Article(id=1320441082899444656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764000000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-25, revisedDate=1769875200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747286771, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747286771, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747286771, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747286771, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441063936996073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='831', pageEnd='970', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747282251, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749796678, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=928, endPage=935, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441083104965553, articleId=1320441082899444656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Flash technique enhances subjective and objective cognitive flexibility in college students with childhood trauma: a randomized controlled trial, columnId=1320435226828980311, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Medical Psychology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Childhood trauma is closely associated with decreased cognitive flexibility in college students. To explore a safer and more effective cognitive intervention approach for this population, this study aims to determine the effects of flash technique (FT) on improving subjective and objective cognitive flexibility among college students with childhood trauma.
Methods A randomized controlled study design was adopted. From April to October 2025, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and semi-structured interviews were used to assess the levels of childhood trauma among college students in some universities in Changqing and Kunming. A total of 54 eligible participants were randomly assigned into an intervention group (n=27) and a waitlist group (n=27). The intervention group received 70-minute FT intervention, once per week for 6 weeks, while the waitlist group received no intervention during the same period. At baseline (T1) and post-intervention (T2), subjective cognitive flexibility was assessed using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI). In the letter-number switching task, objective switching efficiency was measured by switching time cost, and switching accuracy was determined by switching error rate cost.
Results All 54 participants completed the study (27 in each group). ① No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in demographic characteristics, CTQ, CFI, switching time cost, or switching error rate cost at baseline (P>0.05). ② Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant group-by-time interactions for CFI (F=24.654, P<0.001, partial η²=0.322) and switching time cost (F=6.603, P=0.013, partial η²=0.113), whereas the group-by-time interaction for switching error rate cost was not significant (F=1.397, P=0.243, Partial η²=0.02).③ Simple effect analysis demonstrated that post-intervention CFI was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the waitlist group (t=3.054, P=0.004, 95%CI: 3.022 to 14.608), with switching time cost significantly lower (t=-3.117, P=0.003, 95%CI: -93.438 to -20.251). At T2, the intervention group showed significantly higher CFI (t=7.424, P<0.001, 95%CI: 9.999 to 17.408) and significantly lower switching time cost (t=-2.875, P=0.006, 95%CI: -60.582 to -10.780) compared with T1. No significant differences were observed CFI or switching time cost between T1 and T2 in the waitlist group (P>0.05).
Conclusion FT can effectively improve subjective cognitive flexibility and objective cognitive switching efficiency in college students with childhood trauma, serving as an effective auxiliary psychological intervention for this population.
, authors=Qingyu ZENG
1, 2, Xiaoxiao XU
1, Weijia LI
1, Chen XU
1, Meixin LI
1, Li PENG
1, Min LI
1, authorsList=Qingyu ZENG, Xiaoxiao XU, Weijia LI, Chen XU, Meixin LI, Li PENG, Min LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Min LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441085990646708, articleId=1320441082899444656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=闪动技术提升童年创伤大学生的主客观认知灵活性:一项随机对照试验, columnId=1320435226988363865, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·医学心理研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 童年创伤与大学生认知灵活性降低密切相关,为探索对该群体更安全有效的认知干预路径,本研究旨在评估闪动技术(flash technique,FT)对提升童年创伤大学生主观认知灵活性及客观认知灵活性的作用效果。
方法 采用随机对照研究设计,于2025年4—10月在重庆市、昆明市部分高校使用童年创伤量表(childhood trauma questionnaire,CTQ)与半结构化访谈评估大学生童年创伤水平,将符合入组条件的54名被试采用随机数字表法分为干预组(n=27)与等待组(n=27),干预组接受为期6周、每周1次、70 min/次的闪动技术干预,等待组暂不接受干预。在干预开始前(T1)、干预结束后(T2)使用认知灵活性量表(cognitive flexibility inventory,CFI)评估主观认知灵活性,使用数字字母转换范式中转换时间代价测量客观认知转换效率与错误率转换代价测量转换准确性。
结果 最终完成54例(干预组与等待组各27例):①2组在人口统计信息、CTQ、CFI、转换时间代价以及错误率转换代价等基线数据上差异不显著(P>0.05);②重复测量方差分析结果显示,在CFI(F=24.654,P<0.001,偏η²=0.322)以及转换时间代价上(F=6.603,P=0.013,偏η²=0.113)的组别与测量时间的交互作用显著,在错误率转换代价上,组别与测量时间的交互作用不显著(F=1.397,P=0.243,偏η²=0.026);③组别与时间简单效应分析结果显示,干预结束后干预组CFI显著高于等待组(t=3.054,P=0.004,95%CI:3.022~14.608),转换时间代价显著低于等待组(t=-3.117,P=0.003,95%CI:-93.438~-20.251),T2时,干预组的CFI显著高于T1(t=7.424,P<0.001,95%CI:9.999~17.408),转换时间代价显著低于T1(t=-2.875,P=0.006,95%CI:-60.582~-10.780),等待组在T2时的CFI、转换时间代价较T1均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
结论 闪动技术能有效提升童年创伤大学生的主观认知灵活性与客观认知转换效率,可作为该群体心理干预有效辅助手段。
, authors=曾庆宇
1, 2, 徐晓晓
1, 李炜珈
1, 许辰
1, 李美欣
1, 彭李
1, 李敏
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1Department of Military Psychology, College of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
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1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)医学心理系军事心理学教研室,重庆
2联勤保障部队第九二〇医院精神心理科,云南 昆明, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441086250693557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441086267470774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, companyId=1320441086250693557, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1Department of Military Psychology, College of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441086284247991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, companyId=1320441086250693557, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)医学心理系军事心理学教研室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320441086561072056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441086582043577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, companyId=1320441086561072056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Department of Psychosis,No. 920 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441086590432186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, companyId=1320441086561072056, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2联勤保障部队第九二〇医院精神心理科,云南 昆明)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441092651201513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Changes in CFI and switching time cost between the intervention group and the waitlist group at different time points, figureFileSmall=3hBGm8bsOwEkoxdiaD2bdw==, figureFileBig=kQDGBqE2jkI7BNKVPXlUgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441092726698986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
干预组与等待组在不同时间点CFI、转换时间代价上的变化a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01, compared with the waitlist group at the same time point
, figureFileSmall=3hBGm8bsOwEkoxdiaD2bdw==, figureFileBig=kQDGBqE2jkI7BNKVPXlUgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441092911248363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Protocol of flash technique (FT) intervention
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Step | Specific protocol | Time/min |
|---|
| Feedback and information Collection | Check in on recent status, conduct a brief assessment to determine suitability for intervention and whether suspension or referral is needed | 5 |
| Preparation | Attempt to relax emotions and maintain a calm state in a quiet environment | 10 |
| Evaluation | Select the trauma memory to be processed and assess by Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUD) |
| Desensitization | First, ask the client to imagine a book or a box and place the trauma memory inside. Then guide the client to alternate tapping on the shoulders, while focusing on a positive engaging focus (PEF) through discussion of positive memories or imagery. Throughout the process, the therapist will say the word “blink” at irregular intervals, requiring the client to blink rapidly 3 to 5 times upon hearing the word while maintaining focus on the PEF. After 6 sets of “blink” operations, briefly recontact the trauma memory and assess the current SUD level. Repeat the same procedure until the SUD decreases and physical and psychological discomfort weakens | 30-45 |
| Closure | Provide feedback on feelings, use stabilization techniques if necessary to ensure current state stability, and confirm the next intervention time | 10 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320441092982551532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
闪动技术干预具体方案
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Step | Specific protocol | Time/min |
|---|
| Feedback and information Collection | Check in on recent status, conduct a brief assessment to determine suitability for intervention and whether suspension or referral is needed | 5 |
| Preparation | Attempt to relax emotions and maintain a calm state in a quiet environment | 10 |
| Evaluation | Select the trauma memory to be processed and assess by Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUD) |
| Desensitization | First, ask the client to imagine a book or a box and place the trauma memory inside. Then guide the client to alternate tapping on the shoulders, while focusing on a positive engaging focus (PEF) through discussion of positive memories or imagery. Throughout the process, the therapist will say the word “blink” at irregular intervals, requiring the client to blink rapidly 3 to 5 times upon hearing the word while maintaining focus on the PEF. After 6 sets of “blink” operations, briefly recontact the trauma memory and assess the current SUD level. Repeat the same procedure until the SUD decreases and physical and psychological discomfort weakens | 30-45 |
| Closure | Provide feedback on feelings, use stabilization techniques if necessary to ensure current state stability, and confirm the next intervention time | 10 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320441093053854701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of baseline data between the 2 groups [n(%), ±s]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Variable | Intervention group(n=27) | Waitlist group(n=27) | t/χ² | P |
|---|
| Gender | | | 0.133 | 0.715 |
| Male | 5(19.52) | 4(14.81) |
| Female | 22(80.48) | 23(85.19) |
| Age/years | 22.41±2.33 | 21.22±0.40 | 1.981 | 0.053 |
| CTQ | 58.96±15.61 | 55.96±12.31 | 0.784 | 0.436 |
| CFI | 61.59±13.80 | 65.74±8.91 | -1.312 | 0.195 |
| Switching time cost | 104.14±67.87 | 115.89±59.41 | -0.677 | 0.502 |
| Switching error rate cost | 0.03±0.06 | 0.06±0.05 | -1.548 | 0.128 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320441093133546478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
2组被试基线资料比较[例(%),±s]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Variable | Intervention group(n=27) | Waitlist group(n=27) | t/χ² | P |
|---|
| Gender | | | 0.133 | 0.715 |
| Male | 5(19.52) | 4(14.81) |
| Female | 22(80.48) | 23(85.19) |
| Age/years | 22.41±2.33 | 21.22±0.40 | 1.981 | 0.053 |
| CTQ | 58.96±15.61 | 55.96±12.31 | 0.784 | 0.436 |
| CFI | 61.59±13.80 | 65.74±8.91 | -1.312 | 0.195 |
| Switching time cost | 104.14±67.87 | 115.89±59.41 | -0.677 | 0.502 |
| Switching error rate cost | 0.03±0.06 | 0.06±0.05 | -1.548 | 0.128 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320441093196461039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Results of repeated measures analysis of CFI and behavioral indicators(±s)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Variable | Time | Group | Main effect of time | Main effect of group | Time×group interaction |
|---|
| Intervention group(n=27) | Waitlist group (n=27) | F | P | Partial η² | F | P | Partial η² | F | P | Partial η² |
|---|
| CFI | T1 | 61.59±13.80 | 65.74±8.91 | 30.611 | <0.001 | 0.371 | 0.730 | 0.397 | 0.014 | 24.654 | <0.001 | 0.322 |
| T2 | 75.30±11.02 | 66.48±10.17 |
| Switching time cost | T1 | 104.14±67.87 | 115.89±59.41 | 2.240 | 0.141 | 0.041 | 4.902 | 0.031 | 0.086 | 6.603 | 0.013 | 0.113 |
| T2 | 68.46±53.36 | 125.30±78.31 |
| Switching error rate cost | T1 | 0.03±0.06 | 0.06±0.05 | 6.000 | 0.018 | 0.103 | 1.651 | 0.205 | 0.031 | 1.397 | 0.243 | 0.026 |
| T2 | 0.02±0.04 | 0.03±0.05 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320441093267764208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441082899444656, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
CFI与行为学指标重复测量分析结果(±s)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Variable | Time | Group | Main effect of time | Main effect of group | Time×group interaction |
|---|
| Intervention group(n=27) | Waitlist group (n=27) | F | P | Partial η² | F | P | Partial η² | F | P | Partial η² |
|---|
| CFI | T1 | 61.59±13.80 | 65.74±8.91 | 30.611 | <0.001 | 0.371 | 0.730 | 0.397 | 0.014 | 24.654 | <0.001 | 0.322 |
| T2 | 75.30±11.02 | 66.48±10.17 |
| Switching time cost | T1 | 104.14±67.87 | 115.89±59.41 | 2.240 | 0.141 | 0.041 | 4.902 | 0.031 | 0.086 | 6.603 | 0.013 | 0.113 |
| T2 | 68.46±53.36 | 125.30±78.31 |
| Switching error rate cost | T1 | 0.03±0.06 | 0.06±0.05 | 6.000 | 0.018 | 0.103 | 1.651 | 0.205 | 0.031 | 1.397 | 0.243 | 0.026 |
| T2 | 0.02±0.04 | 0.03±0.05 |
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