Article(id=1320435773237743851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760544000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-16, revisedDate=1762963200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792746020850, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746020850, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746020850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746020850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435745685360670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='251', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746014281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749703323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=317, endPage=324, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435773426487532, articleId=1320435773237743851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Stigmasterol extracted from Coix lacryma-jobi ameliorates COPD lung injury via PPARγ-metabolic reprogramming-M2 polarization axis, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the mechanism of stigmasterol, an extract from Coicis Semen, in treating rats with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) model.

Methods

Forty healthy male SD rats (body weight:120±10 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) using a random number table: blank control (NC) group, model (Mock) group, Stigmasterol group (stigmasterol 20 mg/kg), and stigmasterol+GW9662 group (stigmasterol 20 mg/kg+peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist GW9662 1 mg/kg). The COPD rat model was established by smoke exposure combined with intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg). After 14 d of intervention, alveolar macrophages were isolated. M1/M2 polarization was analyzed by flow cytometry; PPARγ expression was detected using qRT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA; macrophage oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were measured with a Seahorse XF Analyzer; and lung tissue pathology and macrophage infiltration were observed via HE staining and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Compared with the NC group, the Mock group exhibited a significantly increased M1/M2 ratio (P<0.01), markedly reduced PPARγ expression at both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.001), and decreased mitochondrial basal OCR, maximal OCR, and glycolytic ECAR in alveolar macrophages (P<0.01). Lung tissues showed typical histopathological damage, including alveolar destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration. Stigmasterol intervention reversed these abnormalities by decreasing the M1/M2 ratio (P<0.01), upregulating PPARγ expression (P<0.01), improving mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic capacity (as indicated by OCR and ECAR), and alleviating lung tissue histopathological damage (P<0.05). However, co-administration of the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 significantly attenuated stigmasterol’s beneficial effects on promoting M2 macrophage polarization, upregulating PPARγ expression, improving cellular metabolic reprogramming (OCR and ECAR), and protecting against lung tissue damage.

Conclusion

Stigmasterol from Coicis Semen ameliorates lung injury in COPD rats by activating PPARγ, which reprograms alveolar macrophage metabolism and drives M2 polarization.

, authors=Xing CHANG1, Xianghong CHENG1, Liang CAO2, authorsList=Xing CHANG, Xianghong CHENG, Liang CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435774617669879, articleId=1320435773237743851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=薏苡仁提取物豆甾醇通过PPARγ-代谢重编程-M2极化轴改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺损伤, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究薏苡仁提取物豆甾醇治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)模型大鼠的作用机制。

方法

40只健康雄性SD大鼠[体质量(120±10)g],采用随机数字表法分为4组(n=10):空白(NC)组、模型(Mock)组、豆甾醇(Stigmasterol)组(豆甾醇20 mg/kg)及豆甾醇+GW9662(Stigmasterol+GW9662)组[豆甾醇 20 mg/kg +过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)拮抗剂GW9662(1 mg/kg)]。采用烟熏联合气管内滴注脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS,1 mg/kg)的方法建立COPD大鼠模型,连续干预14 d后,分离肺泡巨噬细胞,采用流式细胞术分析M1/M2极化;qRT-PCR、Western blot及ELISA检测PPARγ表达;采用Seahorse XF细胞能量代谢分析系统检测巨噬细胞的耗氧率(oxygen consumption rate,OCR)与细胞外酸化率(extracellular acidification rate,ECAR);HE染色及免疫组化观察肺组织病理与巨噬细胞浸润。

结果

与NC组相比,Mock组M1/M2比率显著升高(P<0.01),PPARγ的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.001),同时肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体基础OCR、最大OCR及糖酵解ECAR亦显著降低(P<0.01),肺组织出现典型的肺泡结构破坏、炎性细胞浸润等病理损伤。与Mock组相比,豆甾醇干预能显著逆转上述异常:降低M1/M2比率(P<0.01),上调PPARγ表达(P<0.01),改善线粒体呼吸与糖酵解代谢能力,并减轻肺组织病理损伤(P<0.05)。然而,联合使用PPARγ拮抗剂GW9662后,豆甾醇对M2极化的促进作用、对PPARγ表达的上调作用、对细胞代谢重编程(OCR与ECAR)的改善作用以及对肺组织损伤的保护作用均被显著削弱。

结论

薏苡仁提取物豆甾醇通过激活PPARγ、促进肺泡巨噬细胞代谢重编程并向M2型极化,从而改善COPD大鼠肺组织损伤。

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曹亮,E-mail:
CAO Liang, E-mail:
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Ann Transl Med, 2022, 10(14): 789., articleTitle=Rhamnocitrin decreases fibrosis of ovarian granulosa cells by regulating the activation of the PPARγ/NF-κB/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway mediated by Wisp2, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320435774953214201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435774961602810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, companyId=1320435774953214201, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of General Internal Medicine, the Affiliated Center Hospital of Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435774969991419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, companyId=1320435774953214201, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陕西理工大学附属医院普通内科,陕西 汉中)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435776563826940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435776572215549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, companyId=1320435776563826940, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Yulin Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Yulin, Shaanxi,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435776580604158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, companyId=1320435776563826940, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西安交通大学第一附属医院榆林医院药剂科,陕西 榆林)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320435778220577046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Isolation and phenotyping of alveolar macrophages from rats, figureFileSmall=2gXP8oxKWu1pUDjcHE0QzQ==, figureFileBig=2mWrE3ebY9RdcgeVoJH01g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435778296074519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的分离及表型鉴定结果

A:Morphology of isolated rat alveolar macrophages; B:Statistical analysis of the M1/M2 ratio

, figureFileSmall=2gXP8oxKWu1pUDjcHE0QzQ==, figureFileBig=2mWrE3ebY9RdcgeVoJH01g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435778489012504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Histopathological results of lung tissues in each group of rats, figureFileSmall=FHIqdXgxAZS5HPk6Eudk8Q==, figureFileBig=symC27mWF8EIVhZ5bYnhUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435778556121369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435773237743851, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组大鼠肺脏病理学的检测结果

A:HE and IHC staining; B: IHC staining of CD206; C:IHC staining of iNOS

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A:Western blot analysis of PPARγ protein; B:Quantitative analysis of Western blotting; C:Quantitative analysis by ELISA assay

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A:Mitochondrial stress test OCR curves; B:Glycolysis stress test ECAR curves

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薏苡仁提取物豆甾醇通过PPARγ-代谢重编程-M2极化轴改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺损伤
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常星 1 , 程向红 1 , 曹亮 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(3): 317-324
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (3) : 317 -324
薏苡仁提取物豆甾醇通过PPARγ-代谢重编程-M2极化轴改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺损伤
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常星1, 程向红1, 曹亮2
作者信息
  • 1陕西理工大学附属医院普通内科,陕西 汉中
  • 2西安交通大学第一附属医院榆林医院药剂科,陕西 榆林
通讯作者:
CAO Liang, E-mail:
Stigmasterol extracted from Coix lacryma-jobi ameliorates COPD lung injury via PPARγ-metabolic reprogramming-M2 polarization axis
Xing CHANG1, Xianghong CHENG1, Liang CAO2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of General Internal Medicine, the Affiliated Center Hospital of Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi
  • 2Yulin Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Yulin, Shaanxi,China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510038
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目的

探究薏苡仁提取物豆甾醇治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)模型大鼠的作用机制。

方法

40只健康雄性SD大鼠[体质量(120±10)g],采用随机数字表法分为4组(n=10):空白(NC)组、模型(Mock)组、豆甾醇(Stigmasterol)组(豆甾醇20 mg/kg)及豆甾醇+GW9662(Stigmasterol+GW9662)组[豆甾醇 20 mg/kg +过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)拮抗剂GW9662(1 mg/kg)]。采用烟熏联合气管内滴注脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS,1 mg/kg)的方法建立COPD大鼠模型,连续干预14 d后,分离肺泡巨噬细胞,采用流式细胞术分析M1/M2极化;qRT-PCR、Western blot及ELISA检测PPARγ表达;采用Seahorse XF细胞能量代谢分析系统检测巨噬细胞的耗氧率(oxygen consumption rate,OCR)与细胞外酸化率(extracellular acidification rate,ECAR);HE染色及免疫组化观察肺组织病理与巨噬细胞浸润。

结果

与NC组相比,Mock组M1/M2比率显著升高(P<0.01),PPARγ的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.001),同时肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体基础OCR、最大OCR及糖酵解ECAR亦显著降低(P<0.01),肺组织出现典型的肺泡结构破坏、炎性细胞浸润等病理损伤。与Mock组相比,豆甾醇干预能显著逆转上述异常:降低M1/M2比率(P<0.01),上调PPARγ表达(P<0.01),改善线粒体呼吸与糖酵解代谢能力,并减轻肺组织病理损伤(P<0.05)。然而,联合使用PPARγ拮抗剂GW9662后,豆甾醇对M2极化的促进作用、对PPARγ表达的上调作用、对细胞代谢重编程(OCR与ECAR)的改善作用以及对肺组织损伤的保护作用均被显著削弱。

结论

薏苡仁提取物豆甾醇通过激活PPARγ、促进肺泡巨噬细胞代谢重编程并向M2型极化,从而改善COPD大鼠肺组织损伤。

豆甾醇  /  过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ  /  慢性阻塞性肺疾病  /  肺泡巨噬细胞
Objective

To investigate the mechanism of stigmasterol, an extract from Coicis Semen, in treating rats with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) model.

Methods

Forty healthy male SD rats (body weight:120±10 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) using a random number table: blank control (NC) group, model (Mock) group, Stigmasterol group (stigmasterol 20 mg/kg), and stigmasterol+GW9662 group (stigmasterol 20 mg/kg+peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist GW9662 1 mg/kg). The COPD rat model was established by smoke exposure combined with intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg). After 14 d of intervention, alveolar macrophages were isolated. M1/M2 polarization was analyzed by flow cytometry; PPARγ expression was detected using qRT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA; macrophage oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were measured with a Seahorse XF Analyzer; and lung tissue pathology and macrophage infiltration were observed via HE staining and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Compared with the NC group, the Mock group exhibited a significantly increased M1/M2 ratio (P<0.01), markedly reduced PPARγ expression at both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.001), and decreased mitochondrial basal OCR, maximal OCR, and glycolytic ECAR in alveolar macrophages (P<0.01). Lung tissues showed typical histopathological damage, including alveolar destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration. Stigmasterol intervention reversed these abnormalities by decreasing the M1/M2 ratio (P<0.01), upregulating PPARγ expression (P<0.01), improving mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic capacity (as indicated by OCR and ECAR), and alleviating lung tissue histopathological damage (P<0.05). However, co-administration of the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 significantly attenuated stigmasterol’s beneficial effects on promoting M2 macrophage polarization, upregulating PPARγ expression, improving cellular metabolic reprogramming (OCR and ECAR), and protecting against lung tissue damage.

Conclusion

Stigmasterol from Coicis Semen ameliorates lung injury in COPD rats by activating PPARγ, which reprograms alveolar macrophage metabolism and drives M2 polarization.

stigmasterol  /  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ  /  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  /  alveolar macrophage
常星, 程向红, 曹亮. 薏苡仁提取物豆甾醇通过PPARγ-代谢重编程-M2极化轴改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺损伤. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (3) : 317 -324 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510038
Xing CHANG, Xianghong CHENG, Liang CAO. Stigmasterol extracted from Coix lacryma-jobi ameliorates COPD lung injury via PPARγ-metabolic reprogramming-M2 polarization axis[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (3) : 317 -324 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510038
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种进行性发展的以持续性气流受限为特征的常见呼吸系统疾病,临床上常伴有肺部慢性炎症反应,可加速肺功能丧失[1-2]。当前COPD的药物治疗主要以支气管扩张剂和糖皮质激素为主,旨在缓解症状而非逆转疾病进程,因此,探寻能够调节疾病关键免疫代谢通路的新疗法具有重要意义。薏苡仁作为传统中药,具有清热利湿、健脾化痰的功效。豆甾醇是薏苡仁的主要活性成分之一,具有抗炎、免疫调节等多种药理活性[3]。近年来研究发现,豆甾醇可通过调节核转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)来影响炎症反应和细胞代谢,但其在COPD中的作用机制尚未明确[4-5]。肺泡巨噬细胞作为肺部的主要免疫细胞,负责清除外来颗粒物质、病原体和凋亡细胞[6-7]。PPARγ是参与脂肪酸代谢、炎症应答、细胞增殖等多种生理病理过程的重要核转录因子家族成员[8-9]。PPARγ能够调控巨噬细胞从促炎M1型向修复M2型的转化,这一过程称为代谢重编程,它对缓解炎症和恢复组织稳态至关重要[10-11]。研究报道豆甾醇在神经病理痛模型中可通过调节IL-34/CSF1R轴影响巨噬细胞功能,提示其具有免疫调节潜力,但其在COPD中通过PPARγ调控肺泡巨噬细胞代谢重编程的具体机制尚未明确[12]。探究薏苡仁活性成分豆甾醇在治疗COPD方面的具体机制,融合中药活性成分研究与现代医学对炎症与免疫代谢调节的理解,对中药现代化发展及其在呼吸系统疾病防治中的应用价值有重要意义。本研究旨在基于PPARγ调控肺泡巨噬细胞代谢重编程的视角,探讨豆甾醇在COPD治疗中的潜在机制,为单一成分中药提取物的现代药理学研究提供实验依据。
豆甾醇(纯度≥98%)购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;薏苡仁提取物由安徽省中医院药学部提供,经高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)鉴定其主要成分为豆甾醇;红双喜牌香烟购自广东中烟工业有限公司(烟气烟碱1.1 mg、一氧化碳13 mg、焦油11 mg);脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)购自美国Sigma公司;PPARγ特异性拮抗剂GW9662(纯度≥98%)购自美国MCE公司。TRIeasy™ Total RNA Extraction Reagent TRIeasy™总RNA提取试剂购自翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;SuperScript Ⅳ反转录酶、SYBR Green PCR Master Mix及ECL化学发光试剂盒购自美国Thermo Fisher公司;胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)、RPMI 1640培养基、青-链霉素(10 000 U/mL)购自美国Gibco公司;PPARγ抗体购自北京Bioss公司;APC-F4/80、PE-CD206购自美国Biolegend公司;iNOS及大鼠PPARγ ELISA试剂盒、PBS购自上海Sangon公司;HRP标记的羊抗鼠二抗购自北京ZSGB-BIO公司;通用型反转录试剂购自南京Vazyme公司;Seahorse XF 糖酵解压力测试试剂盒及XF96微板购自北京Agilent公司。
40只4~6周龄,体质量(120±10)g,无特定致病菌等级的健康雄性大鼠购自上海杰思捷实验动物有限公司,许可证号SCXK(沪)2018-0004。动物饲养在温度22~24 ℃,相对湿度45%~50%的环境下,自由饮水摄食。本次动物实验经陕西理工大学伦理委员会批准(SXLG2025-34),并遵循动物研究实验报告(animal research: reporting of in vivo experiments,ARRIVE)指南进行报告。
将40只大鼠采用随机数字表法分为4组(n=10):空白(NC)组、模型(Mock)组、豆甾醇(Stigmasterol)组及豆甾醇+GW9662(Stigmasterol+GW9662)组。适应性饲养1周后,采用LPS法建立COPD大鼠模型[11]。Mock、Stigmasterol及Stigmasterol+GW9662组于第1天和第14天分别在大鼠气管内注射1 mg/kg LPS。NC组大鼠给予相似体积的0.9%生理盐水。在第2~13天和第15~40天,将大鼠置于烟熏箱内被动吸烟,大鼠每天被动吸烟10支,持续40 min。
在建模结束时开始给药,每天给药1次,持续14 d。NC组和Mock组按10 mL/kg口服0.5%CMC-Na溶液;Stigmasterol组建立动物模型后,按20 mg/kg灌胃给予豆甾醇(悬浮于0.5%CMC-Na溶液);Stigmasterol+GW9662组在给予豆甾醇(20 mg/kg)灌胃前30 min,腹腔注射GW9662(1 mg/kg,溶解于含1%DMSO的玉米油中)。
给药14 d后,使用10%戊巴比妥麻醉大鼠,用75%乙醇清洁胸部和腹部的皮肤。取大鼠左肺以4%多聚甲醛固定。大鼠右肺用于采集肺泡巨噬细胞,具体如下:进行气管切开,插入气管插管。灌入预冷的1 mL PBS(含终浓度为100 U/mL的青-链霉素)从右肺收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)。提取的BALF立即在4 ℃下以1 000×g离心5 min,PBS洗涤2遍,以5 mL含有10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基重悬,显微镜下计数后以1×106个/mL密度接种于6孔板中。24 h后更换新的完全培养基,贴壁细胞即为大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞。
采用流式细胞术检测肺泡巨噬细胞表面标志物,在4 ℃下以1 000×g离心5 min收集细胞,PBS洗涤2次,使用APC-F4/80标记巨噬细胞(F4/80+),并使用PE-CD206进一步表征巨噬细胞亚群为M1(CD206-)或M2(CD206+)。使用CytoFLEX流式细胞仪(Beckman Coulter)分析样品,并使用FlowJo软件进行数据分析。
用4%多聚甲醛固定肺组织后石蜡包埋、切片、制片,取部分切片进行HE染色以观察肺泡形态。为了评估肺组织巨噬细胞的极化状态,分别通过免疫组织化学检测M1和M2极化标志物iNOS和CD206,将肺组织切片分别与iNOS(1∶200)、CD206(1∶1 000)在4 ℃下过夜。随后,将切片在室温下以辣根过氧化物酶偶联的二抗(1∶5 000)孵育2 h。使用DAB显色,随后用苏木精进行核染后使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0定量阳性细胞。
每组取约2×106个肺泡巨噬细胞提取总RNA 20 mg。按照通用型反转录试剂盒说明书反转录为cDNA。以cDNA为模板进行qRT-PCR扩增。引物由Sangon生物技术有限公司(中国上海)设计合成。以β-actin为内参基因,每个样本3个重复孔。使用2-ΔΔCt法计算靶基因的相对表达量。引物序列如下。β-actin正义链:5′-AGATTACTGCCCTGGCTCCTAG-3’,反义链:5′-CATCGTACTCCTGCTTGCTGAT-3’;PPARγ正义链:5′-CCTTTACCACGGTTGATTTCTC-3’,反义链:5′-GGCTCTACTTTGATCGCACTTT-3’。
去除大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中的完全培养基,反复冻融3次进行细胞裂解后,向6孔板中加入1 mL PBS收集裂解物,将裂解物在4 °C下以12 000×g离心15 min,收集上清液并使用BCA试剂盒(Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology)测量总蛋白质的浓度。取蛋白50 μg上样,10%SDS-PAGE分离蛋白。转至PVDF膜,5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭1 h,以PPARγ单抗一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,HRP标记的羊抗鼠二抗室温孵育1 h,曝光显色,GAPDH为内参,最后以各蛋白的灰度值与内参 GAPDH 的灰度比值进行蛋白定量分析。
取大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞裂解上清液,按ELISA试剂盒说明书方法检测各组肺泡巨噬细胞中PPARγ 含量。
按每孔5×104个细胞将巨噬细胞铺在96孔板中,并在Seahorse XF培养基[DMEM、10 mmol/L葡萄糖(glucose,Glu)、1 mmol/L丙酮酸钠、2 mmol/L谷氨酰胺,pH=7.4]中于37 ℃、无CO2培养箱中预温育1 h。根据说明书,在基础条件下和顺序加入寡霉素(oligomycin,OM)、羰基氰4-(三氟甲氧基)苯腙[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoyl cyanide carbonyl compound,FCCP]和抗霉素A/鱼藤酮(antimycin A/rotenone,AA/Rot)后,使用安捷伦海马XFe96生物分析仪测量各组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的耗氧率(oxygen consumption rate,OCR)以评估线粒体呼吸能力。
根据Seahorse XF糖酵解应激测试试剂盒测量细胞外酸化率(extracellular acidification rate,ECAR)。将细胞接种在XF96微板中孵育过夜。在测定开始之前,用PBS轻轻洗涤细胞,并在Seahorse XF培养基中维持。Seahorse XFe96分析仪在指定的间隔自动注射代谢调节剂:Glu、OM和2-脱氧D-葡萄糖(2-deoxy D-glucose,2-DG),并在整个测定期间记录实时ECAR以测量细胞糖酵解能力。
采用SPSS 22.0进行统计分析,计量数据采用x¯±s表示,符合正态分布且方差齐性的数据,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),组间两两比较采用LSD检验;方差不齐时采用Tamhane’s T2检验。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
每组从10只大鼠右肺中分离培养出约1×108个原代肺泡巨噬细胞,分离的细胞呈多角形或圆形(图1A),增殖能力较差,容易贴壁生长。流式细胞术实验观察显示,与NC组相比,Mock组大鼠肺部M2型巨噬细胞显著减少,M1型巨噬细胞显著增加,Mock组的M1/M2表型比率约为13.68,表明M2型巨噬细胞显著转化为M1表型。治疗后,与Mock组相比,Stigmasterol组的M1/M2表型比率显著下降(P=0.004 8);抑制PPARγ后M1/M2表型比率显著回升(P=0.002 7,图1B)。
如图2A所示,NC组相邻肺泡间隔较薄,边界清晰,肺泡壁结构完整,肺泡间无融合,无明显异常。在Mock组中,肺泡实变,肺泡融合,肺泡壁增厚,隔膜扩大,肺泡之间大量粒细胞和巨噬细胞浸润,支气管出血、管腔狭窄、气管壁周围炎性细胞浸润不均匀,气管黏膜上皮部分脱落;与Mock组相比,Stigmasterol组炎性细胞浸润减少,支气管有轻微出血;抑制PPARγ后豆甾醇对COPD大鼠的病理改善作用降低。进一步使用免疫组化对大鼠M1(iNOS阳性)及M2(CD206阳性)巨噬细胞浸润情况进行分析,结果表明,Mock组中iNOS和CD206阳性巨噬细胞的数量大于NC组(P<0.001), 这表明COPD模型大鼠的巨噬细胞中存在M1和M2极化。相比于Mock组,豆甾醇处理后COPD模型大鼠中iNOS和CD206阳性巨噬细胞的数量显著降低(P<0.001);相比于Stigmasterol组,抑制PPARγ后COPD大鼠肺部iNOS(P<0.001)和CD206阳性(P=0.004)巨噬细胞的数量有不同程度的升高(图2B、C)。
Mock组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞PPARγ mRNA 表达水平显著低于NC组(P<0.001)。与Mock组比较,Stigmasterol组PPARγ mRNA表达显著增加(P=0.005);相比于Stigmasterol组,抑制PPARγ后COPD大鼠肺部PPARγ mRNA表达显著下降(P<0.001,图3)。
Western blot结果显示,与NC组比较,Mock组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中PPARγ蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.001)。与Mock组比较,Stigmasterol组PPARγ蛋白表达水平显著增加(P=0.016)。相比于Stigmasterol组,抑制PPARγ后COPD大鼠肺部PPARγ蛋白表达显著下降 (P<0.001,图4A、B)。ELISA结果与Western blot结果类似(图4C)。
巨噬细胞的活化和功能是由代谢过程控制的。为了确定豆甾醇是否也调节巨噬细胞代谢,我们进行了Seahorse XF细胞Mito压力测试。如图5所示,与NC组相比,Mock组线粒体基础OCR、最大OCR和备用呼吸能力均显著下降(P<0.01),表明其线粒体氧化磷酸化功能严重受损。豆甾醇干预后,巨噬细胞基础OCR、最大OCR和备用呼吸能力均较Mock组显著改善(P<0.05)。Seahorse能量代谢分析显示,豆甾醇对线粒体OCR(包括基础呼吸和最大呼吸能力)和糖酵解ECAR的提升作用,在GW9662存在时被显著抑制(P<0.01)。
COPD以持续性气流受限和肺组织进行性破坏为特征,其核心发病机制与肺部异常的慢性炎症及免疫失衡密切相关。肺泡巨噬细胞作为肺部免疫防御的第一道防线,其功能状态与代谢模式直接影响COPD的发生发展[13]。本研究从肺泡巨噬细胞代谢重编程的视角,揭示了薏苡仁活性成分豆甾醇改善COPD大鼠肺损伤的作用机制,核心发现:豆甾醇通过激活PPARγ信号通路,重塑肺泡巨噬细胞的能量代谢,促进其向M2抗炎/修复表型极化,从而减轻肺部炎症与病理损伤。
巨噬细胞的可塑性是其调节免疫反应的关键。M1型巨噬细胞释放促炎因子,加剧组织损伤;而M2型巨噬细胞则发挥抗炎、促进组织修复的功能[14]。本研究发现,COPD模型大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞M1/M2比值显著失衡,向促炎的M1表型偏移,这与临床COPD患者肺部持续存在的炎症状态相符。豆甾醇干预有效逆转了这一失衡,显著提升了M2型巨噬细胞比例。且PPARγ特异性拮抗剂GW9662完全阻断了豆甾醇对M2极化的促进作用,这为豆甾醇通过PPARγ依赖的机制调控巨噬细胞表型转换提供了直接证据。近年来研究提示,PPARγ是调控巨噬细胞分化的关键转录因子,其激活可抑制NF-κB等促炎通路,同时上调一系列M2相关基因[15-16]。本研究结果证实了PPARγ在COPD肺部免疫调节中的核心地位,明确了豆甾醇可作为其天然配体,发挥与合成激动剂(如罗格列酮)类似的免疫调节作用,这为中药成分的现代化应用提供了新的药理学依据。
免疫细胞的功能与其代谢状态高度耦合[17-18]。通常,M1巨噬细胞依赖糖酵解快速供能,而M2巨噬细胞则更依赖氧化磷酸化以支持其修复功能[19-20]。本研究通过Seahorse XF细胞Mito压力测试分析发现,COPD模型大鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞同时出现了线粒体OCR下降与ECAR受损,这表明其整体代谢活性受到抑制,可能无法为有效的免疫调节提供充足的能量与生物合成前体。豆甾醇治疗后,巨噬细胞的OCR与ECAR均得到显著改善,提示其促进了细胞的整体代谢适应性。这种代谢重编程效应同样被GW9662所完全阻断。PPARγ作为脂质代谢的核心调控因子,可能通过促进脂肪酸氧化、优化线粒体功能,为M2极化提供必需的代谢基础[19]。本研究从能量代谢角度,阐明了豆甾醇发挥免疫调节作用的深层机制,即通过PPARγ重编程巨噬细胞的代谢程序,从而为其功能转换提供动力。
在COPD的慢性炎症环境中,PPARγ表达常受到抑制[21]。本研究通过mRNA、蛋白水平证实,豆甾醇能显著上调肺泡巨噬细胞中PPARγ的表达。豆甾醇不仅可能作为激动剂激活PPARγ,还可能通过正反馈调节增加其表达,从而增强和延长其抗炎信号。豆甾醇显著减轻了肺泡壁增厚、炎性细胞浸润等典型病理损伤。已知PPARγ激活可抑制TGF-β1/Smad通路,从而减轻上皮-间质转化和气道重塑[22-23]。因此,豆甾醇通过上调PPARγ,可能同时作用于免疫调节(巨噬细胞极化)和结构保护(抑制重塑)双重环节,这相较于单一抗炎药物可能更具综合治疗优势。
本研究亦存在一定局限:①未设置罗格列酮等经典PPARγ激动剂作为阳性对照,未来研究可通过直接对比,更精准地评估豆甾醇的相对效价与特色。②豆甾醇的体内药代动力学过程尚不明确,其生物利用度、肺组织分布及代谢产物有待深入研究,这是其能否走向临床转化的关键。此外,本研究聚焦于肺泡巨噬细胞,而PPARγ在气道平滑肌细胞、上皮细胞等其他肺内细胞中同样发挥重要作用,豆甾醇对这些细胞的影响值得进一步探索。
综上所述,本研究阐明了豆甾醇通过PPARγ-代谢重编程-M2极化轴改善COPD肺损伤的新机制。豆甾醇作为一种来源天然、具有多靶点调节潜力的成分,其开发应用可能为患者带来兼具疗效与安全性的新选择。

参考文献 引证文献
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2026年第48卷第3期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510038
  • 接收时间:2025-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-16
  • 修回日期:2025-11-13
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    1陕西理工大学附属医院普通内科,陕西 汉中
    2西安交通大学第一附属医院榆林医院药剂科,陕西 榆林

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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