Article(id=1320442310488347639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770566400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-09, revisedDate=1772035200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747579452, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747579452, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747579452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747579452, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442289126752969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='971', pageEnd='1128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747574359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749820502, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1110, endPage=1118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442310911972344, articleId=1320442310488347639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Climate and female tuberculosis incidence: heterogeneity drivers and precision control strategies in China’s 6 major climate zones, columnId=1320434453051199700, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Think Tank for Public Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

China has achieved remarkable progress in tuberculosis (TB) control, with the incidence rates declining continuously; however, the disease burden among females remained substantial with pronounced regional heterogeneity. The differential impacts of climatic factors on TB onset and their driving mechanisms remains poorly understood, particularly lacking zone-specific evidence based on climatic gradients. This study aims to analyze the heterogeneous effects of climatic factors and air pollutants on female TB incidence across 6 climatic zones and identify key driving pathways, thereby providing evidence-based support for developing gender-sensitive, climate-adapted precision prevention and control strategies.

Methods

A retrospective descriptive study design was adopted. Based on China’s climate zoning standards and typical climate characteristics, 6 representative regions were selected, corresponding to the 6 major climate zones: Cold-Dry Zone, Hot-Humid Zone, Warm-Humid Zone, Temperate Continental Zone, Alpine Zone, and Temperate Monsoon Zone. Sample representativeness was evaluated across 3 dimensions: geographic coverage (encompassing northern, southern, eastern, western, and central China), climate consistency (consistent with the core climate characteristics of the corresponding regions), and population epidemiological representativeness. A total of 9 570 female patients with newly diagnosed TB in 6 regions from 2017 to 2024, along with official meteorological and pollutant monitoring data during the same period, were collected. Two categories of measurement indicators were established for cases and meteorological pollution variables. After preprocessing such as imputation of missing values and construction of lagged 1 to 3 period variables, a panel data set was formed. With female TB case counts as the dependent variable, stepwise regression analysis was applied, and model performance was evaluated using R², VIF, and F/t tests.

Results

The overall demographic and clinical characteristics of female TB patients exhibited highly significant heterogeneity across the 6 climatic zones (P<0.001). The TB incidence in the females increased with advancing age, showing a fluctuating downward trend across all regions with significant inter-zone differences. The alpine zone demonstrated high incidence rates, initially declining then rising, decreasing from 155/100 000 in 2017 to 36/100 000 in 2022, subsequently increasing to 91/100 000 in 2024. Regression models for all climatic zones passed multicollinearity tests (VIF<10) and demonstrated extremely significant statistical significance (P<0.001): R²=0.452 for the Cold-Dry Zone, R²=0.589 for the Hot-Humid Zone, R²=0.610 for the Warm-Humid Zone, R²=0.626 for the Temperate Continental Zone, R²=0.641 for the Alpine Zone, and R²=0.580 for the Temperate Monsoon Zone. The combined model yielded R²=0.584 (F=71.548, P<0.001). Lag effects of 2 to 3 periods were present across all regions. Core driving factors were zone-specific, with lag 1 period PM10 identified as the core positive driver of female TB onset.

Conclusion

Climatic conditions and air pollutants exert significantly heterogeneous effects on female TB incidence across China’s 6 climatic zones. The 2 to 3 period lag effects essentially align with the incubation period of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Regional differences in the incidence are closely associated with climatic characteristics, population behavioral patterns, and pollutant exposure profiles. Countermeasures Building upon the existing technical guidance system for TB prevention and control, it is recommended to incorporate early warning rules tailored to local climatic conditions and pollutant lag-based screening window standards. Screening resources and health education efforts at the primary care level should be reallocated based on core pollutant drivers in each region. Data interfaces among meteorological, environmental, and TB surveillance systems should be integrated to establish linked assessment mechanisms, enabling zone-specific, time-specific precision early warning and targeted interventions.

, authors=Chuan WANG1, Xiaohan LIU2, Jun YANG3, Mali WU4, Yunli ZHENG4, Qiumei ZHANG5, Jun SONG6, Bihua GAO7, Feng LONG7, Dan JU8, Guozhong HE1, authorsList=Chuan WANG, Xiaohan LIU, Jun YANG, Mali WU, Yunli ZHENG, Qiumei ZHANG, Jun SONG, Bihua GAO, Feng LONG, Dan JU, Guozhong HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guozhong HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442312338035707, articleId=1320442310488347639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=气候与女性结核发病率:中国六大气候区的异质性驱动与精准防控策略, columnId=1320434453520961751, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·公共卫生智库, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

中国结核病防控成效显著,发病率持续下降,但女性疾病负担依然沉重且地区异质性突出。气候因素对其发病的差异化影响及驱动机制尚不明确,尤其缺乏基于气候梯度的特异性证据。通过分析六大气候带中气候因素与大气污染物对女性结核病发病率的异质性效应及关键驱动路径,为构建性别敏感、气候适配的精准防控策略提供循证依据。

方法

采用回顾性描述性研究设计,根据中国气候分区标准及典型气候特征选取6个代表性区域,分别对应六大气候带:干寒带、热湿带、暖湿带、温带大陆带、高寒带和温带季风带。样本代表性评估从3个维度进行:地理覆盖范围(涵盖中国北部、南部、东部、西部及中部)、气候一致性(与对应区域核心气候特征相符)以及人口流行病学代表性。收集2017—2024年6地新发女性结核病病例9 570例及同期气象和大气污染物官方监测数据;设置病例与气象污染2类测量指标,经缺失值填充、构建滞后1~3期变量等预处理形成面板数据集,以女性结核病发病数为因变量,采用逐步回归分析法,通过R²、VIF、F/t 检验评估模型性能。

结果

六大气候带女性结核病患者的总体人口学与临床特征呈极显著异质性(P<0.001);女性结核病发病率随着年龄增加而升高,发病率在各地区呈现波动性下降趋势,且存在显著气候带差异,高寒地区发病率高,先降后增,从2017年155/100 000降低至2022年36/100 000,后增加至2024年91/100 000;各气候带回归模型均通过多重共线性检验(VIF<10)且具极显著统计学意义(均P<0.001),干寒带R²=0.452、热湿带R²=0.589、暖湿带R²=0.610、温带大陆带R²=0.626、高寒带R²=0.641、温带季风带R²=0.580,联合模型R²=0.584 (F=71.548,P<0.001),所有区域均存在2~3期滞后效应,各气候带核心驱动因子具特异性,滞后1期PM10为女性结核病发病的核心正向驱动因子。

结论

我国六大气候带的气候条件与大气污染物对女性结核病发病存在显著异质性影响,2~3期滞后效应与结核菌感染潜伏期基本吻合,发病区域差异与气候特点、人群行为模式及污染物暴露特征密切相关。对策 建议依托现行结核病防治技术指导体系,新增适配属地气候条件的预警细则与污染物滞后筛查窗口期标准;结合现有人群管控台账,按气候条件划定重点防控群体,落地分区域分层精细化管理;参照各区域核心污染驱动因素,调整基层筛查资源与宣教力量配比;打通现有气象、环境与结核病监测数据端口,搭建联动研判机制,实现分区域分时段精准预警与针对性干预。

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何国忠,
HE Guozhong, E-mail:
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A: Total incidence, and secondary and primary incidences in females; B: Incidence of TB in females in 6 climatic zones; C: Incidence of TB in local and non-local females; D: Incidence of TB in different age groups among females; E: Average incidence rate of TB among female age groups in different climatic zones from 2017 to 2024; F: Incidence rate of TB among females aged≥65 years in different climatic zone

, figureFileSmall=fHSxRk75RnTMsW83xVw5ZQ==, figureFileBig=q4myXct7fab0Va1VcdXZJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442324132417622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442310488347639, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes in demographic characteristics of female TB patients [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristics2017
(n=1 426)
2018
(n=1 463)
2019
(n=1 455)
2020
(n=1 117)
2021
(n=1 094)
2022
(n=870)
2023
(n=1 128)
2024
(n=1 017)
Area typea
Cold-Dry Zone319(22.37)456(31.16)353(24.26)248(22.20)260(23.77)175(20.11)244(21.63)311(30.58)
Hot-Humid Zone283(19.84)267(18.25)343(23.57)335(29.99)314(28.70)254(29.20)294(26.07)216(21.24)
Warm-Humid Zone373(26.16)364(24.88)354(24.33)349(31.25)331(30.26)269(30.92)303(26.86)220(21.63)
Temperate-Continental Zone56(3.93)74(5.06)64(4.40)51(4.57)59(5.39)49(5.63)35(3.10)37(3.64)
Alpine Zone313(21.95)245(16.75)275(18.90)80(7.16)81(7.40)76(8.74)200(17.73)198(19.47)
Temperate-Monsoon Zone82(5.75)57(3.90)66(4.54)54(4.83)49(4.48)47(5.40)52(4.61)35(3.44)
Age/yearsa
0 to19158(11.08)113(7.72)169(11.62)97(8.68)98(8.96)61(7.01)112(9.93)86(8.46)
20 to 44593(41.58)585(39.99)563(38.69)453(40.56)413(37.75)328(37.70)371(32.89)317(31.17)
45 to 64386(27.07)415(28.37)399(27.42)290(25.96)281(25.69)246(28.28)305(27.04)285(28.02)
≥65289(20.27)350(23.92)324(22.27)277(24.80)302(27.60)235(27.01)340(30.14)329(32.35)
Census registera
Local1 307(91.65)1 264(86.40)1 269(87.22)994(88.99)1 040(95.06)836(96.09)1 080(95.74)966(94.99)
Non-local119(8.35)199(13.60)186(12.78)123(11.01)54(4.94)34(3.91)48(4.26)51(5.01)
Diagnosis and classificationa
Secondary1 252(87.80)1 341(91.66)1 318(90.58)1 018(91.14)1 020(93.24)810(93.10)1 012(89.72)899(88.40)
Primary174(12.20)122(8.34)137(9.42)99(8.86)74(6.76)60(6.90)116(10.28)118(11.60)
), ArticleFig(id=1320442324207915095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442310488347639, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

女性结核病患者人口学特征变化[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristics2017
(n=1 426)
2018
(n=1 463)
2019
(n=1 455)
2020
(n=1 117)
2021
(n=1 094)
2022
(n=870)
2023
(n=1 128)
2024
(n=1 017)
Area typea
Cold-Dry Zone319(22.37)456(31.16)353(24.26)248(22.20)260(23.77)175(20.11)244(21.63)311(30.58)
Hot-Humid Zone283(19.84)267(18.25)343(23.57)335(29.99)314(28.70)254(29.20)294(26.07)216(21.24)
Warm-Humid Zone373(26.16)364(24.88)354(24.33)349(31.25)331(30.26)269(30.92)303(26.86)220(21.63)
Temperate-Continental Zone56(3.93)74(5.06)64(4.40)51(4.57)59(5.39)49(5.63)35(3.10)37(3.64)
Alpine Zone313(21.95)245(16.75)275(18.90)80(7.16)81(7.40)76(8.74)200(17.73)198(19.47)
Temperate-Monsoon Zone82(5.75)57(3.90)66(4.54)54(4.83)49(4.48)47(5.40)52(4.61)35(3.44)
Age/yearsa
0 to19158(11.08)113(7.72)169(11.62)97(8.68)98(8.96)61(7.01)112(9.93)86(8.46)
20 to 44593(41.58)585(39.99)563(38.69)453(40.56)413(37.75)328(37.70)371(32.89)317(31.17)
45 to 64386(27.07)415(28.37)399(27.42)290(25.96)281(25.69)246(28.28)305(27.04)285(28.02)
≥65289(20.27)350(23.92)324(22.27)277(24.80)302(27.60)235(27.01)340(30.14)329(32.35)
Census registera
Local1 307(91.65)1 264(86.40)1 269(87.22)994(88.99)1 040(95.06)836(96.09)1 080(95.74)966(94.99)
Non-local119(8.35)199(13.60)186(12.78)123(11.01)54(4.94)34(3.91)48(4.26)51(5.01)
Diagnosis and classificationa
Secondary1 252(87.80)1 341(91.66)1 318(90.58)1 018(91.14)1 020(93.24)810(93.10)1 012(89.72)899(88.40)
Primary174(12.20)122(8.34)137(9.42)99(8.86)74(6.76)60(6.90)116(10.28)118(11.60)
), ArticleFig(id=1320442324295995480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442310488347639, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Association of climatic and environmental determinants with TB incidence in females

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable nameβtPVIFVariable nameβtPVIF
Cold-Dry ZoneAlpine Zone
Constant term--0.1320.895-Constant Term-0.5930.555-
Incidence_first-order difference0.5907.438<0.0011.000Incidence_first-oirder difference0.4536.425<0.0011.081
Lag 3 SO₂0.2573.1160.0021.083Lag 1 PM2.50.6352.7460.0072.940
Lag 2 O₃0.2733.0400.0031.283Lag 3 O₃_8h0.1814.525<0.0011.602
Lag 1 PM100.1782.0470.0441.199Lag 2 CO-21.656-3.741<0.0012.462
Hot-Humid ZoneLag 2 PM2.50.8393.2310.0024.018
Constant term-3.5830.001-Average Age-0.299-3.2640.0021.084
Incidence_first-order difference0.6038.818<0.0011.000Lag 2 NO₂0.6852.7000.0083.354
Lag 3 NO₂0.3935.485<0.0011.099Lag 2 SO₂-0.244-2.0270.0462.503
Lag 3 SO₂-0.379-5.245<0.0011.115Temperate Monsoon Zone
Lag 3 average wind speed0.1692.4190.0181.039Constant term-5.748<0.001-
Warm-Humid ZoneIncidence_first-order difference0.52510.244<0.0011.013
Constant term-2.8910.005-Monthly average CO3.8234.682<0.0012.322
Incidence_first-order difference0.4748.092<0.0011.041Lag 2 CO-4.308-3.663<0.0015.345
Monthly average temperature0.3601.6210.1094.335Lag 2 SO₂0.0802.3540.0213.469
Average age-0.316-2.4880.0151.177Combined Model
Lag 1 PM100.2563.6030.0013.390Constant term-6.106<0.001-
Lag 1 average atmospheric pressure-0.667-2.8170.0066.414Lag 1 PM10 ×Temperate-Continental Zone-0.363-10.768<0.0013.760
Monthly average CO0.2372.1890.0311.062Lag 1 PM10 × Temperate-Monsoon Zone-0.318-10.895<0.0019.964
Lag 2 NO₂0.2242.1110.0381.193TB_incidence_first-order difference0.47212.381<0.0011.011
Temperate Continental ZoneLag 1 PM100.2457.619<0.0017.796
Constant term-3.4580.001-Lag 2 CO × Hot-Humid Zone0.3002.0250.0431.960
Incidence_first-order difference0.4758.487<0.0011.042Lag 2 CO × Alpine Zone-4.762-1.9220.0552.812
Monthly average temperature0.1736.979<0.0013.950PM10_Lag1 × Hot-Humid Zone-0.126-3.1180.0022.009
Monthly average PM100.0191.0840.2823.421Average temperature0.1393.2270.0012.459
Lag 1 PM100.0743.3050.0015.977Lag 2 SO₂ × Cold-Dry Zone0.3373.626<0.0014.480
Monthly average O₃_8h-0.049-3.3620.0014.950Lag 1 PM10 × Cold-Dry Zone-0.121-2.8220.0056.513
Lag 1 AQI-0.062-2.4980.0143.569Average age-0.081-1.9850.0481.357
Lag 3 monthly average temperature-0.066-2.4660.0164.660
), ArticleFig(id=1320442324396658777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442310488347639, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

气候与环境决定因素与女性结核病发病率的关联

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable nameβtPVIFVariable nameβtPVIF
Cold-Dry ZoneAlpine Zone
Constant term--0.1320.895-Constant Term-0.5930.555-
Incidence_first-order difference0.5907.438<0.0011.000Incidence_first-oirder difference0.4536.425<0.0011.081
Lag 3 SO₂0.2573.1160.0021.083Lag 1 PM2.50.6352.7460.0072.940
Lag 2 O₃0.2733.0400.0031.283Lag 3 O₃_8h0.1814.525<0.0011.602
Lag 1 PM100.1782.0470.0441.199Lag 2 CO-21.656-3.741<0.0012.462
Hot-Humid ZoneLag 2 PM2.50.8393.2310.0024.018
Constant term-3.5830.001-Average Age-0.299-3.2640.0021.084
Incidence_first-order difference0.6038.818<0.0011.000Lag 2 NO₂0.6852.7000.0083.354
Lag 3 NO₂0.3935.485<0.0011.099Lag 2 SO₂-0.244-2.0270.0462.503
Lag 3 SO₂-0.379-5.245<0.0011.115Temperate Monsoon Zone
Lag 3 average wind speed0.1692.4190.0181.039Constant term-5.748<0.001-
Warm-Humid ZoneIncidence_first-order difference0.52510.244<0.0011.013
Constant term-2.8910.005-Monthly average CO3.8234.682<0.0012.322
Incidence_first-order difference0.4748.092<0.0011.041Lag 2 CO-4.308-3.663<0.0015.345
Monthly average temperature0.3601.6210.1094.335Lag 2 SO₂0.0802.3540.0213.469
Average age-0.316-2.4880.0151.177Combined Model
Lag 1 PM100.2563.6030.0013.390Constant term-6.106<0.001-
Lag 1 average atmospheric pressure-0.667-2.8170.0066.414Lag 1 PM10 ×Temperate-Continental Zone-0.363-10.768<0.0013.760
Monthly average CO0.2372.1890.0311.062Lag 1 PM10 × Temperate-Monsoon Zone-0.318-10.895<0.0019.964
Lag 2 NO₂0.2242.1110.0381.193TB_incidence_first-order difference0.47212.381<0.0011.011
Temperate Continental ZoneLag 1 PM100.2457.619<0.0017.796
Constant term-3.4580.001-Lag 2 CO × Hot-Humid Zone0.3002.0250.0431.960
Incidence_first-order difference0.4758.487<0.0011.042Lag 2 CO × Alpine Zone-4.762-1.9220.0552.812
Monthly average temperature0.1736.979<0.0013.950PM10_Lag1 × Hot-Humid Zone-0.126-3.1180.0022.009
Monthly average PM100.0191.0840.2823.421Average temperature0.1393.2270.0012.459
Lag 1 PM100.0743.3050.0015.977Lag 2 SO₂ × Cold-Dry Zone0.3373.626<0.0014.480
Monthly average O₃_8h-0.049-3.3620.0014.950Lag 1 PM10 × Cold-Dry Zone-0.121-2.8220.0056.513
Lag 1 AQI-0.062-2.4980.0143.569Average age-0.081-1.9850.0481.357
Lag 3 monthly average temperature-0.066-2.4660.0164.660
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气候与女性结核发病率:中国六大气候区的异质性驱动与精准防控策略
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王川 1 , 刘骁汉 2 , 杨军 3 , 吴马丽 4 , 郑云丽 4 , 张秋梅 5 , 宋军 6 , 高碧华 7 , 龙凤 7 , 鞠丹 8 , 何国忠 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·公共卫生智库 2026,48(8): 1110-1118
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·公共卫生智库 2026 , 48 (8) : 1110 -1118
气候与女性结核发病率:中国六大气候区的异质性驱动与精准防控策略
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王川1, 刘骁汉2, 杨军3, 吴马丽4, 郑云丽4, 张秋梅5, 宋军6, 高碧华7, 龙凤7, 鞠丹8, 何国忠1
作者信息
  • 1昆明医科大学公共卫生学院,云南 昆明
  • 2天津中医药大学管理学院,天津
  • 3内蒙古乌兰察布市疾病预防控制中心,内蒙古 乌兰察布
  • 4海口市人民医院核病门诊,海南 海口
  • 5青海省玉树州人民医院内科中心,青海 玉树
  • 6山东省淄博市淄川区疾病预防控制中心,山东 淄博
  • 7北海市人民医院,广西 北海
  • 8梅河口市结核病防治所,吉林梅河口
通讯作者:
HE Guozhong, E-mail:
Climate and female tuberculosis incidence: heterogeneity drivers and precision control strategies in China’s 6 major climate zones
Chuan WANG1, Xiaohan LIU2, Jun YANG3, Mali WU4, Yunli ZHENG4, Qiumei ZHANG5, Jun SONG6, Bihua GAO7, Feng LONG7, Dan JU8, Guozhong HE1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan
  • 2School of Management, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
  • 3Ulanqab Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia
  • 4Tuberculosis Outpatient Clinic,Haikou People’s Hospital, Haikou, Hainan
  • 5Department of Internal Medicine, Yushu Prefecture People’s Hospital, Yushu, Qinghai
  • 6Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo, Shandong
  • 7Beihai People’s Hospital, Beihai, Guangxi
  • 8Meihekou Tuberculosis Control Institute, Meihekou, Jilin, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602054
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目的

中国结核病防控成效显著,发病率持续下降,但女性疾病负担依然沉重且地区异质性突出。气候因素对其发病的差异化影响及驱动机制尚不明确,尤其缺乏基于气候梯度的特异性证据。通过分析六大气候带中气候因素与大气污染物对女性结核病发病率的异质性效应及关键驱动路径,为构建性别敏感、气候适配的精准防控策略提供循证依据。

方法

采用回顾性描述性研究设计,根据中国气候分区标准及典型气候特征选取6个代表性区域,分别对应六大气候带:干寒带、热湿带、暖湿带、温带大陆带、高寒带和温带季风带。样本代表性评估从3个维度进行:地理覆盖范围(涵盖中国北部、南部、东部、西部及中部)、气候一致性(与对应区域核心气候特征相符)以及人口流行病学代表性。收集2017—2024年6地新发女性结核病病例9 570例及同期气象和大气污染物官方监测数据;设置病例与气象污染2类测量指标,经缺失值填充、构建滞后1~3期变量等预处理形成面板数据集,以女性结核病发病数为因变量,采用逐步回归分析法,通过R²、VIF、F/t 检验评估模型性能。

结果

六大气候带女性结核病患者的总体人口学与临床特征呈极显著异质性(P<0.001);女性结核病发病率随着年龄增加而升高,发病率在各地区呈现波动性下降趋势,且存在显著气候带差异,高寒地区发病率高,先降后增,从2017年155/100 000降低至2022年36/100 000,后增加至2024年91/100 000;各气候带回归模型均通过多重共线性检验(VIF<10)且具极显著统计学意义(均P<0.001),干寒带R²=0.452、热湿带R²=0.589、暖湿带R²=0.610、温带大陆带R²=0.626、高寒带R²=0.641、温带季风带R²=0.580,联合模型R²=0.584 (F=71.548,P<0.001),所有区域均存在2~3期滞后效应,各气候带核心驱动因子具特异性,滞后1期PM10为女性结核病发病的核心正向驱动因子。

结论

我国六大气候带的气候条件与大气污染物对女性结核病发病存在显著异质性影响,2~3期滞后效应与结核菌感染潜伏期基本吻合,发病区域差异与气候特点、人群行为模式及污染物暴露特征密切相关。对策 建议依托现行结核病防治技术指导体系,新增适配属地气候条件的预警细则与污染物滞后筛查窗口期标准;结合现有人群管控台账,按气候条件划定重点防控群体,落地分区域分层精细化管理;参照各区域核心污染驱动因素,调整基层筛查资源与宣教力量配比;打通现有气象、环境与结核病监测数据端口,搭建联动研判机制,实现分区域分时段精准预警与针对性干预。

结核病  /  女性  /  气候带  /  异质性  /  精准预防
Objective

China has achieved remarkable progress in tuberculosis (TB) control, with the incidence rates declining continuously; however, the disease burden among females remained substantial with pronounced regional heterogeneity. The differential impacts of climatic factors on TB onset and their driving mechanisms remains poorly understood, particularly lacking zone-specific evidence based on climatic gradients. This study aims to analyze the heterogeneous effects of climatic factors and air pollutants on female TB incidence across 6 climatic zones and identify key driving pathways, thereby providing evidence-based support for developing gender-sensitive, climate-adapted precision prevention and control strategies.

Methods

A retrospective descriptive study design was adopted. Based on China’s climate zoning standards and typical climate characteristics, 6 representative regions were selected, corresponding to the 6 major climate zones: Cold-Dry Zone, Hot-Humid Zone, Warm-Humid Zone, Temperate Continental Zone, Alpine Zone, and Temperate Monsoon Zone. Sample representativeness was evaluated across 3 dimensions: geographic coverage (encompassing northern, southern, eastern, western, and central China), climate consistency (consistent with the core climate characteristics of the corresponding regions), and population epidemiological representativeness. A total of 9 570 female patients with newly diagnosed TB in 6 regions from 2017 to 2024, along with official meteorological and pollutant monitoring data during the same period, were collected. Two categories of measurement indicators were established for cases and meteorological pollution variables. After preprocessing such as imputation of missing values and construction of lagged 1 to 3 period variables, a panel data set was formed. With female TB case counts as the dependent variable, stepwise regression analysis was applied, and model performance was evaluated using R², VIF, and F/t tests.

Results

The overall demographic and clinical characteristics of female TB patients exhibited highly significant heterogeneity across the 6 climatic zones (P<0.001). The TB incidence in the females increased with advancing age, showing a fluctuating downward trend across all regions with significant inter-zone differences. The alpine zone demonstrated high incidence rates, initially declining then rising, decreasing from 155/100 000 in 2017 to 36/100 000 in 2022, subsequently increasing to 91/100 000 in 2024. Regression models for all climatic zones passed multicollinearity tests (VIF<10) and demonstrated extremely significant statistical significance (P<0.001): R²=0.452 for the Cold-Dry Zone, R²=0.589 for the Hot-Humid Zone, R²=0.610 for the Warm-Humid Zone, R²=0.626 for the Temperate Continental Zone, R²=0.641 for the Alpine Zone, and R²=0.580 for the Temperate Monsoon Zone. The combined model yielded R²=0.584 (F=71.548, P<0.001). Lag effects of 2 to 3 periods were present across all regions. Core driving factors were zone-specific, with lag 1 period PM10 identified as the core positive driver of female TB onset.

Conclusion

Climatic conditions and air pollutants exert significantly heterogeneous effects on female TB incidence across China’s 6 climatic zones. The 2 to 3 period lag effects essentially align with the incubation period of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Regional differences in the incidence are closely associated with climatic characteristics, population behavioral patterns, and pollutant exposure profiles. Countermeasures Building upon the existing technical guidance system for TB prevention and control, it is recommended to incorporate early warning rules tailored to local climatic conditions and pollutant lag-based screening window standards. Screening resources and health education efforts at the primary care level should be reallocated based on core pollutant drivers in each region. Data interfaces among meteorological, environmental, and TB surveillance systems should be integrated to establish linked assessment mechanisms, enabling zone-specific, time-specific precision early warning and targeted interventions.

tuberculosis  /  female  /  climatic zones  /  heterogeneity  /  precision prevention
王川, 刘骁汉, 杨军, 吴马丽, 郑云丽, 张秋梅, 宋军, 高碧华, 龙凤, 鞠丹, 何国忠. 气候与女性结核发病率:中国六大气候区的异质性驱动与精准防控策略. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1110 -1118 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602054
Chuan WANG, Xiaohan LIU, Jun YANG, Mali WU, Yunli ZHENG, Qiumei ZHANG, Jun SONG, Bihua GAO, Feng LONG, Dan JU, Guozhong HE. Climate and female tuberculosis incidence: heterogeneity drivers and precision control strategies in China’s 6 major climate zones[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1110 -1118 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602054
由结核分枝杆菌引起的结核病仍是全球公共卫生领域的重要挑战。根据世界卫生组织《2024年全球结核病报告》,在新型冠状病毒感染后,结核病已重新成为全球首要传染病,2023年新增病例数创历史新高[1]。作为高负担国家,中国在结核病控制方面取得显著成效(2024年进入中低流行区),但仍面临重大疾病负担和显著的地区异质性[2],研究表明,结核病分布受地理环境和气候因素驱动,形成“西部高、东部低”的格局并呈现季节性波动[3-6],气候是影响结核病传播的关键环境因素[7],不同气候带的气象因素差异通过调节病原体存活率、人群活动及人体免疫力,间接影响疾病流行强度与时空分布[8]。现有研究证实,结核病发病率存在冬春季节性高峰,而干寒与暖湿的气候特征是导致季节性及区域差异的核心自然驱动因素[7,9],性别差异是结核病显著的流行病学特征[10]。全球及国内数据显示,男性报告发病率高于女性,但女性(尤其是育龄期、妊娠期或老年女性)因生理和社会因素面临独特的感染与发病风险[11],然而,现有研究多集中于普通人群或男性,缺乏针对女性的气候特异性研究,特别是基于气候梯度比较的机制分析。
本研究选取中国不同气候带地区的结核病数据,探究典型气候对女性结核病影响的异质性。通过分析2017—2024年女性结核病的流行病学特征,并结合同期气候与环境数据,旨在揭示气候对女性结核病流行模式的差异化影响,从而为建立性别敏感、气候适配的区域化精准防控策略提供科学依据。
本研究为回顾性描述性研究,遵循典型性、代表性与可比性原则,依据中国气候带划分标准[12],选取中国6个典型气候带的代表性城市作为研究现场,包括:中温带半干旱大陆性季风气候区(后文简称“干寒带”,冬季漫长寒冷干燥,夏季短暂凉爽,风沙天气较多)的乌兰察布市、热带季风气候区(后文简称“热湿带”,全年高温,雨量充沛,湿度大)的海口市、亚热带季风温热气候区(后文简称“暖湿带”,夏长冬短,雨热同期,湿度较高)的北海市、温带大陆性气候区(后文简称“温带大陆带”,四季分明,冬季寒冷干燥,夏季温热多雨)的梅河口市、高原山地高寒气候区(后文简称“高寒带”,气候寒冷,昼夜温差大,降水较少)的玉树市,以及温带季风气候区(后文简称“温带季风带”,四季分明,雨热同期,冬季寒冷干燥)的淄博市。
病例数据来源于2017年1月1日—2024年12月31日6地经疾病预防控制中心或定点医院确诊并录入“中国疾病预防控制信息系统—结核病管理信息系统”的新发女性结核病患者,包括肺结核,肺外结核。核心变量包括确诊日期、报告地区、性别、年龄、户籍类型(流动状态)、诊断分型。纳入标准:确诊为结核病的女性患者,病例信息完整可追溯;排除标准:重复报告病例,年龄、诊断、户籍等关键信息缺失的病例。本研究所有数据均进行去标识化汇总处理,不涉及研究对象个人隐私,研究方案已通过昆明医科大学伦理审查机构的审批(KMMU2024MEC186)。
气象及大气污染物数据均来源于中国气象科学数据共享服务网(http://data.cma.cn/),为研究期间研究现场的官方逐日监测数据,数据采集与质控均遵循国家气象与环境监测技术规范,保证数据的准确性与完整性。
本研究设置2大类测量指标。病例相关测量指标包括:人口学指标(确诊日期、年龄、户籍类型/流动状态)、临床诊断指标(诊断分型)以及发病衍生指标(年度/月度新发发病数、发病率、3期移动平均发病数、发病数一阶差分)。气象与污染物相关测量指标方面,基于气温与相对湿度影响结核分枝杆菌存活及宿主免疫应答、降水量和风速通过影响颗粒物浓度改变病原体空气传播路径[9,13],选取的气象指标包括日平均气温、日平均相对湿度、日降水量、日平均风速、月平均气压;同时,依据PM2.5等细颗粒物可削弱巨噬细胞功能、增加呼吸道感染易感性的研究结论[13-14],纳入的大气污染物指标包括日平均PM2.5、日平均PM10、日平均NO₂浓度、日平均SO₂浓度、日平均O₃浓度、日平均CO浓度及空气质量指数(air quality index,AQI)。
结合结核分枝杆菌2~8周的感染潜伏期特征,考虑气候与大气污染物因素对人群感染及免疫状态的延迟效应,对研究数据进行规范化预处理,具体步骤为:①缺失值处理:采用前向填充法补充气象、污染物及病例数据中的少量缺失值,保证数据时序的完整性;②日数据整合为月度/年度数据:气象指标中日平均气温、日平均相对湿度、日平均风速,及大气污染物指标中日均PM2.5、PM10、NO₂、SO₂、O₃、CO浓度均取月度/年度算术平均值;日降水量取月度/年度累计值;月平均气压直接采用官方月度监测均值,年度气压取各月均值的算术平均值;③滞后变量构建:以月度为时间尺度,构建气象与污染物因素的滞后1~3期变量,量化其对女性结核病发病的延迟影响;④发病数衍生指标构建:计算发病数的3期移动平均、一阶差分指标,消除数据时序波动的干扰;⑤数据整合:以“城市-时间(年度/月度)”为统一框架,融合病例相关指标与气象、大气污染物相关指标,形成面板数据集;⑥质量控制:对病例数据进行逐例核查,修正信息缺失、逻辑矛盾等问题,气象与污染物数据依托官方数据源的质控体系,仅纳入合格监测数据。
采用逐步回归算法进行变量筛选,设定纳入变量的检验水准为α=0.05,剔除变量的检验水准为α=0.10。以女性结核病发病数为因变量,纳入所有气象、大气污染物、人口学及滞后变量作为自变量,依据“进入-剔除”准则筛选变量。模型拟合优度采用R²进行评估,调整后R²则在原始R²基础上,对模型中自变量的个数及样本量进行双重校正,以消除因自变量过多或样本量与变量数不匹配导致的R²虚高问题,从而更客观地反映模型对实际数据的解释能力。多重共线性通过VIF进行检验,阈值设为<10。模型总体显著性采用F检验,各自变量的显著性采用t检验,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2017—2024年间,女性结核病总患者的人口统计学与临床特征存在显著差异(P<0.001),且不同年份存在共性特征:均以本地户籍居民为主(86.40%~96.09%),青少年(0~19岁)占比均<12%,继发结核占比88.40%~93.24%(表1)。
女性结核病发病率在各地区呈现波动性下降趋势,且存在显著气候带差异:高寒地区发病率高,且波动浮动大,先降后增,从2017年155/100 000降低至2022年36/100 000,后增加至2024年91/100 000;干寒地区、暖湿地区、热湿地区发病率较为稳定,维持在20/100 000~45/100 000;温带大陆性与温带季风地区发病率最低,总体低于20/100 000。同时,女性结核发病率随着年龄增加而增加,干寒与高寒地区老年患者发病率高,而暖湿与热湿地区在20~64岁患者发病率高于其他地区,且本地居民发病率始终高于非本地居民(图1)。
各气候带回归模型均通过多重共线性检验(VIF<10)且具有统计学意义(P<0.001),联合模型(R²=0.584,P<0.001)。气象与污染物因子对女性结核病发病的驱动效应呈明显气候带特异性,所有气候带均存在2~3期滞后效应,且气象因子与城市间存在显著交互作用(表2)。
干寒带模型R²=0.452,滞后2期O₃(β=0.273)、滞后3期SO₂(β=0.257)、滞后1期PM10(β=0.178)为发病正向驱动因子,其中发病数一阶差分对模型解释力最强(β=0.590);热湿带模型R²=0.589,滞后3期NO₂(β=0.393)、滞后3期平均风速(β=0.169)为正向驱动因子,滞后3期SO₂(β=-0.379)为负向驱动因子,发病数一阶差分(β=0.603)为核心解释变量;暖湿带模型R²=0.610,滞后1期PM10(β=0.256)、月平均CO(β=0.237)、滞后2期NO₂(β=0.224)为正向驱动因子,滞后1期平均气压(β=-0.667)、平均年龄(β=-0.316)为负向驱动因子,月平均气温无统计学意义(β=0.360)。温带大陆带模型R²=0.626,月平均气温(β=0.173)、滞后1期PM10(β=0.074)为正向驱动因子,月均O3_8h(β=-0.049)、滞后1期AQI(β=-0.062)、滞后3期月平均气温(β=-0.066)为负向驱动因子,月平均PM10无统计学意义(β=0.019);高寒带模型R²=0.641,滞后2期PM2.5(β=0.839)、滞后1期PM2.5(β=0.635)、滞后2期NO₂(β=0.685)、滞后3期O3_8h(β=0.181)为正向驱动因子,滞后2期CO(β=-21.656)、滞后2期SO₂(β=-0.244)、平均年龄(β=-0.299)为负向驱动因子;温带季风带模型R²=0.580,CO呈双向效应,月均CO(β=3.823)正向驱动发病,滞后2期CO(β=-4.308)负向驱动发病,滞后2期SO₂(β=0.080)为轻度正向驱动因子。
合并模型结果显示,滞后1期PM10为女性结核病发病的核心正向驱动因子(β=0.245),其与干寒带(β=-0.121)、温带季风带(β=-0.318)、热湿带(β=-0.126)的交互项均呈负向效应;平均气温(β=0.139)呈正向驱动,平均年龄(β=-0.081)呈负向驱动;滞后2期CO与热湿带的交互项(β=0.300)为正向效应,与高寒带的交互项接近负向显著水平(β=-4.762),滞后2期SO₂与干寒带的交互项(β=0.337)呈显著正向效应,结核病发病率一阶差分为模型核心解释变量(β=0.472)。
本研究聚焦中国六大气候带女性结核病发病特征及气象环境影响机制,通过系统分析2017—2024年病例数据与气象因素的关联,明确了气候对女性结核病影响的显著异质性,为性别敏感、气候适配的精准防控提供了实证支撑。
女性结核病总体患者在人口学及临床特征上呈现极显著异质性(均P<0.001),且发病率区域差异显著,该分布特征并非单一气候因素作用结果,而是气候特征、人群活动模式与机体免疫状态3者交互作用的直接体现。发病率趋势上,六地均呈波动下降态势,且六地本地户籍患者发病率始终高于外地;女性患者≥65岁群体在干寒、高寒带占优,20~64岁群体在暖湿、热湿带突出。这与结核病的传播特性高度契合-本地居民长期暴露于区域固定的气候与污染环境,累积感染风险更高,该结论与既往研究中结核病“本地聚集性”的特征一致[3,6],但本研究进一步明确了该特征在女性群体中的气候带特异性差异,弥补了既往研究对性别维度关注的不足。
气象环境因素对女性结核病发病的影响存在明确的气候带特异性,且所有气候带均呈现2~3期滞后效应,这与结核分枝杆菌2~8周的感染潜伏期形成生物学呼应,也与既往研究[14]发现的低温滞后峰值效应一致。通过逐步回归分析可知,六地模型均通过共线性检验(VIF<10)且拟合良好(P<0.001),合并模型R²=0.584,充分验证了气象环境因素与女性结核病发病的关联可靠性。
其中,干寒带(R²=0.452)的核心驱动因子为滞后2期O₃(β=0.273)、滞后3期SO₂(β=0.257)及滞后1期PM10(β=0.178)等,结合其冬季漫长寒冷干燥、风沙频繁的气候特征,强风速可加速结核分枝杆菌气溶胶扩散,干燥环境能延长病原体存活时间[15],而SO₂、O₃等污染物则会损伤呼吸道黏膜屏障[16],当地老年患者户外暴露多、免疫功能衰退,不仅易受感染,还可能因全身免疫力下降导致病原体扩散;热湿带(R²=0.589)以滞后3期NO₂(β=0.393)、SO₂(β=-0.379)及滞后3期平均风速(β=0.169)为主导因素,暖湿带(R²=0.610)受滞后1期PM10(β=0.256)、平均气压(β=-0.667)、月平均气温等影响,该气候带全年高温高湿的特征,使得居民倾向关闭门窗使用空调,导致室内通风不足,增加人际传播风险[17],同时高温会促进大气光化学反应加速O₃生成,叠加NO₂等污染物累积[18],形成“高温+高污染物”的耦合环境,双重削弱呼吸道黏膜抵抗力,而当地青年女性群体户外活动频繁且室内停留时间集中,与该影响场景高度匹配,故继发性结核占绝对优势;温带大陆带(R²=0.626)核心驱动因子为月平均气温(β=0.173)、滞后1期PM10(β=0.074)等;高寒带(R²=0.641)以滞后2期PM2.5(β=0.839)、NO₂ (β=0.685)为关键因子;温带季风带(R²=0.580)呈现月均CO(β=3.823)与滞后2期CO(β=-4.308)的反向效应,这些差异充分说明不同气候带的气象-污染物组合通过差异化路径作用于结核病发病。此外,本研究通过逐步回归明确了滞后效应的量化特征,如干寒带SO₂滞后3期标准化系数β=0.257,提示SO₂浓度滞后3个月每升高1个标准差,女性结核病发病率上升25.7%,热湿带NO₂滞后3期β=0.393,提示NO₂浓度滞后3个月每升高1个标准差,女性结核病发病率上升39.3%,为滞后防控窗口的设定提供了具体实证。
基于气候异质性影响机制及滞后效应,针对性防控策略的优化需紧密结合气候特征、重点人群与滞后窗口。干寒气候区应将65岁以上女性列为防控重点,通过建档管理并开展定期健康监测;在冬季及平均风速≥3 m/s的大风、沙尘天气,倡导减少户外劳作、佩戴防风防霾口罩,室内使用加湿器维持40%~60%湿度,沙尘天气后1周内强化呼吸道防护宣传;结合滞后效应,在SO₂超标后21 d内、O₃超标后14 d内开展早期症状筛查,降低结核发病风险。热湿及暖湿气候区需将18~44岁家务及待业女性(含流动人口)纳入重点防控范围,通过社区网格化管理实现全面覆盖;在夏季日均温≥30 ℃及O₃≥160 μg/m³、NO₂浓度升高的污染期,引导减少正午外出,室内每日不少于2次、每次30 min通风[18];结合滞后效应,在平均气温、NO₂等核心因子超标后14~21 d内,强化社区与流动人口筛查,提升防控精准度[9]。温带大陆带和温带季风带需聚焦45~64岁中年女性,春季气温回升期加强公共场所通风消毒;在PM10超标后14 d内开展社区筛查,同步监测AQI、O₃及CO浓度动态,针对性开展防护宣传。高寒带则需重点关注老年女性及长期户外作业女性,低温天气强化保暖与户外暴露防护;在PM2.5、NO₂超标后14 d内开展胸部CT与结核菌素试验联合筛查,提升医疗机构结核诊疗与监测能力。
研究结果提示,气候带特异性气象与环境因素通过差异化路径影响女性结核病发病风险,且存在明确的滞后效应,进一步支持了气温、污染物等环境因子作为结核病传播重要驱动因素的作用。基于此,公共卫生策略应突破“一刀切”模式,转向气候适配与性别敏感的精准防控,建议修订《结核病防治工作规范》时,可增加基于气候分区和滞后窗口的预警指导原则,引导干寒地区将老年女性、暖湿地区将青年流动女性作为重点人群,并依据SO₂、NO₂、PM10等主导因子的滞后规律,在关键窗口期强化社区筛查和防护宣传,从而提升资源配置效率与干预措施的时空精准性。
本研究存在一定局限性,虽选取六大气候带代表城市,但样本量有限,可能影响结论的普适性;未纳入社会经济水平、医疗资源可及性等非气候混杂因素,难以全面揭示多因素交互作用;气象数据采用城市尺度均值,未考虑区域内微气候差异对局部发病的影响等,后续需排除混杂变量,开展精细化的气候-人群-疾病关联分析,进一步完善性别敏感、气候适配的区域精准防控策略。

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2026年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602054
  • 接收时间:2026-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-09
  • 修回日期:2026-02-26
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作者信息
    1昆明医科大学公共卫生学院,云南 昆明
    2天津中医药大学管理学院,天津
    3内蒙古乌兰察布市疾病预防控制中心,内蒙古 乌兰察布
    4海口市人民医院核病门诊,海南 海口
    5青海省玉树州人民医院内科中心,青海 玉树
    6山东省淄博市淄川区疾病预防控制中心,山东 淄博
    7北海市人民医院,广西 北海
    8梅河口市结核病防治所,吉林梅河口

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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