Article(id=1320435791449408253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763913600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-24, revisedDate=1768233600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792746025192, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746025192, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746025192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746025192, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435745685360670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='251', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746014281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749703323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=325, endPage=336, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435791688483582, articleId=1320435791449408253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Anti-ENA antibody positivity as a novel immunological marker for suboptimal treatment response and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma: A real-world cohort study, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the clinical characteristics and their associations with treatment response and prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM) patients with positive autoantibody profiles (PA).

Methods

This single-center retrospective cohort study enrolled 189 MM patients who had undergone the autoantibody profile tests at the Gansu Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Diseases, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, from April 2015 to April 2025. Follow-up data were collected until August 1, 2025. Based on the autoantibody profile results, patients were categorized into a negative autoantibody profiles group (NA) and a PA group for comparison of baseline characteristics and treatment responses between the two groups. The assessment of treatment response included the overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) rate, partial response (PR) rate, non-response rate, and the utilization rates of key therapeutic strategies, such as anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT). Furthermore, the PA group patients were stratified into three subtypes based on antibody profiles: antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive, anti-extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) antibody-positive, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive, to analyze prognostic differences. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to calculate median survival time, and Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate prognostic factors.

Results

A total of 189 patients with MM were included, with 57 (30.16%) in the PA group and 132 (69.84%) in the NA group. All patients received treatment; 58 (30.69%) received anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody therapy, and 57 (30.16%) underwent auto-HSCT. After induction therapy, the ORR was 75.66% (143/189), comprising a PR in 43.39% (82/189) and a CR in 32.28% (61/189). The CR rate was significantly lower in the PA group than in the NA group (21.05% vs 37.12%, P=0.031). At a median follow-up of 39 months (IQR 16 to 59), the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 37 months (IQR 16 to 58) for the entire cohort, while the median overall survival (OS) was not reached. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly shorter median PFS in the PA group versus the NA group (31 vs 43 months, P=0.048). Subgroup analysis based on specific autoantibodies revealed that patients with anti-ENA antibody positivity had significantly shorter median OS (41 vs 61 months, P=0.038) and PFS (28 vs 41 months, P=0.001) than those without. No significant differences in OS or PFS were observed between ANA/ANCA-positive and -negative groups. Cox regression identified anti-ENA antibody positivity (P=0.004) and male sex (P<0.001) as independent risk factors for OS, whereas achievement of CR post-induction (P=0.002) and anti-CD38 therapy (P=0.008) were protective factors. For PFS, independent risk factors were male sex (P<0.001) and anti-ENA positivity (P<0.001), with protective factors including elevated fibrinogen (P=0.011), achievement of CR (P=0.009), and anti-CD38 therapy (P=0.011).

Conclusion

MM patients with positive autoantibodies exhibit inferior responses to induction therapy and poor long-term outcomes. Anti-ENA antibody positivity is an independent risk factor for both OS and PFS in MM.

, authors=Zhenzhen WU1, Tingyong CAO2, Youfan FENG3, Li ZHAO4, 5, authorsList=Zhenzhen WU, Tingyong CAO, Youfan FENG, Li ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435792737059589, articleId=1320435791449408253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=抗ENA抗体阳性作为多发性骨髓瘤治疗反应差与预后不良的新型免疫学标志:一项真实世界队列研究, columnId=1320435175822050102, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

旨在分析伴有自身抗体谱阳性(positive autoantibody profiles, PA)的多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM)患者的临床特征及其与治疗反应和预后间的关系。

方法

采用单中心回顾性队列研究,纳入2015年4月至2025年4月于兰州大学第一医院甘肃省血液病分子诊断与治疗临床医学研究中心完成自身抗体谱检查的189例MM患者。随访截至2025年8月1日。依据自身抗体谱检测结果,将患者分为自身抗体谱阴性(negative autoantibody profiles, NA)组与PA组,并比较2组患者的基线特征与治疗反应。治疗反应的评估包括总体反应率(overall response rate,ORR)、完全缓解(complete response,CR)率、部分缓解(partial response, PR)率、无效率及抗CD38单抗、自体造血干细胞移植(autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, auto-HSCT)的关键治疗策略的应用率。进一步将PA组患者按抗体谱亚型分为抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody, ANA)谱、抗可提取核抗原(extractable nuclear antigen, ENA)抗体谱以及抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, ANCA)谱阳性3个亚型,分析其预后差异。采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线计算中位生存时间,采用Cox回归分析预后影响因素。

结果

纳入的189例MM患者中PA组57(30.16%)例,NA组132(69.84%)例。所有患者接受治疗,有58(30.69%)例患者接受了抗CD38单抗治疗,57(30.16%)例患者接受auto-HSCT治疗。诱导治疗后MM患者的ORR为75.66%(143/189),CR为32.28%(61/189),PR为43.39%(82/189)。PA组患者的CR显著低于NA组(21.05% vs 37.12%, P=0.031)。当中位随访时间为39(16,59)个月时,此队列患者的中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)为37(16,58)个月,但总生存期(overall survival, OS)仍尚未达到其中位值。相较于NA组,PA组患者的PFS显著缩短(31 vs 43个月, P=0.048)。根据自身抗体谱类型进行亚组分析,抗ENA抗体谱阳性组患者中位OS较阴性组显著缩短(41 vs 61个月, P=0.038);中位PFS也显著缩短(28 vs 41个月, P=0.001)。ANA谱与ANCA谱阳性组与阴性组患者的中位PFS与中位OS间均无显著差异。Cox分析显示,抗ENA抗体谱阳性(P=0.004)、男性(P<0.001)是MM患者OS的独立危险因素,而诱导治疗后达到CR(P=0.002)及抗CD38单抗(P=0.008)治疗为MM患者OS的独立保护因素。在PFS方面,男性(P<0.001)与抗ENA抗体谱阳性(P<0.001)是独立危险因素,而纤维蛋白原水平升高(P=0.011)、诱导治疗后达到CR(P=0.009)及抗CD38单抗(P=0.011)治疗是其独立保护因素。

结论

PA的MM患者诱导治疗反应与远期预后均较差,而抗ENA抗体谱阳性是MM患者OS和PFS的独立危险因素。

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赵 丽,E-mail:
ZHAO Li,E-mail:
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Case Rep Rheumatol, 2017, 2017: 6230138., articleTitle=Haematological malignancies in systemic sclerosis patients: case reports and review of the world literature, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320435793030660870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435793047438087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435793030660870, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435793055826696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435793030660870, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1兰州大学第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435794490278666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435794494472971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435794490278666, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435794507055884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435794490278666, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2兰州大学第二医院血液科,甘肃 兰州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435794582553357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435794590941966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435794582553357, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Hematology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou,Gansu), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435794599330575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435794582553357, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3甘肃省人民医院血液科,甘肃 兰州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435794699993872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435794708382481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435794699993872, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Gansu Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Diseases, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435794716771090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435794699993872, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4兰州大学第一医院甘肃省血液病分子诊断与治疗临床医学研究中心,甘肃 兰州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435794783879955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435794792268564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435794783879955, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5The Laboratory Center, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435794800657173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, companyId=1320435794783879955, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5兰州大学第一医院医学检验中心,甘肃 兰州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320435796713259829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Intergroup comparison of induction treatment efficacy in MM patients stratified by autoantibody profile, figureFileSmall=sKyKRPMK6rzEzOPbo9NMng==, figureFileBig=UG98RuJgK15p1wiagBRkmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435796771980086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于自身抗体谱分组的MM患者诱导治疗疗效组间比较

A: Comparison of the overall response rate (ORR) following induction therapy between the PA and NA groups;B: Comparison of response categories (CR, PR, Ineffective, and Unknown) following induction therapy between the PA and NA groups

, figureFileSmall=sKyKRPMK6rzEzOPbo9NMng==, figureFileBig=UG98RuJgK15p1wiagBRkmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435796956529463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Group comparison of OS and PFS in MM patients based on autoantibody profile and ENA status, figureFileSmall=6JAIQ/7hF09UJd9pbLNvhw==, figureFileBig=HAMaJh1AfKUHdyM4F6T9fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435797027832632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于自身抗体谱与ENA状态的MM患者OS与PFS组间比较

A: Comparison of OS between the PA and NA groups in MM patients; B: Comparison of PFS between the PA and NA groups in MM patients; C: Comparison of OS between the ENA(+) and ENA(-) groups in MM patients; D: Comparison of PFS between the ENA(+) and ENA(-) groups in MM patients

, figureFileSmall=6JAIQ/7hF09UJd9pbLNvhw==, figureFileBig=HAMaJh1AfKUHdyM4F6T9fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435797107524409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of survival in MM patients stratified by autoantibody profile and treated with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody or auto-HSCT, figureFileSmall=VdEqBDSFviaR/VGt+WOhww==, figureFileBig=e+p1nfr2euxZ3yxCtsX3Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435797208187706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于自身抗体谱分层的MM患者接受抗CD38单抗与auto-HSCT治疗的生存比较

A: Comparison of OS between the PA and NA groups following anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody therapy; B: Comparison of PFS between the PA and NA groups following anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody therapy; C: Comparison of OS between the PA and NA groups following auto-HSCT; D: Comparison of PFS between the PA and NA groups following auto-HSCT

, figureFileSmall=VdEqBDSFviaR/VGt+WOhww==, figureFileBig=e+p1nfr2euxZ3yxCtsX3Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435797271102267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics between the PA and NA groups[n(%),x¯±s,M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacteristicsNA (n=132)PA (n=57)P
Age/years0.893
<6589(67.42)39(68.42)
≥6543(32.58)18(31.58)
Gender0.169
Female62(46.97)32(56.14)
Male70(53.03)25(43.86)
M protein type0.109
IgG57(43.18)32(56.14)
IgA36(27.27)13(22.81)
IgD4(3.03)1(1.75)
Light chain only31(23.48)9(15.79)
Others4(3.03)2(3.51)
FLC0.695
Kappa74(56.06)29(50.88)
Lambdad55(41.67)26(45.61)
Nonsecretory3(2.27)2(3.51)
DS stage0.419
Ⅰ10(7.58)3(5.26)
Ⅱ37(28.03)14(24.56)
Ⅲ85(64.39)40(70.18)
ISS stage0.642
Ⅰ21(15.91)7(12.28)
Ⅱ38(28.79)17(29.82)
Ⅲ73(55.30)33(57.89)
ACCI0.004
Low risk32(24.24)6(10.53)
Intermediate risk53(40.15)20(35.09)
High risk33(25.00)18(31.58)
Very high risk14(10.61)13(22.81)
Hb/(g/L)93.00±28.5284.07±27.130.046
M protein /(g/L)38.80±27.0437.73±26.740.873
β2-MG/(mg/L)5.70(3.37, 11.19)6.10(4.00, 9.70)0.999
WBC/(109/L)5.11(3.81, 6.45)4.30(3.22, 6.38)0.110
SF/(ng/mL)341.60(183.10, 704.55)217.65(85.37, 538.34)0.034
LDH/(U/L)171.00(136.27,211.11)201.00(147.05,292.00)0.007
CR49(37.12)12(21.05)0.031
), ArticleFig(id=1320435798994961213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PA与NA患者的临床及实验室特征比较[例(%),x¯±s,M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacteristicsNA (n=132)PA (n=57)P
Age/years0.893
<6589(67.42)39(68.42)
≥6543(32.58)18(31.58)
Gender0.169
Female62(46.97)32(56.14)
Male70(53.03)25(43.86)
M protein type0.109
IgG57(43.18)32(56.14)
IgA36(27.27)13(22.81)
IgD4(3.03)1(1.75)
Light chain only31(23.48)9(15.79)
Others4(3.03)2(3.51)
FLC0.695
Kappa74(56.06)29(50.88)
Lambdad55(41.67)26(45.61)
Nonsecretory3(2.27)2(3.51)
DS stage0.419
Ⅰ10(7.58)3(5.26)
Ⅱ37(28.03)14(24.56)
Ⅲ85(64.39)40(70.18)
ISS stage0.642
Ⅰ21(15.91)7(12.28)
Ⅱ38(28.79)17(29.82)
Ⅲ73(55.30)33(57.89)
ACCI0.004
Low risk32(24.24)6(10.53)
Intermediate risk53(40.15)20(35.09)
High risk33(25.00)18(31.58)
Very high risk14(10.61)13(22.81)
Hb/(g/L)93.00±28.5284.07±27.130.046
M protein /(g/L)38.80±27.0437.73±26.740.873
β2-MG/(mg/L)5.70(3.37, 11.19)6.10(4.00, 9.70)0.999
WBC/(109/L)5.11(3.81, 6.45)4.30(3.22, 6.38)0.110
SF/(ng/mL)341.60(183.10, 704.55)217.65(85.37, 538.34)0.034
LDH/(U/L)171.00(136.27,211.11)201.00(147.05,292.00)0.007
CR49(37.12)12(21.05)0.031
), ArticleFig(id=1320435799095624510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cox regression analysis for prognosis factors associated with OS in MM patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableUnivariable analysisMultivariable analysis
HR(95%CI)PHR(95%CI)P
Age(≥65 vs <65 years)2.323(1.399~3.837)0.0011.138(0.598~2.152)0.691
Gender(Male vs Female)2.229(1.359~3.741)0.0013.592(1.842~7.253)< 0.001
Hb0.990(0.981~0.999)0.0240.995(0.983~1.007)0.442
PLT(≥100×109/L vs <100×109/L)0.416(0.247~0.722)0.0020.671(0.356~1.302)0.233
Serum total cholesterol0.994(0.988~1.000)0.0401.008(0.999~1.017)0.098
Serum total triglyceride0.681(0.452~0.972)0.0330.798(0.508~1.173)0.270
Activated partial thromboplastin0.949(0.905~0.993)0.0240.952(0.900~1.000)0.051
Fibrinogen0.782(0.595~1.006)0.0560.763(0.546~1.056)0.105
Autoantibody profile(yes vs no)1.422(0.891~2.383)0.204--
ANA(yes vs no)0.913(0.421~1.755)0.798--
ENA(yes vs no)2.066(0.903~4.121)0.0824.197(1.624~9.922)0.004
ANCA(yes vs no)1.109(0.270~2.999)0.864--
ISS(Ⅰ)ReferenceReference
ISS(Ⅱ)2.710(1.311~6.378)0.0061.463(0.527~4.402)0.472
ISS(Ⅲ)1.654(0.718~4.133)0.2422.250(0.854~6.586)0.103
ACCI(Low risk)ReferenceReference
ACCI(Intermediate risk)0.997(0.531~1.956)0.992--
ACCI(High risk)1.710(0.846~3.531)0.135--
ACCI(Very high risk)1.903(0.668~4.797)0.213--
CR(yes vs no)0.273(0.139~0.496)<0.0010.353(0.169~0.683)0.002
anti-CD38 mAb(yes vs no)0.304(0.140~0.589)<0.0010.366(0.150~0.784)0.008
auto-HSCT(yes vs no)0.262(0.124~0.497)<0.0010.489(0.198~1.116)0.091
), ArticleFig(id=1320435799208870719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MM患者OS相关预后因素的Cox回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableUnivariable analysisMultivariable analysis
HR(95%CI)PHR(95%CI)P
Age(≥65 vs <65 years)2.323(1.399~3.837)0.0011.138(0.598~2.152)0.691
Gender(Male vs Female)2.229(1.359~3.741)0.0013.592(1.842~7.253)< 0.001
Hb0.990(0.981~0.999)0.0240.995(0.983~1.007)0.442
PLT(≥100×109/L vs <100×109/L)0.416(0.247~0.722)0.0020.671(0.356~1.302)0.233
Serum total cholesterol0.994(0.988~1.000)0.0401.008(0.999~1.017)0.098
Serum total triglyceride0.681(0.452~0.972)0.0330.798(0.508~1.173)0.270
Activated partial thromboplastin0.949(0.905~0.993)0.0240.952(0.900~1.000)0.051
Fibrinogen0.782(0.595~1.006)0.0560.763(0.546~1.056)0.105
Autoantibody profile(yes vs no)1.422(0.891~2.383)0.204--
ANA(yes vs no)0.913(0.421~1.755)0.798--
ENA(yes vs no)2.066(0.903~4.121)0.0824.197(1.624~9.922)0.004
ANCA(yes vs no)1.109(0.270~2.999)0.864--
ISS(Ⅰ)ReferenceReference
ISS(Ⅱ)2.710(1.311~6.378)0.0061.463(0.527~4.402)0.472
ISS(Ⅲ)1.654(0.718~4.133)0.2422.250(0.854~6.586)0.103
ACCI(Low risk)ReferenceReference
ACCI(Intermediate risk)0.997(0.531~1.956)0.992--
ACCI(High risk)1.710(0.846~3.531)0.135--
ACCI(Very high risk)1.903(0.668~4.797)0.213--
CR(yes vs no)0.273(0.139~0.496)<0.0010.353(0.169~0.683)0.002
anti-CD38 mAb(yes vs no)0.304(0.140~0.589)<0.0010.366(0.150~0.784)0.008
auto-HSCT(yes vs no)0.262(0.124~0.497)<0.0010.489(0.198~1.116)0.091
), ArticleFig(id=1320435799309534016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cox regression analysis for prognosis factors associated with PFS in MM patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableUnivariable analysisMultivariable analysis
HR(95%CI)PHR(95%CI)P
Age(≥65 vs <65 years)2.196(1.327~3.612)0.0021.118(0.603~2.077)0.723
Gender(Male vs Female)2.378(1.445~4.003)< 0.0013.826(1.961~7.752)<0.001
Hb0.992(0.982~1.001)0.0860.998(0.985~1.010)0.724
PLT(≥100×109/L vs <100×109/L)0.530(0.317~0.913)0.0230.937(0.489~1.847)0.846
Serum total cholesterol0.995(0.989~1.001)0.0821.007(0.998~1.016)0.105
Serum total triglyceride0.714(0.474~1.016)0.0630.977(0.601~1.460)0.920
Activated partial thromboplastin0.958(0.915~1.000)0.0520.958(0.909~1.002)0.059
Fibrinogen0.769(0.589~0.985)0.0370.671(0.483~0.916)0.011
Autoantibody profile(yes vs no)1.612(0.919~2.739)0.0941.303(0.595~2.677)0.493
ANA(yes vs no)1.001(0.461~1.929)0.999--
ENA(yes vs no)3.037(1.321~6.117)0.0114.197(1.624~9.922)<0.001
ANCA(yes vs no)0.914(0.223~2.475)0.878--
ISS(Ⅰ)ReferenceReference
ISS(Ⅱ)2.472(1.201~5.793)0.0121.111(0.434~3.014)0.829
ISS(Ⅲ)1.515(0.662~3.757)0.3321.680(0.675~4.567)0.272
ACCI(Low risk)ReferenceReference
ACCI(Intermediate risk)1.011(0.540~1.979)0.974--
ACCI(High risk)1.535(0.760~3.167)0.232--
ACCI(Very high risk)1.302(0.459~3.267)0.598--
CR(yes vs no)0.306(0.159~0.550)<0.0010.414(0.197~0.809)0.009
anti-CD38 mAb(yes vs no)0.325(0.150~0.624)<0.0010.376(0.157~0.807)0.011
auto-HSCT(yes vs no)0.282(0.135~0.531)<0.0010.533(0.214~1.229)0.143
), ArticleFig(id=1320435799389225793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435791449408253, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MM患者PFS相关预后因素的Cox回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableUnivariable analysisMultivariable analysis
HR(95%CI)PHR(95%CI)P
Age(≥65 vs <65 years)2.196(1.327~3.612)0.0021.118(0.603~2.077)0.723
Gender(Male vs Female)2.378(1.445~4.003)< 0.0013.826(1.961~7.752)<0.001
Hb0.992(0.982~1.001)0.0860.998(0.985~1.010)0.724
PLT(≥100×109/L vs <100×109/L)0.530(0.317~0.913)0.0230.937(0.489~1.847)0.846
Serum total cholesterol0.995(0.989~1.001)0.0821.007(0.998~1.016)0.105
Serum total triglyceride0.714(0.474~1.016)0.0630.977(0.601~1.460)0.920
Activated partial thromboplastin0.958(0.915~1.000)0.0520.958(0.909~1.002)0.059
Fibrinogen0.769(0.589~0.985)0.0370.671(0.483~0.916)0.011
Autoantibody profile(yes vs no)1.612(0.919~2.739)0.0941.303(0.595~2.677)0.493
ANA(yes vs no)1.001(0.461~1.929)0.999--
ENA(yes vs no)3.037(1.321~6.117)0.0114.197(1.624~9.922)<0.001
ANCA(yes vs no)0.914(0.223~2.475)0.878--
ISS(Ⅰ)ReferenceReference
ISS(Ⅱ)2.472(1.201~5.793)0.0121.111(0.434~3.014)0.829
ISS(Ⅲ)1.515(0.662~3.757)0.3321.680(0.675~4.567)0.272
ACCI(Low risk)ReferenceReference
ACCI(Intermediate risk)1.011(0.540~1.979)0.974--
ACCI(High risk)1.535(0.760~3.167)0.232--
ACCI(Very high risk)1.302(0.459~3.267)0.598--
CR(yes vs no)0.306(0.159~0.550)<0.0010.414(0.197~0.809)0.009
anti-CD38 mAb(yes vs no)0.325(0.150~0.624)<0.0010.376(0.157~0.807)0.011
auto-HSCT(yes vs no)0.282(0.135~0.531)<0.0010.533(0.214~1.229)0.143
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抗ENA抗体阳性作为多发性骨髓瘤治疗反应差与预后不良的新型免疫学标志:一项真实世界队列研究
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吴珍珍 1 , 曹婷雍 2 , 冯友繁 3 , 赵丽 4, 5
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·临床医学 2026,48(3): 325-336
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·临床医学 2026 , 48 (3) : 325 -336
抗ENA抗体阳性作为多发性骨髓瘤治疗反应差与预后不良的新型免疫学标志:一项真实世界队列研究
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吴珍珍1, 曹婷雍2, 冯友繁3, 赵丽4, 5
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
  • 2兰州大学第二医院血液科,甘肃 兰州
  • 3甘肃省人民医院血液科,甘肃 兰州
  • 4兰州大学第一医院甘肃省血液病分子诊断与治疗临床医学研究中心,甘肃 兰州
  • 5兰州大学第一医院医学检验中心,甘肃 兰州
通讯作者:
赵 丽,E-mail:
ZHAO Li,E-mail:
Anti-ENA antibody positivity as a novel immunological marker for suboptimal treatment response and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma: A real-world cohort study
Zhenzhen WU1, Tingyong CAO2, Youfan FENG3, Li ZHAO4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu
  • 2Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu
  • 3Department of Hematology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou,Gansu
  • 4Gansu Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Diseases, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu
  • 5The Laboratory Center, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511108
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目的

旨在分析伴有自身抗体谱阳性(positive autoantibody profiles, PA)的多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM)患者的临床特征及其与治疗反应和预后间的关系。

方法

采用单中心回顾性队列研究,纳入2015年4月至2025年4月于兰州大学第一医院甘肃省血液病分子诊断与治疗临床医学研究中心完成自身抗体谱检查的189例MM患者。随访截至2025年8月1日。依据自身抗体谱检测结果,将患者分为自身抗体谱阴性(negative autoantibody profiles, NA)组与PA组,并比较2组患者的基线特征与治疗反应。治疗反应的评估包括总体反应率(overall response rate,ORR)、完全缓解(complete response,CR)率、部分缓解(partial response, PR)率、无效率及抗CD38单抗、自体造血干细胞移植(autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, auto-HSCT)的关键治疗策略的应用率。进一步将PA组患者按抗体谱亚型分为抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody, ANA)谱、抗可提取核抗原(extractable nuclear antigen, ENA)抗体谱以及抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, ANCA)谱阳性3个亚型,分析其预后差异。采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线计算中位生存时间,采用Cox回归分析预后影响因素。

结果

纳入的189例MM患者中PA组57(30.16%)例,NA组132(69.84%)例。所有患者接受治疗,有58(30.69%)例患者接受了抗CD38单抗治疗,57(30.16%)例患者接受auto-HSCT治疗。诱导治疗后MM患者的ORR为75.66%(143/189),CR为32.28%(61/189),PR为43.39%(82/189)。PA组患者的CR显著低于NA组(21.05% vs 37.12%, P=0.031)。当中位随访时间为39(16,59)个月时,此队列患者的中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)为37(16,58)个月,但总生存期(overall survival, OS)仍尚未达到其中位值。相较于NA组,PA组患者的PFS显著缩短(31 vs 43个月, P=0.048)。根据自身抗体谱类型进行亚组分析,抗ENA抗体谱阳性组患者中位OS较阴性组显著缩短(41 vs 61个月, P=0.038);中位PFS也显著缩短(28 vs 41个月, P=0.001)。ANA谱与ANCA谱阳性组与阴性组患者的中位PFS与中位OS间均无显著差异。Cox分析显示,抗ENA抗体谱阳性(P=0.004)、男性(P<0.001)是MM患者OS的独立危险因素,而诱导治疗后达到CR(P=0.002)及抗CD38单抗(P=0.008)治疗为MM患者OS的独立保护因素。在PFS方面,男性(P<0.001)与抗ENA抗体谱阳性(P<0.001)是独立危险因素,而纤维蛋白原水平升高(P=0.011)、诱导治疗后达到CR(P=0.009)及抗CD38单抗(P=0.011)治疗是其独立保护因素。

结论

PA的MM患者诱导治疗反应与远期预后均较差,而抗ENA抗体谱阳性是MM患者OS和PFS的独立危险因素。

多发性骨髓瘤  /  抗ENA抗体  /  自身抗体谱  /  治疗反应  /  预后
Objective

To evaluate the clinical characteristics and their associations with treatment response and prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM) patients with positive autoantibody profiles (PA).

Methods

This single-center retrospective cohort study enrolled 189 MM patients who had undergone the autoantibody profile tests at the Gansu Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Diseases, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, from April 2015 to April 2025. Follow-up data were collected until August 1, 2025. Based on the autoantibody profile results, patients were categorized into a negative autoantibody profiles group (NA) and a PA group for comparison of baseline characteristics and treatment responses between the two groups. The assessment of treatment response included the overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) rate, partial response (PR) rate, non-response rate, and the utilization rates of key therapeutic strategies, such as anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT). Furthermore, the PA group patients were stratified into three subtypes based on antibody profiles: antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive, anti-extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) antibody-positive, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive, to analyze prognostic differences. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to calculate median survival time, and Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate prognostic factors.

Results

A total of 189 patients with MM were included, with 57 (30.16%) in the PA group and 132 (69.84%) in the NA group. All patients received treatment; 58 (30.69%) received anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody therapy, and 57 (30.16%) underwent auto-HSCT. After induction therapy, the ORR was 75.66% (143/189), comprising a PR in 43.39% (82/189) and a CR in 32.28% (61/189). The CR rate was significantly lower in the PA group than in the NA group (21.05% vs 37.12%, P=0.031). At a median follow-up of 39 months (IQR 16 to 59), the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 37 months (IQR 16 to 58) for the entire cohort, while the median overall survival (OS) was not reached. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly shorter median PFS in the PA group versus the NA group (31 vs 43 months, P=0.048). Subgroup analysis based on specific autoantibodies revealed that patients with anti-ENA antibody positivity had significantly shorter median OS (41 vs 61 months, P=0.038) and PFS (28 vs 41 months, P=0.001) than those without. No significant differences in OS or PFS were observed between ANA/ANCA-positive and -negative groups. Cox regression identified anti-ENA antibody positivity (P=0.004) and male sex (P<0.001) as independent risk factors for OS, whereas achievement of CR post-induction (P=0.002) and anti-CD38 therapy (P=0.008) were protective factors. For PFS, independent risk factors were male sex (P<0.001) and anti-ENA positivity (P<0.001), with protective factors including elevated fibrinogen (P=0.011), achievement of CR (P=0.009), and anti-CD38 therapy (P=0.011).

Conclusion

MM patients with positive autoantibodies exhibit inferior responses to induction therapy and poor long-term outcomes. Anti-ENA antibody positivity is an independent risk factor for both OS and PFS in MM.

multiple myeloma  /  anti-ENA antibody  /  autoantibody profile  /  treatment response  /  prognosis
吴珍珍, 曹婷雍, 冯友繁, 赵丽. 抗ENA抗体阳性作为多发性骨髓瘤治疗反应差与预后不良的新型免疫学标志:一项真实世界队列研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (3) : 325 -336 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511108
Zhenzhen WU, Tingyong CAO, Youfan FENG, Li ZHAO. Anti-ENA antibody positivity as a novel immunological marker for suboptimal treatment response and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma: A real-world cohort study[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (3) : 325 -336 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511108
多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM)作为我国血液系统中的第二大恶性肿瘤,是由骨髓浆细胞异常增殖所引发的骨质破坏、肾功能损害、高钙血症等脏器损伤以及骨髓衰竭。尽管免疫调节剂、蛋白酶体抑制剂及靶向治疗等疗法改善了患者的预后,但大多患者终将因疾病进展而死亡[1-2]。因此,探索有效的预后评估指标是当前MM研究领域的关键。自身抗体谱作为自身免疫性疾病的特征性标志物,在健康人群中的检出率约为10%,而在MM患者中的检出率高达41.04%[3-5]。淋巴细胞异常活化与免疫监视功能受损是MM进展的驱动因素,也是自身免疫性疾病发生的机制之一[2]。目前,关于MM患者自身抗体谱特征与预后关联的研究较少。
孟德尔随机化研究显示,MM与自身免疫性疾病之间有潜在的因果关系[6]。部分合并自身免疫性疾病的MM患者仅接受抗MM治疗后,其自身免疫性疾病的症状与实验室指标可得到改善[7-8]。自身免疫性疾病患者罹患淋巴瘤、MM等血液系统肿瘤的风险也增加[9-11]。例如,抗干燥综合征相关抗原A(Sjögren’s syndrome-related antigen A, SSA)抗体和抗干燥综合征相关抗原B(Sjögreno’s syndrome-related antigen B, SSB)抗体阳性与原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren syndrome, pSS)患者罹患MM的风险升高相关[11]。最新研究表明,抗SSA抗体和抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody, ANA)阳性MM患者的无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)较阴性患者均显著缩短,且抗SSA抗体阳性是MM患者PFS的独立危险因素[12]。上述系列研究均提示,自身抗体谱阳性(positive autoantibody profiles, PA)可能与MM的发生发展密切相关,但目前尚缺乏研究系统性地阐明其与MM治疗缓解率和整体预后间的关联。因此,本研究回顾性收集了近10年于兰州大学第一医院甘肃省血液病分子诊断与治疗临床医学研究中心确诊、并在首次诱导治疗前完成自身抗体谱检测的MM患者的临床资料,以分析自身抗体谱阳性及其不同亚型对MM患者治疗反应及预后的影响,从而为临床预后评估提供理论依据。
本研究为一项单中心回顾性队列研究。纳入标准包括:①年龄≥18岁;②符合国际骨髓瘤工作组(International Myeloma Working Group, IMWG)中的MM诊断标准;③在首次化疗前完成自身抗体谱检测[13]。排除标准为:①诊断为意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, MGUS)、孤立性浆细胞瘤或冒烟型MM;②合并其他恶性肿瘤。最终,纳入2015年4月至2025年4月于兰州大学第一医院甘肃省血液病分子诊断与治疗临床医学研究中心就诊且符合上述纳排标准的189例患者。本研究经兰州大学第一医院伦理委员会审核批准(LDYYLL2025-2087)。
通过医院信息系统(hospital information system,HIS)回顾性收集所有纳入患者的基线资料,包括人口学特征(如年龄、性别)、疾病相关指标(如DS分期、ISS分期、M蛋白类型等)、治疗方案及首次诱导治疗前的实验室检测结果(如血常规、生化、血清免疫球蛋白、自身抗体谱等)。根据自身抗体谱检测结果,将患者分为PA组与自身抗体谱阴性(negative autoantibody profiles, NA)组。进一步将PA组患者按自身抗体谱亚型划分为ANA谱阳性、抗可提取核抗原(extractable nuclear antigen, ENA)抗体谱阳性以及抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, ANCA)谱阳性3个亚组。结合自身抗体谱在细胞内的定位、临床意义以及本中心的检出情况,对自身抗体谱的检测指标进行了优化整合。将靶向核周区或细胞器的抗线粒体抗体(5例)、抗高尔基体抗体(1例)、抗着丝点抗体(1例)纳入ANA谱进行整体分析;基于抗ENA抗体谱及ANCA谱的特异性与高检出率,本研究也对其在MM患者预后中的价值进行单独评价。其中ANCA主要特异性靶向中性粒细胞胞质或颗粒内的酶类和蛋白质,与疾病ANCA相关性血管炎的关联较为明确;抗ENA抗体谱是对ANA筛查阳性者的进一步定位检测,用于确定其特异性可提取核抗体;而ANA谱仅是对所有核成分的整体抗体筛查,其特异性相对较低[14-15]。在此基础上,为确保组别互斥与病例归属的唯一性,设定了明确的分组优先级:对于抗ENA抗体谱、ANA谱与ANCA谱检测结果同时呈阳性的患者,优先纳入ANCA阳性组;抗ENA抗体谱与ANA谱同时阳性的患者,纳入抗ENA抗体谱阳性组;仅ANA谱为阳性时,才被纳入ANA阳性组。具体检测方法:ANA谱采用间接免疫荧光法进行检测;抗ENA抗体谱使用免疫印迹法检测,共涵盖13种靶抗原特异性抗体,包括:nRNP/sm、抗Sm抗体、SSA、SSB、Ro-52、SCL-70、PM-SCL、抗Jo-1抗体、CENP-B、PCNA、ANuA、Histone、rRNP;ANCA谱则通过间接免疫荧光法测定,包括:cANCA、pANCA。本研究基于ICAP及ACR指南对临床意义滴度的建议,并综合评估本实验室检测体系的可重复性以及本地区人群的背景阳性率,将ANA谱阳性的判定效价定为≥1∶100,ANCA谱阳性的判定效价定为≥1∶10[4]。此外,本研究采用年龄校正的查尔森合并症指数(age-adjusted Charlson index, ACCI)以评估并量化患者的年龄及合并疾病负担。
依据本地区医疗资源可及性与诊疗条件,对于符合移植条件的患者,诱导治疗方案可采用硼替佐米联合来那度胺与地塞米松、硼替佐米联合环磷酰胺与地塞米松,或硼替佐米/沙利度胺/地塞米松方案。若经济条件允许,可在上述方案中添加抗CD38单抗;若出现神经病变,可更换为二代蛋白酶体抑制剂。对于肾功能损伤患者,可使用硼替佐米/泊马度胺/地塞米松、硼替佐米/阿霉素/地塞米松、硼替佐米/地塞米松、来那度胺/地塞米松、来那度胺/环磷酰胺/地塞米松、沙利度胺/阿霉素/地塞米松、沙利度胺/环磷酰胺/地塞米松。对于不符合移植条件的患者,可采用抗CD38单抗/来那度胺/地塞米松、抗CD38单抗/硼替佐米/美法仑/醋酸泼尼松、硼替佐米/美法仑/醋酸泼尼松、美法仑/醋酸泼尼松/沙利度胺。所有患者按计划完成4个周期的诱导治疗后,将综合评估其疗效、体能状态及经济因素,以制定个体化的后续治疗方案,直至疾病进展。
患者根据实际情况完成4~6个周期的诱导治疗后的疗效评估标准参照IMWG,将严格意义的完全缓解纳入完全缓解(complete response,CR)组;非常好的部分缓解纳入部分缓解(partial response, PR)组;疾病稳定与疾病进展则总体纳入治疗无效组[13]。具体而言,CR是指血清和尿免疫固定电泳阴性,软组织浆细胞瘤消失,骨髓中浆细胞<5%。PR则须满足血清M蛋白减少≥50%,尿M蛋白减少≥90%或绝对值<200 mg。疾病进展是指血清或尿M蛋白升高≥25%,出现新的骨病变或临床进展;疾病稳定是指不符合上述任何缓解或疾病标准,且无新的骨质病变或原有骨质病变进展的证据。
通过电话、门诊以及病历查阅等途径,对所纳入的患者展开随访,随访截止时间为2025年8月1日。随访终点依据IMWG的评价标准。PFS是指从疾病诊断起始,直至疾病出现复发进展,或者因任何缘由导致死亡,又或者随访终止的这段时间;总生存期(overall survival,OS)则是指从疾病诊断之日起,到因任何原因导致死亡或随访终止的时间[13]。若通过上述方法仍无法获取数据,那么该数据在分析时均会被当作删失值来处理。
所有数据分析借助SPSS 27.0完成,绘图使用GraphPad Prism 10.6.0完成。PA组与NA组MM患者的基线特征对比分析,符合正态分布的连续变量,以x¯±s表示,采用独立样本t检验进行比较;否则以M(P25, P75)表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验。采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线计算并比较PA组与NA组患者的中位OS与PFS,进而分别在ANA谱、抗ENA抗体谱和ANCA谱中对阳性与阴性亚组进行组间比较。无序分类变量以例(%)表示,组间比较采用Pearson χ2检验或Fisher精确检验;有序分类变量的组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。将已知或潜在的预后协变量纳入单因素Cox回归分析,筛选与OS和PFS相关的变量。为控制模型复杂度的同时避免遗漏重要混杂因素,故将单因素分析中P<0.1的协变量进一步纳入多因素Cox回归模型。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究共纳入189例MM患者,男性94例,女性95例,中位年龄为59(55,68)岁。依据自身抗体谱检查结果,将患者分为PA组57(30.16%)例和NA组132(69.84%)例。PA组的亚组情况为:ANA谱阳性组32例、抗ENA抗体谱阳性组14例、ANCA谱阳性组11例。免疫球蛋白分型:IgG型89(47.09%)例、IgA型49(25.93%)例、IgD型5(2.65%)例、轻链型40(21.16%)例以及其他型6(3.17%)例;轻链分型:κ型103(54.50%)例,λ型81(42.86%)例,不分泌型5(2.64%)例。DS分期为:Ⅰ期13(6.88%)例,Ⅱ期51(26.98%)例,Ⅲ期125(66.14%)例。ISS分期为:Ⅰ期28(14.81%)例,Ⅱ期55(29.10%)例,Ⅲ期106(56.09%)例。
2组患者在年龄、性别、M蛋白类型、轻链类型、M蛋白含量、β2-微球蛋白、白细胞计数、DS分期及ISS分期等方面的差异均不具有统计学意义。NA组患者的血红蛋白、血清铁蛋白水平均高于PA组(P<0.05);而PA组患者的乳酸脱氢酶水平均高于NA组,见表1。此外,ACCI及诱导治疗后的CR率在2组间均存在显著差异。在本研究中,有3例MM患者既往存在自身免疫性疾病史。
本研究队列中,所有患者接受了个体化的初始诱导治疗。治疗方案的选择:71(37.57%)例采用硼替佐米联合来那度胺与地塞米松方案,57(30.16%)例采用硼替佐米联合环磷酰胺与地塞米松方案,其次分别为12(6.35%)例采用硼替佐米联合地塞米松方案、10(5.29%)例采用来那度胺联合地塞米松方案、5(2.65%)例采用硼替佐米联合沙利度胺与地塞米松方案等。此外,有10例患者接受了包含抗CD38单抗的治疗方案,4例患者接受了伊沙佐米联合方案,其余20例患者则采用了其他治疗方案。
169例患者可获得完整疗效评估资料。此队列的总体反应率(overall response rate,ORR)为75.66%,其中CR为32.28%,PR为43.39% ,无效率为13.76%。组间比较显示,PA组患者的ORR低于NA组(70.20% vs 78.00%,P=0.249,图1A)。PA组的CR(21.05%)显著低于NA组(37.12%,P=0.031),而PA组和NA组PR率(49.10% vs 40.90%)与无效率(15.8% vs 12.90%)的组间差异均未达到统计学意义(图1B)。此外,在纳入疗效未知病例进行分析后,2组组间疗效未知患者的比例亦无显著差异。因此,PA与NA组患者在疗效反应间的差异主要体现在CR率上,而ORR、PR及无效率的组间差异均无统计学意义,推测此结果可能与样本量有限有关。
截至随访终止日期2025年8月1日,中位随访时间为39(16,59)个月,期间2例患者失访。截至随访终点,累计发生死亡事件66例,123例患者在末次随访时仍存活。因此,OS尚未达到其中位值。生存分析估算的1、3和5年总生存率分别为91.4%(95%CI: 87.3%~95.5%)、64.0%(95%CI: 55.6%~72.4%)和50.8%(95%CI: 41.0%~60.6%)。中位PFS为37(16,58)个月。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,相较于NA组患者,PA组的中位OS有所缩短,但此差异无统计学意义(41 vs 61个月,P=0.130,图2A)。NA组患者的中位PFS为43个月,长于PA组患者的31个月(P=0.048,图2B)。基于自身抗体谱的亚组分析显示,抗ENA抗体谱阴性组患者的中位OS为61个月,显著长于抗ENA抗体谱阳性组的41个月(P=0.038,图2C);同样,中位PFS也优于阳性组(41 vs 28个月,P=0.001,图2D)。然而,ANA谱阴性组与阳性组患者的中位OS(61 vs 62个月)及中位PFS(35 vs 37个月),以及ANCA谱阴性组与阳性组患者的中位OS(61 vs 34个月)与中位PFS(37 vs 31个月)间的差异均无统计学意义,不排除与抗体阳性的判定效价及样本量有关。
为了评估其他已知及潜在变量对自身抗体谱阳性影响MM预后的协同作用,本研究进行了单因素及多因素Cox回归分析。单因素分析结果显示,年龄(≥65岁vs <65岁)、性别、Hb、PLT计数(≥100×109/L vs <100×109/L)、血清总胆固醇、血清总甘油三酯、活化部分凝血活酶时间、ISS分期、是否达到CR、是否接受抗CD38单抗治疗及是否接受自体造血干细胞移植(autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, auto-HSCT)治疗与MM患者的OS相关(P均<0.05)。进一步将单因素分析中P<0.1的变量纳入多因素Cox回归模型。结果显示,抗ENA抗体谱阳性(P=0.004)与男性(P<0.001)是MM患者OS的独立危险因素;而诱导治疗后达到CR(P=0.002)及抗CD38单抗(P=0.008)治疗为MM患者OS的独立保护因素(表2)。在PFS方面,年龄(≥65岁vs <65岁)、性别、PLT计数(≥100×109/L vs <100×109/L)、纤维蛋白原水平、抗ENA抗体谱(yes vs no)、ISS分期、是否达到CR、是否接受抗CD38单抗治疗及是否接受auto-HSCT治疗与MM患者的PFS相关(P均<0.05)。多因素回归分析显示,抗ENA抗体谱阳性(P<0.001)与男性(P<0.001)是PFS的独立危险因素;而纤维蛋白原水平升高(P=0.011)、诱导治疗后达到CR(P=0.009)及抗CD38单抗(P=0.011)治疗也是其独立保护因素(表3)。因此,Cox回归分析显示,抗ENA抗体谱阳性与男性是MM的OS和PFS的独立危险因素。
在本研究中,总计有58(30.69%)例患者接受了抗CD38单抗治疗。其中,PA组有20(34.48%)例,NA组有38(65.52%)例。Kaplan-Meier分析显示,接受抗CD38单抗治疗后,PA组与NA组患者的中位OS分别为79个月和93个月(HR=2.004,95%CI: 0.384~10.470,图3A);中位PFS分别为32个月和57个月(HR=2.871,95%CI: 0.493~16.720,图3B)。此外,本研究中57(30.16%)例患者接受了auto-HSCT治疗,其中PA组有17(29.82%)例,NA组有40(70.18%)例。分析结果显示,auto-HSCT治疗后,PA组与NA组患者的中位OS分别为79.5个月与93.0个月(HR=0.936,95%CI: 0.192~4.560,图3C);在PFS方面,NA组的中位PFS为57个月,而PA组在随访截止时仍有超过50%的患者未发生疾病进展事件,即中位PFS未达到,组间的风险比为0.919(95%CI: 0.189~4.467,图3D)。因此,自身抗体谱阳性对MM患者接受抗CD38单抗或auto-HSCT的疗效无显著影响。
MM是一种起源于生发中心后终末分化阶段B细胞的恶性血液肿瘤,其本质是单克隆、长寿浆细胞在骨髓腔内的多灶性克隆性增殖,目前仍不可治愈[16]。自身抗体谱阳性不仅是自身免疫性疾病诊断的核心血清学标志物,且其与MM发病、进展及预后的关联,亦是当前的研究热点[11-12]。本研究发现,相较于NA组,PA组MM患者更易表现出肿瘤负荷高、疾病分期晚且预后更差的临床特征。亚组分析显示,抗ENA抗体谱阳性是影响MM患者预后的独立危险因素。既往研究也揭示,抗SSA抗体阳性MM患者的中位PFS较抗体阴性组显著缩短,且抗SSA抗体阳性是MM患者PFS的独立危险因素[12]。因此,本研究从更广泛的抗ENA抗体谱层面,验证并拓展了既往研究结论,提示特异性自身抗体阳性可能与MM患者的不良预后密切相关。
有关自身抗体谱阳性MM患者预后不良的相关病理学机制,目前主要归纳为以下2个方面。首先,自身免疫性疾病的核心病理特征为T、B淋巴细胞异常活化并攻击自身抗原,导致B细胞功能亢进并产生大量自身抗体[17]。而MM的本质则是恶性浆细胞的单克隆增殖[1]。因此,对于PA组的MM患者而言,其体内的B细胞-浆细胞系统存在双重病理打击:一方面,存在类似自身免疫性疾病的异常B细胞活化与炎症微环境;另一方面,相关研究已阐明,恶性浆细胞克隆的竞争性增殖会进一步破坏免疫稳态,即通过抑制正常B细胞功能、招募调节性免疫细胞等途径,形成深度免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境[2]。其中,抗ENA抗体所激活的免疫通路,可在MM和自身免疫性疾病中共同发挥促进疾病进展的作用。例如,抗ENA抗体特异性B细胞在结合相应抗原后,可进一步通过Toll样受体7识别RNA类自身抗原,从而驱动其异常活化,该通路已被证实在系统性红斑狼疮的自身免疫性疾病中呈高度激活状态,且其激活水平与疾病活动度密切相关[18-19]。Toll样受体介导的信号通路,同样参与调控恶性浆细胞增殖与抗凋亡能力[20]。以上研究均支持本研究的核心结论,即抗ENA抗体谱阳性成为MM患者不良预后因素,其潜在机制可能是由于患者体内持续存在的异常免疫激活与病理性B细胞活化通路间的协同效应。在本研究中,ANA谱阳性并未对MM患者预后产生显著影响,这与ANA和抗ENA抗体谱的表达特征相一致。ANA谱是针对所有核成分的整体抗体筛查,具有灵敏性高而特异性较低的特点;抗ENA抗体谱则是对ANA筛查后的进一步特异性抗体检测,其灵敏性低而特异性相对较高[15]。因此,相较于ANA谱阳性,抗ENA抗体谱阳性是反映患者病理性自身免疫紊乱的高特异标志物。
然而,既往研究报道,ANA阳性MM患者预后较抗体阴性组更差[12]。对比2项研究后,推测与ANA的不同阳性判定效价相关:文献采用ANA≥1∶160,本研究为ANA≥1∶100,前者判定标准下ANA特异性更高,纳入人群更能代表高特异性ANA阳性的MM患者。尽管如此,2项研究也并未发现ANA是MM患者预后不良的独立危险因素。此外,本研究对ANCA谱亚组的探索性分析显示,ANCA谱阳性组MM患者较阴性组的生存结局有缩短趋势,但未达统计学显著性,其临床意义尚需更大规模的队列研究加以验证。综上,PA组尤其是抗ENA抗体谱阳性,是MM患者不良预后的独立危险因素。这提示在临床实践中,对于此类患者的治疗需充分考量其独特的免疫微环境,靶向相关共同通路的治疗策略或可为此类患者的临床管理提供新方向。
本研究结果显示,PA组MM患者的CR显著低于NA组;且在ORR、PR及无效率的组间比较中,PA组患者有降低趋势。ZHANG等[12]的研究也证实,抗SSA抗体阳性MM患者治疗无效的风险显著升高,这与本研究结果一致,即自身抗体谱阳性会降低MM患者的疗效。关于自身抗体阳性导致MM患者缓解率下降的病理机制尚无系统的文献报道。本研究在综合患者年龄、治疗状态、疾病分期及共病情况后分析原因如下。首先,MM高发于老年人群,该群体常伴有体能状态差与多病共存的特征。当前MM治疗共识中也提出,需对老年患者进行早期衰弱状态与治疗耐受性评估[21]。ACCI是通过整合年龄及19项死亡风险因素,以系统性评估老年癌症患者的整体健康状况,其独立的预后预测价值已得到既往研究证实,故在本研究中也将其纳入分析[22]。结果显示,PA组的MM患者基线ACCI指数显著高于NA组,提示该组患者合并症管理的复杂程度更高,导致治疗难度增加。其次,治疗方案的差异也可能是导致PA组的MM患者缓解率低的重要原因,此推论可通过对比本研究与既往相关研究后得到证实。ZHANG等[12]研究中,患者接受auto-HSCT及单克隆抗体治疗的比例,均显著低于本研究;相应地,其抗SSA抗体阳性组MM患者缓解率及缓解深度低于本研究中PA组患者。因此,建议对PA的MM患者,在综合评估其基础疾病与体能状态的基础上,制定有效的个体化治疗方案,以期提高治疗缓解率。
本研究与既往研究均证实,男性是MM患者预后的独立危险因素,此与性别相关的预后差异可能涉及多方面原因[23]。免疫调控层面,性激素水平差异影响机体免疫细胞亚群分布。男性通常具有更高水平的调节性T细胞,而该细胞亚群水平的增高与MM不良预后相关[24-25]。同时,雌激素主要发挥免疫激活作用;而雄激素和孕激素则以免疫抑制为主,且能拮抗雌激素的免疫激活效应。年龄相关的性激素改变可进一步扩大免疫特征的性别差异,例如老年女性常保留较好的胸腺功能与较高的淋巴细胞储备,而老年男性睾酮水平下降可能加速免疫衰老进程[26-27]。治疗层面,单抗类药物的药代动力学可能存在性别差异,有研究表明女性淋巴瘤患者血清药物浓度更高、治疗反应更好,此现象在MM中有可能同样存在[28]。此外,就医行为与基线临床特征等非生物学因素也可能参与其中[29]。因此,有关性别本身潜在的生物学调控机制及其与疾病特征的交互作用,值得未来进一步探讨。
自身免疫性疾病是目前公认的MM发生的危险因素之一,其潜在生物学机制已得到部分研究的阐释。遗传层面,MM与某些自身免疫性疾病亚型之间可能有共同的遗传易感性,这为自身免疫性疾病患者的高MM发病风险提供了潜在的分子基础[6] 。此外,自身免疫性疾病患者体内持续的自身抗原刺激,可诱导B细胞长期活化与T细胞亚群比例失衡,从而破坏免疫稳态。这一过程可诱发基因组不稳定性,最终推动恶性B细胞克隆的形成[30]。与此同时,自身免疫性疾病患者的长期药物暴露,也可能进一步加速B细胞向恶性表型的转化[31]。例如,类固醇类药物可使女性群体MM的患病风险提高5.1倍;免疫抑制剂甲氨蝶呤则可通过破坏免疫监视功能、再激活EB病毒等病原体途径,以引发持续性抗原刺激,介导B细胞向恶性浆细胞转化[32-36]。临床观察性研究也为此提供了直接证据:强直性脊柱炎患者MM的发病风险为普通人群的1.36~2.30倍;而pSS患者的MM总体发病相对风险则高达普通人群的36倍[30,37]。近年来的研究揭示了自身免疫性疾病向MM发展的若干高危特征。例如,具有高疾病活动度(ESSDAI评分≥5分)伴低补体C4水平的pSS患者,或存在未成熟B细胞异常升高的系统性硬化症患者,其进展为MM的风险均增加[38-39]。
本研究存在一定局限性,相对有限的中位随访时间及样本量,可能会在一定程度上影响对长期预后风险因素的准确评估及统计检验效能,未来需要大样本、长期随访的研究进一步验证。此外,自身抗体谱阳性MM患者预后不良的具体分子机制尚未阐明,深入的基础研究将是未来探索MM病理机制的重要方向。
综上所述,本研究发现自身抗体谱阳性,特别是抗ENA抗体谱阳性,是影响MM患者预后的独立危险因素,其机制可能与患者体内异常的自身免疫激活协同恶性浆细胞克隆增殖有关。此外,PA组患者的治疗反应较差,而男性也被证实是另一个独立的预后不良因素。因此,在临床实践中,建议对自身抗体谱阳性的MM患者进行全面评估,并考虑依据其免疫学特征制定个体化治疗策略,以改善生存结局。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511108
  • 接收时间:2025-11-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-24
  • 修回日期:2026-01-13
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    1兰州大学第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
    2兰州大学第二医院血液科,甘肃 兰州
    3甘肃省人民医院血液科,甘肃 兰州
    4兰州大学第一医院甘肃省血液病分子诊断与治疗临床医学研究中心,甘肃 兰州
    5兰州大学第一医院医学检验中心,甘肃 兰州

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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