Article(id=1320442328741954534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766073600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-19, revisedDate=1773936000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747583804, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747583804, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747583804, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747583804, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442289126752969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='971', pageEnd='1128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747574359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749820502, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1042, endPage=1053, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442328918115303, articleId=1320442328741954534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Cell-type differential targeting of TLR5 and TLR7 agonists and their synergistic effect as nasal mucosal adjuvants, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To compare the differential activation characteristics of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist KFD and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist R837 on nasal epithelial cells (NECs) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and to determine whether their combination produces synergistic enhancement as nasal mucosal adjuvants.

Methods

Mouse NECs and BMDCs were stimulated with 200 ng/mL KFD or R837 alone or in combination (n=3). At 3 h after stimulation, transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze gene expression profiles, with key gene expression validated by qPCR. IL-6 levels in the supernatants were measured by ELISA at 12 h post-stimulation. Female C57BL/6 mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 18 to 20 g) were randomly divided into negative control (normal saline), KFD alone (2 μg) group, R837 alone (2 μg) group, and KFD+R837 combination (2 μg KFD+2 μg R837) groups (n=5). At 18 h after intranasal administration, nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected to detect IL-6 levels, and the expression of costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 on dendritic cells (DCs) in cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen for intranasal immunization, mice were randomly divided into normal saline (negative control), OVA alone (25 μg), OVA+KFD (25 μg OVA+2 μg KFD), OVA+R837 (25 μg OVA+2 μg R837), and OVA+combination adjuvant (25 μg OVA+1 μg KFD+1 μg R837) groups (n=5). Mice were immunized intranasally at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Serum and saliva samples were collected at 2 weeks after the final immunization, and OVA-specific IgG/IgA antibody levels were detected by ELISA.

Results

Transcriptomic analysis revealed that KFD primarily activated NECs, with differentially expressed genes enriched in innate immune pathways such as TNF and NF-κB. In contrast, R837 potently activated BMDCs, with differentially expressed genes involved in TNF and IL-17 signaling pathways. In vitro BMDC experiments confirmed that R837 upregulated Tnf and Cxcl10 mRNA levels more strongly than KFD (P<0.01). The combination synergistically enhanced the expression of Tnf, Cxcl10, and Cd40 (P<0.001) and IL-6 secretion (KFD+R837 combination vs single agent, P<0.000 1). After intranasal administration, both KFD and R837 significantly upregulated CD80/CD86 expression on CLN DCs, with the combination group showing the most significant CD80 upregulation (KFD+R837 combination vs single agent, P<0.05). KFD alone significantly elevated IL-6 levels in NALF, which was not further enhanced by the combination. In the OVA immunization model, the combination adjuvant group exhibited significantly higher levels of serum OVA-specific IgG and salivary OVA-specific IgA than the OVA group (P<0.000 1), which were superior to either single adjuvant (serum IgG: OVA+ combined adjuvants vs OVA+R837, P<0.05; salivary IgA: OVA+ combined adjuvants vs OVA+KFD, OVA+ combined adjuvants vs OVA+R837, both P<0.05).

Conclusion

TLR5 and TLR7 agonists differentially activate NECs and DCs. Their combination synergistically activates DCs and significantly enhances both systemic and local antigen-specific immune responses to mucosal vaccines.

, authors=Kexing ZHUO1, Zihang ZENG1, Shasha WANG2, Sijian HUANG1, 3, Shijia QIU1, Maohua ZHONG1, Piao ZOU1, Jingyi YANG2, Yuan CAO1, authorsList=Kexing ZHUO, Zihang ZENG, Shasha WANG, Sijian HUANG, Shijia QIU, Maohua ZHONG, Piao ZOU, Jingyi YANG, Yuan CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingyi YANG, Yuan CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442330293847026, articleId=1320442328741954534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=TLR5与TLR7激动剂的细胞靶向差异及其鼻腔黏膜佐剂协同效应, columnId=1320442291907576524, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

比较Toll样受体5(Toll-like receptor 5, TLR5)激动剂KFD与Toll样受体7(Toll-like receptor 7, TLR7)激动剂R837对鼻上皮细胞(nasal epithelial cell,NEC)与树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cell,BMDC)的差异激活特性,并明确二者联合作为鼻腔黏膜佐剂是否产生协同增强效应。

方法

以200 ng/mL KFD或R837单独或联合刺激小鼠NEC及BMDC(n=3),刺激3 h后采用转录组测序分析基因表达谱,通过qPCR验证关键基因表达;刺激12 h后采用ELISA检测上清IL-6水平。6~8周龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠(体质量18~20 g)采用随机数字表法分为(n=5):阴性对照(生理盐水)组、单KFD(2 μg KFD)组、单R837组(2 μg R837)组及KFD+R837联合(2 μg KFD+2 μg R837)组,滴鼻18 h后,收集鼻腔灌洗液(nasal lavage fluid,NALF)及支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)检测IL-6水平,流式细胞术检测颈部引流淋巴结(cervical lymph node,CLN)中树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)表面共刺激分子CD80/CD86表达。以卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)为模式抗原滴鼻免疫,小鼠采用随机数字表法分为(n=5):单OVA抗原(25 µg OVA)组、OVA+KFD单佐剂(25 µg OVA+2 µg KFD)组、OVA+R837单佐剂(25 µg OVA+2 µg R837)组、OVA+联合佐剂(25 µg OVA +1µg KFD+1µg R837)组、生理盐水(阴性对照)组;于第0、4、8周滴鼻免疫小鼠,末次免疫后2周采集血清及唾液,ELISA检测OVA特异性IgG/IgA抗体水平。

结果

转录组分析表明,KFD主要激活NEC,差异基因富集于TNF、NF-κB等固有免疫通路;R837则强效激活BMDC,差异基因涉及TNF、IL-17等信号通路。体外BMDC实验证实,R837较KFD更强地上调Tnf、Cxcl10 mRNA表达(P<0.01);二者联用协同增强Tnf、Cxcl10、Cd40表达(P<0.001)及IL-6分泌(KFD+R837 vs 单剂,P<0.000 1)。体内滴鼻后,KFD与R837均能显著上调CLN DC表面CD80/CD86表达,联合组CD80上调最为显著(KFD+R837 vs 单剂,P<0.05);KFD单独诱导鼻腔灌洗液中IL-6水平显著升高,而联合组未进一步增强。在OVA免疫模型中,与OVA组相比,联合佐剂组血清OVA特异性IgG和唾液OVA特异性IgA抗体水平显著提升(P<0.000 1);且优于任一单佐剂组(血清IgG:OVA+联合佐剂vs OVA+R837,P<0.05;唾液IgA: OVA+联合佐剂vs OVA+KFD,OVA+联合佐剂vs OVA+R837,P<0.05)。

结论

TLR5与TLR7激动剂差异激活NEC及DC,二者联用可协同活化DC,显著增强黏膜疫苗的系统性与局部特异性免疫应答。

, authors=卓可星1, 曾子航1, 汪莎莎2, 黄思剑1, 3, 裘诗佳1, 钟茂华1, 邹飘1, 杨菁毅2, 操媛1, authorsList=卓可星, 曾子航, 汪莎莎, 黄思剑, 裘诗佳, 钟茂华, 邹飘, 杨菁毅, 操媛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨菁毅, 操媛, authorNote=

同等贡献者

ZHUO Kexing and ZENG Zihang contributed equally to the article.

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨菁毅,E-mail:
操媛,E-mail:
YANG Jingyi, E-mail:
CAO Yuan, E-mail:
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A: Venn diagram of differentially expression genes; B: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of KFD group; C: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of R837 group; D: Heatmap of representative differentially expressed genes

, figureFileSmall=SGeQlSGoQrKqNVL93QbUWw==, figureFileBig=MvyA+QFHFdIxPtfrvQl1MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442339357737015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442328741954534, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Transcriptional profiles of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) stimulated by KFD or R837 (n=3), figureFileSmall=jALeSMlA0/pkBHOCYGNYKg==, figureFileBig=/+VTOC5LkskYcWNx6DFP7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442341039652922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442328741954534, language=CN, label=图2, caption=KFD与R837分别刺激BMDC的转录组特征 (n=3)

A:Venn diagram of differentially expression genes; B:KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of KFD group;C:KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of R837 group;D:Heatmap of representative differentially expressed genes

, figureFileSmall=jALeSMlA0/pkBHOCYGNYKg==, figureFileBig=/+VTOC5LkskYcWNx6DFP7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442341110956091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442328741954534, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of KFD and R837 alone or in combination on BMDC activation, figureFileSmall=y/5ZIuy/FYQ2Ps52TXuPfA==, figureFileBig=cupvA8OzIgM3KERVdxlAdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442341182259260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442328741954534, language=CN, label=图3, caption=KFD与R837单独或联合刺激BMDC的活化特征

A to C:Relative mRNA expression of Tnf (A), Cxcl10 (B), and Cd40(n=3); D: IL-6 concentration in the supernatant of BMDCs(n=4);E: Flow cytometric analysis of CD80 expression (n=4). MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; F: Flow cytometric analysis of CD86 expression(n=4)

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A:Gating strategy for identifying CLN DCs (defined as FVD⁻/CD45⁺/CD11chi/I-A/I-Ehi); B:Statistical analysis and representative histograms of CD80 expression; C: Statistical results of CD86 MFI and representative histograms on CLN DCs; D: IL-6 concentration in mouse nasal lavage fluid; E, IL-6 concentration in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

, figureFileSmall=iPZS0PNdg6kSAL6WIuvb0w==, figureFileBig=kmVqNH5PxbX5OSB8/8uKdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442341446500415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442328741954534, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of KFD and R837 alone or in combination as mucosal adjuvants on OVA-specific antibody responses (n=5), figureFileSmall=Og4igz/krLK/GyVKDyI4jQ==, figureFileBig=xjoj7fCOG4Qg6xs6vshSfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442341526192192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442328741954534, language=CN, label=图5, caption=KFD与R837单独或联合作为黏膜佐剂对小鼠OVA特异性抗体应答的影响 (n=5)

A:Schematic illustration of intranasal immunization protocol; B:OVA-specific IgG titers in mouse serum at week 5; C:OVA-specific IgG titers in mouse serum at week 10; D:OVA-specific IgA titers in mouse serum at week 10; E:OVA-specific IgA titers in mouse saliva at week 10

, figureFileSmall=Og4igz/krLK/GyVKDyI4jQ==, figureFileBig=xjoj7fCOG4Qg6xs6vshSfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442341589106753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442328741954534, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer Sequences for qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence (5’ → 3’)
β-actinUpstream:CCTTCCTTCTTGGGTAT
Downstream:GCATAGAGGTCTTTACGG
TnfUpstream:CATCTTCTCAAAATTCGAGTGACAA
Downstream:TGGGAGTAGACAAGGTACAACCC
Cxcl10Upstream:TGCCTCATCCTGCTGGGTCTG
Downstream:TCCCTATGGCCCTCATTCTCACTG
Cd40Upstream:GACTGCTTGCTGACCTTTG
Downstream:AGCTCTCCCTCCATCCTT
), ArticleFig(id=1320442341652021314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442328741954534, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence (5’ → 3’)
β-actinUpstream:CCTTCCTTCTTGGGTAT
Downstream:GCATAGAGGTCTTTACGG
TnfUpstream:CATCTTCTCAAAATTCGAGTGACAA
Downstream:TGGGAGTAGACAAGGTACAACCC
Cxcl10Upstream:TGCCTCATCCTGCTGGGTCTG
Downstream:TCCCTATGGCCCTCATTCTCACTG
Cd40Upstream:GACTGCTTGCTGACCTTTG
Downstream:AGCTCTCCCTCCATCCTT
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TLR5与TLR7激动剂的细胞靶向差异及其鼻腔黏膜佐剂协同效应
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卓可星 1 , 曾子航 1 , 汪莎莎 2 , 黄思剑 1, 3 , 裘诗佳 1 , 钟茂华 1 , 邹飘 1 , 杨菁毅 2 , 操媛 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·专题报道 2026,48(8): 1042-1053
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·专题报道 2026 , 48 (8) : 1042 -1053
TLR5与TLR7激动剂的细胞靶向差异及其鼻腔黏膜佐剂协同效应
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卓可星1, 曾子航1, 汪莎莎2, 黄思剑1, 3, 裘诗佳1, 钟茂华1, 邹飘1, 杨菁毅2 , 操媛1
作者信息
  • 1武汉科技大学医学部感染免疫与肿瘤微环境研究所,职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉
  • 2复旦大学附属上海市公共卫生临床中心,上海
  • 3上海交通大学医学院附属上海市第一人民医院临床研究院,上海
通讯作者:
杨菁毅,E-mail:
操媛,E-mail:
YANG Jingyi, E-mail:
CAO Yuan, E-mail:
作者简介:

同等贡献者

ZHUO Kexing and ZENG Zihang contributed equally to the article.

Cell-type differential targeting of TLR5 and TLR7 agonists and their synergistic effect as nasal mucosal adjuvants
Kexing ZHUO1, Zihang ZENG1, Shasha WANG2, Sijian HUANG1, 3, Shijia QIU1, Maohua ZHONG1, Piao ZOU1, Jingyi YANG2 , Yuan CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
  • 2Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai
  • 3Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512106
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目的

比较Toll样受体5(Toll-like receptor 5, TLR5)激动剂KFD与Toll样受体7(Toll-like receptor 7, TLR7)激动剂R837对鼻上皮细胞(nasal epithelial cell,NEC)与树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cell,BMDC)的差异激活特性,并明确二者联合作为鼻腔黏膜佐剂是否产生协同增强效应。

方法

以200 ng/mL KFD或R837单独或联合刺激小鼠NEC及BMDC(n=3),刺激3 h后采用转录组测序分析基因表达谱,通过qPCR验证关键基因表达;刺激12 h后采用ELISA检测上清IL-6水平。6~8周龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠(体质量18~20 g)采用随机数字表法分为(n=5):阴性对照(生理盐水)组、单KFD(2 μg KFD)组、单R837组(2 μg R837)组及KFD+R837联合(2 μg KFD+2 μg R837)组,滴鼻18 h后,收集鼻腔灌洗液(nasal lavage fluid,NALF)及支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)检测IL-6水平,流式细胞术检测颈部引流淋巴结(cervical lymph node,CLN)中树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)表面共刺激分子CD80/CD86表达。以卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)为模式抗原滴鼻免疫,小鼠采用随机数字表法分为(n=5):单OVA抗原(25 µg OVA)组、OVA+KFD单佐剂(25 µg OVA+2 µg KFD)组、OVA+R837单佐剂(25 µg OVA+2 µg R837)组、OVA+联合佐剂(25 µg OVA +1µg KFD+1µg R837)组、生理盐水(阴性对照)组;于第0、4、8周滴鼻免疫小鼠,末次免疫后2周采集血清及唾液,ELISA检测OVA特异性IgG/IgA抗体水平。

结果

转录组分析表明,KFD主要激活NEC,差异基因富集于TNF、NF-κB等固有免疫通路;R837则强效激活BMDC,差异基因涉及TNF、IL-17等信号通路。体外BMDC实验证实,R837较KFD更强地上调Tnf、Cxcl10 mRNA表达(P<0.01);二者联用协同增强Tnf、Cxcl10、Cd40表达(P<0.001)及IL-6分泌(KFD+R837 vs 单剂,P<0.000 1)。体内滴鼻后,KFD与R837均能显著上调CLN DC表面CD80/CD86表达,联合组CD80上调最为显著(KFD+R837 vs 单剂,P<0.05);KFD单独诱导鼻腔灌洗液中IL-6水平显著升高,而联合组未进一步增强。在OVA免疫模型中,与OVA组相比,联合佐剂组血清OVA特异性IgG和唾液OVA特异性IgA抗体水平显著提升(P<0.000 1);且优于任一单佐剂组(血清IgG:OVA+联合佐剂vs OVA+R837,P<0.05;唾液IgA: OVA+联合佐剂vs OVA+KFD,OVA+联合佐剂vs OVA+R837,P<0.05)。

结论

TLR5与TLR7激动剂差异激活NEC及DC,二者联用可协同活化DC,显著增强黏膜疫苗的系统性与局部特异性免疫应答。

黏膜佐剂  /  TLR5激动剂  /  TLR7激动剂  /  上皮细胞  /  树突状细胞  /  协同效应
Objective

To compare the differential activation characteristics of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist KFD and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist R837 on nasal epithelial cells (NECs) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and to determine whether their combination produces synergistic enhancement as nasal mucosal adjuvants.

Methods

Mouse NECs and BMDCs were stimulated with 200 ng/mL KFD or R837 alone or in combination (n=3). At 3 h after stimulation, transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze gene expression profiles, with key gene expression validated by qPCR. IL-6 levels in the supernatants were measured by ELISA at 12 h post-stimulation. Female C57BL/6 mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 18 to 20 g) were randomly divided into negative control (normal saline), KFD alone (2 μg) group, R837 alone (2 μg) group, and KFD+R837 combination (2 μg KFD+2 μg R837) groups (n=5). At 18 h after intranasal administration, nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected to detect IL-6 levels, and the expression of costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 on dendritic cells (DCs) in cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen for intranasal immunization, mice were randomly divided into normal saline (negative control), OVA alone (25 μg), OVA+KFD (25 μg OVA+2 μg KFD), OVA+R837 (25 μg OVA+2 μg R837), and OVA+combination adjuvant (25 μg OVA+1 μg KFD+1 μg R837) groups (n=5). Mice were immunized intranasally at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Serum and saliva samples were collected at 2 weeks after the final immunization, and OVA-specific IgG/IgA antibody levels were detected by ELISA.

Results

Transcriptomic analysis revealed that KFD primarily activated NECs, with differentially expressed genes enriched in innate immune pathways such as TNF and NF-κB. In contrast, R837 potently activated BMDCs, with differentially expressed genes involved in TNF and IL-17 signaling pathways. In vitro BMDC experiments confirmed that R837 upregulated Tnf and Cxcl10 mRNA levels more strongly than KFD (P<0.01). The combination synergistically enhanced the expression of Tnf, Cxcl10, and Cd40 (P<0.001) and IL-6 secretion (KFD+R837 combination vs single agent, P<0.000 1). After intranasal administration, both KFD and R837 significantly upregulated CD80/CD86 expression on CLN DCs, with the combination group showing the most significant CD80 upregulation (KFD+R837 combination vs single agent, P<0.05). KFD alone significantly elevated IL-6 levels in NALF, which was not further enhanced by the combination. In the OVA immunization model, the combination adjuvant group exhibited significantly higher levels of serum OVA-specific IgG and salivary OVA-specific IgA than the OVA group (P<0.000 1), which were superior to either single adjuvant (serum IgG: OVA+ combined adjuvants vs OVA+R837, P<0.05; salivary IgA: OVA+ combined adjuvants vs OVA+KFD, OVA+ combined adjuvants vs OVA+R837, both P<0.05).

Conclusion

TLR5 and TLR7 agonists differentially activate NECs and DCs. Their combination synergistically activates DCs and significantly enhances both systemic and local antigen-specific immune responses to mucosal vaccines.

mucosal adjuvants  /  TLR5 agonist  /  TLR7 agonist  /  epithelial cells  /  dendritic cells  /  synergistic effect
卓可星, 曾子航, 汪莎莎, 黄思剑, 裘诗佳, 钟茂华, 邹飘, 杨菁毅, 操媛. TLR5与TLR7激动剂的细胞靶向差异及其鼻腔黏膜佐剂协同效应. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1042 -1053 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512106
Kexing ZHUO, Zihang ZENG, Shasha WANG, Sijian HUANG, Shijia QIU, Maohua ZHONG, Piao ZOU, Jingyi YANG, Yuan CAO. Cell-type differential targeting of TLR5 and TLR7 agonists and their synergistic effect as nasal mucosal adjuvants[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1042 -1053 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512106
黏膜疫苗能有效诱导局部分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory IgA, sIgA)应答,并建立从黏膜局部至全身的免疫保护,是当前呼吸道病原体疫苗研发的热点[1-2]。其中,鼻腔黏膜疫苗因其接种方式简便、能直接激活呼吸道黏膜免疫等优势,在流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒及新冠病毒等研究中取得显著进展[3-6]。然而,多数抗原经黏膜途径递送时免疫原性较弱,需依赖高效黏膜佐剂辅助以激发有效免疫应答[1,3]。
TLR激动剂因其能够模拟病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pattern, PAMP),激活固有免疫并桥梁适应性免疫的能力,成为一类重要的黏膜佐剂候选[7-8]。其中,TLR5激动剂重组鞭毛素蛋白KFD可通过TLR5通路驱动黏膜sIgA应答,在龋齿、呼吸道合胞病毒及新冠病毒疫苗中展现良好佐剂活性[4-5,9-10];TLR7激动剂R837则可启动I型干扰素、诱导Th1型免疫,鼻内免疫能显著增强抗原特异性抗体应答[11]。联用不同TLR激动剂可产生超越单一成分的免疫增强效果,是实现全面适应性免疫应答的重要策略[7,12-13]。
TLR激动剂联用策略的核心是模拟多重PAMPs共同暴露的自然过程,协同激发更全面均衡的免疫应答。TLR5主要表达于细胞膜表面,尤其在呼吸道上皮细胞及部分常规树突状细胞(conventional dendritic cell, cDC)中丰富存在;TLR7则位于细胞内体,主要富集于浆细胞样树突状细胞(plasmacytoid dendritic cell, pDC)与B细胞中[7-8]。此外,TLR5与TLR7通路活化下游特征不同:TLR5活化后主要激活NF-κB及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路,促进IL-6、IL-23等表达[14];而TLR7的激活则倾向于诱导IFN、促进IL-12等分泌[15-16]。基于此,推测二者联用可能存在协同效应。然而,TLR5与TLR7激动剂在细胞靶向偏好性上的差异及联用是否具备协同佐剂效应,迄今尚未见系统研究报道。
本研究以TLR5激动剂KFD与TLR7激动剂R837为对象,通过转录组分析、体外细胞模型及小鼠滴鼻免疫模型,系统比较二者对鼻上皮细胞(nasal epithelial cell,NEC)、树突状细胞(derived dendritic cell,DC)的差异激活特征,并评估二者联用作为鼻腔黏膜佐剂的协同效应,以期为复合型黏膜佐剂的设计提供理论依据。
6~8周龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠购自湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司,饲养于武汉科技大学实验动物中心SPF环境。饲养环境温度控制在22~25 ℃,湿度40%~60%,12 h光照/12 h黑暗循环,小鼠自由摄食饮水。本研究获武汉科技大学医学伦理委员会批准[伦审科第(2025237)号],所有操作符合动物伦理要求。实验期间每日监测小鼠精神状态、活动度及体质量变化。若出现体质量下降超过20%、持续萎靡不振等征象,将立即实施安乐死以终止实验。本研究中未出现需提前终止的情况。
DMEM/F12、RPMI 1640、FBS、PBS均购自美国Gibco公司。L-谷氨酰胺、非必需氨基酸、丙酮酸钠均购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;人胎盘胶原蛋白VI型购自美国Rockland Immunochemical公司;小鼠重组FMS样酪氨酸激酶3配体(FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand,FLT3L)因子购自美国PeproTech公司。TLR5激动剂KFD由上海市公共卫生临床中心鄢慧民团队惠赠,其采用大肠杆菌BL21表达系统,经镍离子亲和层析纯化,蛋白活性已验证[4, 9,17]。柱式法RNA提取试剂盒购自日本TaKaRa公司;反转录试剂盒购自日本TOYOBO公司。链霉蛋白酶(Pronase)、脱氧核糖核酸酶I(DNase I)、胶原酶D(collagenase D)、卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)均购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。Pacific BlueTM-抗小鼠CD11c、PE-抗小鼠I-A/I-E、APC-抗小鼠CD80、Alexa Fluor® 488-抗小鼠CD86、小鼠IL-6 ELISA试剂盒均购自美国BioLegend公司。
为分析KFD与R837在鼻腔黏膜免疫初始阶段的靶向差异,本研究采用小鼠原代NEC模型进行体外评估。NEC按本团队已建立的标准化方法进行原代培养[18-20]:小鼠经腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg)麻醉后颈椎脱臼处死,无菌条件下分离鼻甲组织,经1.4 mg/mL Pronase和0.1 μg/mL DNaseI消化分离后,接种于人胎盘胶原蛋白(VI型)包被的Transwell上室中,使用含5%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基(补充L-谷氨酰胺、非必需氨基酸及丙酮酸钠),于37 ℃、5% CO₂ 培养箱中培养,每3天更换培养液,约培养10 d后可获得极化的原代NEC。
为分析KFD与R837对DC的直接作用,本研究采用小鼠BMDC进行体外评估。BMDC参照文献报道的标准方法进行培养[20-21]:小鼠经腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg)麻醉后颈椎脱臼处死,无菌条件下分离胫骨和腓骨的骨髓细胞,使用含200 ng/mL FLT3L的RPMI 1640完全培养基于37 ℃、5% CO₂ 条件下培养。每3天补充新鲜培养基继续培养,持续培养约9 d可获得成熟BMDC。
KFD与R837的体外刺激浓度(200 ng/mL)基于文献报道的有效浓度范围及预实验梯度比较结果确定[18, 20, 22-23]。KFD或R837分别刺激NEC、BMDC 3 h,弃刺激物,用预冷PBS离心洗涤2次,加入1 mL TRIzol试剂(含1%β-巯基乙醇)裂解细胞沉淀,分别收集所有细胞裂解液-80 ℃冷冻,干冰寄送至武汉华大基因科技有限公司进行转录组测序分析。使用华大基因标准流程构建适用于测序的cDNA文库,基于DNBSEQ测序平台进行测序。差异表达基因筛选标准设定为|Log₂ (FC)| ≥1且校正后P<0.05(采用Benjamini-Hochberg法进行多重假设检验校正)。对筛选获得的上调差异表达基因,进行KEGG通路富集分析。基于差异表达基因的FPKM值,对每个基因在各样本中的表达量进行Z-score归一化后, 采用层次聚类法对样本及基因进行热图分析。
为验证KFD与R837对BMDC的激活能力并探索二者联用效果,收集分化成熟的BMDC(培养方法同1.3.2),分别设置:对照(未刺激)组、KFD单刺激(200 ng/mL)组、R837单刺激(200 ng/mL)组及KFD+R837联用(各200 ng/mL)组,按1.3.3所述方法于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中刺激3 h, 用于qPCR检测;或刺激12 h,用于流式细胞术及ELISA检测。
刺激结束后收集BMDC,用预冷PBS洗涤2次。按商品化RNA提取试剂盒说明书提取总RNA。取1 μg总RNA反转录为cDNA片段。产物稀释后采用基于SYBR Green I染料的实时荧光定量PCR检测目的基因表达。通过2-ΔΔCt法计算mRNA相对表达量(以β-actin为内参基因)。引物序列见表1。
刺激12 h后收集BMDC,用预冷PBS洗涤2次。加入抗CD16/32抗体,4 ℃避光封闭15 min,阻断Fc受体减少非特异性染色。加入以下稀释至工作浓度的流式抗体进行细胞表面标记染色:Pacific BlueTM-抗小鼠CD11c、PE-抗小鼠I-A/I-E、APC-抗小鼠CD80、Alexa Fluor®488-抗小鼠CD86以及细胞死活染料(Fixable Viability Dye eFluorTM 506,FVD)。染色步骤在4 ℃避光条件下进行30 min。PBS洗涤2次,重悬于流式染色缓冲液中。使用CytoFLEX S流式细胞仪(Beckman Coulter,美国)进行检测,采用FlowJo v10.8.1软件分析,圈定FVD⁻/CD45⁺/CD11chi/I-A/I-Ehi群为DC,分析其表面CD80和CD86的平均荧光强度(mean fluorescence intensity, MFI)。
收集刺激12 h后的细胞培养上清,按照小鼠IL-6 ELISA试剂盒说明书检测上清中IL-6浓度。简述如下:将样品及标准品加入预包被的板孔中孵育,洗涤后加入生物素化检测抗体,再经辣根过氧化物酶标记的链霉亲和素及底物溶液显色,用酶标仪测定450 nm波长吸光度[OD(450)]值。根据标准曲线计算样品中IL-6浓度。
采用KFD与R837单独或联合滴鼻小鼠,检测呼吸道局部IL-6水平及上呼吸道引流淋巴结(cervical lymph nodes, CLN)中DC表面共刺激分子CD80与CD86的表达,作为评估呼吸道局部活化状态的关键指标。
KFD与R837滴鼻剂量基于本团队前期研究及文献报道的有效滴鼻免疫剂量而设定[5,9, 18, 23]。6~8周龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠,采用随机数字表法将小鼠随机分为(n=5):单KFD(2 µg KFD)组、单R837(2 µg R837)组、KFD+R837联用(2 µg KFD+2µg R837)组、阴性对照(生理盐水)组。所有制剂使用无菌注射用生理盐水稀释至终体积为10 µL/只。腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉小鼠后,分2次滴鼻给药,每次5 µL,2次操作间隔5 min,以确保溶液在鼻腔内的充分吸收。
滴鼻18 h后,经腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg)麻醉后颈椎脱臼处死小鼠,暴露气管。使用400 μL PBS从气管至鼻腔方向反复冲洗3次,收集NALF;向肺部缓慢注入并回收0.8 mL预冷的无菌PBS,重复5次,收集BALF。将收集的NALF与BALF样本分别于4 ℃、1 500×g离心10 min,收集上清。按照商品化小鼠ELISA IL-6试剂盒说明书进行检测,根据标准曲线计算样品中IL-6的浓度。
滴鼻18 h后,分离CLN,置于含1 mg/mL胶原酶D和50 μg/mL DNase I的消化液中,37 ℃恒温孵育30 min。随后,加入5 mmol/L 乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,EDTA)终止消化反应,所得细胞悬液经70 μm细胞筛网过滤,以制备单细胞悬液。获取的CLN细胞经PBS离心洗涤两次后,进行流式细胞术染色。染色步骤及数据分析方法同1.4.2。检测CLN DC表面共刺激分子CD80与CD86的表达作为活化的关键指标。
以OVA为模式抗原,KFD、R837单独或联合作为黏膜佐剂,采用小鼠滴鼻免疫模型用于评估黏膜佐剂效力。采用随机数字表法将小鼠分为(n=5):单OVA抗原(25 µg OVA)组、OVA+KFD单佐剂(25 µg OVA+2 µg KFD)组、OVA+R837单佐剂(25 µg OVA+2 µg R837)组、OVA +联合佐剂(25 µg OVA +1 µg KFD+1 µg R837)组、生理盐水(阴性对照)组。所有制剂均使用无菌注射用生理盐水稀释免疫策略包含3次免疫:初免(第0周)、第一次加强免疫(第4周)及第二次加强免疫(第8周)。于第5周(二次免疫后1周)采集血样,第10周(末次免疫后2周)采集小鼠血清与唾液样本。检测指标包括血清中OVA特异性IgG及IgA水平(用于评估系统性免疫应答)以及唾液中OVA特异性IgA水平(用于评估黏膜免疫应答)。
所有结果采用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行作图和统计分析。实验结果以x¯±s表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,随后以Tukey’s多重比较检验进行组间两两比较。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
转录组分析结果显示:与对照组相比,KFD刺激NEC共诱导764个DEGs,其中上调基因占绝大多数,呈现出TLR5通路活化后的活跃基因表达。而R837刺激仅引发49个DEGs,提示其对呼吸道上皮细胞直接激活能力有限。Venn图分析显示,KFD组与R837组的DEGs上调基因存在部分重叠,共同上调基因占R837组全部上调基因的91.4%。这表明R837诱导的上调反应绝大部分包含在KFD的反应谱系内。在下调基因集中,KFD特异性下调287个基因,R837特异性仅有14个(图1A)。KEGG通路富集分析显示,KFD上调的DEGs显著富集于细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、趋化因子、TNF、IL-17及NF-κB等与固有免疫密切相关的通路。R837组富集的通路与KFD组具有相似性,但其富集显著性远低于KFD组(图1B、C)。进一步对2组共享的KEGG通路中部分核心基因的表达水平进行分析,如趋化因子基因Cxcl1、Cxcl2、Cxcl5,细胞因子Il6、Csf、Tnf、Il17c等,在KFD组的表达均远高于R837组(图1D)。以上结果说明,TLR5激动剂KFD能够强烈激活NEC,而TLR7激动剂R837对于NEC刺激效果不明显,表明二者在上皮细胞层面的免疫激活特性存在较大区别。
转录组分析结果显示:与阴性对照组相比,R837刺激BMDC共诱导了1 319个DEGs,数量远超KFD组(154个DEGs)。Venn图分析显示,KFD诱导的DEGs几乎被R837组全部涵盖,共同上调的基因占KFD组的97.9%(145/148),共同下调的基因占KFD组的83.3%(5/6),说明KFD未能诱导出独立于R837组的独特差异基因,其刺激DC的效应通路基本包含于R837主导的通路网络中(图2A)。
KEGG富集分析显示:R837上调的DEGs显著富集于TNF、IL-17、C型凝集素受体等信号通路。KFD组富集的通路与R837组具有一定的相似性,但其富集显著性远低于R837组(图2B、C)。对这些重叠通路中的代表性基因(与免疫应答高度相关的Tnf、Il1b、Cxcl3、Cxcl10、 Cd40等)进行分析,结果显示这些基因在R837组的表达幅度均高于KFD组(图2D)。以上结果说明,TLR7激动剂R837可直接高效地激活BMDC,启动DC介导免疫应答功能的关键基因表达,而KFD直接激活BMDC的能力较弱;表明二者在DC的免疫激活层面亦存在明显差异。
qPCR结果显示:与阴性对照组相比,单KFD组中Tnf、Cxcl10的mRNA表达呈轻微上调趋势,但差异无统计学意义。相比之下,单R837刺激能显著诱导这2个基因的表达(P<0.01,图3A、B)。在KFD+R837联合组中,Tnf、Cxcl10、Cd40的表达均呈现极显著的协同性增强(P<0.001,图3A~C),其上调幅度远超单刺激组。该结果验证了转录组分析结论,即R837对BMDC的直接激活能力强于KFD,且二者联合使用存在明确的协同效应。
ELISA结果显示,单KFD与单R837均可诱导BMDC分泌低水平IL-6,而联合组IL-6水平大幅上升至约3 000 pg/mL,显著高于各单刺激组(P<0.000 1,图3D)。BMDC表面共刺激分子CD80和CD86的表达水平(图3E、F):与阴性对照组相比,单KFD与单R837刺激均能显著上调CD86的表达(P<0.05);对于CD80,单KFD组上调显著(P<0.05),而单R837组无显著差异。二者联合刺激后,CD80与CD86的表达水平均较单刺激组出现显著增强。以上结果验证了TLR5激动剂KFD与TLR7激动剂R837激活BMDC的能力差异;二者联合使用在关键基因转录水平、共刺激分子表达及细胞因子分泌层面均展现出显著的协同效应。
流式细胞术结果显示:与阴性对照组相比,单KFD或单R837组小鼠CLN DC表面共刺激分子CD80与CD86的表达水平均显著上调(P<0.05,图4A~C);在KFD+R837联合组中,CD80表达较单KFD组及单R837组进一步显著增强(P<0.05);CD86表达较单KFD组及单R837组亦有上调趋势,但差异无统计学意义(图4B、C)。
ELISA检测结果显示:NALF中,单KFD组IL-6水平显著高于R837组(P<0.001),而联合组并未较单KFD组进一步升高(图4D)。在BALF中,各组IL-6整体水平较低,且组间无统计学差异(图4E)。
以上结果表明,TLR5激动剂KFD、TLR7激动剂R837滴鼻小鼠,均可有效激活呼吸道引流淋巴结中DC;二者联合应用可进一步协同增强DC表面共刺激分子的表达。此外,仅KFD能特异性诱导上呼吸道局部IL-6产生,与其已知的特异性激活鼻腔黏膜上皮细胞的作用特征相符。
ELISA检测小鼠血清中OVA特异性血清IgG(图5A), 结果显示:在第二次免疫后,KFD单佐剂组、R837单佐剂组均呈现OVA特异性血清IgG上升的趋势,但与单OVA抗原组相比差异无统计学意义;而联合佐剂组血清IgG相较于单OVA抗原组出现极显著升高(P<0.000 1,图5B)。3次免疫后,所有加入佐剂组较单OVA抗原组,均有显著的抗体水平升高。具体表现为:在血清IgG应答方面,联合佐剂组相较于单OVA抗原组差异极显著(P<0.000 1),且显著优于R837佐剂组(P<0.05,图5C)。在血清IgA应答方面,联合佐剂组与单OVA抗原组比差异达到显著水平(P<0.001,图5C)。在黏膜IgA应答方面,联合佐剂组诱导的唾液OVA特异性IgA水平与单OVA抗原组相比差异极显著(P<0.000 1,图5E);与KFD单佐剂组相比有显著提高(P<0.05),而与R837单佐剂组相比提高幅度更为显著(P<0.01,图5D)。综上所述,KFD与R837作为鼻腔黏膜佐剂联合应用,能够产生优于单佐剂组的系统性抗体应答水平和黏膜抗体应答水平,说明二者具有黏膜佐剂协同增效。
本研究比较了TLR5激动剂KFD与TLR7激动剂R837的免疫激活特性,证明二者作为鼻腔黏膜佐剂联用可产生显著的协同增效。研究结果揭示了二者在细胞靶向与免疫激活特性上的差异,为设计复合黏膜佐剂提供了重要的理论与实验依据。基于当前研究进展,围绕二者的差异激活特征、协同作用潜在机制、联合佐剂应用趋势及未来展望展开讨论,期望为新型复合黏膜佐剂的优化提供指导。
转录组分析与体外BMDC验证结果共同表明,TLR5激动剂KFD与TLR7激动剂R837在激活的细胞类型上存在根本性差异。KFD选择性激活鼻上皮细胞(nasal epithelial cell, NEC),通过TLR5-NF-κB轴在上皮层引发广泛的促炎因子与趋化因子表达,构建偏向Th17应答的黏膜免疫微环境。然而,KFD对BMDC的直接激活作用较弱。这一结果与既往研究高度吻合,证实TLR5激动剂作为黏膜佐剂的核心机制在于优先激活上皮“哨兵”,通过间接方式调控下游免疫应答[18, 24-25]。与之形成鲜明对比,R837对NEC的激活能力有限,却能直接高效激活BMDC,驱动Th1免疫应答。体外BMDC实验进一步验证了这一差异:R837较KFD更强地上调Tnf、Cxcl10表达,而二者联用则产生协同增强效应。上述差异可能源于TLR5与TLR7在不同细胞类型的表达丰度及下游信号通路的固有特性不同,也为后续免疫极化方向的差异提供了机制基础。
本研究观察到:在体外,TLR7激动剂R837对BMDC的直接激活能力强于TLR5激动剂KFD;然而,在体内,KFD与R837在激活CLN DC(上调CD80/CD86表达)方面达到了相当的水平,且KFD能特异性诱导上呼吸道局部IL-6产生。这提示,二者在体内可能通过不同途径活化DC。
推测其机制在于呼吸道上皮细胞的关键调控作用。在体内,滴鼻给予KFD可高效激活鼻腔上皮细胞的TLR5通路,释放IL-6、GM-CSF等细胞因子与趋化因子,塑造促炎性局部微环境,募集并“预调”黏膜下层DC,增强其后续应答能力[18, 20, 25]。与之相比,R837作为小分子则可渗透至黏膜下层,直接激活DC内TLR7通路。二者联用形成“上皮间接调控”与“DC直接激活”的时空协同模式,显著增强DC活化及后续抗原提呈效率。这一机制与既往研究揭示的“鞭毛素通过激活上皮细胞释放GM-CSF调控DC”的结论高度一致。本研究还发现,联合组上呼吸道IL-6水平未较KFD单组进一步升高,提示协同效应并非简单的炎症叠加,而是不同信号通路的整合优化。
不同TLR激动剂联用可模拟病原体感染时多重PRRs同时激活的自然过程,产生超越单一成分的免疫增强效[26-28]。例如:TLR2与TLR7/8激动剂联用可在PBMC中诱导更广泛的细胞因子谱,有效抑制乙肝病毒复制[29];TLR4/7/9三联激动剂显著增强DC介导的固有及适应性免疫,在抗疟原虫感染中优于单佐剂[30];鼻内联合TLR3与TLR9激动剂可增强幽门螺杆菌亚单位疫苗免疫原性,减少胃内细菌定植[31]。这些联用策略大多基于不同TLRs激动剂的各自优势信号通路形成协同增效。本研究将靶向胞膜TLR5的KFD与靶向胞内体TLR7的R837联合应用于鼻腔黏膜免疫,这一策略的独特之处在于:①空间互补——KFD作用于上皮细胞表面,R837作用于DC内体;②靶细胞互补——KFD启动上皮“哨兵”,R837直接激活专职APC;③免疫极化互补——KFD倾向Th17/IgA,R837倾向Th1/IgG,二者联用实现更平衡的免疫应答。
从临床转化角度,鼻腔黏膜疫苗是应对呼吸道病原体感染的重要策略。本研究采用的联合佐剂方案在显著增强免疫应答的同时,未引起局部IL-6水平的进一步升高,提示其可能具备较好的安全性窗口。这为未来开发针对呼吸道病原体的高效黏膜疫苗提供了新的佐剂配伍思路。
尽管本研究明确了KFD与R837联用具有明确的黏膜佐剂增效,但实验设计仍存在若干局限:①本研究采用的佐剂剂量组合较为单一,两种TLRs激动剂的联用剂量有待进一步优化;TLR激动剂的剂量组合应存在"最优窗口",即在实现免疫增效的同时避免过度炎症;②本研究聚焦于证实差异激活与协同现象,对于二者协同效应的深层分子机制探索的阐释不足;③以OVA为模型抗原证实了原理可行性,但尚未在真实的呼吸道感染模型中验证该联合佐剂策略的保护效力;④本研究的安全性评估仍属初步。
未来研究可通过以下方向深化:①采用NEC与DC共培养体系,并结合中和抗体阻断等技术,探明上皮细胞及其效应因子在协同效应中的核心作用;②利用单细胞测序等技术解析体内不同DC亚群及上皮细胞对联合佐剂的响应特征;③在流感病毒等呼吸道感染模型中评估联合佐剂疫苗的保护效果,并系统开展剂量优化及长期安全性研究。这些工作将有助于推动该联合佐剂策略向迈临床转化。
综上所述,本研究系统比较了TLR5激动剂KFD与TLR7激动剂R837在鼻腔黏膜免疫中的细胞靶向差异,证实二者联用可互补性的产生协同增效,显著增强抗原特异性抗体应答,且该联用策略初步显示出良好的安全性。本研究为理解不同TLR激动剂的协同作用机制提供了新视角,也为开发针对呼吸道病原体的高效复合型黏膜佐剂奠定了实验基础。

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2026年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512106
  • 接收时间:2025-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-19
  • 修回日期:2026-03-20
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    1武汉科技大学医学部感染免疫与肿瘤微环境研究所,职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉
    2复旦大学附属上海市公共卫生临床中心,上海
    3上海交通大学医学院附属上海市第一人民医院临床研究院,上海

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操媛,E-mail:
YANG Jingyi, E-mail:
CAO Yuan, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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