Article(id=1320440939236143948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512131, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766332800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-22, revisedDate=1769270400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747252520, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747252520, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747252520, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747252520, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320440935603880850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='523', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747251654, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749737175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=563, endPage=571, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320440939433276237, articleId=1320440939236143948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=RAC2 promotes neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by regulating the Bcl-2/Bax balance and PARP-1/caspase-3 pathway, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To elucidate the specific role of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (RAC2) in neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR), and investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation of apoptosis.

Methods

① Cell culture and grouping (n=5): mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 was divided into normal control (NC) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) groups. The NC group was maintained under standard culture conditions, while the OGD/R group was subjected to 8 hours’ OGD/R. Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 assay and EdU staining, and cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to measure the protein levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), RAC2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p-ERK. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to detect the mRNA level of RAC2. ② Gene knockdown: HT22 cells were transfected with sh-RAC2 or non-targeting control shRNA (sh-NC) before OGD/R treatment. Subsequently, the cells were divided into OGD/R:sh-NC and OGD/R:sh-RAC2 groups (n=5). Apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting. ③ Pathway validation: The ERK inhibitor FR180204 was employed to establish 4 groups (n=5): NC, OGD/R, FR180204 alone, and FR180204+OGD/R (pretreated with FR180204 followed by OGD/R treatment). Expression of cleaved caspase-3, RAC2, and p-ERK was analyzed with Western blotting.

Results

①Compared with the NC group, OGD/R treatment significantly inhibited HT22 cell proliferation and increased apoptotic rates (P<0.05). OGD/R upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, cleaved PARP-1, and cleaved caspase-3), downregulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and markedly elevated RAC2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05). ② Specific knockdown of RAC2 (sh-RAC2 group) partially restored Bcl-2 expression and attenuated OGD/R-induced upregulation of Bax and cleaved PARP-1 compared with the OGD/R group (P<0.05). ③ OGD/R treatment activated the ERK signaling pathway (elevated p-ERK/ERK ratio), upregulated RAC2 expression, and promoted caspase-3 cleavage compared with the NC group (P<0.05). Conversely, pretreatment with FR180204 effectively blocked OGD/R-induced RAC2 upregulation and caspase-3 activation compared with the OGD/R group (P<0.05).

Conclusion

RAC2 plays a key role in CIR-induced neuronal apoptosis by modulating the Bcl-2/Bax balance and PARP-1 cleavage through the ERK signaling pathway.

, authors=Xixian CHEN1, Rui MA1, Lijuan WANG1, Xiaojing SHI1, Haifeng SUN1, Kaihui JIN2, Wenzhi JIN3, authorsList=Xixian CHEN, Rui MA, Lijuan WANG, Xiaojing SHI, Haifeng SUN, Kaihui JIN, Wenzhi JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haifeng SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320440942126019416, articleId=1320440939236143948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=RAC2通过调控Bcl-2/Bax平衡与PARP-1/caspase-3通路促进脑缺血再灌注神经元凋亡, columnId=1320435149964169690, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

明确Ras相关的C3肉毒杆菌毒素底物2(Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2,RAC2)在脑缺血再灌注(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, CIR)神经元凋亡中的具体效应,并验证其调控凋亡的分子机制。

方法

①细胞处理与分组(n=5):以小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22为模型,设立正常对照(normal control, NC)组和氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)组。NC组于正常条件下培养;OGD/R组进行8 h的氧糖剥夺,然后复氧处理。采用CCK-8法和EdU染色检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。Western blot检测B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax)、裂解的半胱天冬酶-3(cleaved caspase-3)、裂解的多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶-1(cleaved PARP-1)、RAC2、细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)和磷酸化ERK(phosphorylated ERK,p-ERK)蛋白含量;qRT-PCR检测RAC2 mRNA表达。②构建sh-RAC2载体并转染至HT22细胞。将细胞分为2组(n=5):OGD/R:sh-NC组(转染非靶向shRNA对照后接受OGD/R处理)和OGD/R:sh-RAC2组(转染sh-RAC2载体后接受OGD/R处理)。Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白。③通路验证:使用ERK抑制剂FR180204,实验设立4组(n=5):NC组、OGD/R组、FR180204组、FR180204+OGD/R组。Western blot检测cleaved caspase-3、RAC2及p-ERK蛋白。

结果

①相较于NC组,OGD/R处理HT22细胞,其增殖能力受到抑制,同时细胞凋亡率明显上升(P<0.05)。OGD/R处理上调促凋亡蛋白Bax、cleaved PARP-1和cleaved caspase-3的表达,下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,并显著提高了RAC2在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达(P<0.05)。②相较于OGD/R组,特异性敲低RAC2(sh-RAC2组),部分恢复了Bcl-2表达,并抑制了OGD/R诱导的Bax和cleaved PARP-1表达升高(P<0.05)。③相较于NC组,OGD/R处理激活ERK信号通路(p-ERK/ERK比值升高),上调RAC2表达和cleaved caspase-3含量(P<0.05);而与OGD/R组相比,使用ERK抑制剂FR180204可有效阻断OGD/R诱导的RAC2表达上调和caspase-3激活(P<0.05)。

结论

RAC2通过ERK信号通路调控Bcl-2/Bax平衡及PARP-1切割,在CIR诱导的神经元凋亡中发挥关键作用。

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A: Cell viability of HT-22 cells in the normal control group (NC) and the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment group (n=5); B: Representative images showing cell proliferation status as indicated with Merge representing the overlay image by EdU (green) and DAPI (blue) staining

, figureFileSmall=JqW+V3PbZBypwhvyDF/xyw==, figureFileBig=SnE/uPUU9cHOOva5pTqWcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320440946932691857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440939236143948, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Changes in apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-related proteins in HT-22 cells after OGD/R treatment(n=5), figureFileSmall=1NHVMaNxtuVjT1wQikyEZQ==, figureFileBig=dDYSktP3T4s6dt5qiBMjrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320440947012383634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440939236143948, language=CN, label=图2, caption=OGD/R处理后HT-22细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白表达变化(n=5)

A: Flow cytometry showing cell apoptotic rate; B: Representative images of Western blotting results of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved PARP-1, cleaved caspase-3), with β-Tubulin as the internal reference

, figureFileSmall=1NHVMaNxtuVjT1wQikyEZQ==, figureFileBig=dDYSktP3T4s6dt5qiBMjrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320440947117241235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440939236143948, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Expression of RAC2 at mRNA and protein levels in the OGD/R model(n=5), figureFileSmall=aXOWm1K8/REz1Y/gYloFrw==, figureFileBig=noTr8jI0AnyjDSZJSf233A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320440947184350100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440939236143948, language=CN, label=图3, caption=RAC2在OGD/R模型中的mRNA及蛋白表达水平(n=5)

A: Relative expression of RAC2 mRNA detected by qRT-PCR; B: RAC2 protein expression detected by Western blotting, with β-Tubulin as the internal reference

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A: Western blot analysis of protein expression changes in Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved PARP-1 after RAC2 knockdown (sh-RAC2); B: Quantification of HT-22 cell counts after sh-RAC2 combined with OGD/R treatment; C: EdU (green) and DAPI (blue) staining showing cell proliferation status; Merge indicates the superimposed image. sh-NC served as the negative control, and β-Tubulin was used as the internal reference

, figureFileSmall=JQ539jB3aBxtA2LI9UcmVA==, figureFileBig=eF19uvzqYhW5OKwERogQkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320440947444396951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440939236143948, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=RAC2 regulates OGD/ R-induced apoptosis of HT-22 cells through the ERK signaling pathway(n=5), figureFileSmall=8NjqF4lAVw6Wd4JV0eMRiA==, figureFileBig=Rth60qQaHu/A6S/kGZHHxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320440947524088728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440939236143948, language=CN, label=图5, caption=RAC2通过ERK信号通路调控OGD/R诱导的HT-22细胞凋亡(n=5)

A: Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of ERK (ERK) and its phosphorylated form (p-ERK) in the NC and OGD/R treatment groups, with β-Tubulin as the internal reference; B: Western blot analysis of the protein expression changes of p-ERK, RAC2, and cleaved caspase-3 under the intervention of the inhibitor FR180204

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RAC2通过调控Bcl-2/Bax平衡与PARP-1/caspase-3通路促进脑缺血再灌注神经元凋亡
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陈锡贤 1 , 马瑞 1 , 王丽娟 1 , 石晓静 1 , 孙海峰 1 , 靳凯辉 2 , 金纹芝 3
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·神经科学 2026,48(5): 563-571
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·神经科学 2026 , 48 (5) : 563 -571
RAC2通过调控Bcl-2/Bax平衡与PARP-1/caspase-3通路促进脑缺血再灌注神经元凋亡
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陈锡贤1, 马瑞1, 王丽娟1, 石晓静1, 孙海峰1 , 靳凯辉2, 金纹芝3
作者信息
  • 1宁夏医科大学总医院:神经电生理科,宁夏 银川
  • 2宁夏医科大学总医院:神经内科,宁夏 银川
  • 3宁夏医科大学总医院:手足踝外科,宁夏 银川
通讯作者:
孙海峰, E-mail:
SUN Haifeng, E-mail:
RAC2 promotes neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by regulating the Bcl-2/Bax balance and PARP-1/caspase-3 pathway
Xixian CHEN1, Rui MA1, Lijuan WANG1, Xiaojing SHI1, Haifeng SUN1 , Kaihui JIN2, Wenzhi JIN3
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, Foot, and Ankle Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
  • 2Department of Neurology, Foot, and Ankle Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
  • 3Department of Hand, Foot, and Ankle Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512131
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目的

明确Ras相关的C3肉毒杆菌毒素底物2(Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2,RAC2)在脑缺血再灌注(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, CIR)神经元凋亡中的具体效应,并验证其调控凋亡的分子机制。

方法

①细胞处理与分组(n=5):以小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22为模型,设立正常对照(normal control, NC)组和氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)组。NC组于正常条件下培养;OGD/R组进行8 h的氧糖剥夺,然后复氧处理。采用CCK-8法和EdU染色检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。Western blot检测B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax)、裂解的半胱天冬酶-3(cleaved caspase-3)、裂解的多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶-1(cleaved PARP-1)、RAC2、细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)和磷酸化ERK(phosphorylated ERK,p-ERK)蛋白含量;qRT-PCR检测RAC2 mRNA表达。②构建sh-RAC2载体并转染至HT22细胞。将细胞分为2组(n=5):OGD/R:sh-NC组(转染非靶向shRNA对照后接受OGD/R处理)和OGD/R:sh-RAC2组(转染sh-RAC2载体后接受OGD/R处理)。Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白。③通路验证:使用ERK抑制剂FR180204,实验设立4组(n=5):NC组、OGD/R组、FR180204组、FR180204+OGD/R组。Western blot检测cleaved caspase-3、RAC2及p-ERK蛋白。

结果

①相较于NC组,OGD/R处理HT22细胞,其增殖能力受到抑制,同时细胞凋亡率明显上升(P<0.05)。OGD/R处理上调促凋亡蛋白Bax、cleaved PARP-1和cleaved caspase-3的表达,下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,并显著提高了RAC2在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达(P<0.05)。②相较于OGD/R组,特异性敲低RAC2(sh-RAC2组),部分恢复了Bcl-2表达,并抑制了OGD/R诱导的Bax和cleaved PARP-1表达升高(P<0.05)。③相较于NC组,OGD/R处理激活ERK信号通路(p-ERK/ERK比值升高),上调RAC2表达和cleaved caspase-3含量(P<0.05);而与OGD/R组相比,使用ERK抑制剂FR180204可有效阻断OGD/R诱导的RAC2表达上调和caspase-3激活(P<0.05)。

结论

RAC2通过ERK信号通路调控Bcl-2/Bax平衡及PARP-1切割,在CIR诱导的神经元凋亡中发挥关键作用。

氧糖剥夺/复氧  /  RAC2  /  神经元细胞  /  细胞凋亡
Objective

To elucidate the specific role of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (RAC2) in neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR), and investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation of apoptosis.

Methods

① Cell culture and grouping (n=5): mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 was divided into normal control (NC) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) groups. The NC group was maintained under standard culture conditions, while the OGD/R group was subjected to 8 hours’ OGD/R. Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 assay and EdU staining, and cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to measure the protein levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), RAC2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p-ERK. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to detect the mRNA level of RAC2. ② Gene knockdown: HT22 cells were transfected with sh-RAC2 or non-targeting control shRNA (sh-NC) before OGD/R treatment. Subsequently, the cells were divided into OGD/R:sh-NC and OGD/R:sh-RAC2 groups (n=5). Apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting. ③ Pathway validation: The ERK inhibitor FR180204 was employed to establish 4 groups (n=5): NC, OGD/R, FR180204 alone, and FR180204+OGD/R (pretreated with FR180204 followed by OGD/R treatment). Expression of cleaved caspase-3, RAC2, and p-ERK was analyzed with Western blotting.

Results

①Compared with the NC group, OGD/R treatment significantly inhibited HT22 cell proliferation and increased apoptotic rates (P<0.05). OGD/R upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, cleaved PARP-1, and cleaved caspase-3), downregulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and markedly elevated RAC2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05). ② Specific knockdown of RAC2 (sh-RAC2 group) partially restored Bcl-2 expression and attenuated OGD/R-induced upregulation of Bax and cleaved PARP-1 compared with the OGD/R group (P<0.05). ③ OGD/R treatment activated the ERK signaling pathway (elevated p-ERK/ERK ratio), upregulated RAC2 expression, and promoted caspase-3 cleavage compared with the NC group (P<0.05). Conversely, pretreatment with FR180204 effectively blocked OGD/R-induced RAC2 upregulation and caspase-3 activation compared with the OGD/R group (P<0.05).

Conclusion

RAC2 plays a key role in CIR-induced neuronal apoptosis by modulating the Bcl-2/Bax balance and PARP-1 cleavage through the ERK signaling pathway.

oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation  /  RAC2  /  neurons  /  apoptosis
陈锡贤, 马瑞, 王丽娟, 石晓静, 孙海峰, 靳凯辉, 金纹芝. RAC2通过调控Bcl-2/Bax平衡与PARP-1/caspase-3通路促进脑缺血再灌注神经元凋亡. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (5) : 563 -571 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512131
Xixian CHEN, Rui MA, Lijuan WANG, Xiaojing SHI, Haifeng SUN, Kaihui JIN, Wenzhi JIN. RAC2 promotes neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by regulating the Bcl-2/Bax balance and PARP-1/caspase-3 pathway[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (5) : 563 -571 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512131
脑血管疾病是全球致残和致死率最高的疾病之一,其中缺血性脑卒中占比较高[1-2]。临床治疗中,静脉溶栓、机械取栓等再灌流手段虽能恢复缺血脑组织血流[3],但可能诱发更严重的二次损伤,即脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, CIRI)[4]。神经元细胞对缺血缺氧极为敏感,缺血时能量代谢障碍、离子稳态失衡,再灌注后则会进一步触发氧化应激、炎症反应及线粒体功能障碍等一系列级联反应,最终启动细胞凋亡程序[5]。而神经元细胞凋亡是CIRI导致神经功能不可逆损伤的核心病理环节[6]。如何抑制再灌注过程中的神经元凋亡成为改善缺血性脑卒中患者预后的关键科学问题。
Ras相关的C3肉毒杆菌毒素底物2(Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2,RAC2)作为Rho家族小分子GTP酶的重要成员,主要表达于造血系统与神经系统,通过调控细胞骨架重构、氧化应激反应及信号通路转导参与细胞存活与凋亡过程[7-8]。然而,RAC2在神经系统缺血再灌注损伤中的作用尚不明确。在体外研究中,氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, OGD/R)模型被广泛用于模拟体内脑缺血再灌注环境,是研究神经元损伤机制的经典工具[9]。该模型能成功诱导神经元产生与体内CIRI相似的凋亡特征[10],因此,为在细胞水平深入解析RAC2在CIRI中的调控作用提供了理想的研究体系。
目前,关于RAC2是否通过调控氧化应激、线粒体功能或特定凋亡信号通路来影响OGD/R诱导的神经元凋亡,进而参与CIRI的进程,尚缺乏明确证据。因此,本研究拟以神经元OGD/R模型为基础,通过调控RAC2的表达水平,探究其对神经元凋亡的效应与分子机制,以期为CIRI的靶向治疗提供新的理论依据和潜在干预靶点。
HT22细胞、DMEM培养基、胎牛血清(武汉普诺赛生物科技有限公司),CCK-8试剂盒(尚宝生物公司),RNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司],反转录试剂盒(北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司),荧光定量PCR试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物技术股份有限公司),EdU溶液、4%多聚甲醛固定液[翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司],Triton X-100通透剂(上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司),Click反应工作液、DAPI染液[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司],AnnexinV-FITC/PI凋亡检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司),慢病毒载体[汉恒生物科技(上海)有限公司],RIPA裂解缓冲液(Merck公司),BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司),B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 assoicated X protein, Bax)、裂解的多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶-1(cleaved PARP-1)、裂解的半胱天冬酶-3(cleaved caspase-3)、RAC2、β-微管蛋白(β-Tubulin)、细胞外信号调节激酶(Extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)、磷酸化ERK(phosphorylated ERK,p-ERK)(正能生物公司),ERK抑制剂FR180204(上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司),厌氧产气袋350 mL(日本三菱瓦斯化学株式会社),酶标仪(北京普天新桥技术有限公司),二氧化碳培养箱(太仓艺斯医疗器械科技有限公司),荧光显微镜(宁波永新光学股份有限公司)。
该研究已通过宁夏医科大学总医院科学科研伦理审查委员会批准(KYLL-2022-0704)。小鼠海马神经元细胞株HT22在37 ℃,5%CO₂的无菌培养箱中培养,每3天换1次培养基。HT22采用含10%胎牛血清的高糖DMEM培养基培养。待细胞生长至对数生长期时进行相关实验。
正常对照(normal control,NC)组:细胞全程使用含正常糖浓度的完全培养基,于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中常规培养,不进行任何OGD/R或抑制剂处理。
OGD/R组:待细胞贴壁后,弃原培养基,用无糖DMEM洗涤2~3次。加入无糖DMEM培养基,将培养板置于厌氧产气袋中密封。在37 ℃、5%CO₂条件下进行OGD培养8 h。弃去无糖培养基,更换为正常的完全培养基。于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中继续复氧培养24 h。
FR180204组:在细胞常规培养过程中,向培养基中加入终浓度为10 μmol/L的FR180204。培养条件与NC组相同,以观察FR180204单独处理对细胞的影响。
FR180204+OGD/R组:细胞接种贴壁后,先向培养基中加入终浓度为10 μmol/L的FR180204进行预处理,持续培养48 h。预处理结束后,按上述“OGD/R组”的相同步骤进行氧糖剥夺8 h及复氧培养24 h。
海马神经元细胞HT22以每孔3 000个细胞的密度接种到96孔板,根据实验要求进行处理。每孔加入10 μL CCK-8试剂,37 ℃孵育2 h,450 nm波长处测量吸光度[D(450)]值。细胞存活率:细胞存活率(%)=[D(450)实验组-D(450)空白组]/[D(450)对照组-D(450)空白组]×100%。其中空白组是只加培养基和CCK-8试剂、无细胞的孔。
总RNA提取:使用天根生化科技(北京)有限公司的RNA提取试剂盒裂解HT22细胞,严格按照说明书步骤操作,包括氯仿分层、异丙醇沉淀及75%乙醇洗涤。最后用无RNase水溶解RNA,使用微量分光光度计测定其浓度与纯度[要求D(260)/D(280)比值介于1.8~2.0]。
cDNA合成:取1 μg总RNA,使用北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司的反转录试剂盒,按照说明书配制20 μL反转录反应体系。在PCR仪上于42 ℃反应15 min进行反转录,随后85 ℃加热5 s以失活反转录酶。
qPCR扩增:将逆转录产物稀释后作为模板,使用南京诺唯赞生物技术股份有限公司的荧光定量PCR试剂盒,于实时荧光定量PCR仪上进行扩增。反应体系为20 μL,反应程序设置为:95 ℃预变性30 s;随后进行40个循环的95 ℃ 10 s、60 ℃ 30 s(退火/延伸);最后进行熔解曲线分析。每个样品设置3个技术重复。
数据分析:反应结束后,采用2⁻ΔΔCt法计算目的基因(如RAC2)的相对表达量,以GAPDH(或β-actin)作为内参基因进行标准化。
不同处理组细胞中加入EdU溶液, 37 ℃、5%CO₂孵育2 h,弃培养基,PBS洗涤3次。后续依次利用4%多聚甲醛、0.5%Triton X-100、Click反应工作液、DAPI染液,进行固定、通透、反应以及染色工作。用荧光显微镜在相应的荧光通道下,分别观察EdU阳性细胞(发出绿色荧光的细胞,代表增殖细胞)和DAPI染色的细胞核(蓝色荧光),拍照记录。EdU阳性细胞率(%)=(EdU阳性细胞数/DAPI阳性细胞总数)×100%。
收集各处理组细胞悬液至离心管中,1 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清。PBS 洗涤3次,1 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清。根据Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡检测试剂盒说明书,加入适量Annexin V-FITC和PI染色液,轻轻混匀,室温避光孵育15~20 min。加入适量结合缓冲液,轻轻混匀后,转移至流式管中,用流式细胞仪检测,获取细胞凋亡数据。
OGD/R:sh-NC组:按照病毒转染试剂说明书,将适量的阴性对照慢病毒载体(sh-NC)与Lipofectamine 3000按1∶2混合后,加入细胞孔中,轻轻混匀,于培养箱继续培养。
OGD/R:sh-RAC2组:将适量的RAC2基因沉默慢病毒载体(sh-RAC2)与Lipofectamine 3000按1∶2混合,加入到细胞孔中,轻轻混匀,于培养箱继续培养。
转染6 h,更换新鲜的培养基,以减少转染试剂对细胞的毒性作用。同时设置NC组不进行病毒转染操作。转染后48 h,向培养板中加入含有适量嘌呤霉素的筛选培养基。继续培养细胞,每隔2~3 d更换1次筛选培养基,持续筛选5~7 d,直至未转染的细胞全部死亡,获得稳定转染的阳性细胞群体。靶核苷酸序列如下:RAC2-shRNA,5'-GGACGACAAGGACACCATCG-AGAAA-3';NC-shRNA,5'-CCTAAGGTTAAGTCGCC-CTCG-3'。
使用含蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解缓冲液提取蛋白质样本。利用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒说明书进行蛋白浓度的测定及定量。煮沸10 min使蛋白变性,取适量蛋白进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳、转膜、封闭。并进行一、二抗以及化学发光底物溶液的孵育。利用化学发光成像系统检测并拍照记录蛋白条带,进行灰度分析。
采用SPSS 26.0 及GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料以x¯±s表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用t检验。流式细胞术数据用FlowJo V10分析,Western blot数据用Image J分析。当P<0.05时表示差异有统计学意义。
CCK-8结果显示,与NC组相比,OGD/R组的细胞数量显著降低(P<0.05,图1A)。EdU/DAPI染色结果显示,NC组中可见大量EdU阳性细胞,提示细胞增殖活跃,而OGD/R组中EdU阳性细胞数量显著减少,表明细胞增殖受到明显抑制;DAPI染色显示2组细胞核分布均匀,染色效果稳定,可作为细胞总数的参照(图1B)。
流式细胞结果显示,NC组中,活细胞主要分布于Q4象限(87.8%);Q2象限晚期凋亡细胞占比为7.88%,Q1象限坏死细胞占比为0.41%,Q3象限早期凋亡细胞占比为3.91%。相比之下,OGD/R组中Q2象限晚期凋亡细胞和Q3象限早期凋亡细胞比例分别增加至14.7%和13.8%,Q1象限坏死细胞占比上升至1.84%,而Q4象限活细胞比例下降至69.6%。结果表明,OGD/R处理显著诱导了细胞凋亡和坏死的增加。
Western blot结果显示,与NC组相比,OGD/R组中Bax的表达显著上调(P<0.05),而Bcl-2的表达下调(P<0.05)。同时,cleaved PARP-1和cleaved caspase-3的表达水平在OGD/R组中均明显高于NC组(P<0.05)。结果表明,OGD/R处理可能通过调控Bax/Bcl-2比例,激活caspase-3依赖的凋亡通路,从而促进细胞凋亡进程。
qRT-PCR结果显示,与NC相比,OGD/R组中RAC2的mRNA表达量显著上调(P<0.05,图3A)。Western blot结果显示,OGD/R组中RAC2蛋白的表达量显著高于NC组(P<0.05,图3B)。结果表明,OGD/R处理不仅能够上调RAC2的mRNA表达,还能促进其蛋白水平的表达。
为明确RAC2在OGD/R诱导细胞凋亡中的作用,利用sh-RAC2敲低RAC2的表达。结果显示,相较于OGD/R:sh-NC组,OGD/R:sh-RAC2组的RAC2蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),表明在OGD/R处理条件下,RAC2特异性shRNA有效敲低了RAC2的表达。相较于OGD/R:sh-NC组,OGD/R:sh-RAC2组的抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),促凋亡蛋白Bax和cleaved PARP-1的表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),细胞数量增加,增殖能力增强。结果表明,OGD/R处理后,RAC2敲低可部分恢复Bcl-2的表达,同时显著抑制Bax和cleaved PARP-1的表达,从而缓解OGD/R诱导的细胞凋亡。见图4。
相较于NC组,OGD/R组的p-ERK/ERK比值、RAC2及cleaved caspase-3显著升高(P<0.05),表明OGD/R处理可同时激活ERK信号通路、上调RAC2表达并诱导caspase-3的切割。在FR180204组中,p-ERK、RAC2和cleaved caspase-3的表达水平与NC组无显著差异(P>0.05)。在FR180204+OGD/R组中,p-ERK、RAC2及cleaved caspase-3的表达水平较OGD/R组显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,ERK信号通路的抑制可有效阻断OGD/R诱导的RAC2表达上调和caspase-3激活,提示ERK可能通过调控RAC2介导caspase-3依赖的凋亡进程。见图5。
脑卒中是全球致死性疾病的主要类型之一,CIRI是加剧神经细胞死亡的关键病理环节[11]。在缺血性脑卒中病程中,缺血再灌注可通过局部炎症反应和过量活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)爆发引发继发性脑损伤,进而诱导神经元凋亡、坏死及自噬等病理进程[12-13]。RAC2作为Ras相关鸟苷三磷酸酶(guanosine triphosphatase, GTPase),可通过激活NADPH氧化酶复合体驱动ROS生成,加剧氧化应激损伤和线粒体功能障碍,而ROS的积累可激活线粒体依赖性凋亡通路[14,8]。然而,RAC2在CIRI模型中调控神经元细胞凋亡的分子机制尚未阐明。本研究探讨了RAC2在HT-22海马神经元OGD/R模型中的促凋亡作用及分子机制,并揭示ERK/RAC2/caspase-3这一新的信号通路,为缺血性脑卒中的神经保护策略提供潜在新靶点。
此研究中,OGD/R处理可显著抑制HT-22细胞增殖并诱导凋亡,与既往研究结论一致。例如,OGD/R 处理后神经元细胞存活率随着处理时间延长而降低[15-16];在HT-22与PC12细胞中观察到OGD/R诱导的细胞活力下降及凋亡率升高[17-18]。上述证据提示,OGD/R可能通过多重互作机制(如氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、DNA损伤等)触发神经元细胞死亡程序,其中线粒体依赖性凋亡通路可能起主导作用。
为阐明凋亡机制,本研究检测线粒体依赖性凋亡通路的关键分子,发现OGD/R可显著上调RAC2在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达。进一步通过敲低RAC2实验发现,促凋亡蛋白Bax和cleaved PARP-1的表达被抑制,而抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达部分恢复,表明RAC2在OGD/R模型中通过调控Bcl-2/Bax平衡及PARP-1切割,发挥促凋亡作用。结合RAC2调控NADPH氧化酶/ROS轴的已知功能[8],推测其作用机制为:RAC2通过增强氧化应激,影响Bcl-2家族蛋白平衡,最终促进线粒体凋亡通路的激活。Bcl-2/Bax比例失衡是线粒体膜电位崩溃的核心驱动力,可促使线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore, mPTP)开放、细胞色素C释放,进而激活caspase级联反应,引发细胞凋亡[19-20]。该结果与青光眼缺血再灌注模型及神经元OGD/R模型中的发现一致[21-22]。提示此机制在缺血性卒中模型中具有普适性。也进一步证实线粒体凋亡通路可作为OGD/R损伤的关键治疗靶点。
ERK是丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)信号通路的核心成员,参与调控细胞增殖、分化、存活及凋亡等关键生物学过程[23]。本研究发现,ERK可能通过调控其下游新型效应分子RAC2,进而激活下游凋亡执行蛋白,提示RAC2或为ERK的新型下游靶点。本研究提出RAC2或为ERK的新型下游靶点,这一发现不仅拓展了ERK信号通路的调控网络,也为理解其在细胞凋亡中的复杂作用提供了新视角。这一发现与肾脏和脑缺血再灌注模型中ERK的促凋亡作用一致[24-25]。例如,在肾脏缺血再灌注模型的研究中,替利安宁可通过抑制ERK通路的激活,下调早期生长反应因子1(early growth response factor 1, EGR1)表达,调控线粒体依赖性凋亡通路相关基因表达,减少细胞凋亡[24];在小鼠CIRI模型中观察到,ERK通路激活后,细胞凋亡及cleaved caspase-3表达增加[25]。在心肌缺血再灌注模型中发现,转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1)通过抑制ERK信号通路,抑制心肌细胞生长,促进了细胞凋亡[26]。这与本研究中的ERK促凋亡结果相反。本研究通过揭示RAC2这一新靶点,为解释ERK在不同病理背景下的双重作用提供了潜在机制,揭示细胞类型或病理背景差异可能导致ERK信号通路的复杂调控。这一发现不仅深化了对ERK促凋亡机制的理解,也为相关疾病的靶向治疗提供了新的理论依据。
综上所述,本研究揭示了OGD/R激活ERK/RAC2/caspase-3信号通路进而诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制。其中RAC2作为关键调控因子,通过调节Bcl-2/Bax平衡及促进PARP-1切割,最终执行凋亡程序。本研究系统阐明了RAC2在神经元OGD/R损伤中的促凋亡作用,并揭示了ERK/RAC2这一新的信号轴。这一发现不仅丰富了CIRI的分子调控网络,更重要的是,将RAC2确立为一个潜在的神经保护治疗靶点,为开发针对缺血性脑卒中的新策略提供了重要的理论依据和实验基础。

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2026年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512131
  • 接收时间:2025-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-22
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    1宁夏医科大学总医院:神经电生理科,宁夏 银川
    2宁夏医科大学总医院:神经内科,宁夏 银川
    3宁夏医科大学总医院:手足踝外科,宁夏 银川

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