mail:
HU Bo,E-mail:
YAO Zhongxaing,E-mail:
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J Alzheimers Dis Rep,2025,9:25424823241309063., articleTitle=Sleep disturbances and their correlation with memory impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190425516003950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190425524392559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, companyId=1322190425516003950, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190425532781168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, companyId=1322190425516003950, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:基础医学教学实验中心,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322190425599890033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190425612472946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, companyId=1322190425599890033, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190425620861555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, companyId=1322190425599890033, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:生理学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190429316043415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Oral clemastine administration enhances adult myelination in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice., figureFileSmall=I/mgW0Xc3fckhX/wcIhX/w==, figureFileBig=q217kXNjvGDk/BHO27texw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190429378957976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=CN, label=图1, caption=饮水口服氯马斯汀对APP/PS1小鼠海马髓鞘化的促进效应

A:Representative images showing Aβ plaques (red) deposited in the dorsal hippocampus of APP/PS1 (left),APP/PS1+Clemastine (middle) and WT (right) mice. B:Comparison of the Aβ plaque numbers in the dorsal hippocampus among 3 groups of mice. One-way ANOVA was used. F=14.37,P=0.0003. d,P<0.001. C:Representative images showing the expression of MBP protein (green) in the dorsal hippocampus of APP/PS1 (left),APP/PS1+Clemastine (middle) and WT (right) mice. One-way ANOVA was used. F=38.63,P<0.0001. c,P<0.0001. D:Comparison of the MBP fluorescence in the dorsal hippocampus among 3 groups of mice. E:Representative images showing the expression of NG2 protein (green) in the dorsal hippocampus of APP/PS1 (left),APP/PS1+Clemastine (middle) and WT (right) mice. F:Comparison of the NG2 fluorescence in the dorsal hippocampus among 3 groups of mice. One-way ANOVA was used. F=0.43,P=0.6610.

, figureFileSmall=I/mgW0Xc3fckhX/wcIhX/w==, figureFileBig=q217kXNjvGDk/BHO27texw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190429685142169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of clemastine administration on the sleep-wakefulness architecture of APP/PS1 mice, figureFileSmall=6J4X5nIQt9QuJw0szTHHng==, figureFileBig=TEgS+H7oQD9I6med8F5e7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190429756445339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=CN, label=图2, caption=氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠睡眠-觉醒结构的影响

A:Classification of NREM steep(left),REM (middle) sleep and wakefulness (right) sleep. B:Percentage of NREM sleep in the total recording time. One-way ANOVA was used. F=0.4189,P=0.6615. C:Percentage of NREM sleep in the total recording time. One-way ANOVA was used. F=0.7026,P=0.3571. D:Percentage of wakefulness in the total recording time. One-way ANOVA was used. F=0.4700,P=0.7743. NREM:non-rapid eye movement; REM:rapid eye movement

, figureFileSmall=6J4X5nIQt9QuJw0szTHHng==, figureFileBig=TEgS+H7oQD9I6med8F5e7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190429836137116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of clemastine administration on the firing rates of hippocampal neurons in the APP/PS1 mice, figureFileSmall=yDUjekwsO8rh3X1uibI/Ew==, figureFileBig=aoTj+c1VgGNz9NoEGookXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190429894857373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=CN, label=图3, caption=氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元在不同脑活动状态下放电频率的影响

A:Comparison of average firing rates of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the APP/PS1 (left),APP/PS1+Clemastine (middle) and WT (right) mice. B:Comparison of average firing rates of the hippocampal pyramidal cells during wakefulness in 3 groups of mice. C:Comparison of average firing rates of the hippocampal pyramidal cells during NREM sleep in 3 groups of mice. D:Comparison of average firing rates of the hippocampal pyramidal cells during REM sleep in 3 groups of mice. E:Comparison of average firing rates of hippocampal interneurons in the 3 groups of mice. F:Comparison of average firing rates of the hippocampal interneurons during wakefulness in 3 groups of mice. G:Comparison of average firing rates of the hippocampal interneurons during NREM sleep in 3 groups of mice. H:Comparison of average firing rates of the hippocampal interneurons during REM sleep in 3 groups of mice. a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,d:P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=yDUjekwsO8rh3X1uibI/Ew==, figureFileBig=aoTj+c1VgGNz9NoEGookXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190429966160542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of clemastine administration on the hippocampal neuronal activities during SWR oscillations in the APP/PS1 mice, figureFileSmall=ZWmLx12VT9dsdmoA7iZoHw==, figureFileBig=ZTIVC2m8pVCTOSMvhbEqBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190430029075103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=CN, label=图4, caption=氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元在SWR振荡期间放电活动的影响

A:Representative images showing the firing activities of hippocampal pyramidal cells (PYR) during SWR oscillations in the APP/PS1 (green),APP/PS1+Clemastine (red) and WT (gray) mice. B:Average firing activities of the hippocampal pyramidal cells during SWR oscillations in 3 groups of mice. C:Comparison of maximum firing activities of the hippocampal pyramidal cells during SWR oscillations in 3 groups of mice. D:Representative images showing the firing activities of hippocampal interneurons (IN) during SWR oscillation in 3 groups of mice. E:Average firing activities of the hippocampal interneurons during SWR oscillations in 3 groups of mice. F: Comparison of maximum firing activities of the hippocampal interneurons during SWR oscillations in 3 groups of mice. One-way ANOVA was used. a:P<0.05,d:P<0.0001. SWR:sharp wave ripple

, figureFileSmall=ZWmLx12VT9dsdmoA7iZoHw==, figureFileBig=ZTIVC2m8pVCTOSMvhbEqBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190430104572576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of clemastine administration on the hippocampal neuronal activities during theta oscillations in the APP/PS1 mice, figureFileSmall=CEhu2WRqna1OkVta0a6cpg==, figureFileBig=ibPn9x2X7V3asrQwluc/PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190430163292833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190421753713244, language=CN, label=图5, caption=氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元在REM睡眠theta振荡发生时放电活动的影响

A:Representative image showing the firing activities of hippocampal pyramidal cells (PYR) across the early,middle,and late epochs of REM sleep in the APP/PS1 (green),APP/PS1+Clemastine (red) and WT (gray) mice. B:Comparison of average firing activities of the hippocampal pyramidal cells (PYR) during the early (left),middle (middle) and late (left) stage of REM sleep in 3 groups of mice. C:Representative images showing the firing activities of hippocampal interneurons (IN) across the early,middle,and late epochs of REM sleep in the 3 groups of mice. D:Comparison of average firing activities of the hippocampal interneurons during the early (left),middle (middle) and late (left) stage of REM sleep in 3 groups of mice. One-way ANOVA was used. a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001; d:P<0.000 1

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氯马斯汀对APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化和睡眠期神经活动的影响
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杨叶 1 , 张海波 2 , 刘彦吉 1 , 姚忠祥 2 , 胡波 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(16): 1838-1848
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (16) : 1838 -1848
氯马斯汀对APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化和睡眠期神经活动的影响
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杨叶1, 张海波2, 刘彦吉1, 姚忠祥2 , 胡波1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:基础医学教学实验中心,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:生理学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
胡波,E-mail:
姚忠祥,E-mail:
HU Bo,E-mail:
YAO Zhongxaing,E-mail:
Effects of clesmatine on myelination and neuronal activity during sleep in the hippocampus of adult APP/PS1 mice
Ye YANG1, Haibo ZHANG2, Yanji LIU1, Zhongxiang YAO2 , Bo HU1
Affiliations
  • 1Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-08-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505023
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目的

研究氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化和睡眠期间神经振荡及相关神经元放电活动的影响。

方法

连续饮水口服氯马斯汀3个月,促进成年期APP/PS1小鼠大脑髓鞘化。根据给药情况,将小鼠分为3组:APP/PS1组、APP/PS1+Clemastine组、野生型(WT)组。结合海马局部场电位和头部三维加速度信号特征判定小鼠的睡眠和觉醒状态(觉醒、NREM睡眠、REM睡眠)。在体多通道记录连续监测背侧海马神经元在觉醒、NREM睡眠和REM睡眠状态下的放电活动。

结果

①饮水口服氯马斯汀可以使APP/PS1+Clemastine组小鼠MBP+蛋白表达水平显著高于APP/PS1组(P<0.001)。②氯马斯汀处理不会改变APP/PS1小鼠日间时相中NREM睡眠、REM睡眠和觉醒所占的时间比例(Ps>0.05)。③ 氯马斯汀处理降低APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞的平均放电频率(P<0.05)、增加该区中间神经元的平均放电频率(P<0.05)。④ 氯马斯汀处理增加NREM睡眠期海马SWR振荡发生率,并特异性降低APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞在SWR(Sharp wave ripple)振荡发生时的放电频率(P<0.05)。⑤氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元在REM睡眠期theta振荡发生时的放电活动无显著影响(Ps>0.05)。

结论

氯马斯汀可促进APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化,改善NREM睡眠期SWR振荡发生及其相关的海马神经元放电活动。

髓鞘  /  海马  /  睡眠  /  神经振荡  /  多通道记录
Objective‍

To investigate the effects of clesmatine on the myelination and neural oscillation-related firing activities during sleep in the hippocampus of adult APP/PS1 mice.

Methods‍

Oral administration of clemastine in drinking water was given to APP/PS1 mice for 3 months to enhance myelination in adulthood. Based on the treatment regimens, the mice were randomly assigned into APP/PS1 group, APP/PS1+clemastine group, and wild-type (WT) group. Local field potentials combined with three-dimensional acceleration of the head and neck were employed to determine the brain states, that is, wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, REM sleep. In vivo multi-electrode arrays were utilized to continuously monitor neuronal firing activities in the dorsal hippocampus across the 3 sleep states.

Results‍

① Oral clemastine administration via drinking water significantly increased MBP+ protein expression levels in APP/PS1+Clemastine mice than the APP/PS1 controls (P<0.001). ② Clemastine administration did not alter the time proportions of NREM sleep, REM sleep and wakefulness during the daytime phase in APP/PS1 mice (Ps>0.05). ③ Clemastine administration obviously reduced the mean firing rate of hippocampal pyramidal cells (P<0.05) while increasing that of hippocampal interneurons (P<0.05) in APP/PS1 mice. ④ Clemastine administration increased the occurrence rate of hippocampal sharp wave-ripple (SWR) oscillations during NREM sleep and specifically reduced the firing rate of pyramidal cells during SWR oscillations in APP/PS1 mice (P<0.05). ⑤ Clemastine administration had no significant effect on the hippocampal neuronal firing activity during theta oscillation in REM sleep in APP/PS1 mice (Ps >0.05).

Conclusion‍

Clemastine administration not only enhances the adult myelination, but also rescues both the SWRs and associated hippocampal neuronal firing during NREM sleep in APP/PS1 mice.

myelin  /  hippocampus  /  sleep  /  neural oscillation  /  multiple-channels recording
杨叶, 张海波, 刘彦吉, 姚忠祥, 胡波. 氯马斯汀对APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化和睡眠期神经活动的影响. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (16) : 1838 -1848 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505023
Ye YANG, Haibo ZHANG, Yanji LIU, Zhongxiang YAO, Bo HU. Effects of clesmatine on myelination and neuronal activity during sleep in the hippocampus of adult APP/PS1 mice[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (16) : 1838 -1848 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505023
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是一种中枢神经系统的退行性病变,其病理改变包括β-淀粉样蛋白沉积、Tau蛋白磷酸化和神经纤维缠结等,患者表现出记忆等认知功能的进行性降低症状[1]。尽管AD相关记忆功能障碍被认为主要是由于神经元功能障碍和变性的结果,但AD患者和动物还被发现存在少突胶质细胞功能紊乱的现象[2]。特别是,少突胶质细胞及髓鞘的结构和功能异常已被证明参与AD的症状和(或)进展过程[3]。形成髓鞘的成熟少突胶质细胞由少突胶质细胞前体细胞(Oligodendrocyte precursor cells,OPCs)增殖分化而来。研究表明,成年期的OPCs仍可不断增殖分化持续形成新髓鞘,动态更新对神经元轴突的包绕,满足记忆等认知功能的需求[4-5]。但AD患者和动物成年期脑内髓鞘丢失的速度快于髓鞘新生,导致该病理状态下脑内髓鞘总量的减少[6]。考虑到海马是最易受到AD病理改变的影响、并导致记忆功能损害的脑区之一[1,4-6]。因此,能否促进成年期髓鞘化对AD病理条件下海马功能活动的进行改善值得深入研究。
睡眠期间特定频率的神经振荡活动是海马参与记忆巩固的关键网络活动机制[7]。例如,海马特有的100~250 Hz振荡活动—尖波-涟漪波(sharp wave ripple,SWR)振荡与记忆细胞时序性重激活紧密相关,抑制SWR振荡损害记忆巩固[8],而延长SWR振荡发生时间则可以增强记忆巩固[9]。5~10 Hz的theta振荡被证明是海马巩固情绪记忆的关键网络活动[10,11]。AD病理状态下,SWR振荡和theta振荡的发生均会受到损害[5,6,12]。研究证实,口服氯马斯汀(Clemastine)药物干预具有促进成年期大脑内髓鞘新生的效应[13-15]。因此,本研究拟结合在体多通道记录技术,研究口服氯马斯汀处理对AD模型小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化和睡眠期海马神经振荡及相关的神经元放电活动的影响,为探索其是否以及如何改善AD病理状态下的海马记忆功能奠定基础。
12只雄性APP/PS1小鼠(8月龄,体质量25~30 g)和6只雄性C57BL/6野生型小鼠(8月龄)均购自重庆恩斯维尔生物公司。将APP/PS1小鼠分成2组:一组接受连续3个月的氯马斯汀饮水口服喂养;另一组APP/PS1小鼠(n=6)接受连续3个月的纯水口服喂养。在喂养期间、手术后恢复适应期间,以及电生理信号记录监测期间,小鼠单笼饲养于标准环境中:黑暗12 h和光照12 h循环明暗周期(早上8:00开灯,晚上20:00关灯)、温度20~25 ℃、IVC循环通风。本研究的实验方案和动物操作程序均过陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC2020716)。
氯马斯汀(#S1847)购自美国Selleck Chemicals公司;DMSO(#D5879)购自德国Sigma-Aldrich公司;兔抗Aβ1-42(#ab302544)购自英国abcam公司、大鼠抗MBP (#MAB386,美国)、兔抗NG2(#AB5320)均购自美国Millipore公司,驴抗兔购自美国Life Technologies公司、驴抗大鼠(#A21208)购自美国Thermo Fisher公司。DAPI(#C1006)购自中国Beyotime公司;多通道电生理记录系统(RHD2000)购自美国Intan Technologies公司;全玻片扫描显微镜(#VS200)购自日本Olympus公司;超分辨率旋转盘共聚焦显微镜SpinSR10购自日本Olympus公司;荧光显微镜购自德国Zeiss公司。
参照文献方法[14-15],将氯马斯汀以30 mg/mL的浓度溶于DMSO中。进一步将上述溶液稀释于纯水中。APP/PS1+Clemastine组小鼠(n=6)按10 mg/kg/天的剂量从饮用水中摄入氯马斯汀,连续3个月(至小鼠11月龄)。这种饮水服用氯马斯汀的方法,已被证明可以有效促进小鼠大脑的髓鞘化[13-15]。作为一组对照,在不加入氯马斯汀情况下,将相同体积的DMSO稀释于纯水中,APP/PS1组小鼠(n=6)连续3个月饮用含有DMSO的纯水。在另一组对照中,野生型小鼠(WT组)同样连续3个月饮用含有同样浓度DMSO的纯水。在开始电生理手术前1周,小鼠停止服用氯马斯汀或仅含DMSO的纯水。
将给药结束的小鼠放入封闭麻醉箱中(1.0%~1.5%异氟烷),待小鼠的呼吸频率稳定在60~90次/min后,将头部左右对称固定于脑立体定位仪上,确定前囟点和后囟点,并通过微调确保颅骨顶部保持水平位置(前囟与后囟的高度差以及左右对称点的高度差≤100 μm)。在小鼠小脑上方对称位置钻两个直径为500 μm的骨窗,并植入医用级不锈钢微型螺丝(直径450 μm,长度1.2 mm)作为电生理参考电极与地线的连接位点。将微电极阵列植入到双侧海马区域(AP,1.9 mm;ML,±1.6 mm;DV,0.8 mm)。术后,小鼠恢复7 d,随后进行实验环境适应训练。最后,开展在体电生理信号记录。
手术恢复后,小鼠接受为期2 d的实验环境适应训练。在此适应期间,微推进器缓慢向小鼠背侧海马CA1区推进(0.1 mm/d),直到稳定检测到神经元特征性放电活动。使用多通道电生理记录系统采集电生理信号,采集频率为20 kHz,同步记录CA1区神经元动作电位、局部场电位以及头部加速度信号。电生理记录时段固定在每日12:30至16:00,单次记录时间持续至少3 h。当日记录完成后,电极阵列继续下移0.075 mm,确保次日可采集到新的神经元集群信号。整个记录过程中,电极仅单向深入推进,以避免尖端偏离目标脑区,确保信号采集的稳定性。
对记录到的背侧海马CA1区电生理数据进行离线分析,对局部场电位进行600~6 000 Hz带通滤波预处理。微电极阵列所记录到的神经元发放信号由KlustaKwik软件进行自动甄选和归类,并在后期通过Klusters软件进行人工复核。参照课题组既往文献所定义的标准[8,16],将记录到的海马神经元分为两类:①锥体细胞:平均放电频率<6 Hz,峰电位谷-峰宽度>0.35 ms。②中间神经元:平均放电频率≥6 Hz,峰电位谷-峰宽度≤0.35 ms。对于不符合上述分类条件的神经元单位发放信号,不纳入后续分析。
结合背侧海马CA1区LFP特征及头颈部三维加速度,对小鼠脑状态进行判定[8]:①觉醒:背侧海马呈现明显theta振荡(5.0~10.0 Hz),头颈部三维加速度持续升高且持续时间超过10 s;②非快速动眼(non-rapid eye movement,NREM)睡眠:背侧海马呈现明显高幅低频振荡(0.5~4.0 Hz),头颈部无显著三维加速变化,持续10 s以上;③快速眼动(rapid eye movement,REM)睡眠:背侧海马呈现明显theta振荡(5.0~10.0 Hz),头颈部三维加速度无变化,持续时间10 s以上。
参照课题组已发表的方法[16]检测NREM睡眠期背侧海马SWR事件:选择SWR振幅最大的LFP通道作为检测通道,在背侧海马记录的局部场电位信号中,以SWR振荡幅度最大的通道作为检测通道,将没有SWR振荡出现的信号通道作为参考通道。参考通道为无SWR事件的通道,对两通道信号进行差分预处理后,进行100~250 Hz的带通滤波处理。SWR事件被定义为振幅超过基线均值4个标准差的场电位振荡事件。REM睡眠期theta振荡检测参照文献[16]。
取小鼠脑组织制备20 μm厚海马CA1区连续冰冻切片。切片经5% BSA与0.5% Triton-X 100室温封闭1 h后,依次进行以下操作:4 ℃一抗孵育过夜,室温二抗孵育1 h,最后以DAPI复染细胞核。在室温下,用DAPI复染细胞核。荧光成像使用以下设备:全玻片扫描显微镜、超分辨率旋转盘共聚焦显微镜或荧光显微镜,激发波长适用于Alexa Fluor 350(380 nm)、488(488 nm)、594(568 nm)、647(628 nm)或DAPI(380 nm)。
具体的荧光信号计数和定量方法如下:①Aβ+斑块计数:使用Image J软件划定海马完整区域并计算面积,并设置阳性斑块面积≥50 μm²。计算单位面积下Aβ+斑块数量。每只小鼠统计2个切面,每组统计3只小鼠,共6个切面。②MBP+细胞:使用Image J软件划定海马完整区域并计算面积,再计算MBP+细胞的荧光面积,最后得出MBP+细胞的单位面积荧光比值。每只小鼠统计2个切面,每组统计3只小鼠,共6个切面。③NG2+细胞:将所得NG2+的免疫荧光染色图片用VS200软件打开。划定海马完整区域并计算面积,再计数该区域内NG2+细胞(带有完整的细胞核以及清晰的细胞突起才能被纳入)的数量。每只小鼠统计2个切面,每组统计3只小鼠,共6个切面。
所有数据使用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析,以x¯±s,表示。对于3组小鼠Aβ+斑块、MBP+细胞、NG2+细胞数量、背侧海马CA1区神经元在不同状态下和不同振荡中的放电频率比较采用单因素方差分析及其两组间比较。两组之间的比较使用Kruskal-Wallis 秩和检验,P<0.05为具有统计学差异。
本研究首先评估了口服氯马斯汀对APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化的促进效应。统计结果显示:连续3个月通过饮水口服氯马斯汀不影响APP/PS1小鼠海马Aβ斑块的沉积总量(P>0.05,与APP/PS1组相比,见图1A,B)。但是,连续3个月饮水口服氯马斯汀会增加11月龄APP/PS1小鼠海马的髓鞘化水平(P<0.001,与APP/PS1组相比,见图1C,D),使其达到与11月龄WT组小鼠相当的髓鞘化程度(P>0.05,与WT组相比,见图1C,D)。此外,饮水口服氯马斯汀不影响APP/PS1小鼠海马区OPCs数量(Ps>0.05,与APP/PS1组或WT组相比,见图1E,F)。综上结果表明,连续3个月的饮水口服氯马斯汀能够提升APP/PS1小鼠成年期海马髓鞘化水平,且这种效应不是由OPC的数量增加所导致。
接下来,本研究评估了氯马斯汀处理对11月龄APP/PS1小鼠睡眠-觉醒结构的影响。背侧海马的在体多通道记录在日间时相(8:00~16:00)开展。利用小鼠背侧海马区记录到的局部场电位振荡和头部三维加速度信号来进行不同睡眠和觉醒状态的分析(见图2A)。统计分析显示:在被检测的日间时相期间,3组小鼠的觉醒时间所占比例(P>0.05)、NREM睡眠所占时间比例(P>0.05)、REM睡眠所占时间比例(P>0.05)均没有差异(见图2B~D)。以上结果表明:氯马斯汀处理不影响APP/PS1小鼠日间睡眠-觉醒的整体结构。
本研究在18只小鼠的背侧海马区甄选出了801个锥体细胞(APP/PS1组169个,APP/PS1+Clemastine组260个,WT组372个)和176个中间神经元(APP/PS1组47个,APP/PS1+Clemastine组76个,WT组53个)。统计结果显示,氯马斯汀处理降低APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马锥体神经元放电频率(P<0.05,与APP/PS1组相比;P>0.05,与WT组相比,见图3A)。同时,氯马斯汀处理升高了APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马中间神经元的放电频率(P<0.05,与APP/PS1组相比;P>0.05,与WT组相比,见图3E)。
进一步,本研究量化比较了在不同脑状态下,氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马神经元放电活动的影响。结果显示:(1)在觉醒状态下,氯马斯汀处理降低了APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马锥体细胞的放电频率(P<0.001,与APP/PS1组相比;P>0.05,与WT组相比,见图3B),但不改变成年期APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马中间神经元的放电频率(Ps>0.05,与APP/PS1或WT组相比,见图3F);(2)在NREM睡眠期,无论对于锥体细胞还是中间神经元,氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马神经元时的平均放电频率均无显著影响(锥体细胞:Ps>0.05,与APP/PS1或WT组相比,见图3C;中间神经元:P>0.05,与APP/PS1相比;P<0.01,与WT组相比,见图3G)。(3)在REM睡眠期,无论对于锥体细胞还是中间神经元,氯马斯汀处理均没有改变APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马神经元在此期间的平均放电频率(锥体细胞:Ps>0.05,与APP/PS1组或WT组相比,见图3D;中间神经元:Ps>0.05,与APP/PS1组或WT组相比,见图3H)。
为更细致评估促氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元在NREM睡眠期间放电活动的影响,本研究进一步分析了NREM睡眠期SWR振荡发生时锥体细胞和中间神经元放电频率变化。结果显示:氯马斯汀处理增加了APP/PS1小鼠在NREM睡眠期的海马SWR振荡发生率(APP/PS1+Clemastine组:0.304±0.046次/s,APP/PS1组:0.171±0.034次/s,n=6/组,P<0.05),并使SWR发生率增加到与WT组约82%的水平(APP/PS1+Clemastine组:(0.304±0.046)次/s,WT组:(0.370±0.027)次/s,n=6,P<0.01)。特别是,氯马斯汀处理降低了APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞在NREM睡眠期SWR振荡发生时的放电频率(P<0.05,与APP/PS1组相比;P>0.05,与WT组相比,见图4A~C)。与此不同的是,氯马斯汀处理没有改变APP/PS1小鼠海马中间神经元在SWR振荡发生时的放电频率(Ps>0.05,见图4D~F)。
最后,为更细致评估氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元在REM睡眠期间放电活动的影响,本研究还分析了在REM睡眠期theta振荡活动发生时锥体细胞和中间神经元放电频率的变化。在此,我们将时长>30 s的REM睡眠片段纳入分析,并将不同时长的REM睡眠均做标准化长度0~1处理(0:代表开始;1代表结束)。此外,我们还将每段REM睡眠的前1/3时长定义为早期,中1/3时长定义为中期,后1/3时长定义为后期(见图5)。结果显示:氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞在REM睡眠早期(Ps>0.05)、REM睡眠中期(Ps>0.05)、REM睡眠后期(Ps>0.05)的放电频率均无显著影响(见图5A~B)。类似的,氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠海马中间神经元在REM睡眠早期(Ps>0.05)、REM睡眠中期(Ps>0.05)、REM睡眠后期(Ps>0.05)的放电频率也无显著影响(见图5C~D)。结合图3G~H的结果表明,氯马斯汀处理没有显著地影响APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元在REM睡眠期间的放电活动。
本研究发现:通过连续3个月的饮水口服氯马斯汀可以促进APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马的成年期髓鞘化,但不改变该区域的Aβ斑块沉积程度。进一步,结合在体多通道细胞外记录和多道睡眠监测技术,本研究发现:氯马斯汀处理可以在不改变APP/PS1小鼠的日间睡眠-觉醒结构的情况下,降低海马锥体细胞放电兴奋性、同时升高海马中间神经元的放电兴奋性。特别是,氯马斯汀处理可增加APP/PS1小鼠NREM睡眠期SWR振荡的发生率,并降低SWR振荡发生时海马锥体细胞的放电激活。与此不同,氯马斯汀处理对APP/PS1小鼠REM睡眠期间theta振荡发生时的海马神经元放电活动则无显著的影响作用。
大脑内的髓鞘是由少突胶质细胞所形成的,其在结构和功能上,髓鞘包裹神经元轴突,并通过降低轴突膜电容和减少漏电流,提高动作电位在轴突上的传导速度和时间精确性[17]。
在神经系统发育阶段,OPCs经过增殖分化等过程形成成熟少突胶质细胞,进而形成髓鞘[18]。需要指出的是,在成年期大脑中依然存在不断新生的髓鞘,髓鞘新生与髓鞘丢失形成动态平衡,其对于维持神经元轴突的信号传递可塑性是必需的,对于记忆的形成和巩固十分关键[15]。研究发现,APP/PS1小鼠在8月龄开始出现空间记忆缺陷[19],并伴随MBP蛋白表达的显著降低[15],提示着脑内的髓鞘化水平降低与记忆功能下降的相关性。氯马斯汀是一种抗组胺药,针对外周系统的抗过敏药,可以缓解哮喘、荨麻疹和鼻鼻炎的症状。然而近年来发现氯马斯汀的抗组胺作用可以有效地增强AD生物自噬能力,有效降低Tau蛋白的沉积,保护神经元和突触免受损伤,抑制神经炎症,改善认知障碍[20-21]。除此之外,氯马斯汀可以拮抗M1型毒蕈碱受体,在脱髓鞘等病理条件下诱导OPCs增殖分化和髓鞘形成[15,22]。与既往这些文献报道相一致,本研究发现:口服氯马斯汀可以提升APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马的髓鞘化水平(图1)。考虑到髓鞘丢失与APP/PS1小鼠认知缺陷的发生之间存在的相关性,本实验选用了8月龄APP/PS1刚开始出现行为缺陷的时候进行干预措施。今后的研究可以进一步对比从3~4月龄即开始进行APP/PS1小鼠大脑髓鞘化的促进,并观察对海马神经振荡活动的影响。
本研究还发现:口服氯马斯汀并不会改变11月龄APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马Aβ斑块的数量(图1),这与近年研究报道的结果相一致[14]。但需指出的是,有研究表明,15月龄APP/PS1小鼠持续给药氯马斯汀2个月可以减少Aβ斑块的沉积[22]。这些结果的差异可能是因为被检测的AD模型小鼠的年龄以及氯马斯汀给药方式(如饮水和饮食给药)的区别所致。此外,近期研究报道,少突胶质细胞也可产生Aβ[23]。因此,今后需要进一步明确促髓鞘生成对Aβ斑块的确切影响及其机制。
临床研究发现,在AD的早期阶段,脑内便出现异常兴奋的神经元[1]。可能的原因是β-分泌酶在AD患者脑内升高,过度切割重要的GABAA受体β亚基,导致神经元网络中的抑制性调节功能受损,引起神经元过度兴奋,加剧Aβ斑块沉积和认知功能障碍[24]。本研究发现,氯马斯汀处理可以升高APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马区抑制性中间神经元的兴奋活动、同时降低锥体细胞的兴奋性(图3),提示该处理改善了APP/PS1小鼠背侧海马网络中的兴奋-抑制平衡。海马锥体细胞对中间神经元的单突触兴奋作用对增强中间神经元放电至关重要,而后者可以回返或侧枝抑制临近的锥体细胞,维持海马网络中的兴奋-抑制平衡[25]。髓鞘在保障动作电位高效传递和轴突能量供给过程中具有重要的作用[26]。由于氯马斯汀处理可以促进APP/PS1小鼠海马内的髓鞘化水平,故有理由推测提升的髓鞘化水平可能增强了海马中间神经元与锥体细胞的相互作用。例如,如果轴突上的髓鞘化程度高,中间神经元就可以将自身的兴奋快速传递给锥体细胞,使后者的兴奋活动被及时抑制,这样将有助于APP/PS1小鼠海马网络兴奋-抑制平衡的恢复。本研究的结果还显示,这种海马网络兴奋-抑制平衡的恢复在觉醒状态下表现得最为明显,这可能会有助于APP/PS1小鼠对诸如空间记忆信息的处理[15]。
尽管我们的结果显示:氯马斯汀处理没有显著改变APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞与中间神经元在NREM睡眠期间的平均放电活动(图3)。但更为细致的分析则显示,氯马斯汀处理显著降低APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞在NREM睡眠期SWR振荡发生时的放电活动(图4)。SWR振荡被认为与海马内记忆细胞群体的重激活密切相关,锥体细胞在SWR振荡特定相位的同步放电有助于海马向其下游结构(如大脑皮层区)的信号传递和可塑性诱导,从而使记忆痕迹被更长久保存[27-28]。由于SWR振荡发生仅持续50~100 ms,且大约每2~3 s发生1次,仅占NREM睡眠时间的1%~2%[7],故可以理解氯马斯汀处理不会影响NREM睡眠期锥体细胞的平均放电频率。近年研究发现,AD模型小鼠海马内锥体细胞在SWR振荡时出现了过度兴奋,并影响SWR振荡的发生[29]。本研究发现,氯马斯汀处理可以增加SWR振荡发生率、降低APP/PS1小鼠海马锥体细胞在SWR振荡发生时的放电活动,使其与WT小鼠海马锥体细胞激活程度相当(图4)。这将会有助于睡眠期间海马记忆痕迹转移时放电信号的信噪比[25],从而可能提升APP/PS1小鼠的记忆巩固能力[15]。最后,我们的研究结果显示,氯马斯汀处理对REM睡眠以及期间theta振荡相关的海马神经元放电活动没有显著影响(图5)。尽管文献报道,AD患者的REM睡眠时间减少[30],但这更可能涉及了REM睡眠发生调控脑区的活动变化,而非REM睡眠期间的海马神经元活动或信息处理效能变化。
本研究结果表明,可以通过连续口服氯马斯汀提升APP/PS1小鼠海马内髓鞘化水平,同时这种处理可改善AD病理条件下NREM睡眠期间海马SWR振荡的发生及相关的神经元兴奋活动。考虑到SWR振荡及其相关的海马神经元重激活是记忆巩固的关键机制,且睡眠与记忆巩固密切相关,本研究的研究结果因此提示:连续口服氯马斯汀可能是一种具有改善AD病理状态下海马记忆巩固功能的潜在、可行的方法。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505023
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
  • 修回日期:2025-05-21
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:基础医学教学实验中心,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:生理学教研室,重庆

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YAO Zhongxaing,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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