Article(id=1322185585649890121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322185527667839311, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748102400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-25, revisedDate=1748880000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793163208638, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793163208638, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793163208638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793163208638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322185527667839311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1413', pageEnd='1555', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752508800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793163194815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793163440436, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322186557939892925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322185527667839311, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322186557939892926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322185527667839311, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1463, endPage=1474, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322185585859605322, articleId=1322185585649890121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Endothelial cells nurture stem cell-like characteristics of osteosarcoma cells in a perivascular niche by CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the effect of endothelial cells in the perivascular niche on the stem cell-like characteristics of osteosarcoma cells and primarily explore the possible molecular mechanism.

Methods‍

A co-culture model was established in vitro using SV40T- human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-T1) and osteosarcoma stem cells (OSCs) derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line 143B.Thus, there were 2 groups of cells, OSCs and co-cultured OSCs. The self-renewal capacity of OSCs between the 2 groups was assessed using a limiting dilution forming sphere assay. Flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of stem cell marker CD133 and stemness transcription factors SOX2 and NANOG. Fourteen female nude mice (4~6 weeks old, weighing 18~20 g) were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups of subcutaneous xenograft models: the control group (OSCs suspension) and the experimental group (OSCs+HUVEC-T1 mixed suspension). The tumor volume and mass were compared between the 2 xenograft groups. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to verify the spatial proximity between endothelial cells and OSCs in vivo, while immunohistochemistry was employed to compare microvessel density (MVD) and CD133 expression level between the 2 groups. RNA-seq was performed to identify potential signaling pathways of endothelial cells affecting the stemness of OSCs. PCR and Western blotting were applied to confirm the RNA-seq findings. Exogenous protein treatment, IF staining, Western blotting and sphere formation assay were utilized to preliminarily validate the role of the identified pathway in regulating the stemness phenotype of OSCs.

Results‍

The in vitro co-culture model of HUVEC-T1 and OSCs was successfully established. Compared with the control group, the co-culture group exhibited significantly enhanced self-renewal ability of OSCs, laeger proportion of the stemness marker CD133+ [(8.20±1.64)% vs (4.32±1.34)%, P<0.05], enhanced expression of CD117, SOX2 and NANOG (P<0.05), along with more sphere formation (P<0.05) and elevated SOX2/NANOG protein levels. The xenograft mice from the experimental group showed larger tumor volume (643.10±413.50 vs 247.90±93.66 mm³, P<0.05) and heavier tumor weight (0.52±0.27 vs 0.24±0.10 g, P<0.05) when compared the control group, correspondingly showing increased MVD (22.57±11.84 vs 11.43±5.38, P<0.05) and elevated CD133 expression (P<0.05). IF staining confirmed the adjacency of CD31-labeled endothelial cells and CD133-labeled OSCs in vivo. RNA-seq and functional experiments demonstrated that CXCR4 was highly expressed in co-cultured OSCs, CXCL12 was highly expressed in co-cultured endothelial cells, and exogenous CXCL12 promoted the sphere formation and expression levels of SOX2 and NANOG of OSCs (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Endothelial cells within the perivascular niche may promote the stemness phenotype of osteosarcoma cells via the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway.

, authors=Ya CAO1, Yang LIU2, Yang WANG2, Qiaonan GUO1, Yangfan LYU1, Guosheng ZHAO2, authorsList=Ya CAO, Yang LIU, Yang WANG, Qiaonan GUO, Yangfan LYU, Guosheng ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guosheng ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322185588967584601, articleId=1322185585649890121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=血管周围微环境中内皮细胞通过CXCL12/CXCR4信号通路促进骨肉瘤细胞干性表型, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究体内外血管周围微环境中血管内皮细胞对骨肉瘤细胞干性表型的影响,并初步分析其可能的分子机制。

方法

构建SV40T转化人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells-T1,HUVEC-T1)与人骨肉瘤细胞系143B骨肉瘤干细胞(osteosarcoma stem cells,OSCs)体外共培养模型。体外实验分为单独培养组和共培养组,利用极限稀释克隆成球实验检测2组OSCs自我更新能力差异,利用流式细胞技术和Western blot检测2组干性标记物CD133和干性转录因子SOX2、NANOG的表达差异。采用14只雌性裸鼠(体质量18~20 g,4~6周龄)按随机数字表法分为2组(n=7),分别构建皮下移植瘤模型:注射OSCs悬液(对照组),注射OSCs+HUVEC-T1混合悬液(实验组),比较2组肿瘤体积及质量的差异。通过免疫荧光验证内皮细胞与OSCs的体内毗邻关系,通过免疫组化比较2组微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)与CD133表达差异。通过RNA-seq筛选内皮细胞影响OSCs干性表型的潜在信号通路,利用RT-qPCR、Western blot验证测序结果。利用外源性蛋白、免疫荧光、Western blot、克隆成球等功能实验初步验证该通路调控OSCs表型的作用。

结果

成功构建HUVEC-T1与OSCs体外直接共培养模型,与对照组比较,共培养组中OSCs自我更新能力显著增强,干性标志物CD133阳性比例升高[(8.20±1.64)% vs (4.32±1.34)%,P<0.05],CD117、SOX2、NANOG表达增加(P<0.05),成球数量(P<0.05)及SOX2/NANOG蛋白表达增加。实验组移植瘤体积[(643.10±413.50) vs (247.90±93.66) mm³,P<0.05]和质量[(0.52±0.27) vs (0.24±0.10) g,P<0.05]均高于对照组,对应其MVD[(22.57±11.84) vs (11.43±5.38),P<0.05]与CD133表达也增加(P<0.05)。免疫荧光证实CD31标记的内皮细胞与CD133标记的OSCs在移植瘤内存在毗邻关系。RNA-seq与功能实验发现CXCR4在共培养的OSCs中表达升高,CXCL12在共培养的内皮细胞中高表达,而外源性的CXCL12能提高OSCs的成球能力和干性标记物SOX2、NANOG表达(P<0.05)。

结论

血管周围微环境中内皮细胞可能通过CXCL12/CXCR4通路促进骨肉瘤细胞的干性表型维持。

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赵郭盛,E-mail:
ZHAO Guosheng,E-mail:
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A:贴壁培养和悬浮培养的143B细胞形态图;B:共培养的模式示意图

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a:P<0.05

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a:P<0.05

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a:P<0.05

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白色箭头示:两种细胞紧邻区域

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A:RNA-seq检测单独培养143B OSCs和与HUVEC-T1细胞共培养143B OSCs基因表达差异的热图;B:2组细胞基因表达差异火山图;C:2组细胞KEGG通路富集分析情况;D:针对细胞因子受体作用通路DEGs的表达热图分析

, figureFileSmall=l3oSqA/fPf8eohgFHyuPtw==, figureFileBig=Qugl3JPcI/i328PAjzzzJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185595313566610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185585649890121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Qxj/ZHKpmOl3Im9p4CtkFQ==, figureFileBig=8mkGUNK1BPLGJwc4IpRJKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185595384869779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185585649890121, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CXCL12/CXCR4信号轴在内皮细胞调控OSCs干性中的潜在作用

1:单独培养组;2:143B OSCs与HUVEC-T1细胞共培养组;a:P<0.05A:RT-qPCR检测2组OSCs细胞CXCR4的mRNA表达差异;B:Western blot检测2组OSCs细胞CXCR4的蛋白表达差异;C:Western blot检测各组HUVEC-T1和143B细胞中CXCL12蛋白表达变化;D:免疫荧光检测混合注射移植瘤中蛋白分布情况 白色箭头:示荧光融合区域;E:混合注射组移植瘤CXCL12免疫组化染色的代表性图片 红色箭头:示CXCL12高表达的脉管周围肿瘤细胞区域,黑色箭头:示CXCL12低表达的脉管周围肿瘤细胞;F:对照组与CXCL12组的成球实验直径和球数对比;G:Western blot检测143B细胞中NANOG和SOX2蛋白表达及统计差异

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血管周围微环境中内皮细胞通过CXCL12/CXCR4信号通路促进骨肉瘤细胞干性表型
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曹亚 1 , 刘扬 2 , 汪洋 2 , 郭乔楠 1 , 吕杨帆 1 , 赵郭盛 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(13): 1463-1474
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (13) : 1463 -1474
血管周围微环境中内皮细胞通过CXCL12/CXCR4信号通路促进骨肉瘤细胞干性表型
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曹亚1, 刘扬2, 汪洋2, 郭乔楠1, 吕杨帆1, 赵郭盛2
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院病理科,重庆
  • 2重庆医科大学附属第二医院脊柱外科,重庆
通讯作者:
赵郭盛,E-mail:
ZHAO Guosheng,E-mail:
Endothelial cells nurture stem cell-like characteristics of osteosarcoma cells in a perivascular niche by CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway
Ya CAO1, Yang LIU2, Yang WANG2, Qiaonan GUO1, Yangfan LYU1, Guosheng ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pathology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2Department of Spine Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505024
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目的

探究体内外血管周围微环境中血管内皮细胞对骨肉瘤细胞干性表型的影响,并初步分析其可能的分子机制。

方法

构建SV40T转化人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells-T1,HUVEC-T1)与人骨肉瘤细胞系143B骨肉瘤干细胞(osteosarcoma stem cells,OSCs)体外共培养模型。体外实验分为单独培养组和共培养组,利用极限稀释克隆成球实验检测2组OSCs自我更新能力差异,利用流式细胞技术和Western blot检测2组干性标记物CD133和干性转录因子SOX2、NANOG的表达差异。采用14只雌性裸鼠(体质量18~20 g,4~6周龄)按随机数字表法分为2组(n=7),分别构建皮下移植瘤模型:注射OSCs悬液(对照组),注射OSCs+HUVEC-T1混合悬液(实验组),比较2组肿瘤体积及质量的差异。通过免疫荧光验证内皮细胞与OSCs的体内毗邻关系,通过免疫组化比较2组微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)与CD133表达差异。通过RNA-seq筛选内皮细胞影响OSCs干性表型的潜在信号通路,利用RT-qPCR、Western blot验证测序结果。利用外源性蛋白、免疫荧光、Western blot、克隆成球等功能实验初步验证该通路调控OSCs表型的作用。

结果

成功构建HUVEC-T1与OSCs体外直接共培养模型,与对照组比较,共培养组中OSCs自我更新能力显著增强,干性标志物CD133阳性比例升高[(8.20±1.64)% vs (4.32±1.34)%,P<0.05],CD117、SOX2、NANOG表达增加(P<0.05),成球数量(P<0.05)及SOX2/NANOG蛋白表达增加。实验组移植瘤体积[(643.10±413.50) vs (247.90±93.66) mm³,P<0.05]和质量[(0.52±0.27) vs (0.24±0.10) g,P<0.05]均高于对照组,对应其MVD[(22.57±11.84) vs (11.43±5.38),P<0.05]与CD133表达也增加(P<0.05)。免疫荧光证实CD31标记的内皮细胞与CD133标记的OSCs在移植瘤内存在毗邻关系。RNA-seq与功能实验发现CXCR4在共培养的OSCs中表达升高,CXCL12在共培养的内皮细胞中高表达,而外源性的CXCL12能提高OSCs的成球能力和干性标记物SOX2、NANOG表达(P<0.05)。

结论

血管周围微环境中内皮细胞可能通过CXCL12/CXCR4通路促进骨肉瘤细胞的干性表型维持。

血管周围微环境  /  内皮细胞  /  骨肉瘤干细胞  /  CXC趋化因子受体4
Objective‍

To investigate the effect of endothelial cells in the perivascular niche on the stem cell-like characteristics of osteosarcoma cells and primarily explore the possible molecular mechanism.

Methods‍

A co-culture model was established in vitro using SV40T- human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-T1) and osteosarcoma stem cells (OSCs) derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line 143B.Thus, there were 2 groups of cells, OSCs and co-cultured OSCs. The self-renewal capacity of OSCs between the 2 groups was assessed using a limiting dilution forming sphere assay. Flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of stem cell marker CD133 and stemness transcription factors SOX2 and NANOG. Fourteen female nude mice (4~6 weeks old, weighing 18~20 g) were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups of subcutaneous xenograft models: the control group (OSCs suspension) and the experimental group (OSCs+HUVEC-T1 mixed suspension). The tumor volume and mass were compared between the 2 xenograft groups. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to verify the spatial proximity between endothelial cells and OSCs in vivo, while immunohistochemistry was employed to compare microvessel density (MVD) and CD133 expression level between the 2 groups. RNA-seq was performed to identify potential signaling pathways of endothelial cells affecting the stemness of OSCs. PCR and Western blotting were applied to confirm the RNA-seq findings. Exogenous protein treatment, IF staining, Western blotting and sphere formation assay were utilized to preliminarily validate the role of the identified pathway in regulating the stemness phenotype of OSCs.

Results‍

The in vitro co-culture model of HUVEC-T1 and OSCs was successfully established. Compared with the control group, the co-culture group exhibited significantly enhanced self-renewal ability of OSCs, laeger proportion of the stemness marker CD133+ [(8.20±1.64)% vs (4.32±1.34)%, P<0.05], enhanced expression of CD117, SOX2 and NANOG (P<0.05), along with more sphere formation (P<0.05) and elevated SOX2/NANOG protein levels. The xenograft mice from the experimental group showed larger tumor volume (643.10±413.50 vs 247.90±93.66 mm³, P<0.05) and heavier tumor weight (0.52±0.27 vs 0.24±0.10 g, P<0.05) when compared the control group, correspondingly showing increased MVD (22.57±11.84 vs 11.43±5.38, P<0.05) and elevated CD133 expression (P<0.05). IF staining confirmed the adjacency of CD31-labeled endothelial cells and CD133-labeled OSCs in vivo. RNA-seq and functional experiments demonstrated that CXCR4 was highly expressed in co-cultured OSCs, CXCL12 was highly expressed in co-cultured endothelial cells, and exogenous CXCL12 promoted the sphere formation and expression levels of SOX2 and NANOG of OSCs (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Endothelial cells within the perivascular niche may promote the stemness phenotype of osteosarcoma cells via the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway.

perivascular niche  /  endothelial cells  /  osteosarcoma stem cells  /  C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
曹亚, 刘扬, 汪洋, 郭乔楠, 吕杨帆, 赵郭盛. 血管周围微环境中内皮细胞通过CXCL12/CXCR4信号通路促进骨肉瘤细胞干性表型. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (13) : 1463 -1474 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505024
Ya CAO, Yang LIU, Yang WANG, Qiaonan GUO, Yangfan LYU, Guosheng ZHAO. Endothelial cells nurture stem cell-like characteristics of osteosarcoma cells in a perivascular niche by CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (13) : 1463 -1474 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505024
骨肉瘤是青少年和儿童最常见的骨原发恶性肿瘤,恶性程度高,易复发和转移。近30年来,骨肉瘤的治疗陷入了瓶颈期,青少年骨肉瘤患者的5年生存率始终维持在60%左右 [1]。现有研究认为,骨肉瘤干细胞(osteosarcoma stem cells,OSCs)是骨肉瘤的始动细胞,具有自我更新和肿瘤始动能力[2]。目前的治疗手段均无法根除OSCs,残余的OSCs又可驱动骨肉瘤复发、转移,导致骨肉瘤的治疗失败。因此探究靶向OSCs,以抑制其干性表型,继而提升骨肉瘤疗效具有重要研究意义[3]。
肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)与正常干细胞一样,也需要驻留在能维持其干性、支持其自我更新的微环境中。CSCs的血管周围微环境(perivascular niche,PVN)是指CSCs的分布紧邻微血管,并与周围间质细胞和细胞外基质、细胞因子形成的微环境[4]。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,PVN是维持CSCs干性表型的关键因素[5-9]。因此,破坏PVN成分平衡,干扰PVN对CSCs的支持作用,有望为提高恶性肿瘤疗效提供新策略、新思路[3]。
内皮细胞一直被视为构成微血管的基本框架,参与肿瘤血管生成、肿瘤细胞供养和肿瘤转移[10]。自CALABRESE等[5]发现胶质瘤中存在PVN,且内皮细胞通过Transwell共培养的方式可以促进胶质瘤干细胞自我更新后,内皮细胞作为PVN中最主要的间质细胞,其旁分泌功能和与CSCs之间的信号交流与功能调控开始逐渐被学者重视。近期研究发现,在胶质瘤PVN中,内皮细胞能分泌DLL4、Jagged1和Shh激活胶质瘤干细胞的Notch、Hedgehog通路维持其干性表型[6-7]。LU等[8]发现,在结肠癌中,内皮细胞可以通过Jagged1/Notch信号轴促进CSCs的自我更新。而JIANG等[9]发现,可以通过破坏乳腺癌PVN中内皮细胞与CSCs之间Jagged1-Notch1-Zeb1-VEGFA的反馈环路,抑制肿瘤细胞的干性表型。以上研究均说明内皮细胞在血管周围微环境促进肿瘤干细胞的干性表型维持中发挥了重要的作用。
骨肉瘤本身富血管,又极易发生血道转移至肺,而肺组织中微血管密集,从理论上说,血管内皮细胞与OSCs的相互作用会贯穿骨肉瘤的始动与转移。但目前针对OSCs微环境的研究仍集中在由间充质干细胞参与的骨、骨髓周围微环境和HIF1介导的缺氧微环境[11-12];对于PVN中内皮细胞对OSCs的表型调控功能尚缺乏深入的研究,其作用的分子机制亦尚未完全阐明。因此,本研究拟通过构建血管内皮细胞与OSCs相互作用的体内外模型,研究内皮细胞对OSCs的表型调控作用,并利用高通量测序找寻两种细胞之间的潜在调控通路,通过功能实验进行初步验证,以期为以OSCs和PVN为靶点的骨肉瘤治疗提供一定的理论和实验依据。
人骨肉瘤细胞株143B和SV40T转化人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells-T1,HUVEC-T1)、DMEM改良型培养基均购自中国广州赛库生物技术有限公司;胰酶及青霉素、链霉素双抗购自美国Hyclone公司;小牛血清购自美国Azaood公司;DMEM/F12培养基、Accutase干细胞消化液购自美国Sigma公司;细胞生长因子B-27购自美国Gibco公司;细胞生长因子EGF和bFGF购自美国PeroTech公司;超低黏附6孔、96孔细胞培养板购自美国Corning公司;RNAiso plus、逆转录试剂盒及PCR SYBR反应试剂盒均购自中国大连Takara公司;蛋白裂解液(M-PER™)购自美国Thermo公司;PVDF膜购自中国上海Roche公司;ECL及WB配胶试剂盒均购自上海碧云天公司;流式CD133-APC抗体购自美国ThermoFisher公司;兔抗CD133、兔抗GADPH、鼠抗CXCR4(用于荧光)购自中国Proteintech公司;兔抗CXCL12(SDF-1)、兔抗NANOG、兔抗SOX2、鼠抗CD31购自美国ABCAM公司;鼠抗CXCR4(用于Western blot)购自中国Upingbio公司;FITC标记的山羊抗兔二抗、BF555标记的山羊抗鼠二抗以及HRP标记的山羊抗兔、抗鼠二抗购自中国北京博奥森公司;CXCR4、GAPDH引物由中国生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成;0.4 µm的Transwell小室(适用6孔板)购自德国Millipore公司;重组人CXCL12α蛋白购自中国碧云天公司;冰冻抗原修复液修复购自中国碧云天公司;5%BSA封闭液购自中国北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
将143B和HUVEC-T1细胞复苏后置于6孔板和培养瓶中培养,培养液为高糖DMEM培养基,并添加10%小牛血清、1%青-链霉素双抗;两种细胞均置于37 ℃、5%CO2饱和湿度的细胞培养箱中孵育进行贴壁培养。
将143B贴壁培养至对数期,消化后,重悬于干细胞培养基(无血清、无双抗DMEM/F12,添加20 ng/mL EGF,20 ng/mL bFGF,2 mg/mL B-27细胞因子)中,以1×105个/孔接种于超低黏附6孔板中进行悬浮培养。每2天采取半换液加入新培养基,培养7 d形成肉眼可见富集OSCs的干细胞球,利用干细胞消化液(Accutase)消化干细胞球,再次以同样密度接种于超低黏附6孔板中静置培养7 d,获得实验所需的二代OSCs(图1A)。
将上述培养好的OSCs与HUVEC-T1细胞分别消化、收集并离心后分别重悬于干细胞培养基和高糖DMEM培养基。将HUVEC-T1和OSCs分别接种于Transwell(6孔,0.4 µm)上室和下室(超低黏附6孔板),上室为2×105个/孔,下室为4×105个/孔,并补足各自培养基。分别培养24 h后换液,并将上室移入下室,进行OSCs-HUVEC-T1共培养48 h,收集共培养后的OSCs、HUVEC-T1细胞进行后续实验。对照组采取单独培养72 h的OSCs和HUVEC-T1细胞(图1B)。
收集上述单独或共培养的OSCs,Accutase消化后,PBS漂洗,干细胞培养基重悬,用极限稀释法,每孔接种40个或80个细胞于超低黏附96孔板,补足培养基至100 µL,每2天补给培养基20 µL,培养9 d,高倍镜下比较各组成球直径,低倍镜下统计各组成球个数差异。
收集上述单独或共培养的OSCs,使用 Accutase将细胞消化,尽量吹散成单个细胞,与CD133-APC抗体结合(1∶100),避光,室温孵育20 min。完成表面染色后,用 PBS 洗涤细胞,重悬、上机,并采用流式细胞仪检测CD133+细胞亚群。
收集上述单独培养的OSCs,Accutase消化,计数,PBS重悬,取2×106个OSCs细胞溶于200 µL PBS中以备后续注射使用;收集共培养的HUVEC-T1和OSCs细胞,分别胰酶和Accutase消化,计数,PBS重悬,分别取2×106个OSCs细胞溶于100 µL PBS中和1×106个HUVEC-T1细胞溶于100 µL PBS中,1∶1混合为200 µL细胞悬液。取14只4~6周龄的雌性裸鼠,体质量16~20 g,按随机数字表法分为2组,单独肿瘤细胞注射组(n=7)和内皮-肿瘤细胞注射组(n=7),将上述2组细胞悬液,分别于各组裸鼠右腋背部皮下注射,每2天观察裸鼠健康情况并记录皮下瘤体生长曲线(肿瘤体积=D×d2/2 mm3,其中D为肿瘤最大长轴距离,d为垂直最大长轴面的肿瘤高度),同时观察瘤体大小,若体积超过1 500 mm3,则终止实验,避免对动物产生过度痛苦(本实验中未涉及),饲养20 d后采用脱颈法处死裸鼠,接着分离瘤体,称量,测量数据后,每块瘤体沿最大切面剖开,平均分为2份组织块,分别用于制作冰冻和石蜡切片。采用免疫荧光、免疫组化检测微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)和对应目的蛋白的表达和空间分布情况。实验中所使用裸鼠购自重庆恩彼生物科技有限公司,动物实验在重庆医科大学附属第二医院动物中心SPF级动物实验室中进行,并已经通过重庆医科大学附属第二医院伦理审查委员会批准(2022‑224)。
收集上述分组处理后的143B OSCs细胞,离心、漂洗后,滴加RNAiso Plus,提取总RNA,酶标仪确认纯度D260/D280在1.8~2.0,根据试剂盒说明书进行反转录操作,获得对应cDNA。按根据SYBR试剂盒说明书,10 μL体系,进行PCR扩增反应。反应条件为:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 5 s ,60 ℃ 60 s ,循环40次。引物序列:GAPDH上游:5′-GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAA-AAT-3′,下游:5′-GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG-3′;CXCR4上游:5′-CACTCCCGCCCAATATACCC-3′,下游:5′-TCTGAAGTGTATATCATTCTGGGCT-3′。GAPDH为内参基因,采用2-ΔΔCt进行标准化,分析比较目的基因相对含量高低。
收集转染后各组细胞,加入裂解液和蛋白酶抑制剂,冰上裂解30 min。4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心20 min,吸取上清。在酶标仪上采用Protein A280法测定蛋白浓度,利用裂解液配平。按比例加入上样缓冲液,100 ℃水中煮沸10 min。按配胶试剂盒说明书配置12%或15%的分离胶和6%的浓缩胶,以60~80 μg/孔上样标本蛋白,行凝胶电泳,冰水浴中PVDF转膜,转膜条件为恒流150 mA,时间为90 min,5%的脱脂奶粉封闭2 h,孵一抗GAPDH(1∶1 000),SOX2(1∶1 000),NANOG(1∶1 000),CXCR4(1∶1 000),CXCL12(1∶400);4 ℃过夜;次日PBST漂洗3次后,室温孵育对应HRP标记山羊抗兔或山羊抗鼠二抗1.5 h,漂洗后,利用ECL系统进行曝光显像,Image J软件分析相对灰度值。
取新鲜裸鼠皮下瘤组织,分块、液氮速冻,4%多聚甲醛固定过夜,20%~30%蔗糖溶液梯度脱水,OCT包埋后-80 ℃保存。冰冻切片,PBS漂洗,冰冻抗原修复液修复,漂洗,5%BSA封闭液室温封闭1~2 h,选取对应一抗孵育4 ℃过夜(一抗分别为鼠抗人CD31,兔抗人CD133,兔抗人CXCL12,鼠抗人CXCR4),漂洗,二抗山羊抗兔FITC,山羊抗鼠BF555室温孵育1.5 h,漂洗,Hoechst染核,荧光或共聚焦显微镜下观察定位和荧光强度。
收集143B OSCs单独培养组和HUVEC-T1共培养组143B OSCs细胞沉淀物,使用RNA提取试剂提取总RNA。测定纯度,进行反转录,测序文库制备及测序工作由上海芯超生物公司协助下在Illumina测序平台上完成。使用DESeq2对不同组之间的差异基因表达进行分析。将假发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)<0.05,且以2为底的对数变化倍数(|Log2FC|)≥1的基因被视为差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)。对这些DEGs进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路的富集分析,选取对应通路集基因进行热图分析。
将获取裸鼠皮下骨肉瘤石蜡标本连续切片,并完成脱蜡、抗原修复,双氧水清除内源性的过氧化物酶。漂洗切片,湿盒内37 ℃下山羊血清封闭30 min,滴加免疫组化一抗(CD133,1∶50;CD31,1∶100,CXCL12,1∶50),4 ℃孵育过夜。次日取片,洗片后二抗孵育,37 ℃,30 min,DAB显色,苏木素复染,酒精分化,脱水,中性树胶封片。显微镜下观察采图,依照Weidner法[13]计数微血管密度(microvascular density,MVD)。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行数据分析,正态分布的计量资料采用x¯±s表示,2组间比较采用独立样本t检验,RNA-seq差异基因筛选通过DESeq2算法,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
为了评估共培养后,内皮细胞对OSCs干性表型的影响,利用流式细胞技术检测CD133阳性比例、体外成球实验评估自我更新能力,以及Western blot分析干性转录因子SOX2和NANOG蛋白表达水平。结果显示,共培养组中143B OSCs的干性表面标记物CD133阳性比例较对照组明显增加[(8.20±1.64)% vs (4.32±1.34)%,P<0.05,图2A];同时,共培养组相较单独培养组,143B OSCs的体外成球能力明显增加(P<0.05,图2B~D);共培养组中其干性转录因子SOX2、NANOG的蛋白表达较单独培养组明显增加(P<0.05,图2E、F)。提示内皮细胞与OSCs共培养后可显著增强143B OSCs的干性特征。
通过裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,测量肿瘤大体形态、体积及质量,评估共培养后体内成瘤能力。实验显示,与注射单独培养的143B OSCs比较,联合注射共培养后的143B OSCs与HUVEC-T1拥有更强的体内成瘤能力;实验20 d时,混合注射组肿瘤体积[(643.10±413.50) vs (247.90±93.66)mm3,P<0.05]和肿瘤质量[(0.52±0.27) vs(0.24±0.10)g,P<0.05]均较单独注射组显著提高(图3B、C)。提示混合注射内皮细胞提高了143B OSCs的体内成瘤能力。
为了解混合注射后成瘤能力增强与血管和肿瘤干性的相关性,本研究将2组皮下瘤组织进行切片、染色,利用HE染色观察2组瘤体组织中的细胞形态,均可见大量典型核大深染、核异型明显的肿瘤细胞(图4A)。利用免疫组化检测2组皮下瘤组织中CD133和CD31的蛋白表达情况,可见内皮与肿瘤混合注射组中瘤体内表面干性标记物CD133和血管内皮标志物CD31表达相较单独注射组升高(图4B)。根据CD31染色情况分析对应MVD值为(22.57±11.84)个/100倍视野(混合注射组)、(11.43±5.38)个/100倍视野(单独注射组);混合注射组中MVD值高于单独注射组(P<0.05,图4C)。
为了解OSCs和内皮细胞在体内的分布情况,利用CD133和CD31荧光标记,检测内皮与肿瘤混合注射组瘤体中细胞分布情况。从形态学上看,可以发现CD31阳性细胞扁平,细胞之间连接呈血管网状分布;CD133阳性细胞胞体大,核浆比高,细胞散在分布。并且发现CD133+的骨肉瘤干样细胞多紧邻瘤体中的CD31+内皮样细胞形成的微血管结构,提示骨肉瘤PVN存在体内紧邻作用基础(图5)。
为探讨内皮细胞与OSCs作用的潜在调控机制,收集单独培养的143B OSCs和与HUVEC-T1共培养后的143B OSCs,分为2组样本,进行全转录组测序,通过对RNA-seq的结果进行生信分析,检测DEGs,结果显示,共培养组与单独培养组OSCs之间存在显著DEGs(图6A、B)。进一步通过KEEG通路富集分析发现共培养后OSCs中细胞因子受体作用通路显著富集(图6C);而其中CXCR4在OSCs中表达升高(图6D)。鉴于CXCR4被报道在OSCs中高表达,且与骨肉瘤细胞的干性表型和转移相关,故在细胞因子受体通路的DEGs中选择CXCR4进行后续研究。
为验证RNA-seq发现的CXCR4差异表达并探究CXCR4/CXCL12轴在内皮细胞调控OSCs干性中的作用,本研究采用RT-qPCR和Western blot检测CXCR4表达,Western blot检测CXCL12表达,免疫荧光/共聚焦和免疫组化分析蛋白空间分布,并进行外源性CXCL12刺激的体外成球实验及干性转录因子检测。通过RT-PCR和Western blot检测了单独培养组和共培养组OSCs中CXCR4表达差异;发现与RNA-seq结果一致,CXCR4的mRNA和蛋白水平,在共培养组中均明显升高(P<0.05,图7A、B)。因为CXCR4的激活依赖于其唯一配体CXCL12的作用,故进一步检测了HUVEC-T1细胞和143B细胞在共培养前后CXCL12蛋白的表达变化,发现共培养后HUVEC-T1中CXCL12蛋白较单独培养时表达升高;而无论在单独培养或共培养的143B OSCs中,CXCL12蛋白表达均较低(图7C),提示共培养体系中可能由HUVEC-T1分泌CXCL12作用于OSCs。进一步通过免疫荧光和共聚焦检测也发现,移植瘤中CXCL12蛋白分布更多与CD31阳性标记的内皮样细胞重合,而CXCR4蛋白分布更多与CD133阳性标记的骨肉瘤干样细胞重合(图7D)。免疫组化检测也发现移植瘤中CXCL12蛋白表达多见于脉管结构的细胞,而邻近的肿瘤细胞表达较低(图7E)。通过成球实验发现,添加外源性CXCL12(40 ng/mL,48 h)能够显著促进143B细胞的体外成球能力(图7F);同时也能促进143B细胞中干性转录因子SOX2、NANOG的蛋白表达(P<0.05,图7G)。提示CXCR4/CXCL12轴是介导内皮细胞增强OSCs干性的关键通路,即内皮细胞分泌CXCL12作用于表达CXCR4的OSCs,从而促进其干性和自我更新能力。
随着新辅助化疗联合手术治疗的发展,骨肉瘤患者总体5年生存率得到明显改善,但对于已发生远处转移的骨肉瘤患者,5年生存率仍不足30%[15]。而根据肿瘤干细胞理论和“种子与土壤”学说,OSCs就是骨肉瘤转移的种子与起源细胞,在原发灶可以促使肿瘤的始动和播散,而进入血液系统的OSCs则具有更强的失巢凋亡抵抗能力,在种植于转移靶点处后又可以通过自我更新能力促使局部转移灶的克隆形成,最终形成肉眼可见的远处转移[16]。而OSCs由于自身耐药特性和缺乏有效靶向治疗,目前的治疗方式均无法有效的清除OSCs,这在理论上限制了骨肉瘤的治疗进展[3]。目前研究发现干细胞的自我更新与其所处的由干细胞及其周围间质细胞、细胞外基质、微血管、分泌性的细胞因子和信号分子组成的微环境密切相关[17]。而CSCs也与干细胞一样,也需要潴留在合适的微环境中,来维持自身的干性表型。因此,相比于直接消除治疗抵抗性强的CSCs,通过干扰或者破坏CSCs的微环境成分平衡,从而抑制其干性,增加肿瘤治疗敏感性,似乎成为一种更有希望的研究方向。
近年来,越来越多的研究表明PVN是维持CSCs自我更新的关键因素,并且,鉴于CSCs是肿瘤转移的“种子”,理论上,PVN在维持CSCs干性表型的同时又给予了利于“种子”转移的微血管,并可以在转移靶点处再次促进自我更新、治疗抵抗和克隆形成,这都凸显了PVN在肿瘤干细胞中的重要性。然而通过查阅文献,发现在骨肉瘤中,目前仍然缺乏PVN调控OSCs的功能和机制研究。本研究中,不同于先前YANG等[18]报道的内皮细胞上清培养液与贴壁骨肉瘤细胞共培养模型,通过Transwell和低黏附6孔板,成功构建了内皮细胞(HUVEC-T1)和OSCs的直接共培养模型,并且发现共培养后,OSCs的CD133、SOX2、NANOG表达升高,体外成球能力明显增加,由此更加直观的证实了内皮细胞对OSCs干性表型和自我更新的促进作用。与YAN等[7]发现,胶质瘤与脑血管内皮细胞混合注射可促进前者体内成瘤能力一致,本研究也发现通过将HUVEC-T1细胞与143B OSCs细胞混合注射,能显著促进143B细胞在体内的成瘤能力。并且混合注射组中CD133表达和MVD均较对照组增加,这提示微血管数量的增加可能与骨肉瘤细胞干性表型维持和成瘤性相关。PVN与CSCs的作用基础在于体内CSCs与血管内皮样细胞紧邻,通过相互之间分泌的细胞因子作用,影响相互功能[19]。对此,本研究通过对混合注射组的裸鼠移植瘤的免疫荧光分析,也发现体内CD133+的骨肉瘤干样细胞定位于CD31+的内皮样细胞形成的微血管样结构周围,这也提示骨肉瘤细胞的干性表型维持可能与PVN中的内皮细胞的旁分泌功能相关。
目前对于内皮细胞与CSCs之间相互作用的机制研究主要集中在Notch信号通路[6,8-9,20]。也有文献报道Notch信号通路在内皮细胞与骨肉瘤细胞之间的信号交流与功能调控起到关键作用[18,21],对此,本研究通过RNA-seq进一步分析了共培养前后OSCs的基因富集变化情况。然而在本研究中,与内皮细胞共培养后OSCs的Notch通路富集并不明显,而细胞因子受体作用通路富集明显,这表明OSCs与内皮细胞之间可能还存在其他作用机制。因为考虑到本研究的是内皮细胞分泌细胞因子作用于OSCs,对细胞因子受体作用通路中受体相关基因进行了进一步的热图分析,发现OSCs的CXCR4、TGFBR1、IL6R等基因在共培养后显著富集,本课题组的后续实验结果也证实了CXCR4在共培养后的OSCs中高表达。CXCR4是趋化因子受体,CXCR4+的骨肉瘤细胞被认为具有更高的转移潜能,并且CXCL12/CXCR4信号轴能促进骨肉瘤的血管生成[22]。除此之外,CXCR4也被报道在OSCs中高表达,被认为是骨肉瘤干细胞的潜在干性表面标记物[3,14]。考虑到CXCR4在骨肉瘤血管生成和干性维持中的双重作用,推测共培养后143B OSCs中表达升高的CXCR4可能参与了HUVEC-T1细胞对其自身的干性调控,而添加外源性的CXCL12能促进143B细胞的干性表型,也提供了CXCL12/CXCR4信号轴可能参与了PVN中内皮细胞对OSCs的干性表型调控的证据。本课题组也发现CXCL12的在骨肉瘤干样细胞中表达较低,而更集中在内皮细胞中表达。结合LI等[23]的研究结果,骨肉瘤细胞为避免诱导杀伤性T细胞归巢,并维持远处转移靶器官分泌的CXCL12对其的趋化效能,可能会抑制自身CXCL12的表达。提示PVN中OSCs的CXCR4受体激活可能更多地依赖于内皮细胞旁分泌CXCL12,而非自分泌,从而更好地产生趋化效应,维持微环境结构基础,从而持续促进OSCs的干性表型维持。
综上所述,本研究通过裸鼠模型、高通量测序及体外共培养等细胞实验,建立了内皮细胞-骨肉瘤干细胞的体外、体内共处模型;发现血管周围微环境中内皮细胞可以促进骨肉瘤细胞的干性表型转化;并且初步探讨了CXCL12/CXCR4信号轴在内皮细胞与骨肉瘤干细胞之间功能调控的潜在作用。但其具体分子机制及其作为以PVN和OSCs为靶点的治疗潜力仍需进一步的研究和生信数据挖掘来证实。另外,本实验目前只从动物模型层次初步分析了内皮细胞与OSCs在移植瘤组织中的分布和基因表达特点。在后续课题中,将进一步探究人体骨肉瘤标本中内皮细胞与OSCs的相互作用和分布特点,以其为PVN和OSCs为靶点的骨肉瘤治疗提供更多的理论依据和临床证据。

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2025年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505024
  • 接收时间:2025-05-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-25
  • 修回日期:2025-06-03
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院病理科,重庆
    2重庆医科大学附属第二医院脊柱外科,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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