Article(id=1320435795660493199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764086400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-26, revisedDate=1766419200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792746026196, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746026196, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746026196, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746026196, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435745685360670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='251', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746014281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749703323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=378, endPage=386, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435795857625488, articleId=1320435795660493199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Revealing negative rumination as a core target for improving executive function impairment in depressed college students: A mediation analysis based on the dual rumination model, columnId=1320435226828980311, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Medical Psychology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the mediating roles of positive and negative rumination in the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function and its subdomains (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) among college students.

Methods

During September and October 2024, an electronic questionnaire was distributed using convenience sampling through the “Wenjuanxing” platform to universities in 30 provinces and municipalities across China, such as Chongqing and Sichuan.A total of 699 college students were surveyed online using patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), positive and negative rumination scale (PANRS), and behavior rating inventory of executive function-adult version (BRIEF-A). The participants were divided into depressive symptom group (n=466, 66.67%) and a non-depressive symptom group (n=233, 33.33%) based on PHQ-9 score. Differences in scores between the 2 groups were compared, and the relationships between variables as well as the mediating effects were analyzed.

Results

① Scores of negative rumination were significantly higher in the depressive symptom group than in the non-depressive symptom group [(30.27±4.93) vs (26.42±3.81), t=-10.451,P<0.001], while executive function and its subdomains, as well as positive rumination, were significantly lower (r=0.394,P<0.01). ② Depressive symptoms showed a significant positive correlation with negative rumination and a significant negative correlation with executive function and its subdomains (P<0.01), but no significant correlation with positive rumination (P>0.05).③ Negative rumination exhibited a mediating effect in the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function, accounting for 10.85% of the total effect, whereas positive rumination served as a positive predictor of executive function (β=0.086, P<0.05).④ The mediating effect of negative rumination between depressive symptoms and executive function subdomains demonstrated domain specificity, reaching statistical significance only for inhibitory control and working memory, with indirect effect ratios of 8.11% and 16.94% respectively, but not for cognitive flexibility. No significant mediating effect was observed for positive rumination.

Conclusion

Negative rumination plays a partial mediating role between depressive symptoms and executive function (particularly in inhibitory control and working memory) among college students, and it can be regarded as a core modifiable target for interventions to improve executive dysfunction in depressed college students.

, authors=Xiaodi HAN1, Qiongzhi ZHANG1, Yanan HAN1, Heqing HUANG2, Zhengzhi FENG1, 2, authorsList=Xiaodi HAN, Qiongzhi ZHANG, Yanan HAN, Heqing HUANG, Zhengzhi FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Heqing HUANG, Zhengzhi FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435796692291987, articleId=1320435795660493199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=揭示消极反刍思维是改善抑郁大学生执行功能损害的核心靶点:基于双重反刍思维模型的中介分析, columnId=1320435226988363865, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·医学心理研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨积极和消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能及其子成分(抑制控制、工作记忆、认知灵活性)关系中的中介作用。

方法

于2024年9—10月期间,采用方便抽样法,通过问卷星平台向重庆、四川等全国30个省(市)高校发放电子问卷。采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表 (patient health questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)、积极和消极反刍思维量表 (positive and negative rumination scale,PANRS)及执行功能行为评定量表成人版(behavior rating inventory of executive function-adult version,BRIEF-A)对699名大学生进行线上调查,依据PHQ-9评分标准将大学生划分为抑郁症状组(n=466,66.67%)和非抑郁症状组(n=233,33.33%)。比较2组大学生在各量表得分上的差异,并分析各变量间的关系及中介效应。

结果

①抑郁症状组消极反刍思维得分显著高于非抑郁症状组[(30.27±4.93) vs (26.42±3.81), t=-10.451,P<0.001],执行功能及其子成分、积极反刍思维得分显著低于非抑郁症状组(P<0.001);②抑郁症状与消极反刍思维呈显著正相关(r=0.394,P<0.01),与执行功能及其子成分呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与积极反刍思维无显著关联(P>0.05)。③消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能关系中起到中介作用,中介效应占比为10.85%,积极反刍思维正向预测执行功能(β=0.086, P<0.05)。④消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能子成分关系中的中介作用具有特异性(仅对抑制控制和工作记忆显著,间接效应占比分别为8.11%和16.94%);积极反刍思维未表现出显著的中介作用。

结论

消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能(尤其是抑制控制和工作记忆)之间起部分中介作用,是改善抑郁大学生执行功能受损的核心干预靶点。

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黄河清,E-mail:
冯正直,E-mail:
HUANG Heqing,E-mail:
FENG Zhengzhi,E-mail:
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Chin Ment Health J, 2021, 35(9): 770-774., articleTitle=Effects of emotional working memory training on depressive symptoms and rumination in college students, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320435806343385586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, doi=10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2020.05.003, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=28, issue=5, pageStart=648, pageEnd=651, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=39, authorNames=杨晨虹, 杨宏飞, journalName=中国健康心理学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨晨虹, 杨宏飞. 抑郁症患者的积极反刍思维训练效果[J]. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2020, 28(5): 648-651., articleTitle=抑郁症患者的积极反刍思维训练效果, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320435806444048883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, doi=10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2020.05.003, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=28, issue=5, pageStart=648, pageEnd=651, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=40, authorNames=YANG C H, YANG H F, journalName=China J Health Psychol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG C H, YANG H F. Effect of positive rumination training for patients of depression[J]. China J Health Psychol, 2020, 28(5): 648-651., articleTitle=Effect of positive rumination training for patients of depression, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320435796952338836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435796964921749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, companyId=1320435796952338836, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Faculty of Medical Psychology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435796973310358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, companyId=1320435796952338836, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):医学心理系,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435797057196439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435797065585048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, companyId=1320435797057196439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Medical Psychology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435797078167961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, companyId=1320435797057196439, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):第一附属医院医学心理科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320435800630743485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Path diagram with standardized coefficients for the mediating effects of positive and negative rumination between depressive symptoms and executive function among college students, figureFileSmall=85d8tRand3uQCyB9dx+R7Q==, figureFileBig=8La3lcO6oj4PRiDj7ozPiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435800714629566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=CN, label=图1, caption=积极与消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能之间的中介路径图

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=85d8tRand3uQCyB9dx+R7Q==, figureFileBig=8La3lcO6oj4PRiDj7ozPiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435800932733375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of scores for executive function, positive and negative rumination between college students in the depressive symptom group and non-depressive symptom group (x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablesDepressive symptom group(n=466)Non-depressive symptom group(n=233)tP
Executive function153.01±23.37191.78±18.3222.150<0.001
Inhibitory control16.39±2.4620.19±1.9020.718<0.001
Working memory18.53±3.2723.01±2.4618.458<0.001
Cognitive flexibility13.99±2.6517.68±2.3917.911<0.001
Positive rumination26.35±3.7827.46±3.683.678<0.001
Negative rumination30.27±4.9326.42±3.81-10.451<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801020813760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

抑郁症状和非抑郁症状大学生执行功能、积极和消极反刍思维得分比较 (x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablesDepressive symptom group(n=466)Non-depressive symptom group(n=233)tP
Executive function153.01±23.37191.78±18.3222.150<0.001
Inhibitory control16.39±2.4620.19±1.9020.718<0.001
Working memory18.53±3.2723.01±2.4618.458<0.001
Cognitive flexibility13.99±2.6517.68±2.3917.911<0.001
Positive rumination26.35±3.7827.46±3.683.678<0.001
Negative rumination30.27±4.9326.42±3.81-10.451<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801087922625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation analysis of depressive symptoms, executive function, and rumination scores in college students

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablesDepressive symptomsNegative ruminationPositive ruminationExecutive functionInhibitory controlCognitive flexibilityWorking memoryAge
Depressive symptoms1
Negative rumination0.394b1
Positive rumination0.0000.188b1
Executive function-0.660b-0.394b0.0501
Inhibitory control-0.547b-0.284b0.093a0.794b1
Cognitive flexibility-0.543b-0.246b0.092a0.811b0.632b1
Working memory-0.584b-0.429b0.0070.872b0.657b0.639b1
Age-0.0210.075-0.0020.094a0.105a0.0500.103a1
a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801159225794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大学生抑郁症状与执行功能、反刍思维得分的相关分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablesDepressive symptomsNegative ruminationPositive ruminationExecutive functionInhibitory controlCognitive flexibilityWorking memoryAge
Depressive symptoms1
Negative rumination0.394b1
Positive rumination0.0000.188b1
Executive function-0.660b-0.394b0.0501
Inhibitory control-0.547b-0.284b0.093a0.794b1
Cognitive flexibility-0.543b-0.246b0.092a0.811b0.632b1
Working memory-0.584b-0.429b0.0070.872b0.657b0.639b1
Age-0.0210.075-0.0020.094a0.105a0.0500.103a1
a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801247306179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mediation path analysis of positive and negative rumination in the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function among college students

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathsβtR2F
Depressive symptoms → Executive function-0.584b-15.6660.470b81.127
Depressive symptoms → Negative rumination0.378b8.7570.163b29.926
Negative rumination → Executive function-0.186b-4.905--
Depressive symptoms → Positive rumination-0.010-0.2070.0020.336
Positive rumination → Executive function0.086a2.477--
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801318609348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

积极和消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能间的中介路径分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathsβtR2F
Depressive symptoms → Executive function-0.584b-15.6660.470b81.127
Depressive symptoms → Negative rumination0.378b8.7570.163b29.926
Negative rumination → Executive function-0.186b-4.905--
Depressive symptoms → Positive rumination-0.010-0.2070.0020.336
Positive rumination → Executive function0.086a2.477--
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801402495429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mediating effect analysis of positive and negative rumination on the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function scores in college students

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemEffect (B)SE95%CIEffect ratio/%
Direct effect-3.543b0.226-3.987~-3.09989.15
Total indirect effect-0.431a0.122-0.707~-0.22910.85
Indirect effect of positive rumination-0.0050.036-0.090~0.0630.13
Indirect effect of negative rumination-0.426a0.128-0.714~-0.21310.72
Difference (Positive-Negative)0.421a0.1420.170~0.733-
a:P<0.05,b:P<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801498964422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

积极和消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能间的中介效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemEffect (B)SE95%CIEffect ratio/%
Direct effect-3.543b0.226-3.987~-3.09989.15
Total indirect effect-0.431a0.122-0.707~-0.22910.85
Indirect effect of positive rumination-0.0050.036-0.090~0.0630.13
Indirect effect of negative rumination-0.426a0.128-0.714~-0.21310.72
Difference (Positive-Negative)0.421a0.1420.170~0.733-
a:P<0.05,b:P<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801566073287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mediating role of positive and negative rumination in the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function subdomains among college students

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelsPathsβtR2F
Inhibitory controlPositive rumination → Inhibitory control0.117a2.9690.324b43.864
Negative rumination → Inhibitory control-0.117a-2.721--
Depressive symptoms → Inhibitory control-0.498b-11.824--
Cognitive flexibilityPositive rumination → Cognitive flexibility0.106a2.6590.552b40.085
Negative rumination → Cognitive flexibility-0.063-1.447--
Depressive symptoms → Cognitive flexibility-0.512b-11.985--
Working memoryPositive rumination → Working memory0.0561.5250.405b62.361
Negative rumination → Working memory-0.255b-6.328--
Depressive symptoms → Working memory-0.471b-11.918--
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801649959368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

积极和消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能子成分间的中介路径分析

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ModelsPathsβtR2F
Inhibitory controlPositive rumination → Inhibitory control0.117a2.9690.324b43.864
Negative rumination → Inhibitory control-0.117a-2.721--
Depressive symptoms → Inhibitory control-0.498b-11.824--
Cognitive flexibilityPositive rumination → Cognitive flexibility0.106a2.6590.552b40.085
Negative rumination → Cognitive flexibility-0.063-1.447--
Depressive symptoms → Cognitive flexibility-0.512b-11.985--
Working memoryPositive rumination → Working memory0.0561.5250.405b62.361
Negative rumination → Working memory-0.255b-6.328--
Depressive symptoms → Working memory-0.471b-11.918--
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801721262537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mediating effect analysis of positive and negative rumination on the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function subdomains in college students

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ItemsEffect (B)SE95%CIEffect ratio/%
Inhibitory control
Direct effect-0.318b0.027-0.371~-0.26591.69
Total indirect effect-0.029a0.013-0.056~-0.0078.31
Indirect effect of positive rumination-0.0010.005-0.012~0.0080.20
Indirect effect of negative rumination-0.028a0.013-0.055~-0.0068.11
Cognitive flexibility
Direct effect-0.353b0.029-0.410~-0.29595.40
Total indirect effect-0.0170.014-0.046~0.0104.60
Indirect effect of positive rumination-0.0010.004-0.010~0.0060.19
Indirect effect of negative rumination-0.0160.012-0.043~0.0054.41
Working memory
Direct effect-0.400b0.034-0.466~-0.33482.96
Total indirect effect-0.082b0.016-0.114~-0.05317.04
Indirect effect of positive rumination-0.0010.003-0.006~0.0040.10
Indirect effect of negative rumination-0.082b0.016-0.113~-0.05316.94
a:P<0.05,b:P<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320435801817731530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435795660493199, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

积极和消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能子成分间的中介效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsEffect (B)SE95%CIEffect ratio/%
Inhibitory control
Direct effect-0.318b0.027-0.371~-0.26591.69
Total indirect effect-0.029a0.013-0.056~-0.0078.31
Indirect effect of positive rumination-0.0010.005-0.012~0.0080.20
Indirect effect of negative rumination-0.028a0.013-0.055~-0.0068.11
Cognitive flexibility
Direct effect-0.353b0.029-0.410~-0.29595.40
Total indirect effect-0.0170.014-0.046~0.0104.60
Indirect effect of positive rumination-0.0010.004-0.010~0.0060.19
Indirect effect of negative rumination-0.0160.012-0.043~0.0054.41
Working memory
Direct effect-0.400b0.034-0.466~-0.33482.96
Total indirect effect-0.082b0.016-0.114~-0.05317.04
Indirect effect of positive rumination-0.0010.003-0.006~0.0040.10
Indirect effect of negative rumination-0.082b0.016-0.113~-0.05316.94
a:P<0.05,b:P<0.001
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揭示消极反刍思维是改善抑郁大学生执行功能损害的核心靶点:基于双重反刍思维模型的中介分析
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韩晓迪 1 , 张琼之 1 , 韩亚楠 1 , 黄河清 2 , 冯正直 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·医学心理研究 2026,48(3): 378-386
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·医学心理研究 2026 , 48 (3) : 378 -386
揭示消极反刍思维是改善抑郁大学生执行功能损害的核心靶点:基于双重反刍思维模型的中介分析
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韩晓迪1, 张琼之1, 韩亚楠1, 黄河清2 , 冯正直1, 2
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):医学心理系,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):第一附属医院医学心理科,重庆
通讯作者:
黄河清,E-mail:
冯正直,E-mail:
HUANG Heqing,E-mail:
FENG Zhengzhi,E-mail:
Revealing negative rumination as a core target for improving executive function impairment in depressed college students: A mediation analysis based on the dual rumination model
Xiaodi HAN1, Qiongzhi ZHANG1, Yanan HAN1, Heqing HUANG2 , Zhengzhi FENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Faculty of Medical Psychology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
  • 2Department of Medical Psychology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511115
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目的

探讨积极和消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能及其子成分(抑制控制、工作记忆、认知灵活性)关系中的中介作用。

方法

于2024年9—10月期间,采用方便抽样法,通过问卷星平台向重庆、四川等全国30个省(市)高校发放电子问卷。采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表 (patient health questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)、积极和消极反刍思维量表 (positive and negative rumination scale,PANRS)及执行功能行为评定量表成人版(behavior rating inventory of executive function-adult version,BRIEF-A)对699名大学生进行线上调查,依据PHQ-9评分标准将大学生划分为抑郁症状组(n=466,66.67%)和非抑郁症状组(n=233,33.33%)。比较2组大学生在各量表得分上的差异,并分析各变量间的关系及中介效应。

结果

①抑郁症状组消极反刍思维得分显著高于非抑郁症状组[(30.27±4.93) vs (26.42±3.81), t=-10.451,P<0.001],执行功能及其子成分、积极反刍思维得分显著低于非抑郁症状组(P<0.001);②抑郁症状与消极反刍思维呈显著正相关(r=0.394,P<0.01),与执行功能及其子成分呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与积极反刍思维无显著关联(P>0.05)。③消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能关系中起到中介作用,中介效应占比为10.85%,积极反刍思维正向预测执行功能(β=0.086, P<0.05)。④消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能子成分关系中的中介作用具有特异性(仅对抑制控制和工作记忆显著,间接效应占比分别为8.11%和16.94%);积极反刍思维未表现出显著的中介作用。

结论

消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能(尤其是抑制控制和工作记忆)之间起部分中介作用,是改善抑郁大学生执行功能受损的核心干预靶点。

大学生  /  抑郁  /  执行功能  /  反刍思维
Objective

To explore the mediating roles of positive and negative rumination in the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function and its subdomains (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) among college students.

Methods

During September and October 2024, an electronic questionnaire was distributed using convenience sampling through the “Wenjuanxing” platform to universities in 30 provinces and municipalities across China, such as Chongqing and Sichuan.A total of 699 college students were surveyed online using patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), positive and negative rumination scale (PANRS), and behavior rating inventory of executive function-adult version (BRIEF-A). The participants were divided into depressive symptom group (n=466, 66.67%) and a non-depressive symptom group (n=233, 33.33%) based on PHQ-9 score. Differences in scores between the 2 groups were compared, and the relationships between variables as well as the mediating effects were analyzed.

Results

① Scores of negative rumination were significantly higher in the depressive symptom group than in the non-depressive symptom group [(30.27±4.93) vs (26.42±3.81), t=-10.451,P<0.001], while executive function and its subdomains, as well as positive rumination, were significantly lower (r=0.394,P<0.01). ② Depressive symptoms showed a significant positive correlation with negative rumination and a significant negative correlation with executive function and its subdomains (P<0.01), but no significant correlation with positive rumination (P>0.05).③ Negative rumination exhibited a mediating effect in the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function, accounting for 10.85% of the total effect, whereas positive rumination served as a positive predictor of executive function (β=0.086, P<0.05).④ The mediating effect of negative rumination between depressive symptoms and executive function subdomains demonstrated domain specificity, reaching statistical significance only for inhibitory control and working memory, with indirect effect ratios of 8.11% and 16.94% respectively, but not for cognitive flexibility. No significant mediating effect was observed for positive rumination.

Conclusion

Negative rumination plays a partial mediating role between depressive symptoms and executive function (particularly in inhibitory control and working memory) among college students, and it can be regarded as a core modifiable target for interventions to improve executive dysfunction in depressed college students.

college students  /  depression  /  executive function  /  rumination
韩晓迪, 张琼之, 韩亚楠, 黄河清, 冯正直. 揭示消极反刍思维是改善抑郁大学生执行功能损害的核心靶点:基于双重反刍思维模型的中介分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (3) : 378 -386 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511115
Xiaodi HAN, Qiongzhi ZHANG, Yanan HAN, Heqing HUANG, Zhengzhi FENG. Revealing negative rumination as a core target for improving executive function impairment in depressed college students: A mediation analysis based on the dual rumination model[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (3) : 378 -386 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511115
抑郁症的基本特征是积极情感的丧失,表现出对日常活动失去兴趣,注意力不集中,情绪低落等[1]。《中国国民心理健康发展报告2023—2024》显示,抑郁症在18~24岁大学生群体中达到峰值[2]。研究表明,抑郁症患者表现出执行功能受损和反刍思维增加[3-4]。对于大学生而言,执行功能损害和反刍思维增加严重影响其学习效率、决策能力与情绪管理能力[5]。抑郁症状作为抑郁的亚健康表征,是抑郁症的重要前驱症状[6],会引起执行功能受损进而加重抑郁症状形成恶性循环。因此,探讨积极和消极反刍思维在大学生抑郁症状与执行功能之间的中介作用,对大学生抑郁症的早期干预具有重要理论意义和应用价值。
已有研究表明,抑郁症与执行功能损伤存在密切关联[7]。执行功能是认知控制的核心,是指个体在信息加工过程中,通过调配资源自上而下地对相关信息进行储存、计划和操控的过程[8]。其核心子成分包括抑制控制(抑制无关刺激及优势反应)、工作记忆(监控与刷新信息)及认知灵活性/定势转换(在不同任务或思维集间灵活切换)[8]。抑郁症患者普遍表现出抑制控制功能减弱,导致其难以抑制负性信息的干扰,从而易使患者陷入反复的消极思维循环中[9];工作记忆更新能力下降,使其在信息处理与刷新效率上受损,影响问题解决能力[10];认知灵活性降低则导致思维固着,使其难以从消极情境中脱离[11]。这些研究结果是在对抑郁症患者研究中发现的,抑郁症状大学生是否也存在执行功能受损,其子成分受损是否具有差异性,相关研究鲜有报道。
研究发现,抑郁症患者反刍思维与执行功能受损相互影响[12]。反刍思维分为积极反刍思维与消极反刍思维[13] 。积极反刍思维是指个体在积极或消极情绪下,以享受快乐和积极应对等方式进行的适应性认知过程;而消极反刍思维则表现为在积极或消极情绪下,以抑制快乐、自我否定和消极归因等方式进行的非适应性认知过程。大多数研究集中于消极反刍思维在抑郁症与执行功能关系中的作用机制,对积极反刍思维的关注明显不足。积极反刍思维被界定为适应性过程,其作为一种反复、持续的内在思考模式,是否在抑郁症状大学生中始终发挥保护性作用,仍有待深入探讨。
本研究以大学生为研究对象,分析抑郁症状大学生执行功能、积极和消极反刍思维的特点,明确大学生抑郁症状与执行功能、积极和消极反刍思维的关系,在此基础上建立积极和消极反刍思维在抑郁症状与执行功能之间的中介模式和影响路径,以期为大学生抑郁的预防和干预提供针对性的执行功能、反刍思维策略依据。
本研究经中国人民解放军陆军军医大学医学伦理委员会批准(2023第7-01)。于2024年9—10月期间采用方便抽样法,通过问卷星在线平台收集数据。问卷链接通过高校学生社群、社交媒体等渠道进行发放,调查范围覆盖重庆、四川、北京、天津、江苏等30个省(市)。纳入标准:①年龄18~25岁;②在读本科生;③知情同意并自愿参与本研究。排除标准:①存在精神障碍诊断史或当前正在服用精神类药物;②有严重躯体疾病(如脑损伤、神经系统疾病等)可能影响认知功能。本研究回收问卷799份,为严格控制数据质量,基于答题时间、规律性作答模式及注意力测题结果剔除无效问卷,通过标准差法排除极端异常值,保留有效问卷699份,有效率为87.48%。年龄为(20.56±1.67)岁,其中男生351人(50.2%),女生348人(49.8%);大一187人,大二155人,大三270人,大四及以上87人。
本研究采用PHQ-9评估抑郁症状。该量表由KROENKE等[14]编制,共包含9个条目,采用Likert 4点计分(0~3分),总分为0~27分,分数越高表明抑郁症状越严重。本研究依据量表划分标准将大学生分为非抑郁症状组(0~4分,n=233,33.33%)和抑郁症状组(5~27分,n=466,66.67%)[14]。在本研究中,该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.866,信度良好。
采用YANG等[13]编制的积极和消极反刍思维量表,共23个条目,采用Likert 4点计分,1代表“从不”,2代表“有时”,3代表“经常”,4代表“总是”,分别测量积极情绪和消极情绪下的反刍思维,其中积极反刍思维量表包含享受快乐和积极应对,消极反刍思维量表包含否定自我、抑制快乐和消极归因。在本研究中,积极反刍思维与消极反刍思维维度的Cronbach’s α系数分别为0.705和0.754,总量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.754。
执行功能采用杜巧新等[15]引进的中文版BRIEF-A进行测量。该量表共包含75个条目,采用Likert 3点计分(1表示“从不”,2表示“有时”,3表示“经常”),总分越高表示执行功能受损越严重。为便于理解,本研究将所有题目反向计分,得分越高表示执行功能越好。量表包括行为管理指数(抑制、转换、情感控制、自我监控)和元认知指数(任务启动、工作记忆、计划、组织、任务监控)两方面。除执行功能总分外,本研究重点关注执行功能的3个核心子维度:选取抑制分量表评估抑制控制,工作记忆分量表评估工作记忆和转换分量表评估认知灵活性。其Cronbach’s α系数分别为0.711、0.791、0.818,总量表Cronbach’s α系数为0.973。
本研究采用SPSS 27.0进行数据分析。计数资料用例(%)表示,计量资料用x¯±s表示。组间比较采用独立样本t检验,采用Pearson相关分析检验变量相关关系,使用Harman单因子分析评估共同方法偏差,结果显示第一个公因子解释总方差29.73%(<40%),表明不存在严重共同方法偏差[16]。利用SPSS宏程序PROCESS的模型4构建平行中介模型,检验积极和消极反刍思维在抑郁症状与执行功能及其子成分间的中介作用,模型中将年龄和性别作为协变量进行控制。使用Bootstrap法进行验证,设定Bootstrap样本量为5 000,选取95%CI进行中介效应检验。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
如表1所示,抑郁症状组消极反刍思维得分显著高于非抑郁症状组(P<0.001);积极反刍思维、执行功能及其子成分(抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性)得分显著低于非抑郁症状组(P<0.001)。
如表2所示,抑郁症状与消极反刍思维呈显著正相关,与执行功能及其子成分呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与积极反刍思维无显著关联(P>0.05)。消极反刍思维与积极反刍思维呈显著正相关,与执行功能及其子成分呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。积极反刍思维仅与抑制控制、认知灵活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与执行功能及工作记忆无显著关联(P>0.05)。执行功能与各子成分之间呈现显著正相关(P<0.01)。年龄与执行功能、抑制控制、工作记忆得分均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。
独立样本t检验结果显示,性别在执行功能(t=-1.984,P=0.048)、工作记忆(t=-3.496,P<0.001)、消极反刍思维(t=2.924,P=0.004)及抑郁症状得分(t=3.138,P=0.002)上存在显著差异,提示年龄和性别需作为协变量纳入模型以控制潜在混淆效应。在加入积极反刍思维和消极反刍思维后,抑郁症状对执行功能仍具有显著的负向预测作用(P<0.001);抑郁症状对消极反刍思维具有显著的正向预测作用(P<0.001),消极反刍思维对执行功能具有显著的负向预测作用(P<0.001);抑郁症状对积极反刍思维的预测作用不显著(P>0.05);积极反刍思维对执行功能具有显著的正向预测作用(P<0.05,表3)。
对积极反刍思维和消极反刍思维在抑郁症状与执行功能之间的中介效应进行分析表明,消极反刍思维在抑郁症状对执行功能影响的间接效应为-0.426,且其Bootstrap 95%CI不包含0,表明消极反刍思维在抑郁症状与执行功能之间的中介效应显著。积极反刍思维在抑郁症状对执行功能的中介效应不显著;总间接效应占总效应的10.85%,直接效应占总效应的89.15% (表4,图1)。在并行中介模型中,即便某条路径不成立,只要其他路径仍具有统计学显著性,整体模型依然成立。因此,该模型支持消极反刍思维在抑郁症状组中发挥部分中介作用,而积极反刍思维未表现出显著中介效应。
在加入积极反刍思维和消极反刍思维后,抑郁症状对执行功能3个子成分仍具有显著的负向预测作用(P<0.001);消极反刍思维对抑制控制(P<0.01)、工作记忆(P<0.001)具有显著负向预测作用,对认知灵活性无显著预测作用(P>0.05);积极反刍思维对抑制控制、认知灵活性具有显著正向预测作用(P<0.01),对工作记忆无显著预测作用(P>0.05,表5)。
对积极反刍思维和消极反刍思维在抑郁症状与执行功能子成分之间的中介效应进行分析表明,消极反刍思维在抑郁症状对抑制控制、工作记忆影响中的间接效应分别为-0.028,-0.082,间接效应占比分别为8.11%和16.94%,且其Bootstrap 95%CI不包含0,表明消极反刍思维在抑郁症状与抑制控制、工作记忆之间的中介效应显著。积极反刍思维在抑郁症状对执行功能子成分之间的中介效应不显著,见表6。
本研究发现,抑郁症状组大学生在执行功能总分及其3个子成分上的表现均显著差于非抑郁症状组,同时表现出高消极反刍、低积极反刍的特征。这一结果支持了执行功能缺陷是抑郁症核心特征的观点,与关于抑郁症患者前额叶血流动力学改变及认知受损的Meta分析结果一致[3, 7, 17]。研究表明,即便在非临床的大学生群体中,抑郁情绪的累积也已显著削弱了大脑自上而下的认知控制能力[18]。同时,高消极反刍的特征验证了抑郁的负性认知偏向理论,即患者更倾向于对负性生活事件进行过度加工[19]。这提示在高校心理健康筛查工作中,不仅应关注学生的情绪报告,还应重视其学习效率下降、注意力不集中等认知受损表现,将其作为早期识别抑郁高危群体以及预测其社会功能恢复的重要辅助指标[20]。
相关分析显示,抑郁症状与消极反刍思维呈显著正相关,与执行功能及其子成分、积极反刍思维呈显著负相关,这与周俊等[12]及MATCHAM等[18]的研究结果相符。积极与消极反刍思维虽有相关,但在与执行功能子成分的关系上表现出显著的分离:积极反刍思维仅与抑制控制和认知灵活性相关,而与工作记忆无关;消极反刍思维则与执行功能所有子成分均呈显著负相关。这佐证了YANG等[13]关于积极和消极反刍思维量表的开发思路,即二者并非同一维度的两极,而是两个相对独立的认知过程。这提示单纯降低消极反刍思维(止损)虽然能释放被占用的认知资源,但并不意味着患者能自动获得适应性的思维弹性;只有同步引入针对积极反刍思维的优势增强模块(如品味训练),才能主动激活认知灵活性,从而实现从症状缓解到功能恢复的完整跨越[21]。
在整体模型中,本研究证实消极反刍思维是连接抑郁症状与整体执行功能受损的关键心理机制。这一发现有力支持了资源分配理论及认知控制损伤假说。神经影像学与认知机制研究表明,消极反刍思维是一种难以摆脱的认知固着,它会抢占有限的认知资源,导致负责目标导向任务的执行控制系统出现资源枯竭[22]。相比之下,积极反刍思维虽然是有益的,但在抑郁导致的认知总体衰退面前,其缓冲作用较弱。因此,在干预抑郁伴随的普遍性认知受损时,止损比增益更为紧迫,临床上应优先采用正念认知疗法等技术阻断消极反刍思维对认知资源的持续掠夺[23]。
进一步的子成分分析揭示了更为精细的作用路径,这为精准干预提供了依据:①消极反刍思维显著中介了抑郁症状对抑制控制和工作记忆的影响,且对工作记忆的中介效应占比最高。这一结果与刘明矾等[10]及CHOU等[24]的研究一致,表明负性信息处理会严重干扰工作记忆的操纵能力。工作记忆对资源竞争极为敏感,消极反刍思维产生的冗余信息极易导致工作记忆系统的拥堵,这种效应在面对高负荷任务时尤为明显[25]。这提示,对于“记不住知识点、学习效率低下”的抑郁症状大学生,干预的核心靶点应该锁定在减少消极反刍思维上,例如通过情绪性工作记忆训练来释放被占用的存储空间[26]。②对于认知灵活性,消极反刍思维未起到中介作用,但积极反刍思维表现出独立的直接促进作用。这一发现契合了扩展-建构理论,即积极情绪体验能够打破狭隘的思维定势,显著拓宽个体的注意广度与认知视野,建立持久的个人认知资源,从而增强思维的灵活性[22]。这与杨晨虹等[27]关于积极反刍思维训练效果的研究结论相呼应。当抑郁学生主要表现为思维僵化、钻牛角尖(灵活性差)时,单纯减少消极反刍思维可能效果有限,咨询师应引入品味训练或促进积极反刍思维的干预手段,利用积极反刍思维来直接激活其思维的灵活性。
需特别说明的是,本研究的模型设定并非否认抑郁症状与执行功能受损之间存在的互为因果与恶性循环关系(即抑郁损害执行功能,而执行功能受损又削弱情绪调节能力从而加重抑郁症状)。本研究充分认可二者存在双向影响,但因研究聚焦需求,本研究优先剖析抑郁症状→反刍思维→执行功能这一以认知受损为终点的中介路径,旨在精准揭示抑郁症状究竟是通过何种思维模式窃取了特定的认知资源。
本研究存在局限性:①横断面研究设计难以确证变量间的因果时序,仅能提供相关性证据,后续研究可采用追踪设计或交叉滞后模型,重点检验抑郁严重程度变化与积极和消极反刍思维波动的因果顺序;②研究样本均来自大学生群体,结论推广至临床重度抑郁患者或其他年龄群体(如老年抑郁患者)需谨慎,未来需在临床样本中检验本模型的适用性;③执行功能采用自评量表测量,可能受主观情绪偏差影响,未来研究可引入Stroop任务、N-back任务等实验室客观行为指标及脑电生理指标,以便客观地量化认知受损程度。
综上所述,本研究提示抑郁症状大学生普遍存在执行功能受损,并伴随高消极反刍、低积极反刍的认知失衡。消极反刍思维在抑郁症状与执行功能(尤其是抑制控制和工作记忆)之间起显著的中介作用,扮演了资源掠夺者的角色;而积极反刍思维则独立于消极反刍思维,对认知灵活性具有直接的正向预测作用。这一发现支持在临床干预中采取双轨策略:一方面通过正念认知疗法阻断消极反刍思维以释放被占用的认知资源(止损);另一方面通过品味训练提升积极反刍思维水平以直接激活思维灵活性(增益),从而实现从症状缓解到社会功能恢复的全面改善。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511115
  • 接收时间:2025-11-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-26
  • 修回日期:2025-12-23
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):医学心理系,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):第一附属医院医学心理科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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