Article(id=1320441071667106452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762963200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-13, revisedDate=1769529600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747284094, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747284094, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747284094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747284094, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441010094715145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='663', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747269413, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749761919, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=701, endPage=708, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441071876821653, articleId=1320441071667106452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α promotes chemoresistance in glioblastoma cells via transforming growth factor-β2, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment is a critical factor contributing to chemoresistance in glioblastoma. This study preliminarily investigates the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) in promoting chemotherapy resistance of glioblastoma cells under hypoxic conditions.

Methods

U87 and U118 cells (n=3) were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and treated with temozolomide (TMZ) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 assay, and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry after 48 h of culture. Using normoxic culture as control, U87 and U118 cells (n=3) were subjected to hypoxic culture for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h, followed by RT-qPCR to measure HIF-2α and TGF-β2 mRNA expression. After further hypoxic culture for 12, 24, and 48 h, the protein levels of HIF-2α and TGF-β2 were detected by Western blotting. After knockdown of HIF-2α and TGF-β2, the cells (n=3) were cultured under hypoxia and treated with TMZ for 24, 48, and 72 h. Then, the cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. After 24 h of culture, TGF-β2 (50 ng/mL) was added to the culture medium of some cells, and the cells were further cultured under hypoxia for another 24 h, followed by flow cytometry for cell apoptosis. Western blotting was applied to detect TGF-β2 expression in HIF-2α knockdown cells after 48 h of hypoxic culture.

Results

CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays indicated that the hypoxia+TMZ group showed increased cell viability (P<0.05) and decreased apoptotic rate compared to the normoxia+TMZ group (P<0.05). RT-qPCR revealed that compared with the normoxia group, the expression levels of HIF-2α and TGF-β2 in hypoxia-cultured cells gradually increased with the prolongation of hypoxic time (P<0.05), and Western blotting also confirmed that the protein expression of HIF-2α and TGF-β2 increased in a time-dependent manner after hypoxic culture. Lower cell viability (P<0.05) and higher apoptotic rate (P<0.05) were observed in the HIF-2α-knockdown and TGF-β2-knockdown cells compared with the control non-knockdown group. Continued hypoxic culture of HIF-2α-knockdown cells indicated decreased TGF-β2 expression compared with the control non-knockdown HIF-2α group.

Conclusion

HIF-2α chemoresistance in glioblastoma cells via TGF-β2.

, authors=Lu ZHAO1, Pan WANG2, Sheng GONG2, Bin LIAO1, 2, Nan WU1, 2, authorsList=Lu ZHAO, Pan WANG, Sheng GONG, Bin LIAO, Nan WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441073336439458, articleId=1320441071667106452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=缺氧诱导因子-2α经转化生长因子-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗, columnId=1320435149964169690, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

肿瘤微环境中的缺氧是导致胶质母细胞瘤化疗抵抗的关键因素。本研究通过体外研究初步探讨缺氧条件下缺氧诱导因子-2α(hypoxia-inducible factor-2α,HIF-2α)与转化生长因子-β2(transforming growth factor-β2,TGF-β2)促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗。

方法

常氧-缺氧培养U87、U118细胞(n=3)并予替莫唑胺处理24、48、72 h后经CCK-8检测细胞增殖,培养48 h后流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。常氧培养为对照,缺氧培养U87、U118细胞(n=3)4、8、12及24 h后采用RT-qPCR检测HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达,进一步缺氧培养12、24 h及48 h后,Western blot检测HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达。敲除HIF-2α、TGF-β2后,缺氧培养细胞(n=3)并给予替莫唑胺(temozolomide,TMZ)处理24、48、72 h后经CCK-8检测细胞增殖,培养24 h后在部分细胞的培养基中添加TGF-β2(50 ng/mL)继续缺氧培养细胞(n=3)24 h后流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。Western blot检测敲除HIF-2α细胞缺氧培养48 h后TGF-β2表达。

结果

CCK-8和流式细胞检测提示,低氧+TMZ组较常氧+TMZ组细胞的存活率增高(P<0.05)、凋亡率降低(P<0.05)。RT-qPCR检测显示,与常氧组相比,缺氧培养细胞的HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达随着缺氧时间的延长,表达水平逐渐升高(P<0.05),Western blot也证实HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达缺氧培养后呈时间依赖性升高。敲除HIF-2α、敲除TGF-β2表达后的细胞存活率较对照未敲除组降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率较对照未敲除组升高(P<0.05)。敲除HIF-2α细胞继续缺氧培养后提示TGF-β2表达较对照未敲除HIF-2α细胞组水平下降。

结论

HIF-2α经TGF-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗。

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吴南,E-mail:
WU Nan, E-mail:
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A and B: Proliferation rates of U87 (A) and U118 (B) cells by CCK-8 assay

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A and B: Flow cytometric analysis of apoptotic rates of U87 (A) and U118 (B) cells

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A and B: RT-qPCR analysis of HIF-2α and TGF-β2 expression in U87 (A) and U118 (B) cells; C: Western blot analysis of HIF-2α and TGF-β2 expression in U87 (A) and U118 (B)

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A and B: Western blotting showing protein expression of U87 (A) and U118 (B) in each group of cells

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A and B: Statistical analyses of cell proliferation of U87 (A) and U118 (B) in each group of cells

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A and B: Representative images of flow cytometry for cell apoptosis of U87 (A) and U118 (B) in each group of cells; C and D: Statistical analysis of apoptotic rates of U87 (C) and U118 (D) in each group of cells

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缺氧诱导因子-2α经转化生长因子-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗
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赵璐 1 , 汪攀 2 , 龚胜 2 , 廖彬 1, 2 , 吴南 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·神经科学 2026,48(6): 701-708
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·神经科学 2026 , 48 (6) : 701 -708
缺氧诱导因子-2α经转化生长因子-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗
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赵璐1, 汪攀2, 龚胜2, 廖彬1, 2, 吴南1, 2
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学,重庆
  • 2重庆市人民医院神经外科,重庆市脑胶质瘤精准医学研究中心,重庆
通讯作者:
吴南,E-mail:
WU Nan, E-mail:
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α promotes chemoresistance in glioblastoma cells via transforming growth factor-β2
Lu ZHAO1, Pan WANG2, Sheng GONG2, Bin LIAO1, 2, Nan WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
  • 2Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Brain Glioma Precision Medicine Research Center, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511068
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目的

肿瘤微环境中的缺氧是导致胶质母细胞瘤化疗抵抗的关键因素。本研究通过体外研究初步探讨缺氧条件下缺氧诱导因子-2α(hypoxia-inducible factor-2α,HIF-2α)与转化生长因子-β2(transforming growth factor-β2,TGF-β2)促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗。

方法

常氧-缺氧培养U87、U118细胞(n=3)并予替莫唑胺处理24、48、72 h后经CCK-8检测细胞增殖,培养48 h后流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。常氧培养为对照,缺氧培养U87、U118细胞(n=3)4、8、12及24 h后采用RT-qPCR检测HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达,进一步缺氧培养12、24 h及48 h后,Western blot检测HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达。敲除HIF-2α、TGF-β2后,缺氧培养细胞(n=3)并给予替莫唑胺(temozolomide,TMZ)处理24、48、72 h后经CCK-8检测细胞增殖,培养24 h后在部分细胞的培养基中添加TGF-β2(50 ng/mL)继续缺氧培养细胞(n=3)24 h后流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。Western blot检测敲除HIF-2α细胞缺氧培养48 h后TGF-β2表达。

结果

CCK-8和流式细胞检测提示,低氧+TMZ组较常氧+TMZ组细胞的存活率增高(P<0.05)、凋亡率降低(P<0.05)。RT-qPCR检测显示,与常氧组相比,缺氧培养细胞的HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达随着缺氧时间的延长,表达水平逐渐升高(P<0.05),Western blot也证实HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达缺氧培养后呈时间依赖性升高。敲除HIF-2α、敲除TGF-β2表达后的细胞存活率较对照未敲除组降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率较对照未敲除组升高(P<0.05)。敲除HIF-2α细胞继续缺氧培养后提示TGF-β2表达较对照未敲除HIF-2α细胞组水平下降。

结论

HIF-2α经TGF-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗。

胶质母细胞瘤  /  缺氧  /  缺氧诱导因子-2α  /  转化生长因子-β2
Objective

Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment is a critical factor contributing to chemoresistance in glioblastoma. This study preliminarily investigates the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) in promoting chemotherapy resistance of glioblastoma cells under hypoxic conditions.

Methods

U87 and U118 cells (n=3) were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and treated with temozolomide (TMZ) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 assay, and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry after 48 h of culture. Using normoxic culture as control, U87 and U118 cells (n=3) were subjected to hypoxic culture for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h, followed by RT-qPCR to measure HIF-2α and TGF-β2 mRNA expression. After further hypoxic culture for 12, 24, and 48 h, the protein levels of HIF-2α and TGF-β2 were detected by Western blotting. After knockdown of HIF-2α and TGF-β2, the cells (n=3) were cultured under hypoxia and treated with TMZ for 24, 48, and 72 h. Then, the cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. After 24 h of culture, TGF-β2 (50 ng/mL) was added to the culture medium of some cells, and the cells were further cultured under hypoxia for another 24 h, followed by flow cytometry for cell apoptosis. Western blotting was applied to detect TGF-β2 expression in HIF-2α knockdown cells after 48 h of hypoxic culture.

Results

CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays indicated that the hypoxia+TMZ group showed increased cell viability (P<0.05) and decreased apoptotic rate compared to the normoxia+TMZ group (P<0.05). RT-qPCR revealed that compared with the normoxia group, the expression levels of HIF-2α and TGF-β2 in hypoxia-cultured cells gradually increased with the prolongation of hypoxic time (P<0.05), and Western blotting also confirmed that the protein expression of HIF-2α and TGF-β2 increased in a time-dependent manner after hypoxic culture. Lower cell viability (P<0.05) and higher apoptotic rate (P<0.05) were observed in the HIF-2α-knockdown and TGF-β2-knockdown cells compared with the control non-knockdown group. Continued hypoxic culture of HIF-2α-knockdown cells indicated decreased TGF-β2 expression compared with the control non-knockdown HIF-2α group.

Conclusion

HIF-2α chemoresistance in glioblastoma cells via TGF-β2.

glioblastoma  /  hypoxia  /  hypoxia-inducible factor-2α  /  transforming growth factor-β2
赵璐, 汪攀, 龚胜, 廖彬, 吴南. 缺氧诱导因子-2α经转化生长因子-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (6) : 701 -708 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511068
Lu ZHAO, Pan WANG, Sheng GONG, Bin LIAO, Nan WU. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α promotes chemoresistance in glioblastoma cells via transforming growth factor-β2[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (6) : 701 -708 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511068
胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)作为成人颅内最常见的原发恶性肿瘤,中位生存期不足2年[1]。其病因至今仍不明确,可能与遗传易感性和环境暴露(如辐射及特定化学物质)共同作用有关[2]。GBM的高侵袭性和浸润性生长的特点,不仅增加了手术切除的难度,还常导致高的死亡率[3]。尽管使用Stupp标准治疗方案(手术切除联合辅助放疗和化疗),但GBM仍难以治愈,复发更是不可避免[4]。现有的治疗策略存在明显局限:手术切除常因肿瘤位置深或浸润广泛而难以彻底切除,放疗可能损伤邻近健康脑组织,而化疗则因耐药性和血脑屏障阻碍药物向肿瘤部位渗透[5-6]。因此,亟须探索新的治疗方案以改善GBM患者的生存结局和生活质量。
缺氧作为肿瘤微环境的固有特性,存在于几乎所有的实体肿瘤中[7]。肿瘤在缺氧条件下会导致缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor,HIF)的激活从而驱动肿瘤进展,而缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)和缺氧诱导因子-2α(hypoxia-inducible factor-2α,HIF-2α)可以正向调节缺氧反应,因此被认为是干预肿瘤进展的主要靶点[8-9]。以往的研究大多围绕HIF-1α展开,而关于HIF-2α的研究相对较少。HIF-2α作为另一缺氧诱导因子,研究指出HIF-2α可优先调控血管生成相关基因,从而在缺氧环境下诱导血管生成并促进肿瘤的生长[10]。此外,HIF-2α通过维持胶质瘤干细胞的干性从而促进肿瘤细胞增殖和侵袭[9,11],而是否参与调控胶质母细胞瘤细胞化疗抵抗,尚不明确。
转化生长因子-β2(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β2)作为一种转录因子,在细胞内产生并水解后通过细胞外囊泡转运出细胞,转运出细胞的TGF-β2配体结合与之匹配的TGF-β受体后激活相应的信号通路进而参与复杂的生物学过程,如调节炎症过程、促进肿瘤细胞生长与转移、促进治疗抵抗等[12-13],而TGFβ-2在胶质母细胞瘤中是否受HIF-2α调控进而促进化疗抵抗仍需进一步验证。
本研究拟通过细胞增殖、凋亡、免疫印迹实验验证缺氧条件下HIF-2α、TGF-β2促进肿瘤细胞增殖及治疗抵抗,进一步通过HIF-2α、TGF-β2基因敲除实验,验证HIF-2α经TGF-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞增殖及化疗抵抗。
U87、U118和293T细胞株购自中国上海中科院细胞库,胎牛血清购自美国Gibco公司,DMEM/HG培养基和0.25%胰蛋白酶购于美国Gibco公司。本研究使用从美国Abcam公司购买的HIF-2α与TGF-β2抗体进行Western blot实验;蛋白浓度检测则使用上海碧云天生物有限公司的BCA检测试剂盒(货号:P0012)。凋亡检测试剂盒(556547)购买于美国BD公司。CCK-8试剂盒(E606335)购于上海生工生物有限公司。替莫唑胺(temozolomide,TMZ)购于中国阿拉丁公司。
U87、U118以及293T细胞在含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/HG培养基中培养,培养环境为37 ℃、饱和湿度、5% CO₂与95% N₂的气体培养条件。https://chopchop.cbu.uib.no/网站查找获得CRISPR/CAS9敲除靶序列,HIF-2α与TGF-β2的靶序列分别为5′-CTTGACATTG-CCGTGG-3′与5′-CGAAGAGTACTACGCCAAGG-3′。根据LentiCRISPRv2质粒说明书合成带BsmBI酶切位点的靶序列DNA片段,之后将该片段克隆至LentiCRISPRv2质粒中,对其进行测序验证,验证正确后将其与pMD2.G和pSPAX2质粒共转染至293T细胞行慢病毒包装。病毒浓缩纯化后感染目标细胞并通过嘌呤霉素筛选获得稳定敲除细胞株根据敲除情况分为HIF-2α敲除组、TGF-β2敲除组、空载对照组(Vector组)及对照组(Control组)(n=3)。
将U87、U118细胞分为缺氧+TMZ组、常氧+TMZ组、缺氧敲除HIF-2α+TMZ组、缺氧敲除TGF-β2+TMZ组、缺氧空载对照+TMZ组(n=3)。各组细胞按5×104/孔细胞接种于96孔板后分别于常氧、缺氧条件下培养24 h后添加TMZ(100 μmol/L)继续培养24、48 h及72 h后弃去培养基,按比例(CCK-8α∶完全培养基=1∶9)添加100 μL混合液于96孔板中。将96孔板继续放入缺氧孵箱中培养2 h后使用酶标仪检测各组细胞450 nm处吸光度值。
将U87细胞分为缺氧+TMZ组、常氧+TMZ组、缺氧HIF-2α敲除+TMZ组、缺氧TGF-β2敲除+TMZ 组、缺氧空载对照+TMZ组(n=3)。各组细胞培养24 h后,添加TMZ(100 μmol/L)后再继续培养48 h后,通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。细胞经消化处理为单细胞后,重悬细胞使其密度为1×106个/mL,取100 μL混悬液至EP管中,300 ×g离心5 min,弃上清;加入结合缓冲液90 μL、Annexin V-FITC 5 μL和碘化丙啶溶液5 μL,室温避光孵育15 min后补加300 μL结合缓冲液,使用流式细胞仪进行流式检测。
常氧培养为对照,缺氧培养U87、U118细胞4、8、12及24 h后收集细胞并经RT-qPCR检测HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达(n=3)。其中HIF-2α的引物为:Forward(5'-3')CGGGGATCAGCGCACAGAG,Reverse(5'-3') CATGG-CCGGACTCAGCACGT;TGF-β2的引物为:Forward(5'-3')TGCCATCCCGCCCACTTTCTAC,Reverse(5'-3')AGG-CACTCTGGCTTTTGGGTTCTG。添加TRIzol至各时间点收集的细胞并提取总RNA,反转录合成cDNA后以β-actin作为内参,进一步以合成的cDNA为模板行RT-qPCR检测。反应条件:95 ℃,5 min;95 ℃,30 s;60 ℃,30 s;72 ℃,30 s;共40个循环。应用Bio-Rad CFX Manager Software软件分析各自表达水平。
将U87、U118细胞分为缺氧组、常氧组、缺氧HIF-2α敲除组、缺氧TGF-β2敲除组及缺氧空载对照组(n=3),各组细胞分别于常氧或缺氧条件下培养12、24、48 h后倒掉培养基,细胞经预冷PBS漂洗2次后,加入含PMSF的RIPA裂解液进行总蛋白提取。随后,使用BCA蛋白检测试剂盒测定蛋白浓度,之后提取总蛋白进行电泳,并在200 mA恒定电流下转膜2 h;5%脱脂奶粉封闭2 h,一抗孵育2 h,其中HIF-2α抗体1∶100稀释,TGF-β2抗体1∶100稀释,β-actin 抗体1∶2 000稀释,TBST清洗3次,每次10 min;辣根过氧化物酶标记二抗1∶2 000稀释使用,2 h后TBST清洗3次,每次10 min;ECL化学发光试剂盒显影并拍照,利用Bio-rad软件将目的条带与内参β-actin灰度值的比值作为相对表达量进行分析。
使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的连续性变量采用x¯±s表示,采用独立样本t检验进行两组间比较,单因素方差分析则用于多组间比较。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
U87(图1A)、U118(图1B)细胞分别在常氧(21%O2)、缺氧(1%O2)环境下培养24 h后加入TMZ(100 μmol/L)继续于常氧或缺氧条件下培养24、48及72 h,CCK-8检测提示各时间点缺氧培养细胞较常氧培养组细胞增殖率均更高(P<0.05,n=3)。
U87(图2A)、U118(图2B)细胞分别在常氧(21%O2)、缺氧(1%O2)环境下培养24 h后加入TMZ(100 μmol/L)继续于常氧或缺氧条件下培养48 h后行流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,结果提示缺氧培养细胞的早期凋亡率、晚期凋亡率、总体凋亡率均显著低于常氧培养组(P<0.05,n=3)。
RT-qPCR(图3A、B)检测提示缺氧培养U87、U118细胞4、8、12及24 h后,随着缺氧时间的延长,HIF-2α及TGF-β2表达较常氧培养组细胞均呈时间依赖性升高;进一步缺氧培养U87、U118细胞12、24 h及48 h后,Western blot(图3C)检测提示随着缺氧时间的延长,HIF-2α及TGF-β2表达较常氧培养组细胞同样呈时间依赖性升高(P<0.05,n=3)。
敲除U87、U118细胞HIF-2α表达后继续缺氧培养48 h,经Western blot检测提示敲除HIF-2α的U87、U118细胞的TGF-β2蛋白表达显著低于HIF-2α未敲除组及对照组(图4)。
与对照未敲除HIF-2α U87(图5A)、U118(图5B)细胞相比,HIF-2α敲除细胞在同剂量TMZ(100 μmol/L)处理下的细胞增殖率较对照组显著降低(P<0.05,n=3);TGF-β2敲除细胞在同剂量TMZ(100 μmol/L)处理下的细胞增殖率同样较对照未敲除组显著降低(P<0.05,n=3)。
与对照未敲除HIF-2α U87(图6A、C)、U118(图6B、D)细胞相比,HIF-2α敲除细胞在同剂量TMZ(100 μmol/L)处理下的细胞凋亡率较对照组显著升高(P<0.05,n=3),但进一步在条件培养基中加入TGF-β2因子(50 ng/mL)后细胞凋亡率显著下降(P<0.05,n=3);TGF-β2敲除细胞在同剂量TMZ(100 μmol/L)处理下的细胞凋亡率较对照未敲除组显著升高(P<0.05,n=3),进一步在条件培养基中加入TGF-β2因子(50 ng/mL)后细胞凋亡率显著下降(P<0.05,n=3)。
既往研究已证实实体瘤中普遍存在缺氧现象,肿瘤缺氧微环境在促进肿瘤恶性进展的过程中具有重要作用。既往研究更多的集中于探索HIF-1α的调控作用[14-16],而HIF-2α作为另一个缺氧调控因子,既往报道较少。与HIF-1α相似,HIF-2α通过与低氧反应元件(hypoxicresponseelements,HRE)结合而启动靶基因表达并调节多个基因,从而促进肿瘤细胞的存活、进展、细胞外基质重塑和细胞迁移、细胞周期调控、DNA 损伤反应、增殖和凋亡等[17-19],而在胶质母细胞瘤中是否也参与调控值得进一步探索。
TGF-β作为转录生长因子,能够促进肿瘤血管生成、增殖、治疗抵抗、细胞迁移和侵袭等[20]。TGF-β主要由3种亚型组成,TGF-β2作为TGF-β的重要亚型之一,参与多种肿瘤的发生发展及恶性进展,包括肺癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、胶质瘤等[13]。HAU等[21]指出,在胶质瘤的3种TGF-β亚型中,TGF-β2表达增加最强,且与胶质瘤的恶性程度正相关。另有报道指出缺氧条件下人脐静脉内皮细胞TGF-β2的mRNA和蛋白水平表达均增加,同时TGF-β2启动子的-77到-40 bp区域的Smad结合元件(CAGA box)在缺氧条件下可被激活,从而增强其转录[13]。针对下游信号通路,报道指出TGF-β2可通过激活PI3K/AK信号通路促进胃肠道间质瘤对伊马替尼的耐药[22]。
然而,针对缺氧条件下,HIFs是否与TGF-β2存在一定的调控关系,既往仅少部分研究发现HIF-1α与TGF-β2呈同趋势样表达,胶质母细胞瘤的研究也得到相同的研究结果[23],而在结肠癌的研究中提示两者的协同表达促进了结肠癌细胞的增殖及治疗抵抗[24]。我们团队既往的研究证实缺氧环境下HIF-1α与HIF-2α可通过miRNAs彼此调控[19],进而经PI3K-AKT等信号通路促进肿瘤细胞恶性进展[18]。基于上述,HIF-2α在缺氧环境下同样可能通过TGF-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤化疗抵抗,但至今的仍缺乏足够的相关研究。
基于此,本研究证实缺氧培养下HIF-2α、TGF-β2表达较对照常氧组升高,经同剂量TMZ处理后的胶质母细胞瘤细胞的存活率显著高于常氧组,凋亡率则显著低于常氧组;进一步敲除HIF-2α后TGF-β2表达水平显著下降。另外,缺氧培养HIF-2α敲除及TGF-β2敲除细胞再予以同剂量TMZ药物干预,结果提示HIF-2α敲除及TGF-β2敲除细胞较HIF-2α未敲除及TGF-β2未敲除细胞的细胞凋亡率升高、存活率下降,进一步在条件培养基中添加TGF-β2后,细胞凋亡率下降、存活率升高。
综上所述,由于肿瘤细胞的无序增殖,所以胶质母细胞瘤细胞始终处于一个缺氧的微环境中,HIF-2α作为缺氧响应的重要因子,调节TGF-β2表达,TGF-β2通过对下游通路的调控促进胶质母细胞瘤细胞的增殖及化疗抵抗。本研究数据验证了HIF-2α与TGF-β2的调控关系,但仍有诸多需要进一步完善,如在体实验验证HIF-2α经TGF-β2促进胶质母细胞瘤化疗抵抗;探寻并验证HIF-2α与TGF-β2的结合位点;通过敲除TGF-β2后进行mRNA转录组学、miRNAs组学或蛋白质谱检测等进一步分析如何调控下游信号通路等。研究结果的证实将有助于深层次了解胶质母细胞化疗抵抗的分子机制,同时也为胶质母细胞瘤的综合治疗提供新的理论依据及治疗靶点。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511068
  • 接收时间:2025-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13
  • 修回日期:2026-01-28
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    1重庆医科大学,重庆
    2重庆市人民医院神经外科,重庆市脑胶质瘤精准医学研究中心,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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