Article(id=1320442361755324769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601112, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769443200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-27, revisedDate=1772726400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747591674, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747591674, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747591674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747591674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442360509616480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='9', pageStart='1129', pageEnd='1288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747591378, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749835358, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451772548760069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451772548760070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1142, endPage=1151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442363625984355, articleId=1320442361755324769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=MCC950 protects retinal photoreceptor cells against blast-induced injury by inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway in mice, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is frequently observed in industrial accidents and military operations, and presents unique mechanisms of injury and complex pathological evolution distinct from conventional ocular trauma when complicated by visual dysfunction. By investigating the effects of NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 on retinal structure and function following blast wave exposure.

Methods

A bTBI mouse model was established using a biological shock tube. Male C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old, weighing 23.5±1.5 g) were stratified by body mass and randomly divided into a sham group, a bTBI 28 d group, a bTBI 28 d+DMSO group, and a bTBI 28 d + MCC950 group (MCC950, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), with 8 animals in each group. After blast exposure, retinal function was evaluated by electroretinography (ERG, n=8); the protein levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Cleaved-GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 in the retina were detected by Western blotting (n=3); the activation of Müller cells and microglia was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining (IF) and Western blotting (n=3); and photoreceptor ultrastructural changes were observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM, n=3).

Results

Compared with the sham group, the bTBI 28 d group exhibited progressive visual dysfunction, manifested by significantly reduced amplitudes of the a-wave (P<0.001), b-wave (P<0.01), and oscillatory potentials (OPs) wave (P<0.001) in dark-adapted ERG; significant activation of Müller cells (P<0.05) and microglia (P<0.001) in the retina; and significant elevated retinal protein levels of NLRP3 (P<0.05), Caspase-1 (P<0.01), Cleaved-GSDMD (P<0.05), and downstream inflammatory factors IL-1β (P<0.01) and IL-18 (P<0.001). TEM revealed disorganized outer segment disc structures and inner segment vacuolization in photoreceptors of the bTBI 28 d group. MCC950 intervention significantly reversed these changes, as evidenced by significantly increased amplitudes of the a-wave, b-wave, and OPs wave in ERG in the bTBI 28 d+MCC950 group compared with the bTBI 28 d group (P<0.05), significantly inhibited activation of Müller cells (P<0.01) and microglia (P<0.05), significant downregulation of pyroptosis pathway proteins including NLRP3, Caspase-1, Cleaved-GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 (P<0.01), and markedly attenuated photoreceptor ultrastructural damage.

Conclusion

Retinal injury following blast exposure is closely associated with NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD signaling axis-mediated photoreceptor pyroptosis. Early administration of MCC950 to inhibit this pyroptosis pathway can effectively alleviate neuroinflammation and gliosis, thereby exerting protective effects on the structure and function of retinal photoreceptor cells.

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目的

冲击波介导的创伤性脑损伤(blast-induced traumatic brain injury,bTBI)常常在工业事故或军事环境中流行,当合并视功能损伤时,由于其独特的致伤机制与复杂的病理演变区别于传统的眼外伤。通过探究冲击波暴露后,NLRP3抑制剂MCC950对视网膜结构和功能的影响。

方法

采用生物激波管建立bTBI小鼠模型,8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠[体质量(23.5±1.5)g]按体质量分层后随机分为(n=8):假手术组、bTBI 28 d组、bTBI 28 d+DMSO组及bTBI 28 d+MCC950组(腹腔注射MCC950,10 mg/kg)。冲击波暴露后,通过视网膜电图(electroretinography, ERG)评估视网膜功能(n=8);采用Western blotting检测视网膜NLRP3、Caspase-1、Cleaved-GSDMD、IL-1β及IL-18的蛋白水平(n=3);利用免疫荧光染色和Western blotting定位定量分析Müller细胞和小胶质细胞活化情况(n=3);通过透射电镜分析感光细胞超微结构的变化(n=3)。

结果

与假手术组相比,bTBI 28 d组小鼠表现为进行性视功能障碍,表现为暗适应ERG的a波(P<0.001)、b波(P<0.01)、OPs波(P<0.001)振幅显著降低;视网膜出现Müller细胞(P<0.05)和小胶质细胞(P<0.001)的显著活化;视网膜中NLRP3(P<0.05)、Caspase-1(P<0.01)、Cleaved-GSDMD(P<0.05)及下游炎症因子IL-1β(P<0.01)、IL-18(P<0.001)的蛋白水平均显著升高。透射电镜显示:bTBI 28 d组小鼠感光细胞外节膜盘结构紊乱、内节空泡化。MCC950干预显著逆转了上述改变,表现为:与bTBI 28 d组相比,bTBI 28 d+MCC950组a波、b波、OPs波振幅显著回升(P<0.05),Müller细胞(P<0.01)和小胶质细胞(P<0.05)活化被显著抑制;焦亡通路中NLRP3、Caspase-1、Cleaved-GSDMD、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白显著下调(P<0.01),感光细胞超微结构损伤明显减轻。

结论

冲击波暴露后视网膜损伤与NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD信号轴介导的感光细胞焦亡密切相关,而早期应用MCC950抑制该焦亡通路可有效减轻神经炎症与胶质化反应,从而对视网膜光感受器细胞的结构与功能发挥保护作用。

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袁容娣,E-mail:
YUAN Rongdi,E-mail:
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A: Quantitative analyses of the amplitudes of a-wave in electroretinogram; B: Quantitative analyses of the amplitudes of b-wave in electroretinogram; C: Quantitative analyses of the amplitudes of oscillatory potentials (OPs) wave in electroretinogram

, figureFileSmall=VhFJBmq399tmvhchuhqkRg==, figureFileBig=cMJYnTkW+ZP1BOQiUQLQvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369086968215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=MCC950 attenuates the amplitudes falloff of a-wave, b-wave, and OPs wave in electroretinogram of mice after blast exposure (n=8,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=tARhYB3eauOkVGiCmE0Y+Q==, figureFileBig=u6RfU1ce+XRYRup+oj+KNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369187631512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组小鼠视网膜电图a波、b波、OPs波振幅变化 (n=8,x¯±s)

A: Quantitative analyses of the amplitudes of a-wave in electroretinogram; B: Quantitative analyses of the amplitudes of b-wave in electroretinogram; C: Quantitative analyses of the amplitudes of oscillatory potentials (OPs) wave in electroretinogram

, figureFileSmall=tARhYB3eauOkVGiCmE0Y+Q==, figureFileBig=u6RfU1ce+XRYRup+oj+KNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369275711897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Cleaved-GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the retinal tissues across groups (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=TbJg2DGc1Yl77vqVXzjfnQ==, figureFileBig=qmf6FZxslFWECWoMtIrc9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369351209370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组小鼠视网膜NLRP3、Caspase-1、Cleaved-GSDMD、IL-1β和IL-18表达 (n=3,x¯±s)

A: Representative immunoblot images of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Cleaved-GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18 and GAPDH; B to F: Statistical analyses of protein levels of NLRP3 (B), Caspase-1 (C), Cleaved-GSDMD (D), IL-1β (E), and IL-18 (F)

, figureFileSmall=TbJg2DGc1Yl77vqVXzjfnQ==, figureFileBig=qmf6FZxslFWECWoMtIrc9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369426706843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Expression of GFAP and Vimentin in retinal Müller cells of mice in each group (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=uJrTIJ8fb50SwDNBbL7ZJQ==, figureFileBig=k7IfkpVPiuDBOUKfegWyhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369510592924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组小鼠视网膜Müller细胞GFAP及Vimentin的表达 (n=3,x¯±s)

A: Representative images of retina immunofluorescence staining for GFAP (red) and Vimentin (green); B: Quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence density in GFAP; C: Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of GFAP+ Vimentin+/Vimentin+; D: Immunoblotting of GFAP and statistical analysis of GFAP relative optical density

, figureFileSmall=uJrTIJ8fb50SwDNBbL7ZJQ==, figureFileBig=k7IfkpVPiuDBOUKfegWyhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369594479005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Expression of Iba-1 in the retinal tissues of mice in each group (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=D46qCyPK7keYrB7gwtHdYw==, figureFileBig=gsmFG0+U75wxwXmMu/pjzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369653199262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各组小鼠视网膜Iba-1的表达(n=3,x¯±s)

A: Immunoblots of Iba-1 and statistical analysis of its protein levels; B: Representative images of retinal immunofluorescence staining for Iba-1 (green); C: Quantitative analysis of retinal immunofluorescence density of Iba-1

, figureFileSmall=D46qCyPK7keYrB7gwtHdYw==, figureFileBig=gsmFG0+U75wxwXmMu/pjzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369716113823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Transmission electron microscopic images of the retina of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=i7IZg22zl5o0cDxmsme1Lg==, figureFileBig=FgXT3G9VBEHdEXarWAAaaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442369787416992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442361755324769, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各组小鼠视网膜透射电镜图像

White dotted lines: boundaries between photoreceptor inner segment (IS) and outer segment (OS); Red arrows: vacuolated regions; Blue arrows: sites of electron‑dense material accumulation; Black boxes: areas exhibiting sparse and disorganized disc stacking

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MCC950通过抑制NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD通路保护小鼠视网膜感光细胞的冲击波损伤
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王越 1 , 杨楠 2 , 宁亚蕾 2 , 袁容娣 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(9): 1142-1151
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (9) : 1142 -1151
MCC950通过抑制NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD通路保护小鼠视网膜感光细胞的冲击波损伤
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王越1, 杨楠2, 宁亚蕾2, 袁容娣1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院眼科,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院野战外科研究部,重庆
通讯作者:
袁容娣,E-mail:
YUAN Rongdi,E-mail:
MCC950 protects retinal photoreceptor cells against blast-induced injury by inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway in mice
Yue WANG1, Nan YANG2, Yalei NING2, Rongdi YUAN1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 2Institute of Field Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601112
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目的

冲击波介导的创伤性脑损伤(blast-induced traumatic brain injury,bTBI)常常在工业事故或军事环境中流行,当合并视功能损伤时,由于其独特的致伤机制与复杂的病理演变区别于传统的眼外伤。通过探究冲击波暴露后,NLRP3抑制剂MCC950对视网膜结构和功能的影响。

方法

采用生物激波管建立bTBI小鼠模型,8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠[体质量(23.5±1.5)g]按体质量分层后随机分为(n=8):假手术组、bTBI 28 d组、bTBI 28 d+DMSO组及bTBI 28 d+MCC950组(腹腔注射MCC950,10 mg/kg)。冲击波暴露后,通过视网膜电图(electroretinography, ERG)评估视网膜功能(n=8);采用Western blotting检测视网膜NLRP3、Caspase-1、Cleaved-GSDMD、IL-1β及IL-18的蛋白水平(n=3);利用免疫荧光染色和Western blotting定位定量分析Müller细胞和小胶质细胞活化情况(n=3);通过透射电镜分析感光细胞超微结构的变化(n=3)。

结果

与假手术组相比,bTBI 28 d组小鼠表现为进行性视功能障碍,表现为暗适应ERG的a波(P<0.001)、b波(P<0.01)、OPs波(P<0.001)振幅显著降低;视网膜出现Müller细胞(P<0.05)和小胶质细胞(P<0.001)的显著活化;视网膜中NLRP3(P<0.05)、Caspase-1(P<0.01)、Cleaved-GSDMD(P<0.05)及下游炎症因子IL-1β(P<0.01)、IL-18(P<0.001)的蛋白水平均显著升高。透射电镜显示:bTBI 28 d组小鼠感光细胞外节膜盘结构紊乱、内节空泡化。MCC950干预显著逆转了上述改变,表现为:与bTBI 28 d组相比,bTBI 28 d+MCC950组a波、b波、OPs波振幅显著回升(P<0.05),Müller细胞(P<0.01)和小胶质细胞(P<0.05)活化被显著抑制;焦亡通路中NLRP3、Caspase-1、Cleaved-GSDMD、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白显著下调(P<0.01),感光细胞超微结构损伤明显减轻。

结论

冲击波暴露后视网膜损伤与NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD信号轴介导的感光细胞焦亡密切相关,而早期应用MCC950抑制该焦亡通路可有效减轻神经炎症与胶质化反应,从而对视网膜光感受器细胞的结构与功能发挥保护作用。

创伤性脑损伤  /  冲击伤  /  NLR家族含pyrin结构域蛋白3  /  光感受器细胞  /  MCC950
Objective

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is frequently observed in industrial accidents and military operations, and presents unique mechanisms of injury and complex pathological evolution distinct from conventional ocular trauma when complicated by visual dysfunction. By investigating the effects of NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 on retinal structure and function following blast wave exposure.

Methods

A bTBI mouse model was established using a biological shock tube. Male C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old, weighing 23.5±1.5 g) were stratified by body mass and randomly divided into a sham group, a bTBI 28 d group, a bTBI 28 d+DMSO group, and a bTBI 28 d + MCC950 group (MCC950, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), with 8 animals in each group. After blast exposure, retinal function was evaluated by electroretinography (ERG, n=8); the protein levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Cleaved-GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 in the retina were detected by Western blotting (n=3); the activation of Müller cells and microglia was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining (IF) and Western blotting (n=3); and photoreceptor ultrastructural changes were observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM, n=3).

Results

Compared with the sham group, the bTBI 28 d group exhibited progressive visual dysfunction, manifested by significantly reduced amplitudes of the a-wave (P<0.001), b-wave (P<0.01), and oscillatory potentials (OPs) wave (P<0.001) in dark-adapted ERG; significant activation of Müller cells (P<0.05) and microglia (P<0.001) in the retina; and significant elevated retinal protein levels of NLRP3 (P<0.05), Caspase-1 (P<0.01), Cleaved-GSDMD (P<0.05), and downstream inflammatory factors IL-1β (P<0.01) and IL-18 (P<0.001). TEM revealed disorganized outer segment disc structures and inner segment vacuolization in photoreceptors of the bTBI 28 d group. MCC950 intervention significantly reversed these changes, as evidenced by significantly increased amplitudes of the a-wave, b-wave, and OPs wave in ERG in the bTBI 28 d+MCC950 group compared with the bTBI 28 d group (P<0.05), significantly inhibited activation of Müller cells (P<0.01) and microglia (P<0.05), significant downregulation of pyroptosis pathway proteins including NLRP3, Caspase-1, Cleaved-GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 (P<0.01), and markedly attenuated photoreceptor ultrastructural damage.

Conclusion

Retinal injury following blast exposure is closely associated with NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD signaling axis-mediated photoreceptor pyroptosis. Early administration of MCC950 to inhibit this pyroptosis pathway can effectively alleviate neuroinflammation and gliosis, thereby exerting protective effects on the structure and function of retinal photoreceptor cells.

brain injury, traumatic  /  blast injuries  /  NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3  /  photoreceptor cells  /  MCC950
王越, 杨楠, 宁亚蕾, 袁容娣. MCC950通过抑制NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD通路保护小鼠视网膜感光细胞的冲击波损伤. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (9) : 1142 -1151 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601112
Yue WANG, Nan YANG, Yalei NING, Rongdi YUAN. MCC950 protects retinal photoreceptor cells against blast-induced injury by inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway in mice[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (9) : 1142 -1151 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601112
冲击波介导的创伤性脑损伤(blast-induced traumatic brain injury, bTBI)是指当爆炸发生时产生的冲击波以高速和高压的状态从爆炸中心呈放射状传播,个体暴露于冲击波时导致的脑组织损伤,又称颅脑冲击伤[1-2]。bTBI主要发生于工业事故或军事环境中[3-4]。与传统的钝性或穿透性创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)不同,bTBI具有更为复杂的生物力致伤机制和病理演变过程,其所致的长期神经后遗症已构成了严重的公共卫生挑战[5]。
视觉系统是中枢神经系统在颅脑外的延伸,当爆炸事件发生时,眼球常常直接暴露于冲击波,冲击波超压可通过多种途径损害视觉功能[6-7]。临床研究表明,经历过冲击波暴露后的幸存者视觉质量与健康人群相比显著下降,除视野缺失、对比敏感度降低及深度知觉异常外,还伴有视疲劳加剧和阅读耐久度不足等功能限制,严重影响患者的生活质量[8-9]。许多患者在常规眼科检查中未见明显眼底异常,却在暴露于冲击波后较长的时间出现迟发性的视功能减退[10-11]。这种结构和功能分离的现象提示,冲击波暴露可能诱发了视网膜分子层面的病理生理改变,深入探究其变化规律及潜在的干预靶点对于防治冲击波暴露后的视功能损伤具有重要意义。
在bTBI的病理进程中,神经炎症扮演着关键角色。最新研究表明,NLRP3炎性小体在创伤后的视网膜退行性变中可能发挥着重要作用[12-13]。NLRP3炎性小体作为免疫系统中的关键传感器,能感知病原体的入侵,识别细胞损伤,并通过组装其核心成分启动炎症反应[14]。经典的NLRP3炎性小体由3个核心成分组成:NLRP3、含半胱天冬酶招募结构域的凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)和Caspase-1。这些成分协同作用,调节炎性小体的激活。特别是活化的Caspase-1不仅能促进促炎因子IL-1β和IL-18的成熟与释放,还能特异性切割消皮素D(gasdermin D,GSDMD),其N端结构域可以在细胞膜上打孔,导致细胞发生焦亡[15]。然而,在冲击波暴露后导致的视网膜损伤中,是否存在NLRP3炎症小体的异常激活及视网膜的细胞焦亡目前仍不清楚,且NLRP3的特异性抑制剂的保护作用仍需进一步验证。
MCC950是一种高选择性、高效的NLRP3小分子抑制剂,已在多种神经退行性疾病模型中显示出其显著的神经保护作用。但目前尚不明确MCC950是否能通过特异性抑制NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD信号通路减轻冲击波介导的视网膜损伤。本研究构建了bTBI小鼠模型,分析视网膜损伤后功能的变化规律,并且评估了MCC950对损伤晚期视网膜的结构和功能的保护效应。本研究结果有助于初步探讨冲击波暴露后视功能障碍与NLRP3炎症小体的异常激活的相关性,并为冲击波暴露后视功能障碍的治疗提供潜在的药物干预靶点。
本研究使用8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,体质量(23.5±1.5)g,购自陆军军医大学大坪医院实验动物中心。所有动物在标准化环境[温度(22±1)℃,湿度55%±5%,12 h明/暗循环]中适应性饲养1周,可自由获取灭菌水和标准饲料。实验方案经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20199022)。所有手术及侵入性操作在腹腔注射三溴乙醇(250 mg/kg)麻醉下进行,并严格遵守动物福利伦理原则。任何出现无法进食或饮水、体质量较基准值下降超过20%或出现严重痛苦迹象(如持续抽搐、严重震颤或瘫痪)的小鼠,在实验预定终点前在深度麻醉状态下实施安乐死。
小鼠按体质量分层后随机分为(n=8):假手术(Sham)组、冲击波暴露(bTBI)组、冲击波暴露溶剂对照组(bTBI+DMSO)组和冲击波暴露干预(bTBI+MCC950)组。采用生物激波管-Ⅰ(BST-Ⅰ)装置产生可控冲击波,参照已建立的方法构建模型[16]。简述如下:使用1.25%三溴乙醇对小鼠进行麻醉后,将其固定于定制金属约束架中以限制位移,防止二次机械损伤。将约束架置于激波管特定位置,确保冲击波超压作用方向一致。通过快速破裂铝质隔膜,利用高压压缩气体产生冲击波,峰值超压为(356.00±4.57)kPa,持续时间为(0.05±0.21)s。Sham组的动物接受了相同的麻醉和固定程序,但未暴露于冲击波。在冲击波暴露后,对所有动物进行了持续监测,直至它们完全恢复意识,然后将其送回饲养笼。在暴露后24 h、7 d和28 d分别进行了视觉电生理评估,随后在1.25%三溴乙醇麻醉下通过颈椎脱臼法对小鼠实施安乐死,收集样本进行后续实验分析。
小鼠暗适应8 h后,于暗红光环境下使用盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液进行麻醉、散瞳。将金属环形电极置于角膜表面作为记录电极,参考电极置于前额皮下,尾根部接地。完成15 min补充暗适应后,使用统一的闪光刺激强度(3.0 cd·s/m²)记录暗适应ERG反应。采样频率为2 000 Hz。分析a波、b波及振荡电位(oscillatory potentials, OPs)波的振幅。
根据说明书,将MCC950(MCE,美国)溶解在5%DMSO和95%PBS中。实验分为:bTBI 28 d+MCC950组和bTBI 28 d+DMSO组。药物干预组在暴露后0、1和2 d腹腔注射MCC950(10 mg/kg),药物浓度配置为2.5 mg/mL,每只小鼠腹腔注射100 μL,随后每2天注射1次,共注射6次[17]。溶剂对照组在相同时间点注射等体积5%DMSO和95%PBS溶剂。各组在完成电生理评估后在1.25%三溴乙醇麻醉下安乐死。收集视网膜样本以供后续实验分析。
将眼球的组织切片用PBS洗涤,并用0.4%Triton X-100在PBS中进行通透处理。在37 ℃下用10%正常山羊血清封闭1 h后,切片分别与以下一抗抗体孵育:Iba-1抗体(1∶250;CST)、GFAP抗体(1∶250;abcam)、Vimentin抗体(1∶100;abcam)。4 ℃过夜孵育后复温1 h,PBS洗涤3次,在37 ℃下与相应物种的Alexa Fluor®的二抗(488/594/647,1∶450;CST)一起孵育1 h,PBS洗涤3次后擦干多余水分,滴入含DAPI的抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片。共聚焦显微镜(徕卡TCS SP8)进行拍照,各样本的采集参数保持一致。使用Image J软件对免疫荧光信号进行定量分析。
将视网膜组织在含有蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA缓冲液中匀浆。使用BCA蛋白质测定试剂盒(索莱宝生物)根据制造商的协议对蛋白质浓度进行定量检测。等量的蛋白质样本通过适当浓度的SDS-PAGE在凝胶上进行分离(Bio-rad),根据目标蛋白质的分子量进行选择,然后进行电泳转移至PVDF膜上。膜在室温下Western blotting封闭液封闭非特异性结合位点。随后,在4 ℃摇床上将膜与以下一抗孵育过夜:Iba-1抗体(1∶10 000)、GFAP抗体(1∶10 000)、NLRP3抗体(1∶10 000;Invitrogen)、IL-1β抗体(1∶8 000;CST)、IL-18抗体(1∶10 000;CST)和Cleaved GSDMD抗体(1∶10 000;CST)。在用TBST清洗5次后,根据一抗种属选择辣根过氧化物酶标记的二抗与膜在室温下孵育1 h,通过ChemiDoc成像系统(伯瑞德公司)进行显影。使用Image J软件计算条带灰度值。
视网膜组织在2.5%戊二醛溶液中固定过夜,随后在室温下用1%四氧化锇溶液进行2次固定2 h。在梯度稀释的乙醇溶液和环氧丙烷中脱水,用等体积的环氧丙烷/埃普龙树脂的混合物进行浸渍,然后用纯环氧树脂进行嵌入,使其在60 ℃下聚合48 h。使用LKB-I超薄切片机进行切片,并将其固定在200目的载网上,用醋酸铀和柠檬酸铅进行双重染色。使用日立透射电子显微镜系统在加速电压为80.0 kV下进行拍摄。
所有统计分析使用SPSS 26软件进行,绘图采用Origin 2021软件。图表中的所有数据以x¯±s表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较使用独立样本t检验。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
为了评估冲击波对视网膜功能的动态影响,对Sham组及bTBI后24 h、7 d、28 d的小鼠进行了ERG检测。与Sham组相比,bTBI 24 h组a波(P<0.05)、b波(P<0.01)以及OPs波(P<0.05)的波幅均显著下降;bTBI 7 d组a波(P<0.01)、b波(P<0.001)以及OPs波(P<0.05)的波幅亦显著降低;bTBI 28 d组a波(P<0.01)、b波(P<0.001)以及OPs波(P<0.01)的波幅同样明显下降。结果表明,在所有观察时间点,小鼠均表现出显著的视功能损伤,具体体现为a波(图1A)、b波(图1B)及OPs波(图1C)振幅的显著降低。a波的显著降低提示视网膜光感受器细胞功能受损,特别是在冲击波暴露后28 d下降最显著,因此,本研究将bTBI 28 d作为评估晚期视网膜损伤及药物干预疗效的主要时间节点进行后续实验。
采用NLRP3的特异性抑制剂MCC950腹腔注射分析其对冲击波暴露后视网膜的保护作用。结果显示:与bTBI 28 d组相比,bTBI 28 d+MCC950组a波、b波以OPs波的振幅均有显著回升(P<0.05);而bTBI 28 d+DMSO组对视网膜电图参数无显著影响(图2)。基于此结果,为了简化分析模型,后续研究专门针对Sham组、bTBI 28 d组和bTBI 28 d+MCC950组进行对比。
通过Western blotting定量分析结果表明,与Sham组相比,bTBI 28 d组小鼠视网膜中NLRP3(P<0.05)和Caspase-1(P<0.01)蛋白水平显著升高,与焦亡发生相关的打孔蛋白Cleaved-GSDMD(P<0.05)及其下游炎症介质IL-1β(P<0.01)和IL-18(P<0.001)的蛋白水平亦显著升高,提示冲击波暴露显著激活了视网膜内的焦亡信号通路。bTBI 28 d+MCC950组则显示出对焦亡相关蛋白和炎症因子的显著抑制效应,表现为与bTBI 28 d组相比,bTBI 28 d+MCC950组中NLRP3、Caspase-1、Cleaved-GSDMD、IL-1β和IL-18的蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.01,图3),提示MCC950有效抑制了细胞焦亡的发生。
免疫荧光染色显示,Sham组中GFAP阳性信号主要局限于视网膜内表面的神经纤维层及神经节细胞层,符合星形胶质细胞和静息态Müller细胞的生理分布特征(图4A)。bTBI 28 d组GFAP与Vimentin呈现显著的免疫荧光共染,GFAP不仅在神经纤维层及神经节细胞层显著上调,还呈现向视网膜内丛状层延伸的趋势。并且Vimentin阳性纤维排列紊乱,视网膜表现出显著的胶质化反应。Western blotting结果显示,bTBI 28 d组视网膜GFAP蛋白水平较Sham组显著上调(P<0.001,图4D)。而bTBI 28 d+MCC950组可见GFAP和Vimentin的表达量及共定位范围均较bTBI 28 d组显著减少(图4A~C),Western blotting定量分析GFAP蛋白表达量亦是呈相同趋势(P<0.01,图4D)。上述结果提示MCC950有效阻断了冲击波暴露后视网膜Müller细胞的胶质化。
通过Western blotting蛋白定量分析发现,bTBI 28 d组中视网膜Iba-1蛋白水平显著增多(P<0.001,图5A)。通过免疫荧光染色定位分析可见,与Sham组相比,bTBI 28 d组小鼠视网膜中Iba-1阳性的小胶质细胞数量显著升高(P<0.001,图5B、C),主要分布于内丛状层、外丛状层及神经节细胞层,显示小胶质细胞的活化和募集。通过Western blotting蛋白定量可见,与bTBI 28 d组相比,在给予MCC950治疗后Iba-1表达量被显著抑制(P<0.05,图5A)。免疫荧光染色显示视网膜各层中Iba-1的荧光强度及阳性细胞数量均较bTBI 28 d组显著下降(P<0.01,图5B、C),提示MCC950能够有效抑制冲击波暴露后小胶质细胞异常激活。
为了进一步观察视网膜感光细胞超微结构变化,采用TEM进行了视网膜超微结构分析,结果显示,Sham组光感受器细胞内节(inner segment, IS)胞质内细胞器结构完整,外节(outer segment, OS)膜盘排列紧密且整齐。而bTBI 28 d组光感受器细胞OS膜盘层状结构破坏,排列稀疏、紊乱;IS内可见明显的空泡化,并伴有异常的电子致密沉积聚集,提示光感受器的细胞器受损严重。MCC950则保护了光感受器细胞的超微结构完整性。在bTBI 28 d组+MCC950组中,OS膜盘排列相对整齐,IS空泡化及电子致密物质沉积明显减少,细胞形态接近于Sham组水平(图6)。
bTBI由于其致伤机制复杂,是国内外学者研究的热点。bTBI合并的视功能损伤,由于早期临床表现隐匿,目前仍缺乏可靠的诊断指标评估伤情[18]。采用动物模型来模拟bTBI的特定特征,可对bTBI合并眼损伤的机制进行探究[19]。本研究通过BST-Ⅰ构建了bTBI小鼠模型,该装置通过压缩空气驱动模拟爆炸波超压,其足够长的负压时间是其他冲击管尚未达到的[16]。这使得本研究的动物模型更接近于真实爆炸所导致的颅脑冲击伤。
视觉电生理检测可无创地检测视功能的变化情况[20]。通过ERG监测发现,bTBI并非仅造成一过性的急性损伤,同时也诱发了持续至伤后28 d的视功能障碍。这与HARPER等[21]的研究结果一致,他们发现,在经历冲击波暴露后,ERG波幅呈现下降趋势,提示冲击波暴露可能对视网膜造成了广泛的损伤。ERG是评估视网膜各层细胞功能的客观指标。既往研究证实,a波起源于视网膜外层的光感受器细胞,反映视网膜光感受器的电位变化;b波源自双极细胞和Müller细胞,体现视网膜内层功能;而OPs则由内丛状层或内核层的抑制性及反馈突触回路产生,对视网膜微循环状态尤为敏感[22]。在本研究中,通过ERG的监测观察到了,与Sham组相比,a波振幅的显著下降,从电生理层面反映了光感受器功能障碍。视网膜光感受器具有极高的代谢需求,尤其是对缺血、缺氧及机械应力的变化高度易感[23-24]。TEM分析发现,冲击波暴露后光感受器细胞OS膜盘排列稀疏紊乱,IS异常电子致密物沉积,胞质空泡化,为上述功能障碍提供了超微结构病理证据。此外,本研究还观察到b波同样呈现下降趋势,虽然b波通常被视为如双极细胞、Müller细胞等内层视网膜突触传递功能的指标,但其波形的产生依赖于光感受器细胞的信号输入。相关研究表明,ERG检查中,b波的振幅与a波的振幅大小密切相关[25]。本研究观察到了a波与b波同步降低,可推测b波的降低可能为光感受器细胞受损引起的继发性改变,而非单纯的突触传递阻滞。由此可见,冲击波暴露可引发视网膜感光细胞的结构损伤与功能障碍,提示保护感光细胞可能是减轻冲击波所致视功能损害的关键干预靶点[26]。
本研究还发现了bTBI小鼠视网膜存在Müller细胞的反应性胶质化,这是视网膜损伤产生应激反应的标志[27]。在生理条件下,Müller细胞通常处于静息状态,仅表达低水平的Vimentin或微量的GFAP。在本研究中,视网膜在经历冲击波暴露后观察到的GFAP与Vimentin共表达显著增强,这种广泛的胶质化反应提示Müller细胞可能发生了表型转化[28-29]。同时,还观察到视网膜内Iba-1的表达显著上调,提示小胶质细胞亦被激活。既往研究表明,活化的小胶质细胞可通过释放促炎因子(如IL-1β、TNF-α等)进一步诱导Müller细胞的胶质化,二者形成紧密的胶质细胞串联[30]。虽然在急性期可能具有一定的神经保护作用,但长期且过度的胶质化往往会导致细胞形成胶质瘢痕,甚至释放细胞毒性物加重神经元损伤。因此,这也提示抑制胶质细胞的病理性激活对治疗冲击波视网膜损伤、保护视功能具有重要意义。
近期针对bTBI损伤机制的研究结果显示,NLRP3炎症小体的激活是导致损伤发生的关键病理性改变[31-32]。本研究验证了在经历冲击波暴露后视网膜同样存在着NLRP3炎症小体的激活。通过Western blotting定量检测了经典的NLRP3焦亡通路关键蛋白,发现NLRP3和Caspase-1的表达水平在冲击波暴露后显著上调,提示炎性小体的组装与活化[33]。作为细胞焦亡的关键执行蛋白Cleaved-GSDMD在bTBI 28 d组中显著增加的同时,下游促炎因子IL-1β和IL-18的表达量也显著升高。MCC950是一种特异性NLRP3抑制剂,与LI等[34]的研究一致,使用MCC950可有效地阻断NLRP3的激活。随着MCC950干预组中NLRP3的表达减少,Caspase-1、Cleaved-GSDMD、IL-1β以及IL-18的表达量也显著减少,同时视网膜ERG的a波、b波有显著上调,感光细胞超微结构上可见细胞形态恢复,说明MCC950的干预对冲击波暴露后视网膜感光细胞具有保护作用。这些细胞焦亡标志物的显著下调与本研究观察到的视网膜感光细胞结构和功能的恢复密切相关,虽然未能将ERG完全恢复至Sham组的基线水平,但这种功能恢复表明,经历冲击波暴露后早期使用MCC950进行干预,可有效地从源头上切断炎症的级联反应发生,从而对感光细胞的结构和功能发挥保护作用。
本研究也存在一定的局限性:①尽管小鼠模型在机制探究中具有重要的价值,但其始终无法完全复刻人类在冲击波暴露后复杂的视觉症状和主观感受。②视觉系统是一个从视网膜延伸至视觉皮层的复杂的神经网络。本研究的切入点主要聚焦在视网膜光感受器细胞及胶质细胞的病理改变,尚未深入地探讨视神经、视交叉、外侧膝状体及视觉中枢等重要的视觉通路组成部分在冲击波暴露后的潜在损伤及机制。未来的研究将致力于在更广泛的视觉通路中验证上述发现,并结合行为学手段进行综合评估。
综上所述,冲击波暴露后小鼠晚期视网膜NLRP3表达上调,通过早期使用MCC950抑制NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD轴可有效抑制感光细胞焦亡,挽救晚期视功能障碍。通过早期的干预可能是预防冲击伤后视功能障碍的有效策略,但是具体在临床中的应用价值仍需进一步探究。

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2026年第48卷第9期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601112
  • 接收时间:2026-01-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-27
  • 修回日期:2026-03-06
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院眼科,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院野战外科研究部,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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