Article(id=1320442320357536296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1771344000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-18, revisedDate=1772467200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747581805, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747581805, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747581805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747581805, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442289126752969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='971', pageEnd='1128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747574359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749820502, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1054, endPage=1066, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442320827298345, articleId=1320442320357536296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Biological characteristics of intestinal organoids versus in vivo intestinal crypts and mechanisms underlying their differential responses to nobiletin, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Intestinal organoids serve as important tools for drug screening, but the extent to which they recapitulate in vivo tissue microenvironments and drug responses remains inadequately evaluated. This study aims to verify systematic differences between intestinal organoids and in vivo intestinal crypts in fundamental biological characteristics and responses to nobiletin (NOB) through parallel comparison.

Methods

A standard mouse small intestinal organoid culture system was established, with synchronous isolation of homologous mouse small intestinal crypt tissues. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was employed to analyze gene expression profiles, flow cytometry was used to analyze cell subpopulation proportions, and Western blotting was performed to detect key protein expression levels. In vivo crypts and ex vivo organoids were treated with different concentrations of NOB: in vivo administration via gavage at 200 mg/kg for 12 h; organoids cultured for 48 h followed by 100 μmol/L NOB treatment for 12 h. GSEA, GO, and KEGG enrichment analyses and morphological observations were conducted on crypt cells from both groups to comprehensively evaluate the regulatory effects of NOB on cell cycle, metabolic flux, and signaling pathways.

Results

Intestinal organoids effectively recapitulated core biological characteristics of in vivo crypts, including active proliferation of intestinal stem cells, multi-lineage differentiation potential, and CD24-marked cell clustering patterns. However, organoids exhibited specific metabolic reprogramming and immune-silent phenotypes, with differential glycosylation modification of the stem cell marker OLFM4. NOB treatment further amplified model-dependent differences: in in vivo crypts, NOB primarily downregulated the genes related to immune defense and oxidative stress, without significant effects on crypt morphology or OLFM4+ cell numbers; in organoids, NOB significantly suppressed core anabolic pathways including DNA replication, cell cycle, and amino acid and nucleotide synthesis, downregulated the expression of stem cell markers, and markedly reduced organoid budding number (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Intestinal organoids and in vivo tissues share commonalities while exhibiting differences at both baseline states and drug response levels. Organoids can recapitulate intestinal epithelial self-renewal processes but differ from in vivo tissues in metabolic programming and immune response. NOB mainly modulates immune microenvironment-related pathways in the in vivo context, whereas it directly targets epithelial cell-autonomous proliferation and metabolic programs in organoids.

, authors=Xuan LI1, Zhiyuan ZHENG1, Kun LUO1, Jingfeng WU2, Sheng CHEN1, Xiangcheng CHEN1, Ning ZHANG1, Meijiao GAO1, Fengchao WANG1, authorsList=Xuan LI, Zhiyuan ZHENG, Kun LUO, Jingfeng WU, Sheng CHEN, Xiangcheng CHEN, Ning ZHANG, Meijiao GAO, Fengchao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fengchao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442324019163702, articleId=1320442320357536296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=肠道类器官与在体肠隐窝的生物学特征比较及对川陈皮素的差异化应答机制, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

肠道类器官是药物筛选的重要工具,但其对在体组织微环境与药物应答的复刻程度仍缺乏系统评估。通过平行比较肠道类器官与在体肠隐窝,验证二者在基础生物学特征及对川陈皮素(nobiletin,NOB)应答方面存在系统性差异。

方法

构建标准的小鼠小肠类器官培养体系,同步分离同源小鼠小肠隐窝组织。采用全转录组测序分析基因表达谱,流式细胞术分析细胞亚群比例,蛋白免疫印迹检测关键蛋白表达水平。分别对在体隐窝与离体类器官给予不同浓度NOB处理:在体以200 mg/kg NOB灌胃给药12 h;类器官培养48 h后给予100 μmol/L NOB处理12 h。对2组隐窝细胞进行GSEA、GO、KEGG富集分析及形态学观察,综合评估NOB对细胞周期、代谢流及信号通路的调控作用。

结果

肠道类器官可较好模拟在体隐窝的核心生物学特征,包括肠干细胞活跃增殖、多谱系分化潜能及CD24标记的细胞分群模式,但类器官呈现特异性代谢重编程与免疫沉默表型,且干细胞标志物OLFM4存在差异糖基化修饰。NOB处理进一步放大模型依赖性差异:在体隐窝中,NOB主要下调免疫防御及氧化应激相关基因,对隐窝形态与OLFM4+细胞数量无显著影响;类器官中,NOB显著抑制DNA复制、细胞周期及氨基酸、核苷酸合成等核心合成代谢通路,下调干细胞标志物表达,类器官出芽数显著降低(P<0.001)。

结论

肠道类器官与在体组织在基础状态及药物应答层面存在共性与差异。类器官可模拟肠上皮自我更新进程,但在代谢模式与免疫应答上与在体组织存在偏离。NOB在在体环境中主要调控免疫微环境通路,在类器官中则直接作用于上皮细胞自主性增殖与代谢程序。

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王锋超,E-mail:
WANG Fengchao, E-mail:
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Biomedicines, 2020, 8(5): 110., articleTitle=Nobiletin in cancer therapy: how this plant derived-natural compound targets various oncogene and onco-suppressor pathways, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320442324367290935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442324388262456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, companyId=1320442324367290935, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442324400845369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, companyId=1320442324367290935, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系复合伤研究所,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320442324702835258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442324711223867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, companyId=1320442324702835258, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of PLA Xizang Military Command, Lhasa, Xizang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442324723806780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, companyId=1320442324702835258, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西藏军区总医院重症医学科,西藏 拉萨)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320442332625875572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Cellular subpopulation composition and cell cycle distribution in intestinal epithelial cells from different sources, figureFileSmall=PTNYiLmn1U8w8BshlJp0aw==, figureFileBig=fH75jDMEAmvFrYR2O1VLnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442332688790133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同来源肠道上皮细胞的亚群构成与细胞周期分布分析

A: Gating strategy and proportion of cellular subpopulations based on CD24 expression and side scatter (SSC) in villus, crypt, and organoid cells by flow cytometry; B: Bar graphs quantitatively show the percentage of CD24low, CD24med, and CD24high cells in each population; C: Representative histograms of cell cycle distribution based on DNA content measured by DAPI staining; D: Bar graphs statistically present the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase and S/G2/M phase for each population

, figureFileSmall=PTNYiLmn1U8w8BshlJp0aw==, figureFileBig=fH75jDMEAmvFrYR2O1VLnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442332894311030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Transcriptomic profiling reveals gene expression signatures and signaling pathway differences between intestinal organoids and in vivo crypts, figureFileSmall=6pVgUfCW64rNY87g68Cuxg==, figureFileBig=sm1TpbOUlWAI1s+xNo3Ivw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442332957225591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=CN, label=图2, caption=转录组测序揭示肠道类器官与在体隐窝的基因表达谱及信号通路差异

A: DEGs expression Volcano plots between organoids and primary crypts; B: Heatmap indicating the intestinal epithelial cell differentiation-related gene expression between crypts and organoids; C: Heatmap indicating stemness and YAP pathway-related gene expression between crypts and organoids; D and E: Significantly enriched biological processes for genes upregulated (D, Top 100) and downregulated (E, Top 100) in organoids compared to in vivo crypts; F and G: Significantly enriched pathways for genes upregulated (F, Top 100) and downregulated (G, Top 100) in organoids versus in vivo crypts

, figureFileSmall=6pVgUfCW64rNY87g68Cuxg==, figureFileBig=sm1TpbOUlWAI1s+xNo3Ivw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442333020140152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparative analysis of key protein expression profiles in villus, crypts, and organoids, figureFileSmall=WgzuBfkpXXnnmDEKjak0cw==, figureFileBig=1wQu6zReWOHNMtkCc47LWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442333074666105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=CN, label=图3, caption=绒毛、隐窝与类器官中关键蛋白表达特征的比较分析

A: Morphological observation of isolated tissues; B: Western blot analysis of key protein expression levels; C: Semi-quantitative analysis of protein expression

, figureFileSmall=WgzuBfkpXXnnmDEKjak0cw==, figureFileBig=1wQu6zReWOHNMtkCc47LWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442333162746490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in crypts and organoids after NOB treatment, figureFileSmall=PBvjlZ3AYhus7wTPLPY4Ug==, figureFileBig=Hu0X1f9VZMzsHZCxTIg2pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442333229855355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=CN, label=图4, caption=NOB处理后隐窝与类器官差异表达基因的综合分析

A and D: Distribution of DEGs comparing NOB-treated samples to vehicle control after 12 h treatment in primary crypts (A) and intestinal organoids (D); B and E: Expression patterns of a core set of intestinal stemness-related genes in primary crypts (B) and organoids (E) before and after NOB treatment; C and F: Expression patterns of a feature gene set related to cell differentiation, immune response, and stress response in primary crypts (C) and organoids (F) before and after NOB treatment; G and H: Pie diagrams illustrating the number and overlap of upregulated (G) and downregulated(H) DEGs that are either specific to primary crypts (left circle), specific to organoids (right circle), or common to both groups (overlap) after NOB treatment

, figureFileSmall=PBvjlZ3AYhus7wTPLPY4Ug==, figureFileBig=Hu0X1f9VZMzsHZCxTIg2pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442333573788284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Functional enrichment analyses of downregulated genes in crypts and organoids after NOB treatment, figureFileSmall=HkvrYtckRjivFUmPuWfxWA==, figureFileBig=BiWvQL9YV4Jsi3U7DdwZng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442333645091453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=CN, label=图5, caption=NOB处理后隐窝与类器官中下调基因的功能富集分析

A: Significantly enriched biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF) terms for genes downregulated in vivo crypts after NOB treatment; B: Significantly enriched GO terms for genes downregulated in organoids after NOB treatment; C and D: Significantly enriched KEGG pathways for genes downregulated in crypts (C) and organoids (D) after NOB treatment

, figureFileSmall=HkvrYtckRjivFUmPuWfxWA==, figureFileBig=BiWvQL9YV4Jsi3U7DdwZng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442333926109822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of NOB on the growth of in vivo small intestinal crypts and intestinal organoids, figureFileSmall=prEfcw0/cQGW4X+Sy22g5A==, figureFileBig=qDlcdu7nEDrIC4aQrsU4vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442334030967423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442320357536296, language=CN, label=图6, caption=NOB对在体小肠隐窝及肠道类器官生长的影响

A: Olmf4 immunohistochemistry of the small intestine crypts (n=3); B: Histogram of numbers of OLMF4+ cells under the +4 ISCs per crypt; C: Effects of NOB treatment on the growth morphology of intestinal organoids (n=50); D: Histogram of budding number per organoid at different time points; E and F: Western blot analysis showingp-AMPK, AMPK, p-S6, PCNA and OLMF4 expression in crypt and intestinal organoids

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肠道类器官与在体肠隐窝的生物学特征比较及对川陈皮素的差异化应答机制
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李璇 1 , 郑植元 1 , 骆坤 1 , 吴静峰 2 , 陈胜 1 , 陈相成 1 , 张宁 1 , 高美娇 1 , 王锋超 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(8): 1054-1066
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (8) : 1054 -1066
肠道类器官与在体肠隐窝的生物学特征比较及对川陈皮素的差异化应答机制
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李璇1, 郑植元1, 骆坤1, 吴静峰2, 陈胜1, 陈相成1, 张宁1, 高美娇1, 王锋超1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系复合伤研究所,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆
  • 2西藏军区总医院重症医学科,西藏 拉萨
通讯作者:
王锋超,E-mail:
WANG Fengchao, E-mail:
Biological characteristics of intestinal organoids versus in vivo intestinal crypts and mechanisms underlying their differential responses to nobiletin
Xuan LI1, Zhiyuan ZHENG1, Kun LUO1, Jingfeng WU2, Sheng CHEN1, Xiangcheng CHEN1, Ning ZHANG1, Meijiao GAO1, Fengchao WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of PLA Xizang Military Command, Lhasa, Xizang, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602080
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目的

肠道类器官是药物筛选的重要工具,但其对在体组织微环境与药物应答的复刻程度仍缺乏系统评估。通过平行比较肠道类器官与在体肠隐窝,验证二者在基础生物学特征及对川陈皮素(nobiletin,NOB)应答方面存在系统性差异。

方法

构建标准的小鼠小肠类器官培养体系,同步分离同源小鼠小肠隐窝组织。采用全转录组测序分析基因表达谱,流式细胞术分析细胞亚群比例,蛋白免疫印迹检测关键蛋白表达水平。分别对在体隐窝与离体类器官给予不同浓度NOB处理:在体以200 mg/kg NOB灌胃给药12 h;类器官培养48 h后给予100 μmol/L NOB处理12 h。对2组隐窝细胞进行GSEA、GO、KEGG富集分析及形态学观察,综合评估NOB对细胞周期、代谢流及信号通路的调控作用。

结果

肠道类器官可较好模拟在体隐窝的核心生物学特征,包括肠干细胞活跃增殖、多谱系分化潜能及CD24标记的细胞分群模式,但类器官呈现特异性代谢重编程与免疫沉默表型,且干细胞标志物OLFM4存在差异糖基化修饰。NOB处理进一步放大模型依赖性差异:在体隐窝中,NOB主要下调免疫防御及氧化应激相关基因,对隐窝形态与OLFM4+细胞数量无显著影响;类器官中,NOB显著抑制DNA复制、细胞周期及氨基酸、核苷酸合成等核心合成代谢通路,下调干细胞标志物表达,类器官出芽数显著降低(P<0.001)。

结论

肠道类器官与在体组织在基础状态及药物应答层面存在共性与差异。类器官可模拟肠上皮自我更新进程,但在代谢模式与免疫应答上与在体组织存在偏离。NOB在在体环境中主要调控免疫微环境通路,在类器官中则直接作用于上皮细胞自主性增殖与代谢程序。

小肠类器官  /  肠隐窝  /  肠道干细胞  /  药物筛选  /  代谢
Objective

Intestinal organoids serve as important tools for drug screening, but the extent to which they recapitulate in vivo tissue microenvironments and drug responses remains inadequately evaluated. This study aims to verify systematic differences between intestinal organoids and in vivo intestinal crypts in fundamental biological characteristics and responses to nobiletin (NOB) through parallel comparison.

Methods

A standard mouse small intestinal organoid culture system was established, with synchronous isolation of homologous mouse small intestinal crypt tissues. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was employed to analyze gene expression profiles, flow cytometry was used to analyze cell subpopulation proportions, and Western blotting was performed to detect key protein expression levels. In vivo crypts and ex vivo organoids were treated with different concentrations of NOB: in vivo administration via gavage at 200 mg/kg for 12 h; organoids cultured for 48 h followed by 100 μmol/L NOB treatment for 12 h. GSEA, GO, and KEGG enrichment analyses and morphological observations were conducted on crypt cells from both groups to comprehensively evaluate the regulatory effects of NOB on cell cycle, metabolic flux, and signaling pathways.

Results

Intestinal organoids effectively recapitulated core biological characteristics of in vivo crypts, including active proliferation of intestinal stem cells, multi-lineage differentiation potential, and CD24-marked cell clustering patterns. However, organoids exhibited specific metabolic reprogramming and immune-silent phenotypes, with differential glycosylation modification of the stem cell marker OLFM4. NOB treatment further amplified model-dependent differences: in in vivo crypts, NOB primarily downregulated the genes related to immune defense and oxidative stress, without significant effects on crypt morphology or OLFM4+ cell numbers; in organoids, NOB significantly suppressed core anabolic pathways including DNA replication, cell cycle, and amino acid and nucleotide synthesis, downregulated the expression of stem cell markers, and markedly reduced organoid budding number (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Intestinal organoids and in vivo tissues share commonalities while exhibiting differences at both baseline states and drug response levels. Organoids can recapitulate intestinal epithelial self-renewal processes but differ from in vivo tissues in metabolic programming and immune response. NOB mainly modulates immune microenvironment-related pathways in the in vivo context, whereas it directly targets epithelial cell-autonomous proliferation and metabolic programs in organoids.

small intestinal organoids  /  intestinal crypts  /  intestinal stem cells  /  drug screening  /  metabolism
李璇, 郑植元, 骆坤, 吴静峰, 陈胜, 陈相成, 张宁, 高美娇, 王锋超. 肠道类器官与在体肠隐窝的生物学特征比较及对川陈皮素的差异化应答机制. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1054 -1066 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602080
Xuan LI, Zhiyuan ZHENG, Kun LUO, Jingfeng WU, Sheng CHEN, Xiangcheng CHEN, Ning ZHANG, Meijiao GAO, Fengchao WANG. Biological characteristics of intestinal organoids versus in vivo intestinal crypts and mechanisms underlying their differential responses to nobiletin[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1054 -1066 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602080
在药物筛选与病理机制研究领域,体外模型与在体模型的相互印证、动物实验与临床研究的多层次验证,是科学发现向临床应用转化的核心基础。近年来,类器官技术的快速崛起为该领域提供了三维培养新模型,其核心优势在于可在三维尺度上重现传统二维细胞培养无法模拟的关键生理特征,包括干细胞异质性、自我更新能力、细胞谱系分化进程及组织特异性微环境,显著提升了体外模型的生理相关性[1-2]。
肠道类器官作为最早成功建立的成体组织来源类器官体系,在生命科学领域具有标志性意义。它不仅能高度模拟在体肠隐窝-绒毛单元的空间拓扑结构,持续表达Lgr5+干细胞标志物以维持其干性,还可自组织分化为包括杯状细胞、潘氏细胞、肠内分泌细胞和吸收性肠细胞在内的多种功能细胞,完整再现了肠上皮的复杂细胞组成[3-4]。这些特性使其成为适用于药物作用机制、组织损伤修复与再生过程的研究。然而,类器官与在体肠道组织在细胞组成、微环境等方面仍存在差异,难以完全复刻体内复杂的生理调控网络。已有研究表明,肠道类器官在药物透过性、转运体和代谢酶活性以及部分细胞毒性方面与在体结果高度相关,但由于缺乏免疫、间质和力学等关键调控因素,以及不同分化状态细胞对毒性敏感性的显著差异,其对药物安全性和疗效的预测仍主要反映上皮内在反应,与整体机体水平存在一定偏差[5- 6]。
天然化合物因其结构多样性、广泛的生物活性及良好的安全性特征,始终是新药研发与靶点发现的重要来源[7]。其中,柑橘来源的黄酮类化合物川陈皮素(nobiletin,NOB)已被证实具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗衰老等多种生物学功能,展现出广阔的潜在应用前景[8-9]。课题组前期研究发现,NOB在在体模型与类器官模型中呈现出值得关注的效应差异。为深入解析这一差异背后的分子基础与生物学意义,本研究综合利用转录组测序、流式细胞术分析及蛋白质水平检测等多维度技术,系统比较NOB处理下肠道类器官与在体隐窝上皮在信号通路响应、代谢调控、细胞分化进程及关键分子事件等方面的异同。
8~10周龄、体质量24~28 g的C57BL/6J雄性WT型小鼠,购自杭州子源实验动物科技有限公司。所有小鼠饲养于陆军军医大学复合伤研究所SPF级动物房,室温25~26 ℃、湿度50%~60%,12 h/12 h光暗循环,自由摄食饮水。本实验获陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(AMUWEC202500103)。
DMEM高糖培养基、FBS、DPBS购自Biological Industries公司;青霉素-链霉素双抗溶液(100×)、BSA、PBS、EDTA、EGTA购自碧云天公司;胰蛋白酶-EDTA购自Cytiva公司;多聚甲醛购自赛默飞公司;无水乙醇购自重庆川东化工公司;Matrigel基质胶购自康宁公司;IntestiCultTM Organoid Growth Medium (Mouse)、CHIR99021购自STEMCELL公司;二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、TRIzol reagent购自Thermo公司;Y-27632二盐酸盐(ROCK抑制剂)、锌福尔马林固定液购自Sigma公司;Advanced DMEM/F-12、GlutaMAXTM Supplement(100×)、B-27无血清补充剂(50×)、N-2补充剂(100×)购自Gibco公司;Matrigel Matrix High Concentration购自Corning公司; NOB购自MCE公司;羧甲基纤维素钠购自海天生物科技公司;柠檬酸盐组织抗原修复液、内源性过氧化物酶阻断剂、PBS缓冲粉末(pH=7.3)、DAB显色试剂盒(20×)及中性树脂均购自北京中杉金桥公司;曲拉通Triton X-100购自索莱宝公司;山羊血清购自博奥森公司;脱脂奶粉购自上海生工生物公司;Western一抗稀释液购自碧云天公司;超敏ECL化学发光试剂盒购自宝光生物公司。抗OLFM4、抗AMPK、p-AMPK、p-S6、抗PCNA抗体均购自CST公司;抗α-Tubulin抗体购自武汉Proteintech公司;PE/Cy7及APC标记的抗小鼠CD24抗体购自BioLegend公司;FVD死活细胞染料购自英杰津润公司;Alexa Fluor 647标记的抗小鼠CD45抗体购自BioLegend公司;DAPI染色液购自碧云天公司; GAPDH抗体购自Proteintech公司。酶标免疫组化山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗、酶标免疫组化山羊抗兔IgG二抗均购自北京中杉金桥公司; HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG(H+L)购自联科生物公司;HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG购自CST公司。
参照已有研究方法进行小鼠肠隐窝的分离与类器官培养[10]。取8~10周龄C57BL/6J小鼠小肠组织,用预冷的DPBS冲洗肠腔内容物;将小肠纵向剪开后再次用预冷DPBS清洗,剪切成约0.5 cm的组织片段,置于含预冷EDTA螯合液的50 mL离心管中,于4 ℃摇床孵育30 min;使用1×解离缓冲液清洗1遍后,再加入预冷的1×解离缓冲液,冰上静置15 min,利用温和震荡的剪切力使肠隐窝与绒毛分离;将混悬液通过70 μm细胞筛,离心并纯化肠隐窝。将纯化后的肠隐窝与基质胶混合,接种于96孔板(10 μL/孔)或48孔板(20 μL/孔),37 ℃孵育约17 min使基质胶凝固;96孔板和48孔板分别每孔加入100 μL和200 μL含有B-27和N-2补充剂的IntestiCult类器官完全培养基。
参照课题组前期研究方法[11-12]收集小鼠小肠隐窝细胞悬液。将CD24抗体混合后加入细胞悬液(抗体稀释于含2%山羊血清的PBS,总体积200 μL),4 ℃孵育30 min;430×g 4 ℃离心5 min,用4%多聚甲醛室温固定15 min,0.1% Triton X-100透化30 min,最后用DAPI工作液重悬并染色30 min,采用Sony MA900流式细胞仪进行检测分析。
小鼠处死后取小肠组织,去除肠腔内容物后,用福尔马林固定液固定24 h;经梯度脱水、石蜡包埋后,制作3 μm厚的石蜡切片。切片经脱蜡、抗原修复后,置于含5%山羊血清和0.3%Triton X-100的PBS封闭液中,室温封闭2 h;加入一抗后4 ℃孵育过夜,PBST洗涤3次,加入相应二抗室温孵育2 h,PBST洗涤3次后用DAB工作液显色,再次PBS洗涤,梯度脱水透明后封片。
采用含蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液提取细胞总蛋白,BCA法进行蛋白定量。将蛋白样品95 ℃变性后,上样至10%SDS-PAGE凝胶进行电泳分离,随后将蛋白电转至PVDF膜。将膜置于含5%脱脂奶粉或5%BSA的TBST封闭液中,室温封闭1 h;加入一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,TBST洗涤3次(每次5 min);加入二抗室温孵育1 h,再次洗涤后,加入1∶1混合的化学发光液显影,采用ChemiDoc成像系统采集图像。
在体实验:根据课题组前期结果[13],小鼠NOB给药剂量为200 mg/kg,混悬于0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液中,灌胃给药。给药后12 h提取隐窝,并收集不同肠组织用福尔马林固定液固定后制成石蜡块。
离体实验:使用DMSO将NOB溶解为100 mmol/L的储存液,-20 ℃保存备用,使用时用培养基稀释至100 μmol/L工作浓度。将分离的肠隐窝接种于96孔板进行3D类器官培养,接种48 h后,向各孔加入5 μL含不同浓度NOB的完全培养基,对照组仅加入等体积基础培养基,均置于37 ℃培养。
NOB撤药实验:在96孔板中培养48 h后,给予100 μmol/L的NOB处理12 h,随后更换为不含NOB的新鲜完全培养基。
为评估NOB对类器官生长的影响,分别于加药前(0 h)及加药后12 h、24 h(撤药后12 h)对类器官进行成像和形态学分析。根据以前的报道[14],使用EVOS M5000成像系统,用4×及10×物镜明场模式下多视野图像采集。本研究将一个出芽定义为:从类器官主体向外突出、其长度超过主体部分直径约1/3的清晰囊状结构。每组实验至少随机分析50个类器官。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析,生物实验每组至少重复3次,数据以x¯±s表示。组间差异比较采用非配对t检验或单因素ANOVA,单因素ANOVA事后多重比较使用Tukey’s检验。P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
在体肠上皮组织分为以分化细胞为主的绒毛区和以增殖细胞为主的隐窝区。利用流式细胞术通过CD24染色和侧向散射(side scatter,SSC)可以对隐窝上皮细胞进行初步分群。CD24neg细胞群多为终末分化的吸收细胞和少量杯状细胞;CD24low细胞群以干细胞和增殖性前体细胞为主;CD24med细胞群包括增殖性的分泌系前体和潘氏细胞;CD24high细胞群包含体积较小的内分泌细胞等。同时分析绒毛细胞作为对照,结果显示对隐窝细胞具有良好分离和富集效率。在体绒毛细胞中以CD24neg/low细胞占绝对主体,CD24med/high的分泌系细胞比例较低。隐窝细胞中以CD24low增殖性干细胞和前体细胞为主,同时CD24med/high亚群比例显著高于绒毛,提示含有较多的分泌系前体细胞及成熟潘氏细胞。肠道类器官的细胞构成与在体隐窝细胞类似,CD24low细胞为主要群体,但CD24med群体比例略高于隐窝,而CD24high群体比例明显低于隐窝,且CD24med细胞的SSC较低,提示多为分泌系前体细胞(图1A、B)。
细胞周期分析结果显示,绒毛细胞中G0/G1期细胞比例最高,S/G2/M期比例极低,符合其终末分化静息状态。与之相反,隐窝细胞具有最高的S/G2/M期比例,表现出体内肠道干细胞区域活跃的增殖特性。肠道类器官的S/G2/M期比例甚至高于在体隐窝细胞,提示在培养早期,肠干细胞和前体细胞的增殖更为活跃(图1C、D)。上述结果提示,类器官具备与在体隐窝相似的上皮细胞构成,但分泌系成熟受抑且细胞增殖更为活跃。
肠道类器官与在体隐窝的转录组测序共筛选出大量差异表达基因。与在体隐窝相比,类器官中防御素家族(Defa39、Defa37、Defa21)及抗菌肽相关基因(Reg3g、Reg3b)表达显著降低,而细胞色素P450家族代谢基因(Cyp2c55、Cyp2c29)表达上调(图2A)。基因聚类分析显示,类器官中潘氏细胞、杯状细胞、内分泌细胞等分泌系分化标志基因呈高表达趋势,内分泌细胞分化关键转录因子Neurog3表达上调,提示分泌系前体细胞比例升高,但终末分化进程受抑。肠干细胞干性相关基因(Lgr5、Ascl2、Smoc2)及增殖基因(Mki67、Pcna)在类器官中维持活跃表达。干细胞标志OLFM4的mRNA水平在类器官中降低,而Hippo‑YAP通路下游靶基因(Areg、Ereg、Edn1、Il1rn、Clu)显著上调(图2B、C)。GO与KEGG富集分析显示,类器官中上调基因主要富集于脂肪酸代谢、有机酸代谢、外源物质代谢等生物合成与代谢通路,提示体外培养环境促使细胞进入高合成代谢状态(图2D、F)。类器官中下调基因显著富集于防御反应、抗菌免疫、免疫应答、白细胞迁移等生物学过程,并富集于金黄色葡萄球菌感染、趋化因子信号通路等免疫相关通路,表明类器官存在免疫沉默特征(图2E、G)。上述结果证实,肠道类器官在基因表达、分化调控及信号通路激活层面均形成特异性体外稳态,以代谢重编程与免疫沉默为核心特征。
Western blotting结果显示,通常作为内参的细胞骨架蛋白α-Tubulin在类器官和隐窝中的表达存在差异,而绒毛、隐窝与类器官中总AMPK表达水平稳定,可作为内参参照。p-AMPK表达在3组间无显著差异,提示能量感应通路激活状态相对保守。
mTORC1下游效应分子p-S6在绒毛组织中水平较高,在隐窝组织中降低,在类器官中显著低于在体隐窝(P<0.001)。增殖标志物PCNA在隐窝细胞和类器官中表达较高,在绒毛中最低,这与流式细胞术显示的隐窝和类器官中均存在明显的CD24low干细胞/增殖前体细胞群相一致。肠干细胞标志物OLFM4在隐窝细胞中表达最高,类器官中次之,绒毛中几乎检测不到,这与流式分析中CD24med干细胞亚群的比例趋势高度吻合,同时也与转录组测序结果一致,提示类器官在体外培养中保留了肠道干细胞的核心特征。隐窝组织中OLFM4蛋白分子量主要为70 kDa,而类器官中以90 kDa为主,提示OLFM4在类器官中存在差异翻译后修饰,以糖基化修饰改变为主要特征(图3)。
上述结果在蛋白水平进一步证实,类器官保留肠道干细胞核心表型,但mTORC1信号受到抑制,且干细胞标志物OLFM4存在特异性翻译后修饰差异。
为探究NOB对肠道稳态的调控作用,本研究对NOB处理12 h后的小鼠原代隐窝细胞及肠道类器官进行了转录组测序。差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes ,DEGs)总体分析如火山图所示(图4A、D),NOB处理在原代隐窝和类器官中均能诱导大量DEGs。在隐窝中,差异基因分布呈现特定模式;在类器官中,差异基因数量同样显著,但分布特征与隐窝存在区别,提示二者响应机制不尽相同。聚类热图进一步揭示了NOB对两类核心基因集的调控(图4B、C、E、F)。在原代小肠隐窝中,NOB处理后部分核心干细胞标记基因(如Lgr5、Ascl2)表达呈现略微上调趋势。而在类器官中,干细胞特性基因集却呈现显著下调趋势,提示对干细胞生长的抑制。此外,分化相关基因在隐窝细胞中对NOB的响应不显著,但在类器官中,短时间NOB处理即可观察到与分泌系分化密切相关的转录因子Ascl1和Neurog3的表达上调,以及部分分泌系细胞标记基因表达上调,提示其促进了干细胞和前体细胞的分化。NOB对隐窝和类器官的影响均以基因下调为主,尤其在类器官中下调的基因数量远多于上调基因。NOB对2个系统影响相似的基因也主要位于下调群,但占比较低(图4G、H)。因此,主要对下调基因进行了GO功能富集及KEGG通路分析。
在体隐窝中,NOB下调基因主要富集于体液免疫、抗菌防御、黏膜固有免疫等生物学过程,孔道形成相关分子功能显著受抑。KEGG分析显示,NOD样受体信号通路、活性氧相关化学致癌通路及谷胱甘肽代谢通路显著下调,提示NOB在体主要抑制免疫防御与氧化应激通路(图5A、C)。
类器官中,NOB下调基因集中于跨膜转运、羧酸结合与代谢酶活性等功能。KEGG分析显示,DNA复制、细胞周期、氨基酸生物合成、嘧啶代谢及紧密连接通路显著富集,提示NOB在类器官中主要抑制上皮细胞增殖、核心合成代谢与细胞周期进程(图5B、D)。
为了进一步确认NOB对在体肠道隐窝细胞和离体类器官的影响,我们进行了形态学观察。如图6A所示,NOB处理12 h后,小鼠小肠隐窝的长度无明显改变,OLFM4的表达也无明显差异。在类器官培养体系中,于培养48 h后加入NOB(100 μmol/L)处理12 h,即可发现相对于对照组,类器官的出芽数量显著减少,类器官多呈囊泡样改变(图6B)。出芽主要由Lgr5+肠道干细胞和潘氏细胞驱动,出芽减少意味着干细胞的增殖受到抑制。若继续维持NOB处理24~48 h,类器官会逐渐萎缩并出现细胞死亡;若及时撤除NOB并更换培养基,类器官的出芽能力可逐渐恢复(图6C、D)。这提示NOB可在类器官中可逆性地抑制干细胞增殖、减少干细胞数量,使细胞暂时进入静默状态,而在体情况下可能由于多种因素的缓冲,这种抑制效应被稀释。Western blotting结果显示,NOB处理后在类器官中显著降低p-S6、PCNA及OLFM4蛋白表达,而在隐窝中无显著变化,提示NOB可能通过抑制mTOR通路活性,进而抑制细胞增殖和干细胞功能(图6E、F)。
本研究发现,肠道类器官虽能较好模拟在体隐窝的核心上皮特性,比如干细胞的活跃增殖、多谱系分化潜能等,但体外培养的特性让它不可避免地出现了代谢重编程、免疫沉默的独特表型,干细胞标志物OLFM4还存在差异糖基化的现象。NOB的作用效应则表现出明显的模型依赖性,在体隐窝中它主要调控免疫防御与氧化应激相关通路,而类器官模型中,却直接抑制上皮细胞的合成代谢与细胞周期进程。这些发现明确了类器官模型的优势与局限性,为其在药物筛选中的合理应用以及NOB的药理学效应提供了机制层面的见解[15]。
相对于传统的二维原代或永生化细胞培养体系,肠道类器官能够较好地模拟在体肠道上皮的核心结构与细胞谱系构成,可二者在信号通路激活状态、细胞分化进程上,却存在着系统性的差异。本研究发现,类器官中干性、分化相关基因及Hippo-YAP、AMPK/mTOR等关键信号通路的基础激活水平与在体隐窝显著不同。流式细胞术的分析结果也显示,类器官中CD24med分泌系前体细胞亚群比例及细胞周期分布呈现独特特征。上述差异源于体外培养体系的非生理性环境。持续的生长因子刺激、BMP抑制及Matrigel与天然基底膜的理化差异,共同重塑了上皮细胞稳态[16-18],该环境不仅缺失免疫与间质微环境,还主动塑造了高YAP激活、高代谢的体外特征[19]。因此,类器官并非中性简化模型,其固有信号特征与微环境缺失均为药物评价时必须考量的条件。
对差异基因的通路富集分析进一步表明,类器官成功模拟了体内隐窝的增殖与代谢核心。体外环境驱动细胞进入高合成代谢状态,优先激活脂肪酸代谢以支持快速增殖[20]。但类器官缺乏体内免疫微环境,免疫相关基因全面下调,难以反映上皮-免疫细胞交互作用,在感染、炎症相关研究中存在固有局限[21]。
本研究进一步发现,OLFM4蛋白在类器官中存在差异翻译后修饰。隐窝中OLFM4主要以70 kDa形式存在,类器官中以90 kDa为主,提示N-糖基化修饰增强[22]。该现象与体外Wnt/β-catenin通路持续激活及基质物理特性改变相关[23-24]。上述发现将体内外模型差异从转录水平延伸至翻译后修饰水平,为优化类器官培养体系提供了新靶点。
NOB的药理效应呈显著模型依赖性,直接反映类器官的固有局限。在免疫与间质微环境完整的在体隐窝中,NOB主要下调免疫防御及应激通路,如NOD样受体信号通路。在缺乏微环境、且处于高YAP与高增殖状态的类器官中,NOB直接抑制上皮细胞DNA复制、细胞周期及合成代谢通路。类器官的高增殖与高代谢特性,可能使其对NOB的增殖抑制效应更敏感。
NOB在两类模型中的作用差异,并非模型优劣差异,而是揭示不同药理层面。在体模型体现其调节免疫微环境的作用,类器官模型凸显其直接抑制上皮增殖的效应。对于依赖全身免疫代谢或细胞间互作的天然产物,仅用类器官预测在体机制易出现偏差。既往研究证实,NOB可通过AMPK/mTOR、MAPK、NF-κB通路发挥抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤作用[25-27],但多采用单一模型,缺乏体内外平行比较。本研究同步对比NOB在肠道类器官与在体组织中的效应,证实其模型依赖性,完善了NOB在肠道上皮的作用机制。
本研究显示,NOB在类器官中下调的基因集中于DNA复制、细胞周期、氨基酸及嘧啶代谢通路,均为mTORC1下游核心合成代谢模块。结合已有报道,NOB可通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路发挥抗增殖作用[28-29],提示其在类器官中可能通过相似机制抑制干细胞增殖。
绒毛细胞虽高表达p-S6,但对NOB无明显响应,提示NOB并非广谱抑制mTORC1,而是选择性作用于干细胞与前体细胞,并可能促进其分化。相关细胞亚群特异性机制仍需进一步探索。
使用类器官开展药物筛选时需注意阴性或与在体不一致的结果,可能因缺乏免疫微环境所致;以及明显的增殖抑制等阳性结果,可能是由于类器官本身的高增殖、高代谢状态放大导致的。明确这些特点,是正确评估类器官预测价值的关键。
本研究存在一定局限性:①样本细胞异质性较高,未在单细胞层面解析细胞亚群差异。后续可采用单细胞测序与多组学技术,进一步明确不同细胞亚群的功能差异与药物响应机制。②体外培养使肠道类器官呈现代谢增强、免疫沉默的特征,界定了该模型的应用范围。NOB在在体组织与类器官中的作用差异,主要源于类器官缺乏完整免疫微环境。
综上所述,使用类器官进行药物筛选时,不可直接将体外结果推演至体内,需充分考虑模型差异。未来可构建包含免疫细胞、基质细胞的共培养类器官体系,提高体外模型的生理相关性与药物筛选准确性。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602080
  • 接收时间:2026-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-18
  • 修回日期:2026-03-03
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系复合伤研究所,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆
    2西藏军区总医院重症医学科,西藏 拉萨

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