Article(id=1320441098330288156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766332800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-22, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747290451, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747290451, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747290451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747290451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441063936996073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='831', pageEnd='970', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747282251, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749796678, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=963, endPage=970, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441098527420445, articleId=1320441098330288156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Three-decade evolution of global burden of cancer among women of child-bearing age (1990—2021): an age-stratified and socio-demographic index-based analysis based on GBD data, columnId=1320434453051199700, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Think Tank for Public Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Malignant neoplasms represent a major public health threat to women of child-bearing age (WCBA) worldwide, with incidence rates significantly higher than those in men of comparable age. However, systematic research remains lacking regarding the long-term evolution patterns of WCBA-specific cancer disease burden and their socioeconomic determinants across extended timeframes. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the disease burden and spatiotemporal trends of 30 cancer types among global WCBA from 1990 to 2021, providing scientific evidence for developing targeted precision prevention and control strategies for female malignancies.

Methods

A cross-sectional design was adopted in this study, and the data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 on the incidence, prevalence, and disability- adjusted life-years (DALYs) of 30 cancers among WCBA from 1990 to 2021 were extracted. Stratification was performed by age groups (15 to 29 and 30 to 49 years old) and socio-demographic index (SDI). Incidence rates, DALYs rates, and their estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) with 95%CI were calculated. Spearman correlation analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were applied to fit the non-linear relationship between disease burden and SDI (significance level P<0.05).

Results

In 2021, the 3 leading cancers by incidence among global WCBA were breast cancer (28.81/100 000, 95%UI: 26.84 to 30.94), cervical cancer (15.77/100 000, 95%UI: 14.40 to 17.23), and ovarian cancer (4.40/100 000, 95%UI: 3.86 to 4.88). From 1990 to 2021, the incidence of colorectal cancer demonstrated a significant upward trend (EAPC=0.48, 95%CI: 0.42 to 0.55, P<0.05), whereas the burden of stomach cancer (EAPC=-2.01, 95%CI: -2.07 to -1.95, P<0.05) and leukemia (EAPC=-0.90, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.83, P<0.05) declined significantly. RCS fitting revealed significant non-linear correlations between disease burden of tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer and SDI (P for non-linearity <0.05), with the incidence peaking at an SDI of approximately 0.8. Age-stratified analysis indicated that the 15 to 29 years age group was predominantly affected by leukemia and central nervous system tumors, while the burden in the 30 to 49 years age group concentrated on breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Conclusion

Between 1990 and 2021, the overall cancer burden among global WCBA remained substantial, with significant evolutionary shifts in the disease spectrum. Cancer incidences demonstrate close associations with socio-economic development levels, characterized by high incidence in high-SDI regions coupled with low DALYs. This study provides macro-level data support for developing intervention strategies that integrate cancer prevention and control with reproductive health management. Countermeasures Health policymakers are recommended to implement stratified precision prevention and control policies based on age and regional SDI levels: for the 15- to 29- years-old population, priority should be given to promoting HPV vaccination and implementing fertility preservation measures during antineoplastic therapy; for those aged 30 to 49 years, coverage of combined breast and cervical cancer screening should be expanded, and early intervention for metabolic-related tumors such as colorectal cancer should be incorporated into workplace and community health management systems.

, authors=Xin DU, Yunhai CHUAI, Zhimin SUN, Tong DONG, Juanjuan SHENG, Jinfang GAO, Wei SHANG, Hongmei LI, Yan WEI, authorsList=Xin DU, Yunhai CHUAI, Zhimin SUN, Tong DONG, Juanjuan SHENG, Jinfang GAO, Wei SHANG, Hongmei LI, Yan WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441100800733218, articleId=1320441098330288156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=全球育龄妇女癌症负担三十年变迁(1990—2021):基于GBD数据的年龄和社会人口指数的分层分析, columnId=1320434453520961751, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·公共卫生智库, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

恶性肿瘤是严重威胁全球育龄妇女(women of child-bearing age, WCBA)生命健康的重大公共卫生问题,且该群体发病率显著高于同龄男性。然而,目前针对全球长跨度下WCBA特定癌症疾病负担的演变规律及其社会经济驱动因素仍缺乏系统性研究。本研究旨在全面评估1990—2021年全球WCBA中30种癌症的疾病负担及时空演变趋势,为制定针对性的女性肿瘤精准防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

本研究采用横断面研究设计,依托2021年全球疾病负担(GBD 2021)数据库,提取1990—2021年覆盖全球204个国家和地区的15~49岁WCBA人群中30种癌症的发病率、患病率和伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALYs)数据。按年龄组(15~29岁、30~49岁)及社会人口指数(socio-demographic index,SDI)进行分组。计算发病率、DALYs率及其年度百分比变化估值(estimated annual percentage change,EAPC)和95%CI;采用Spearman相关分析和限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline,RCS)模型拟合疾病负担与SDI的非线性关系(检验水准P<0.05)。

结果

2021年,全球WCBA发病率排名前三的癌症依次为乳腺癌(28.81/10万,95%UI: 26.84~30.94)、宫颈癌(15.77/10万,95%UI:14.40~17.23)和卵巢癌(4.40/10万,95%UI: 3.86~4.88)。1990—2021年,结直肠癌发病率呈显著上升趋势(EAPC=0.48,95%CI: 0.42~0.55,P<0.05);而胃癌(EAPC=-2.01,95%CI: -2.07~-1.95,P<0.05)和白血病(EAPC=-0.90,95%CI: -0.97~-0.83,P<0.05)负担显著下降。RCS拟合显示,气管/支气管/肺癌等疾病负担与SDI存在显著非线性相关(非线性P<0.05),在SDI约0.8时发病率达到峰值。年龄分层显示,15~29岁人群主要受白血病和中枢神经系统肿瘤影响,而30~49岁人群的负担集中在乳腺癌、宫颈癌和结直肠癌。

结论

1990—2021年间全球WCBA总体癌症负担沉重,且存在显著的疾病谱系演变。癌症发病与社会经济发展水平密切相关,呈现高SDI地区高发病、低DALYs的特征。本研究为制定兼顾癌症防控与生殖健康管理的干预策略提供了宏观数据支持。对策 建议卫生决策者实施基于年龄和地区SDI水平的分层精准防控政策:针对15~29岁人群,重点在于推广HPV疫苗接种并落实抗肿瘤治疗中的生育力保护措施;针对30~49岁人群,应扩大乳腺癌与宫颈癌联合筛查覆盖面,并将结直肠癌等代谢相关肿瘤的早期干预纳入工作场所与社区健康管理体系。

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魏燕,E-mail:
WEI Yan, E-mail:
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Ther Adv Med Oncol, 2025, 17: 17588359251346648., articleTitle=Pregnancy after breast cancer: latest evidence and practical considerations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320441110074339443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2024.15.018, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=15, pageStart=2343, pageEnd=2348, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=16, authorNames=方燕梅, 王寅欢, 熊丹, journalName=重庆医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方燕梅, 王寅欢, 熊丹, 等. 中国女性乳腺癌2013—2021年死亡变化趋势[J]. 重庆医学, 2024, 53(15): 2343-2348., articleTitle=中国女性乳腺癌2013—2021年死亡变化趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320441110137254004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2024.15.018, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=15, pageStart=2343, pageEnd=2348, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=17, authorNames=FANG Y M, WANG Y H, XIONG D, journalName=Chongqing Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANG Y M, WANG Y H, XIONG D, et al. 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Am J Epidemiol, 1999, 149(12): 1087-1096., articleTitle=Look before you leap: stratify before you standardize, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441101048197155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441101056585764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, companyId=1320441101048197155, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Senior Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441101064974373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, companyId=1320441101048197155, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国人民解放军总医院妇产医学部,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441106689536093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Percentage change and EAPC of the burden of 8 cancers among women of child-bearing age in global and 5 SDI territories from 1990 and 2021, figureFileSmall=lEXqStXVTddKS+DCgwL8/g==, figureFileBig=RRnaRdR1Y+r1yRCdFYYHzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441106765033566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990年至2021年全球和5个SDI地区育龄妇女8种癌症负担的百分比变化和EAPC

A: colon and rectum cancer; B: thyroid cancer; C: tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer; D: brain and central nervous system cancer; E: stomach cancer; F: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; G: leukemia; H: malignant skin melanoma. EAPC: estimated annual percentage change

, figureFileSmall=lEXqStXVTddKS+DCgwL8/g==, figureFileBig=RRnaRdR1Y+r1yRCdFYYHzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441106953777247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Associations between the SDI and incidence rates per 100 000 population of 8 cancers among women of child-bearing age across 21 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study regions, figureFileSmall=HoZKvUlXqBnnSoWZHT0CdQ==, figureFileBig=oy+vixxAkSBYDfaJeM2ovg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441107029274720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SDI与21个GBD地区中育龄妇女每10万人8种癌症发病率之间的关联

A: colon and rectum cancer; B: thyroid cancer; C: tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer; D: brain and central nervous system cancer; E: stomach cancer; F: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; G: leukemia; H: malignant skin melanoma. The solid black lines indicate the restricted cubic spline fitted curves.

, figureFileSmall=HoZKvUlXqBnnSoWZHT0CdQ==, figureFileBig=oy+vixxAkSBYDfaJeM2ovg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441107108966497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Global incidence for 30 cancers among women of child-bearing age in 1990 and 2021, and the trends from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cancer typeNumber of cases, 1990 (95%UI)Number of cases, 2021 (95%UI)Percentage change /%Rate per 100 000 people, 1990 (95%UI)Rate per 100 000 people, 2021 (95%UI)EAPC (95%CI)
Breast cancer256 715.75
(246 082.34-270 223.80)
561 438.09
(523 146.53-602 977.82)
1.1919.20
(18.40-20.21)
28.81
(26.84-30.94)
1.16
(1.09-1.24)
Cervical cancer204 495.07
(190 489.68-219 885.70)
307 427.99
(280 667.45-335 692.27)
0.5015.29
(14.24-16.44)
15.77
(14.40-17.23)
0.07
(0-0.14)
Ovarian cancer47 982.63
(40 523.31-55 869.59)
85 748.81
(75 168.93-95 089.83)
0.793.59
(3.03-4.18)
4.40
(3.86-4.88)
0.51
(0.44-0.58)
Colon and rectum cancer49 209.67
(44 835.47-53 755.31)
85 224.46
(77 872.97-93 406.82)
0.733.68
(3.35-4.02)
4.37
(4.00-4.79)
0.48
(0.42-0.55)
Thyroid cancer26 301.79
(23 536.46-29 950.91)
67 558.12
(57 165.23-81 809.16)
1.571.97
(1.76-2.24)
3.47
(2.93-4.20)
1.88
(1.74-2.01)
Uterine cancer27 880.40
(23 070.78-30 840.26)
58 860.14
(50 765.39-65 452.39)
1.112.08
(1.73-2.31)
3.02
(2.60-3.36)
1.16
(1.01-1.30)
Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer30 716.06
(27 911.32-34 168.81)
45 858.74
(40 442.19-52 380.91)
0.492.30
(2.09-2.55)
2.35
(2.08-2.69)
-0.09
(-0.31-0.13)
Brain and central nervous system cancer24 448.75
(20 857.72-28 110.75)
43 720.89
(38 768.10-50 114.00)
0.791.83
(1.56-2.10)
2.24
(1.99-2.57)
0.66
(0.60-0.72)
Stomach cancer53 702.95
(48 307.50-59 710.23)
43 335.75
(38 787.65-48 812.97)
-0.194.02
(3.61-4.46)
2.22
(1.99-2.50)
-2.01
(-2.07--1.95)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma22 341.51
(20 638.01-24 385.65)
43 124.23
(38 990.43-47 548.12)
0.931.67
(1.54-1.82)
2.21
(2.00-2.44)
0.55
(0.40-0.70)
Leukemia35 843.67
(28 175.40-40 959.85)
40 155.99
(31 285.35-45 120.72)
0.122.68
(2.11-3.06)
2.06
(1.61-2.32)
-0.90
(-0.97--0.83)
Malignant skin melanoma24 554.06
(23 423.61-25 413.72)
37 518.16
(33 557.14-40 965.04)
0.531.84
(1.75-1.90)
1.93
(1.72-2.10)
0.14
(-0.15-0.43)
Lip and oral cavity cancer12 104.05
(11 353.35-12 954.93)
28 356.60
(25 154.17-32 365.76)
1.340.91
(0.85-0.97)
1.46
(1.29-1.66)
1.39
(1.29-1.49)
Kidney cancer9 268.13
(8 838.80-9 701.16)
17 867.10
(16 577.63-19 411.97)
0.930.69
(0.66-0.73)
0.92
(0.85-1.00)
0.89
(0.73-1.04)
Liver cancer11 385.95
(9 744.31-13 129.02)
15 911.25
(14 229.31-17 833.53)
0.400.85
(0.73-0.98)
0.82
(0.73-0.92)
-0.40
(-0.56--0.24)
Hodgkin lymphoma13 732.28
(11 481.98-15 144.22)
14 930.27
(11 546.75-17 711.40)
0.091.03
(0.86-1.13)
0.77
(0.59-0.91)
-1.05
(-1.17--0.94)
Nasopharynx cancer10 163.96
(8 577.84-11 731.93)
12 790.02
(10 946.61-15 348.16)
0.260.76
(0.64-0.88)
0.66
(0.56-0.79)
-0.77
(-0.96--0.58)
Malignant neoplasm of bone and articular cartilage7 060.09
(5 983.85-9 275.02)
11 651.65
(9 951.82-13 722.92)
0.650.53
(0.45-0.69)
0.60
(0.51-0.70)
0.42
(0.30-0.53)
Soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas8 023.27
(6 305.14-9 633.97)
11 416.93
(9 908.70-14 633.73)
0.420.60
(0.47-0.72)
0.59
(0.51-0.75)
-0.31
(-0.41--0.21)
Pancreatic cancer6 357.42
(5 822.03-7 013.23)
10 359.94
(9 482.77-11 205.03)
0.630.48
(0.44-0.52)
0.53
(0.49-0.57)
0.28
(0.19-0.37)
Esophageal cancer9 232.87
(6 238.88-10 622.12)
9 911.05
(8 365.20-11 798.71)
0.070.69
(0.47-0.79)
0.51
(0.43-0.61)
-1.39
(-1.55--1.23)
Bladder cancer5 014.36
(4 471.04-5 503.65)
7 722.86
(7 036.43-8 567.79)
0.540.37
(0.33-0.41)
0.40
(0.36-0.44)
-0.06
(-0.17-0.06)
Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer4 648.95
(3 710.07-5 471.78)
6 690.38
(5 201.29-8 149.55)
0.440.35
(0.28-0.41)
0.34
(0.27-0.42)
-0.13
(-0.17--0.08)
Other pharynx cancer2 276.49
(1 854.72-2 689.79)
5 404.39
(4 564.09-6 702.35)
1.370.17
(0.14-0.20)
0.28
(0.23-0.34)
1.54
(1.47-1.60)
Multiple myeloma1 705.32
(1 466.15-2 077.04)
4 052.21
(3 050.91-4 912.27)
1.380.13
(0.11-0.16)
0.21
(0.16-0.25)
1.39
(1.19-1.60)
Eye cancer1 939.06
(1 460.02-2 505.15)
3 743.10
(2 543.00-5 294.83)
0.930.14
(0.11-0.19)
0.19
(0.13-0.27)
0.88
(0.80-0.96)
Larynx cancer2 108.47
(1 501.87-2 398.27)
3 341.11
(2 772.90-4 053.86)
0.580.16
(0.11-0.18)
0.17
(0.14-0.21)
0.07
(0-0.13)
Mesothelioma620.95
(542.72-855.14)
1 150.05
(1 027.09-1 304.94)
0.850.05
(0.04-0.06)
0.06
(0.05-0.07)
0.68
(0.60-0.77)
Neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors364.26
(276.71-489.21)
890.86
(685.62-1 124.61)
1.450.03
(0.02-0.04)
0.05
(0.04-0.06)
1.54
(1.34-1.75)
Other malignant neoplasms22 176.56
(17 948.86-25 464.29)
37 724.61
(32 638.89-42 737.14)
0.701.66
(1.34-1.90)
1.94
(1.67-2.19)
0.41
(0.29-0.53)
), ArticleFig(id=1320441107209629794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441098330288156, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2021年育龄妇女全球30种癌症发病率及其趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cancer typeNumber of cases, 1990 (95%UI)Number of cases, 2021 (95%UI)Percentage change /%Rate per 100 000 people, 1990 (95%UI)Rate per 100 000 people, 2021 (95%UI)EAPC (95%CI)
Breast cancer256 715.75
(246 082.34-270 223.80)
561 438.09
(523 146.53-602 977.82)
1.1919.20
(18.40-20.21)
28.81
(26.84-30.94)
1.16
(1.09-1.24)
Cervical cancer204 495.07
(190 489.68-219 885.70)
307 427.99
(280 667.45-335 692.27)
0.5015.29
(14.24-16.44)
15.77
(14.40-17.23)
0.07
(0-0.14)
Ovarian cancer47 982.63
(40 523.31-55 869.59)
85 748.81
(75 168.93-95 089.83)
0.793.59
(3.03-4.18)
4.40
(3.86-4.88)
0.51
(0.44-0.58)
Colon and rectum cancer49 209.67
(44 835.47-53 755.31)
85 224.46
(77 872.97-93 406.82)
0.733.68
(3.35-4.02)
4.37
(4.00-4.79)
0.48
(0.42-0.55)
Thyroid cancer26 301.79
(23 536.46-29 950.91)
67 558.12
(57 165.23-81 809.16)
1.571.97
(1.76-2.24)
3.47
(2.93-4.20)
1.88
(1.74-2.01)
Uterine cancer27 880.40
(23 070.78-30 840.26)
58 860.14
(50 765.39-65 452.39)
1.112.08
(1.73-2.31)
3.02
(2.60-3.36)
1.16
(1.01-1.30)
Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer30 716.06
(27 911.32-34 168.81)
45 858.74
(40 442.19-52 380.91)
0.492.30
(2.09-2.55)
2.35
(2.08-2.69)
-0.09
(-0.31-0.13)
Brain and central nervous system cancer24 448.75
(20 857.72-28 110.75)
43 720.89
(38 768.10-50 114.00)
0.791.83
(1.56-2.10)
2.24
(1.99-2.57)
0.66
(0.60-0.72)
Stomach cancer53 702.95
(48 307.50-59 710.23)
43 335.75
(38 787.65-48 812.97)
-0.194.02
(3.61-4.46)
2.22
(1.99-2.50)
-2.01
(-2.07--1.95)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma22 341.51
(20 638.01-24 385.65)
43 124.23
(38 990.43-47 548.12)
0.931.67
(1.54-1.82)
2.21
(2.00-2.44)
0.55
(0.40-0.70)
Leukemia35 843.67
(28 175.40-40 959.85)
40 155.99
(31 285.35-45 120.72)
0.122.68
(2.11-3.06)
2.06
(1.61-2.32)
-0.90
(-0.97--0.83)
Malignant skin melanoma24 554.06
(23 423.61-25 413.72)
37 518.16
(33 557.14-40 965.04)
0.531.84
(1.75-1.90)
1.93
(1.72-2.10)
0.14
(-0.15-0.43)
Lip and oral cavity cancer12 104.05
(11 353.35-12 954.93)
28 356.60
(25 154.17-32 365.76)
1.340.91
(0.85-0.97)
1.46
(1.29-1.66)
1.39
(1.29-1.49)
Kidney cancer9 268.13
(8 838.80-9 701.16)
17 867.10
(16 577.63-19 411.97)
0.930.69
(0.66-0.73)
0.92
(0.85-1.00)
0.89
(0.73-1.04)
Liver cancer11 385.95
(9 744.31-13 129.02)
15 911.25
(14 229.31-17 833.53)
0.400.85
(0.73-0.98)
0.82
(0.73-0.92)
-0.40
(-0.56--0.24)
Hodgkin lymphoma13 732.28
(11 481.98-15 144.22)
14 930.27
(11 546.75-17 711.40)
0.091.03
(0.86-1.13)
0.77
(0.59-0.91)
-1.05
(-1.17--0.94)
Nasopharynx cancer10 163.96
(8 577.84-11 731.93)
12 790.02
(10 946.61-15 348.16)
0.260.76
(0.64-0.88)
0.66
(0.56-0.79)
-0.77
(-0.96--0.58)
Malignant neoplasm of bone and articular cartilage7 060.09
(5 983.85-9 275.02)
11 651.65
(9 951.82-13 722.92)
0.650.53
(0.45-0.69)
0.60
(0.51-0.70)
0.42
(0.30-0.53)
Soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas8 023.27
(6 305.14-9 633.97)
11 416.93
(9 908.70-14 633.73)
0.420.60
(0.47-0.72)
0.59
(0.51-0.75)
-0.31
(-0.41--0.21)
Pancreatic cancer6 357.42
(5 822.03-7 013.23)
10 359.94
(9 482.77-11 205.03)
0.630.48
(0.44-0.52)
0.53
(0.49-0.57)
0.28
(0.19-0.37)
Esophageal cancer9 232.87
(6 238.88-10 622.12)
9 911.05
(8 365.20-11 798.71)
0.070.69
(0.47-0.79)
0.51
(0.43-0.61)
-1.39
(-1.55--1.23)
Bladder cancer5 014.36
(4 471.04-5 503.65)
7 722.86
(7 036.43-8 567.79)
0.540.37
(0.33-0.41)
0.40
(0.36-0.44)
-0.06
(-0.17-0.06)
Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer4 648.95
(3 710.07-5 471.78)
6 690.38
(5 201.29-8 149.55)
0.440.35
(0.28-0.41)
0.34
(0.27-0.42)
-0.13
(-0.17--0.08)
Other pharynx cancer2 276.49
(1 854.72-2 689.79)
5 404.39
(4 564.09-6 702.35)
1.370.17
(0.14-0.20)
0.28
(0.23-0.34)
1.54
(1.47-1.60)
Multiple myeloma1 705.32
(1 466.15-2 077.04)
4 052.21
(3 050.91-4 912.27)
1.380.13
(0.11-0.16)
0.21
(0.16-0.25)
1.39
(1.19-1.60)
Eye cancer1 939.06
(1 460.02-2 505.15)
3 743.10
(2 543.00-5 294.83)
0.930.14
(0.11-0.19)
0.19
(0.13-0.27)
0.88
(0.80-0.96)
Larynx cancer2 108.47
(1 501.87-2 398.27)
3 341.11
(2 772.90-4 053.86)
0.580.16
(0.11-0.18)
0.17
(0.14-0.21)
0.07
(0-0.13)
Mesothelioma620.95
(542.72-855.14)
1 150.05
(1 027.09-1 304.94)
0.850.05
(0.04-0.06)
0.06
(0.05-0.07)
0.68
(0.60-0.77)
Neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors364.26
(276.71-489.21)
890.86
(685.62-1 124.61)
1.450.03
(0.02-0.04)
0.05
(0.04-0.06)
1.54
(1.34-1.75)
Other malignant neoplasms22 176.56
(17 948.86-25 464.29)
37 724.61
(32 638.89-42 737.14)
0.701.66
(1.34-1.90)
1.94
(1.67-2.19)
0.41
(0.29-0.53)
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全球育龄妇女癌症负担三十年变迁(1990—2021):基于GBD数据的年龄和社会人口指数的分层分析
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杜昕 , 揣云海 , 孙志敏 , 董彤 , 圣娟娟 , 高金芳 , 商微 , 李泓玫 , 魏燕
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·公共卫生智库 2026,48(7): 963-970
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·公共卫生智库 2026 , 48 (7) : 963 -970
全球育龄妇女癌症负担三十年变迁(1990—2021):基于GBD数据的年龄和社会人口指数的分层分析
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杜昕, 揣云海, 孙志敏, 董彤, 圣娟娟, 高金芳, 商微, 李泓玫, 魏燕
作者信息
  • 1中国人民解放军总医院妇产医学部,北京
通讯作者:
魏燕,E-mail:
WEI Yan, E-mail:
Three-decade evolution of global burden of cancer among women of child-bearing age (1990—2021): an age-stratified and socio-demographic index-based analysis based on GBD data
Xin DU, Yunhai CHUAI, Zhimin SUN, Tong DONG, Juanjuan SHENG, Jinfang GAO, Wei SHANG, Hongmei LI, Yan WEI
Affiliations
  • 1Senior Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512133
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目的

恶性肿瘤是严重威胁全球育龄妇女(women of child-bearing age, WCBA)生命健康的重大公共卫生问题,且该群体发病率显著高于同龄男性。然而,目前针对全球长跨度下WCBA特定癌症疾病负担的演变规律及其社会经济驱动因素仍缺乏系统性研究。本研究旨在全面评估1990—2021年全球WCBA中30种癌症的疾病负担及时空演变趋势,为制定针对性的女性肿瘤精准防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

本研究采用横断面研究设计,依托2021年全球疾病负担(GBD 2021)数据库,提取1990—2021年覆盖全球204个国家和地区的15~49岁WCBA人群中30种癌症的发病率、患病率和伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALYs)数据。按年龄组(15~29岁、30~49岁)及社会人口指数(socio-demographic index,SDI)进行分组。计算发病率、DALYs率及其年度百分比变化估值(estimated annual percentage change,EAPC)和95%CI;采用Spearman相关分析和限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline,RCS)模型拟合疾病负担与SDI的非线性关系(检验水准P<0.05)。

结果

2021年,全球WCBA发病率排名前三的癌症依次为乳腺癌(28.81/10万,95%UI: 26.84~30.94)、宫颈癌(15.77/10万,95%UI:14.40~17.23)和卵巢癌(4.40/10万,95%UI: 3.86~4.88)。1990—2021年,结直肠癌发病率呈显著上升趋势(EAPC=0.48,95%CI: 0.42~0.55,P<0.05);而胃癌(EAPC=-2.01,95%CI: -2.07~-1.95,P<0.05)和白血病(EAPC=-0.90,95%CI: -0.97~-0.83,P<0.05)负担显著下降。RCS拟合显示,气管/支气管/肺癌等疾病负担与SDI存在显著非线性相关(非线性P<0.05),在SDI约0.8时发病率达到峰值。年龄分层显示,15~29岁人群主要受白血病和中枢神经系统肿瘤影响,而30~49岁人群的负担集中在乳腺癌、宫颈癌和结直肠癌。

结论

1990—2021年间全球WCBA总体癌症负担沉重,且存在显著的疾病谱系演变。癌症发病与社会经济发展水平密切相关,呈现高SDI地区高发病、低DALYs的特征。本研究为制定兼顾癌症防控与生殖健康管理的干预策略提供了宏观数据支持。对策 建议卫生决策者实施基于年龄和地区SDI水平的分层精准防控政策:针对15~29岁人群,重点在于推广HPV疫苗接种并落实抗肿瘤治疗中的生育力保护措施;针对30~49岁人群,应扩大乳腺癌与宫颈癌联合筛查覆盖面,并将结直肠癌等代谢相关肿瘤的早期干预纳入工作场所与社区健康管理体系。

肿瘤  /  全球疾病负担  /  育龄期  /  伤残调整寿命年  /  社会经济因素
Objective

Malignant neoplasms represent a major public health threat to women of child-bearing age (WCBA) worldwide, with incidence rates significantly higher than those in men of comparable age. However, systematic research remains lacking regarding the long-term evolution patterns of WCBA-specific cancer disease burden and their socioeconomic determinants across extended timeframes. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the disease burden and spatiotemporal trends of 30 cancer types among global WCBA from 1990 to 2021, providing scientific evidence for developing targeted precision prevention and control strategies for female malignancies.

Methods

A cross-sectional design was adopted in this study, and the data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 on the incidence, prevalence, and disability- adjusted life-years (DALYs) of 30 cancers among WCBA from 1990 to 2021 were extracted. Stratification was performed by age groups (15 to 29 and 30 to 49 years old) and socio-demographic index (SDI). Incidence rates, DALYs rates, and their estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) with 95%CI were calculated. Spearman correlation analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were applied to fit the non-linear relationship between disease burden and SDI (significance level P<0.05).

Results

In 2021, the 3 leading cancers by incidence among global WCBA were breast cancer (28.81/100 000, 95%UI: 26.84 to 30.94), cervical cancer (15.77/100 000, 95%UI: 14.40 to 17.23), and ovarian cancer (4.40/100 000, 95%UI: 3.86 to 4.88). From 1990 to 2021, the incidence of colorectal cancer demonstrated a significant upward trend (EAPC=0.48, 95%CI: 0.42 to 0.55, P<0.05), whereas the burden of stomach cancer (EAPC=-2.01, 95%CI: -2.07 to -1.95, P<0.05) and leukemia (EAPC=-0.90, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.83, P<0.05) declined significantly. RCS fitting revealed significant non-linear correlations between disease burden of tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer and SDI (P for non-linearity <0.05), with the incidence peaking at an SDI of approximately 0.8. Age-stratified analysis indicated that the 15 to 29 years age group was predominantly affected by leukemia and central nervous system tumors, while the burden in the 30 to 49 years age group concentrated on breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Conclusion

Between 1990 and 2021, the overall cancer burden among global WCBA remained substantial, with significant evolutionary shifts in the disease spectrum. Cancer incidences demonstrate close associations with socio-economic development levels, characterized by high incidence in high-SDI regions coupled with low DALYs. This study provides macro-level data support for developing intervention strategies that integrate cancer prevention and control with reproductive health management. Countermeasures Health policymakers are recommended to implement stratified precision prevention and control policies based on age and regional SDI levels: for the 15- to 29- years-old population, priority should be given to promoting HPV vaccination and implementing fertility preservation measures during antineoplastic therapy; for those aged 30 to 49 years, coverage of combined breast and cervical cancer screening should be expanded, and early intervention for metabolic-related tumors such as colorectal cancer should be incorporated into workplace and community health management systems.

neoplasms  /  global burden of disease  /  child-bearing age  /  disability-adjusted life-years  /  socioeconomic factors
杜昕, 揣云海, 孙志敏, 董彤, 圣娟娟, 高金芳, 商微, 李泓玫, 魏燕. 全球育龄妇女癌症负担三十年变迁(1990—2021):基于GBD数据的年龄和社会人口指数的分层分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (7) : 963 -970 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512133
Xin DU, Yunhai CHUAI, Zhimin SUN, Tong DONG, Juanjuan SHENG, Jinfang GAO, Wei SHANG, Hongmei LI, Yan WEI. Three-decade evolution of global burden of cancer among women of child-bearing age (1990—2021): an age-stratified and socio-demographic index-based analysis based on GBD data[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (7) : 963 -970 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512133
恶性肿瘤是全球主要的公共卫生问题之一,2021年数据显示,癌症死亡占全球总死亡人数的14.57%,仅次于心血管疾病[1]。在许多高收入国家,癌症已超过心血管疾病成为首要死亡原因[2]。就性别而言,女性癌症发病率显著高于男性(每10万人中分别为923.44例与673.09例),而女性死亡率则较低(每10万人中分别为93.60例与145.69例)[1]。虽然癌症主要发生在老年人群中,但2020年的数据显示,15~49岁育龄妇女(women of child-bearing age,WCBA)中新增1 963 161例癌症病例,占女性所有癌症病例(9 227 484例)的1/5[3]。与儿童和老年癌症患者相比,WCBA癌症患者具有独特的临床表现和肿瘤生物学特征[4]。早发型癌症可能提示肿瘤细胞分化差、治疗持续时间延长以及WCBA患者的身体、社会经济和心理负担加重[5]。此外,该年龄组的癌症存活者生育能力显著降低,罹患颅脑癌症、宫颈癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌、非霍奇金淋巴瘤和白血病等恶性肿瘤,活产概率将降低一半以上[6]。
全球女性癌症负担存在显著的地区差异。2020年的数据显示,与高人类发展指数(human development index, HDI)国家相比,低HDI国家的女性癌症死亡率显著增高(69% vs 30%)[3]。在欠发达地区,有限的医疗资源限制了及时的筛查、诊断和治疗,导致死亡率升高。一项针对81个国家200万女性乳腺癌患者的研究发现,撒哈拉以南非洲地区近三分之一的患者处于疾病晚期,而在欧洲和北美,这一比例仅为十分之一[7]。另一项调查显示,94%的宫颈癌死亡病例发生在中低收入国家[8]。2019年一项关于胰腺癌的研究显示,胰腺癌负担与社会人口指数(socio-demographic index, SDI)之间并非线性关联,而是存在明显的“阈值效应”。以中欧地区为转折点,发病率和死亡率在跨越该SDI区间后由升转降。研究者认为,吸烟、高BMI及高空腹血糖等代谢危险因素在不同SDI阶段的流行差异,是驱动这一轨迹的关键变量[5]。
与老年肿瘤人群相比,育龄妇女(15~49岁)处于生育决策、妊娠与哺乳以及家庭与职业角色高度叠加的生命阶段,肿瘤不仅造成死亡与伤残损失,还可能带来治疗相关卵巢功能损害、妊娠管理复杂化、家庭照护与劳动参与能力下降等连锁影响,从而放大其社会经济与心理负担。因此,在评估育龄妇女癌症负担时,除关注发病率、患病率与伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALYs)等传统指标外,还应结合该人群特有的生殖健康与社会角色特征,对这一特定人群公共卫生意义与干预重点进行讨论,旨在为制定更加精准、兼顾癌症防控与生殖健康管理的医学策略提供科学依据。
在本研究中,课题组分析了GBD 2021中30种三级肿瘤病因的数据,并排除了其他4种三级肿瘤病因,即非黑色素瘤皮肤癌(基底细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌)、前列腺癌、睾丸癌和其他肿瘤(骨髓增生异常、骨髓增殖性肿瘤和其他造血肿瘤、良性肿瘤和原位肿瘤)。GBD 2021中纳入的30种癌症使用GBD 2021死亡原因和非致命原因ICD编码(https://www.example.com)定义。使用GBD数据不需要机构审查委员会批准或患者知情同意。
根据WHO定义,WCBA定义为年龄在15~49岁的人群。本研究从GBD结果工具(https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbdresults/)中提取了30种癌症在15~19岁、20~24岁、25~29岁、30~34岁、35~39岁、40~44岁、45~49岁和15~49岁年龄组中的发病率、患病率和DALYs原始数据和比率,及其95%UI。GBD 2021数据评估了1990—2021年204个国家和地区的疾病负担,将204个国家和地区划分为21个GBD地区和5个SDI地区。SDI分为低、中低、中、中高和高5个层次。该指数反映了一个国家或地区的整体社会经济发展水平,并与人口健康结果表现出显著相关性。此外,为评估1990至2021年间癌症负担的总体变化幅度,本研究计算了发病率、患病率和DALYs的百分比变化,公式为:百分比变化=(2021年病例数-1990年病例数)/1990年病例数×100%。
为了提供更具针对性的政策建议,本研究对高负担癌症进行了分层亚组分析。具体方法学步骤如下:首先,根据2021年全球发病率(>2/10万)筛选出排名前12位的高发癌症,在排除已被广泛探讨的4种女性生殖系统肿瘤(乳腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌)后,将剩余的8种高负担癌症(结直肠癌、甲状腺癌、气管/支气管/肺癌、颅脑/CNS肿瘤、胃癌、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、白血病和恶性皮肤黑色素瘤)作为重点分析对象。其次,采用分层分析法,将育龄期按生理及社会角色特征划分为15~29岁(青少年及年轻成人)和30~49岁(成年)2个核心年龄亚组,并按SDI水平划分为5个社会经济亚组(低、中低、中、中高和高SDI)。最后,在各亚组内部,利用自然对数拟合的线性回归模型分别计算发病率、患病率和DALYs率的年度百分比变化估值(estimated annual percentage change,EAPC)及其95%CI,以此量化并评估不同年龄段和不同社会经济水平下特定癌症负担的时间演变趋势及其异质性。
采用R软件(4.3.2版)进行数据处理与趋势分析。首先,通过拟合线性回归模型ln(y)=α+βx+ε估算EAPC及其95%CI,计算公式为EAPC=100×(e^β-1),以评估1990—2021年发病率、患病率和DALYs率的平均变化趋势。其中,y代表发病率(或患病率、DALYs率),x指日历年;α为截距,β为斜率,ε为随机误差。采用Spearman秩相关分析评估21个GBD地区的SDI与癌症负担指标的相关性。采用限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline, RCS)模型拟合发病率、DALYs率与SDI的非线性剂量反应关系,并通过似然比检验进行非线性检验。以双侧P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2021年,全球育龄妇女癌症负担呈现明显集中化特征,乳腺癌和宫颈癌构成最主要疾病负担来源,其发病率显著高于其他癌种。乳腺癌发病率达28.81/10万人,且在1990—2021年间呈现持续上升(EAPC=1.16);宫颈癌发病率为15.77/10万人,整体变化相对平稳(EAPC=0.07)。卵巢癌(4.40/10万人,EAPC=0.51)和子宫内膜癌(3.02/10万人,EAPC=1.16)同样呈现持续上升趋势。上述4种与生殖系统密切相关的癌症联合构成育龄妇女癌症负担的核心部分(图1)。
除传统女性高发癌种外,部分非生殖系统癌症在育龄妇女人群中亦呈明显上升趋势。1990—2021年间,结直肠癌(EAPC=0.48)、甲状腺癌(EAPC=1.88)、颅脑/中枢神经系统肿瘤(EAPC=0.66)及非霍奇金淋巴瘤(EAPC=0.55)发病率持续增长;而胃癌(EAPC=-2.01)和白血病(EAPC=-0.90)则呈下降趋势。气管/支气管/肺癌及恶性皮肤黑色素瘤发病率整体变化不显著(表1)。
从疾病负担变化看,多数癌种发病率上升,但DALYs下降。结直肠癌、气管/支气管/肺癌、颅脑/CNS肿瘤、胃癌及非霍奇金淋巴瘤的DALYs均呈下降趋势,提示生存改善可能抵消了部分发病增长带来的健康损失;仅甲状腺癌DALYs呈现轻度上升(EAPC=0.25)。
不同社会人口发展水平地区呈现出明显分层特征。总体而言,高SDI地区发病率和患病率较高,而中低SDI地区DALYs负担相对更重。结直肠癌、甲状腺癌以及气管/支气管/肺癌在高和中高SDI地区发病率较高,其中结直肠癌和甲状腺癌在各SDI地区发病率均普遍上升,但DALYs多呈下降趋势。肺癌在中低SDI地区的发病率及DALYs仍在增加,而高SDI地区则呈下降趋势。颅脑和中枢神经系统肿瘤在高SDI地区发病率较高,但DALYs下降更为明显;相反,低SDI地区疾病负担持续增加。胃癌是少数在所有SDI层级均呈持续下降趋势的癌种。非霍奇金淋巴瘤和白血病在低SDI地区DALYs负担较重,但多数中高SDI地区DALYs已出现下降。恶性皮肤黑色素瘤则明显集中于高SDI地区。整体来看,高SDI地区表现为“高发病、低DALYs”,而低SDI地区则呈现“低发病、高健康损失”模式。
不同年龄段的癌症负担差异分析发现,WCBA癌症谱随年龄增长发生显著变化。在15~29岁年龄组,白血病、颅脑/CNS肿瘤和甲状腺癌是发病率最高的前三位;而在30~49岁年龄组,乳腺癌、宫颈癌和结直肠癌跃升为主导恶性肿瘤。乳腺癌的发病率在35岁后呈显著上升态势,而宫颈癌负担在低SDI地区年轻女性(25~34岁)中显得尤为沉重。
疾病负担与SDI的相关性分析显示,全球WCBA癌症负担与社会经济发展水平之间存在显著且异质性的关联。总体而言,发病率与SDI呈显著正相关(Spearman R范围为0.256~0.918,P<0.001),提示社会经济发展水平越高,癌症诊断率和存活人数越多。其中结直肠癌、甲状腺癌及胃癌随SDI升高而持续增加;通过非线性回归分析显示,气管/支气管/肺癌与SDI呈非线性关联(非线性P<0.05)。随着SDI的增加,其发病率先升高,在SDI约0.8时达到峰值,随后呈现下降趋势(图2)。
然而,DALYs率与SDI则表现出复杂的非线性“阈值效应”,即随着SDI升高呈现先增后降或趋于平缓的特征。结直肠癌、肺癌及颅脑/CNS肿瘤的DALYs在中等SDI水平达到峰值后,随SDI进一步升高而下降,提示高发展水平地区可能通过医疗可及性改善,降低疾病致残和死亡风险。胃癌和白血病DALYs与SDI相关性较弱,而甲状腺癌则呈轻度负相关。
总体而言,癌症发病更多反映社会发展和筛查水平,而DALYs则更敏感地反映医疗资源与健康管理能力的差异。
亚组分析显示,WCBA人群的癌症负担谱随年龄增长呈现出显著的阶段性特征转换。
青少年及年轻成人(15~29岁)亚组:该年龄段的疾病负担主要由非上皮性肿瘤主导。特别是白血病,其DALYs负担呈现显著的“年轻化”特征,在15~19岁组达到峰值,随后随年龄增长而下降。颅脑/CNS肿瘤在该亚组中也占据重要比例,其患病率在该年龄组达到峰值。值得注意的是,15~29岁人群中,白血病和气管/支气管/肺癌发病率年均变化(EAPC)呈现下降趋势,提示该年龄段相关防控措施(例如环境治理、白血病规范化诊疗)可能已初见成效。
成年(30~49岁)亚组:年龄进入30岁以后,癌症谱迅速转变为以上皮性肿瘤为主。结直肠癌、甲状腺癌、肺癌、胃癌及黑色素瘤的发病率、患病率和DALYs率均随年龄增长呈现显著上升,并均在45~49岁达到峰值。这可能反映了环境暴露(如紫外线、不良饮食等)以及代谢危险因素在体内的长期累积效应。趋势分析显示,甲状腺癌和颅脑/CNS肿瘤在各年龄组的EAPC均>0,尤其是45~49岁组的甲状腺癌负担快速上升,提示这一处于职业与家庭双重压力高峰的人群正面临日益严峻的癌症挑战。
本研究证实,1990—2021年间全球WCBA多数癌症的发病率与患病例数呈上升趋势。这种增长并非简单的数量累加,而是生物学易感性改变与医疗干预进步共同作用的结果。首先,现代社会生活方式的转变,如全球WCBA肥胖率上升、初产年龄推迟导致的激素暴露时间延长、不良饮食习惯及环境污染等,构成了上皮性肿瘤(例如乳腺癌、结直肠癌)发病率上升的生物学基础[6,9]。其次,早期筛查技术的普及显著提高了临床前期肿瘤的检出率[10]。然而,必须警惕“过度诊断”对趋势解读的干扰,尤其是对于生长缓慢的甲状腺癌、部分导管内原位癌等,虽然发病率显著上升,但其死亡风险并未同比例增加,这在一定程度上解释了为何发病率与DALYs率的变化趋势并不完全同步[11]。
WCBA癌症负担与SDI之间并非简单的线性关系。本研究通过曲线分析发现,癌症负担往往在SDI 为0.7~0.8时出现拐点或进入平台期。在高SDI地区,虽然由于暴露因素多、筛查强度大,因此发病率处于高位,但得益于优越的疾病防控体系和较强的数据收集能力,疾病往往能被早期发现[12]。更重要的是,高SDI地区先进的医疗卫生系统(例如靶向药物的可及性、规范化多学科诊疗)能显著降低特定癌症(例如乳腺癌、血液肿瘤和胃癌)的致死率,从而使DALYs在高SDI地区呈现下降趋势[9]。这种“高发病-低健康损失”的“脱钩”现象,提示低SDI地区在经济发展过程中,也许应跳过“先发展后治理”的老路,提前布局高效的癌症早诊早治网络。
育龄妇女处于生殖功能与家庭/职业角色并行阶段,癌症负担的意义不仅体现在死亡与伤残损失上,还体现在对生殖结局与家庭社会功能的“二次放大”。首先,乳腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌与子宫内膜癌等高负担癌种与生殖器官或性激素相关,其手术治疗(例如子宫/附件切除)、放化疗及内分泌治疗可能导致卵巢储备下降、月经紊乱及生育力受损;癌症存活者的生育能力下降已在多癌种中被观察到,部分癌种的活产概率明显降低[13]。因此,在高负担地区和高发年龄段(本研究显示负担峰值集中在45~49岁年龄组)应强化“肿瘤治疗-生殖健康管理”的连续照护模式,包括规范化生育力咨询与生育力保护转介,以减少可避免的生殖健康损失[14]。
其次,育龄期癌症会影响妊娠与围产管理决策,患者可能面临推迟或放弃生育、妊娠期治疗方案受限以及治疗窗口与妊娠时机冲突等现实问题;对家庭而言,育儿与照护责任叠加疾病治疗,容易导致经济负担上升与心理压力加重[15]。与老年患者不同,育龄妇女的疾病负担更容易外溢到家庭结构稳定性、子女照护质量与劳动参与能力等维度,这提示在解释DALYs变化趋势时,应将其视为“健康损失+社会功能损失”的综合反映,而不是仅仅肤浅地将其看作有关死亡率的流行病学指标。
最后,从可干预性角度看,宫颈癌等癌种具有明确的一级预防与早诊早治路径(例如疫苗接种与筛查);而乳腺癌、结直肠癌等癌种的筛查策略、体质量控制与生活方式干预以及高风险人群管理,均可能在育龄阶段带来更长生命周期的获益。尤其值得注意的是,乳腺癌位居全球WCBA癌症发病首位。结合国内相关研究,尽管诊疗水平在提升,但特定地区的死亡负担仍面临严峻挑战[16],这进一步验证了加强中-青年女性乳腺癌筛查的必要性。综合而言,本研究负担谱提示:在制定面向育龄妇女的癌症防控策略时,应将疾病负担评估与生殖健康服务、心理社会支持及工作场所支持体系相结合,从而更符合该人群的真实需求,找准政策落点。
既往基于全人群或宽泛年龄段的统一筛查政策(即“一刀切”策略)在实施中往往难以兼顾育龄妇女内部显著的异质性需求[17]。诸多研究表明,年轻WCBA(<30岁)与中青年WCBA(30~49岁)在早发型肿瘤的流行病学特征及生育力保护需求上存在显著差异,且不同SDI地区的负担模式迥异[1, 18-19]。因此,基于本研究的亚组分析,课题组建议采取分层防控策略。
鉴于白血病和脑瘤的高负担及DALYs损失(主要源于寿命损失),卫生政策应侧重于建立专门的青少年和年轻成人女性肿瘤中心,优化转诊路径以减少诊断延迟。考虑到该年龄段处于生育力构建的关键期,应将“生育力保存”纳入抗肿瘤治疗的标准临床路径。针对该年龄段逐渐上升的HPV感染风险,应在15~24岁年龄段大力推广HPV疫苗接种,作为预防未来宫颈癌高峰的一级预防手段。
鉴于乳腺癌、宫颈癌和结直肠癌在该阶段的主导地位,且发病率随年龄直线上升,政策重心应从“治疗”转向“二级预防”。建议在35岁以上女性中加强推行基于风险分层的联合筛查(例如乳腺钼靶+宫颈癌联合检测),特别是针对EAPC呈上升趋势的结直肠癌,应探索将筛查起始年龄提前的可行性。针对代谢相关肿瘤(结直肠癌、甲状腺癌)的上升趋势,应在工作场所和社区开展针对肥胖、久坐和饮食结构的健康教育,以遏制成年期癌症风险的累积。
本研究亦存在一定的局限性。GBD 2021中包含多种年龄区间,其中5年一组的年龄组最为常用。年龄标化率的主要作用在于,比较不同人群的发病率、患病率和死亡率时,可消除不同人口结构的混杂效应。流行病学研究中采用年龄标准化,是因为年龄相关差异会影响多种疾病的风险因素,导致不同年龄组的疾病负担存在差异。年龄标化率通常按年龄类别应用平均加权,以减轻人口构成对比较指标的影响。然而,这些标化率是人工构建的指标,类似于DALYs,仅用于比较目的,其数值本身失去了内在意义[20]。在研究长期趋势时,年龄标化率并不总是适用,只有当所有年龄组的时间稳定性一致时,它才能作为一种有效的比较方法。本研究观察到,全球WCBA女性癌症负担的粗率与年龄标化率差异极小,例如乳腺癌(粗率 vs标化率:28.81 vs 28.1/10万人口)、宫颈癌(15.77 vs 15.4)、卵巢癌(4.4 vs 4.3)、子宫内膜癌(3.02 vs 2.9)的发病率,以及乳腺癌(341.7 vs 333.1)、宫颈癌(214.7 vs 209.8)、卵巢癌(66.4 vs 65.1)、子宫内膜癌(19.1 vs 18.7)的DALYs。本研究采用了粗率而非年龄标化率,以更准确地反映真实世界情况。
此外,GBD提供的发病率、患病率与DALYs等指标能够反映总体健康损失,但难以直接量化育龄妇女特有的生殖结局(例如不孕、妊娠结局改变等)与家庭/职业功能损失,因此本文关于生殖健康与社会经济影响的讨论主要基于负担谱特征与既往研究证据,未来仍需结合生殖结局与卫生服务利用数据进行更直接的量化评估。
研究基于GBD 2021数据库,由于GBD数据通常有时间滞后,2022—2025年的数据尚未纳入本次研究。因此,尽管本文分析了1990—2021年的数据,但未来数年的数据可能会进一步影响癌症负担的趋势,尤其是某些癌症(如乳腺癌、结直肠癌等)的发病率变化。本课题组计划在今后的研究中,随着新数据的发布,进一步分析这些变化趋势。
综上所述,本研究统计了WCBA全球癌症负担,以阐明不同地区和年龄组的各种癌症类型的疾病负担,以及癌症负担与SDI之间的关系。本研究的发现对于制定适合WCBA的全球和区域癌症预防和控制策略具有较为重要的意义。未来的研究应深入挖掘影响癌症负担的因素,并探索如何结合区域特点,制定更加有效的防控措施。

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2026年第48卷第7期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512133
  • 接收时间:2025-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-22
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
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    1中国人民解放军总医院妇产医学部,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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