Article(id=1320435759916634255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765209600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-09, revisedDate=1766937600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792746017674, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746017674, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746017674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746017674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435745685360670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='251', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746014281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749703323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=283, endPage=293, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435760143126672, articleId=1320435759916634255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Establishment of an evaluation model for Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein vaccines using MHC-Ⅰ humanized mice and transgenic plasmodium: Effective antibody responses but limited CD8⁺ T-cell responses, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate whether the MHC-Ⅰ humanized mouse model (AAD mice) combined with the Plasmodium berghei transgenic strain expressing Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP,Pb-PfCSP) can be used to establish an evaluation model for PfCSP-based vaccines.

Methods

AAD mice and C57BL/6J mice (6 to 8 weeks old, body weight 20 to 35 g, 4 mice per group) were challenged with graded doses (200, 500, and 1 000) of Pb-PfCSPsporozoites and wild-type P.berghei (Pb) sporozoites via tail vein injection. The susceptibility of the 2 mouse strains to Pb and Pb-PfCSP infection was compared by monitoring the onset time of erythrocytic-stage parasitemia and the dynamic changes in parasitemia levels. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the frequency and absolute number of major hepatic immune cell subsets in the 2 mouse strains, so as to preliminarily explore the potential mechanisms underlying the differential susceptibility to malaria parasites. For vaccine efficacy evaluation, 4 AAD mice per group were immunized with either CI-679-attenuated Pb-PfCSP sporozoite vaccine or LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccine encoding PfCSP (PfCSP@LNP), with unimmunized AAD mice as the control group. After immunization, all mice were challenged with Pb-PfCSP sporozoites, and the protective efficacy was evaluated. The frequency and number of CSP-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the liver were detected by flow cytometry, and CSP-specific antibody titers in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

Pb-PfCSP sporozoites at all tested doses successfully infected both AAD and C57BL/6J mice. Compared with C57BL/6J mice, AAD mice exhibited higher susceptibility to both Pb and Pb-PfCSP infection, as evidenced by earlier onset of erythrocytic-stage parasitemia and significantly higher parasitemia levels in the mid-stage of infection (P<0.05). Regardless of infection status, the frequency and absolute number of hepatic natural killer T (NKT) cells in AAD mice were significantly lower than those in C57BL/6J mice (P<0.05), which might be one of the reasons for the increased susceptibility of AAD mice to malaria parasite infection. After challenge with Pb-PfCSP sporozoites, PfCSP@LNP-immunized AAD mice exhibited delayed erythrocytic-stage parasitemia onset compared with the control group, and detectable titers of CSP-specific antibodies were observed in their serum; however, PfCSP-specific Trm cells were not detected in the liver. Similarly, AAD mice immunized with the nitroquine-attenuated Pb-PfCSP sporozoite vaccine only achieved a protective efficacy of 16.6%, and PfCSP-specific Trm cells were not detected either.

Conclusion

The Pb-PfCSP-infected AAD mouse model can be used for evaluating the efficacy of PfCSP-based vaccines in inducing CSP-specific antibody responses. However, this model requires further optimization for assessing PfCSP-specific CD8+ T cell response induction.

, authors=Teyang LI, Shiming JIAO, Nie TAN, Yan DING, Taiping LIU, Wenyue XU, authorsList=Teyang LI, Shiming JIAO, Nie TAN, Yan DING, Taiping LIU, Wenyue XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenyue XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435761372057754, articleId=1320435759916634255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=利用MHC-Ⅰ人源化小鼠与转基因疟原虫建立恶性疟原虫环子孢子蛋白疫苗评价模型:抗体应答有效而CD8⁺ T细胞应答受限, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究利用MHC-I类分子人源化小鼠(AAD小鼠)和表达恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum, Pf )环子孢子蛋白(circumsporozoite protein, CSP)的转基因伯氏疟原虫虫株(Pb-PfCSP)建立并评估PfCSP疫苗效果评价模型。

方法

采用尾静脉定量攻击不同剂量(200、500、1 000条)Pb-PfCSP子孢子与野生疟原虫(P.berghei, Pb)子孢子,观察其能否感染两种不同小鼠(C57BL/6J和AAD小鼠,6~8周龄,体质量为20~35 g),每组4只。同时通过检测AAD与C57BL/6J小鼠原虫血症出现时间及原虫率变化情况,比较两种小鼠分别对Pb和Pb-PfCSP的易感性。采用流式细胞术比较分析两种小鼠肝脏的主要免疫细胞频率与数量,初步探讨两种小鼠对不同疟原虫易感性差异的可能机制。采用硝喹(CI-679)减毒Pb-PfCSP子孢子疫苗和自主设计的PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗各免疫AAD小鼠作为免疫组小鼠(每组4只),并以未免疫的AAD小鼠作为对照组(每组4只),免疫完成后使用Pb-PfCSP子孢子攻击免疫小鼠,观察免疫保护效果,并通过流式细胞术检测CSP特异性组织驻留记忆性T细胞(tissue resident memory T cell, Trm)的频率与数量,采用ELISA检测CSP特异性抗体滴度,观察该疫苗能否有效诱导CSP特异性的抗体和Trm细胞的免疫应答。

结果

不同剂量Pb-PfCSP都能成功感染AAD和C57BL/6J小鼠,与C57BL/6J小鼠相比,AAD小鼠更易感染Pb和Pb-PfCSP,其易感性表现为红内期出现时间更早,在感染中期原虫血症更高(P<0.05);并且无论感染与否,AAD小鼠肝脏的NKT细胞频率与数量均显著少于C57BL/6J小鼠(P<0.05),这可能是AAD小鼠更易感染疟原虫的原因之一。PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗免疫AAD小鼠后,采用Pb-PfCSP子孢子攻击免疫小鼠后的红内期出现时间延后于对照组小鼠,血清中能检测到较高滴度的CSP特异性抗体,但在肝脏中未能检测到PfCSP特异性Trm。同样采用硝喹减毒Pb-PfCSP子孢子疫苗免疫AAD小鼠,其免疫组的保护效果也只有16.6%,且未能检测到PfCSP特异性Trm。

结论

AAD小鼠感染Pb-PfCSP虫株模型可用于评价PfCSP疫苗诱导产生PfCSP特异性抗体的效果,但用于评价疫苗诱导产生PfCSP特异性CD8+ T细胞应答方面该小鼠模型有待于进一步优化。

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徐文岳,E-mail:
XU Wenyue, E-mail:
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2013, 110(15): 6055-6060., articleTitle=A T-cell response to a liver-stage Plasmodium antigen is not boosted by repeated sporozoite immunizations, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320435763242717340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435763251105949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, companyId=1320435763242717340, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435763263688862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, companyId=1320435763242717340, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院病原生物学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320435767978086598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Parasitemia progression in mouse strains infected with Pb-PfCSP or Pb parasites, figureFileSmall=yNCgnw76+m2oBivaUCqeAQ==, figureFileBig=SwX1DzC2YNFAmreMCEBHHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435768036806855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Pb-PfCSP与Pb虫株感染各种小鼠的感染情况

a:P<0.05, b:P<0.01,compared with C57BL/BJ mice at the same time A: Genotype of AAD mice; B: Genotype of Pb-PfCSP parasites; C: Onset time of parasitemia in C57BL/6J and AAD mice following quantitative challenge with 200, 500, or 1 000 Pb-PfCSP SPZ; D: Onset time of parasitemia in C57BL/6J and AAD mice following quantitative challenge with 200, 500, or 1 000 Pb SPZ; E,F: Parasitemia in AAD and C57BL/6J mice following challenge with 200 SPZ of Pb or Pb-PfCSP parasites

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A: Gating strategy for various immune cells in naïve mice;B: Frequency of various immune cells in naïve mice;C: Number of various immune cells in naïve mice;D: Gating strategy for various immune cells in infected mice;E: Frequency of various immune cells in Pb-PfCSP-infected mice;F: Number of various immune cells in Pb-PfCSP-infected mice

, figureFileSmall=aQUcVb9Qq8s2haYdWxo6Ig==, figureFileBig=kGOnv3Tx6foiz7XMw21mQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435768351379658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Characteristics of humoral immune responses and CD8+ T cells induced by PfCSP@LNP mRNA vaccine in AAD mice, figureFileSmall=wLdy4uEkct1LAYhdZvCoFg==, figureFileBig=N414GVXmOh1H0ijk5ZRwWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435768426877131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PfCSP@LNP mRNA 疫苗在 AAD 小鼠中诱导的体液免疫应答和CD8+T 细胞特征

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,compared with the Control group A: SPZ challenge efficacy after vaccine immunization; B: Onset time of parasitemia following mRNA vaccination; C: OD values of specific antibodies after multiple gradient dilutions; D: Flow cytometry gating strategy;E:CD8+ T cell frequency; F: CD8+ T cell absolute number; G:PfPEN+ CD8+ T cell frequency; H: PfPEN+ CD8+ T cell absolute number; I: PfPEN+ Trm cell frequency; J: PfPEN+ Trm cell absolute number

, figureFileSmall=wLdy4uEkct1LAYhdZvCoFg==, figureFileBig=N414GVXmOh1H0ijk5ZRwWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435768506568908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Post-immunization detection of humoral and cellular immunity to nitroquine-attenuated sporozoite vaccine in AAD mice, figureFileSmall=C0duujkF4oPQClJELs0XuQ==, figureFileBig=rVzaQ5OBSbIrZ0IgfMST5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435768577872077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, language=CN, label=图4, caption=AAD小鼠建立硝喹减毒子孢子疫苗模型免疫后检测结果

A:Protection after attenuated sporozoite vaccine immunization; B: Cell gating strategy; C: CD8+ T cell frequency; D:CD8+ T cell absolute number; E:PfPEN+ CD8+ T cell frequency; F: PfPEN+ CD8+ T cell absolute number; G:PfPEN+ Trm cell frequency; H: PfPEN+ Trm cell absolute number

, figureFileSmall=C0duujkF4oPQClJELs0XuQ==, figureFileBig=rVzaQ5OBSbIrZ0IgfMST5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435768657563854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Major antibodies for flow cytometry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell typesRequired flow cytometry antibodies
Naïve CD4+ T cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,CD4-FITC
Naïve CD8+ T cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,CD8α-BV786
Naïve NKT cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,NK1.1-PE
Active CD4+ T cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,CD4-APC,CD11a-FITC
Active CD8+ T cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,CD8α-PerCPCy5.5 CD11a-FITC
Active NKT cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,NK1.1-PE,CD11a-FITC
PfPEN+ TrmL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,BV786-CD8α,PE-CD69,CD44-BV421,Alexa Fluor 700-CD62L,PEN-APC
), ArticleFig(id=1320435768754032847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435759916634255, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

流式细胞术检测使用的主要抗体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell typesRequired flow cytometry antibodies
Naïve CD4+ T cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,CD4-FITC
Naïve CD8+ T cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,CD8α-BV786
Naïve NKT cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,NK1.1-PE
Active CD4+ T cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,CD4-APC,CD11a-FITC
Active CD8+ T cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,CD8α-PerCPCy5.5 CD11a-FITC
Active NKT cellL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,NK1.1-PE,CD11a-FITC
PfPEN+ TrmL/D-APC-Cy7,CD3-BV510,BV786-CD8α,PE-CD69,CD44-BV421,Alexa Fluor 700-CD62L,PEN-APC
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利用MHC-Ⅰ人源化小鼠与转基因疟原虫建立恶性疟原虫环子孢子蛋白疫苗评价模型:抗体应答有效而CD8⁺ T细胞应答受限
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李特阳 , 焦世铭 , 谭涅 , 丁艳 , 刘太平 , 徐文岳
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(3): 283-293
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (3) : 283 -293
利用MHC-Ⅰ人源化小鼠与转基因疟原虫建立恶性疟原虫环子孢子蛋白疫苗评价模型:抗体应答有效而CD8⁺ T细胞应答受限
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李特阳, 焦世铭, 谭涅, 丁艳, 刘太平, 徐文岳
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院病原生物学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
徐文岳,E-mail:
XU Wenyue, E-mail:
Establishment of an evaluation model for Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein vaccines using MHC-Ⅰ humanized mice and transgenic plasmodium: Effective antibody responses but limited CD8⁺ T-cell responses
Teyang LI, Shiming JIAO, Nie TAN, Yan DING, Taiping LIU, Wenyue XU
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512046
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目的

探究利用MHC-I类分子人源化小鼠(AAD小鼠)和表达恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum, Pf )环子孢子蛋白(circumsporozoite protein, CSP)的转基因伯氏疟原虫虫株(Pb-PfCSP)建立并评估PfCSP疫苗效果评价模型。

方法

采用尾静脉定量攻击不同剂量(200、500、1 000条)Pb-PfCSP子孢子与野生疟原虫(P.berghei, Pb)子孢子,观察其能否感染两种不同小鼠(C57BL/6J和AAD小鼠,6~8周龄,体质量为20~35 g),每组4只。同时通过检测AAD与C57BL/6J小鼠原虫血症出现时间及原虫率变化情况,比较两种小鼠分别对Pb和Pb-PfCSP的易感性。采用流式细胞术比较分析两种小鼠肝脏的主要免疫细胞频率与数量,初步探讨两种小鼠对不同疟原虫易感性差异的可能机制。采用硝喹(CI-679)减毒Pb-PfCSP子孢子疫苗和自主设计的PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗各免疫AAD小鼠作为免疫组小鼠(每组4只),并以未免疫的AAD小鼠作为对照组(每组4只),免疫完成后使用Pb-PfCSP子孢子攻击免疫小鼠,观察免疫保护效果,并通过流式细胞术检测CSP特异性组织驻留记忆性T细胞(tissue resident memory T cell, Trm)的频率与数量,采用ELISA检测CSP特异性抗体滴度,观察该疫苗能否有效诱导CSP特异性的抗体和Trm细胞的免疫应答。

结果

不同剂量Pb-PfCSP都能成功感染AAD和C57BL/6J小鼠,与C57BL/6J小鼠相比,AAD小鼠更易感染Pb和Pb-PfCSP,其易感性表现为红内期出现时间更早,在感染中期原虫血症更高(P<0.05);并且无论感染与否,AAD小鼠肝脏的NKT细胞频率与数量均显著少于C57BL/6J小鼠(P<0.05),这可能是AAD小鼠更易感染疟原虫的原因之一。PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗免疫AAD小鼠后,采用Pb-PfCSP子孢子攻击免疫小鼠后的红内期出现时间延后于对照组小鼠,血清中能检测到较高滴度的CSP特异性抗体,但在肝脏中未能检测到PfCSP特异性Trm。同样采用硝喹减毒Pb-PfCSP子孢子疫苗免疫AAD小鼠,其免疫组的保护效果也只有16.6%,且未能检测到PfCSP特异性Trm。

结论

AAD小鼠感染Pb-PfCSP虫株模型可用于评价PfCSP疫苗诱导产生PfCSP特异性抗体的效果,但用于评价疫苗诱导产生PfCSP特异性CD8+ T细胞应答方面该小鼠模型有待于进一步优化。

疟疾  /  mRNA疫苗  /  记忆T细胞  /  体液免疫
Objective

To investigate whether the MHC-Ⅰ humanized mouse model (AAD mice) combined with the Plasmodium berghei transgenic strain expressing Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP,Pb-PfCSP) can be used to establish an evaluation model for PfCSP-based vaccines.

Methods

AAD mice and C57BL/6J mice (6 to 8 weeks old, body weight 20 to 35 g, 4 mice per group) were challenged with graded doses (200, 500, and 1 000) of Pb-PfCSPsporozoites and wild-type P.berghei (Pb) sporozoites via tail vein injection. The susceptibility of the 2 mouse strains to Pb and Pb-PfCSP infection was compared by monitoring the onset time of erythrocytic-stage parasitemia and the dynamic changes in parasitemia levels. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the frequency and absolute number of major hepatic immune cell subsets in the 2 mouse strains, so as to preliminarily explore the potential mechanisms underlying the differential susceptibility to malaria parasites. For vaccine efficacy evaluation, 4 AAD mice per group were immunized with either CI-679-attenuated Pb-PfCSP sporozoite vaccine or LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccine encoding PfCSP (PfCSP@LNP), with unimmunized AAD mice as the control group. After immunization, all mice were challenged with Pb-PfCSP sporozoites, and the protective efficacy was evaluated. The frequency and number of CSP-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the liver were detected by flow cytometry, and CSP-specific antibody titers in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

Pb-PfCSP sporozoites at all tested doses successfully infected both AAD and C57BL/6J mice. Compared with C57BL/6J mice, AAD mice exhibited higher susceptibility to both Pb and Pb-PfCSP infection, as evidenced by earlier onset of erythrocytic-stage parasitemia and significantly higher parasitemia levels in the mid-stage of infection (P<0.05). Regardless of infection status, the frequency and absolute number of hepatic natural killer T (NKT) cells in AAD mice were significantly lower than those in C57BL/6J mice (P<0.05), which might be one of the reasons for the increased susceptibility of AAD mice to malaria parasite infection. After challenge with Pb-PfCSP sporozoites, PfCSP@LNP-immunized AAD mice exhibited delayed erythrocytic-stage parasitemia onset compared with the control group, and detectable titers of CSP-specific antibodies were observed in their serum; however, PfCSP-specific Trm cells were not detected in the liver. Similarly, AAD mice immunized with the nitroquine-attenuated Pb-PfCSP sporozoite vaccine only achieved a protective efficacy of 16.6%, and PfCSP-specific Trm cells were not detected either.

Conclusion

The Pb-PfCSP-infected AAD mouse model can be used for evaluating the efficacy of PfCSP-based vaccines in inducing CSP-specific antibody responses. However, this model requires further optimization for assessing PfCSP-specific CD8+ T cell response induction.

malaria  /  mRNA vaccine  /  memory T cells  /  humoral immunity
李特阳, 焦世铭, 谭涅, 丁艳, 刘太平, 徐文岳. 利用MHC-Ⅰ人源化小鼠与转基因疟原虫建立恶性疟原虫环子孢子蛋白疫苗评价模型:抗体应答有效而CD8⁺ T细胞应答受限. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (3) : 283 -293 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512046
Teyang LI, Shiming JIAO, Nie TAN, Yan DING, Taiping LIU, Wenyue XU. Establishment of an evaluation model for Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein vaccines using MHC-Ⅰ humanized mice and transgenic plasmodium: Effective antibody responses but limited CD8⁺ T-cell responses[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (3) : 283 -293 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512046
疟疾仍然是一类严重危害公共安全的传染病,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)报告显示,2023年疟疾在全球共造成2.49亿相关病例,并造成60.8万人的死亡[1]。疟疾在人类宿主中具有2个时期,即红外期与红内期,疟原虫子孢子在经过人体肝脏的发育后,1个恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum, Pf)子孢子(sporozoites,SPZ)能够发育并增殖产生40 000个肝期裂殖子进入血液中[2],每次蚊叮咬会释放几十至几百个SPZ,但是仅有少部分会进入肝脏,如果阻止这部分进入肝脏的SPZ发育,就能够有效阻断SPZ在人体内的发展。所以针对疟原虫红外期,预防性疫苗是一种理想的疫苗模型。
在红外期预防性疫苗中,预防效果较好的是减毒子孢子疫苗,其能够诱导产生长效、高水平的保护[3],然而由于子孢子主要在蚊虫体内发育,且其难以在体外培养[4],并且减毒子孢子在体内存在突破性感染的问题[5],难以进行大规模推广。相对而言,亚单位疫苗较为容易推广,但是WHO批准的RTS,S/AS01疫苗并未取得预期的预防疟疾感染效果,只能在一定程度上降低发病率和病死率,在婴儿和儿童体内只能达到30%~50%的临床保护率[6]。而WHO批准的另外一款疫苗R21-Matrix-M虽在Ⅱ期试验中能够达到70%的保护效力,但是其Ⅲ期保护效果仍需要进一步的验证[7]。所以现如今仍然缺少安全、高效的疟疾预防性疫苗。
环子孢子蛋白(circumsporozoite protein, CSP)已经被证明是减毒子孢子疫苗的最主要保护性抗原[8],相关研究证明针对CSP的特异性抗体和肝脏组织驻留记忆性T细胞(tissue-resident memoryT cells, Trm)是疟疾预防性疫苗的关键效应分子[9-10]。目前,利用PfCSP转基因虫株(Pb-PfCSP)攻击C57BL/6J或BALB/c小鼠可用于评价通过诱导CSP特异性抗体产生保护作用的红外期疟疾疫苗的效果[11]。然而,受MHC-Ⅰ类分子的限制,难以通过上述模型来评估旨在诱导CSP特异性CD8+ T细胞应答的候选红外期疟疾疫苗的效果,因此,这严重限制预防性疟疾疫苗的研制进展。
AAD[B6.Cg-Immp2lTg(HLA-A/H2-D)2Enge/J]小鼠是一种将小鼠MHC-Ⅰ类分子替换为人MHC-Ⅰ类分子HLA:0201的人源化小鼠,其既拥有人类的HLAα1α2结构域,能递呈和结合人源的CD8+ T细胞表位肽,同时还保留了小鼠H-2Db α3结构域[12],此结构域则可与小鼠的CD8+ T细胞表面的CD8分子结合,从而能有效递呈人源的CD8+ T细胞表位肽并特异性活化小鼠的CD8+ T细胞。鉴于此,本研究探讨AAD小鼠能否用于建立Pb-PfCSP感染模型,及其是否适用于评价旨在诱导CSP特异性CD8+ T细胞应答的候选预防性疫苗的效果。
6~8周龄昆明(KM)雌性小鼠购自陆军军医大学实验动物中心,6~8周龄C57BL/6J雌性小鼠购自江苏集萃药康生物科技有限股份公司,小鼠体质量为20~35 g。6~8周龄AAD小鼠购自美国JACKSON实验室,体质量为20~35 g,于病原生物学教研室进行繁殖,并鉴定后使用。本研究所有实验经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会审核批准(AMUWEC20250047),符合动物伦理要求。小鼠单笼饲养于标准环境中,环境温度控制在20~25 ℃、相对湿度为50%~60%,IVC循环通风,实行12 h昼夜交替光照。实验过程中采用异氟烷吸入麻醉以减少动物疼痛;所有动物在实验终点前每日监测健康状态和体质量,一旦出现严重不适即实施安乐死处理,执行人道终点原则。实验期间未观察到严重不良事件。
野生伯氏疟原虫虫株(P.berghei,Pb)由病原生物学教研室长期繁育并保种。表达恶性疟原虫CSP的转基因伯氏疟原虫虫株(Pb-PfCSP)由南京医科大学冯高谦教授赠送,于病原生物学教研室进行长期繁育并保种。斯氏按蚊HOR株(Anopheles stephensi Hor strain)在本教研室长期繁育并保种,常规饲养条件:23~25 ℃,湿度为70%。
LIVE/DEADTM Fixable Dead Cell Stain Kits,FITC-CD11a、PE-NK1.1、percy5.5-CD8α、APC-CD4、FITC-CD4、PE-CD69、BV510-CD3抗体购自美国Biolegend公司;抗小鼠BV786-CD8α、BV421-CD44抗体购自美国BD公司;FITC-CD62L抗体购自德国Miltenyi Biotec公司;APC-PfCSP-Pentamer购自美国Creative Biolabs公司,用于检测PfCSP特异性的CD8+ T细胞。PCR引物由上海圣尔生物科技有限公司进行合成,血液/组织DNA提取试剂盒购自天根生化科技有限公司。硝喹(CI-679)购自天津药明康德新药开发有限公司。PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗由本实验室设计,由南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司进行合成包被。ELISA试剂盒购自达科为生物技术股份有限公司。PfCSP抗原多肽由武汉金开瑞生物公司合成。HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG购自美国Southern Biotech公司。1640培养基购自美国Hyclone公司。
将200 μL以(1×)PBS稀释的含有Pb-PfCSP的血液(体积比1∶10)尾静脉注射至KM小鼠体内,并于感染第3天进行尾尖血涂片检测。待到KM小鼠体内的原虫率达到20%左右,采用异氟烷麻醉小鼠,眼球取血,按照DNA试剂提取盒说明书提取出Pb-PfCSP的DNA作为模板,加入目标引物与所需扩增原料,使用PCR扩增仪进行目标DNA片段扩增(PCR程序:95 ℃,3 min预变性;95 ℃ 15 s,55 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 1 min,重复35个循环;72 ℃ 5 min;4 ℃保存)。鉴定Pb-PfCSP的PfCSP基因引物为Pfcsp正向引物: 5’-CAGCGGATGGTAATCCT-GA-3’,反向引物: 5’-ATTTCGGTTTGGGTCATTTG-3’。扩增完成后,在含有DNA染色染料的1%琼脂糖凝胶中加入待测样品,置于电泳仪中,以100 V电压恒压电泳30 min,置于凝胶成像仪中成像。
AAD小鼠剪去小鼠尾端后置于50 mmol/L NaOH中并煮沸,煮沸后加入Tris-HCl作为DNA模板,将底物加入含目标引物及所需扩增原料的PCR管中,后续步骤与前文疟原虫DNA扩增相似(PCR程序:预变性94 ℃、3 min;94 ℃、1 min,65 ℃、1 min且每个循环降低0.5 ℃,68 ℃、1 min,重复10个循环;94 ℃、1 min,60 ℃、1 min,72 ℃、1 min,重复28个循环;72 ℃、3 min,10 ℃保存)。鉴定人β2m-HLA-A2.1的α1与α2结构域的基因片段为29239:5’-AGTTGTGCTGATGCAAC-TGG-3’;29240:5’-TCAGTCTCAACGGCTTTCA-3’;29241:5’-TTAACATCTTGAGCTAGGGCTGA-3’。
按蚊感染疟原虫后19~21 d,使用无水乙醚麻醉按蚊,75%酒精浸泡30 s后,用1640培养基洗净按蚊。于解剖台上剥离出按蚊唾液腺,置于含有1 mL 1640培养基的2 mL离心管中,使用1 mL注射器反复吹打抽吸。采用200目滤网对液体进行过滤,并吸取10 μL于血细胞计数板上进行计数统计。计数完毕后根据所需SPZ数量采用(1×)PBS进行稀释,以200 μL/只的体积对AAD与C57BL/6J小鼠进行尾静脉注射。注射完毕后,从感染后第4天开始,使用眼科剪剪去小鼠尾端,以尾尖血为材料采用薄血膜的形式进行涂片。采用无水甲醇固定45 s,待涂片表面干燥后,用1∶5体积比稀释的吉姆萨染液染色15~30 min,染色完毕后冲去染液并待其干燥。于显微镜下观察原虫出现情况及原虫血症情况。
每次肌注7 μg PfCSP mRNA疫苗至AAD小鼠体内进行免疫,初次免疫后21 d,进行加强免疫,再次免疫后21 d,采用SPZ定量攻击小鼠与流式细胞术检测,以未进行注射疫苗的AAD小鼠为对照组小鼠。
尾静脉注射25 000条SPZ至AAD小鼠体内(SPZ由按蚊唾液腺内剥离出),注射完成后2 h灌胃小鼠2.5 mg/mL CI-679溶液200 μL,连续灌胃3 d,从第4天开始取小鼠尾尖血制作薄膜血涂片,通过观察是否出现原虫血症来判断是否构建成功,尾静脉注射完成后第21天开始,即可尾静脉注射SPZ进行定量攻击来观察免疫后保护效果,以未进行注射疫苗的AAD小鼠为对照组。
实验前1晚,每孔加入100 µL 1 µg/mL PfCSP抗原,用保鲜膜密封后常温过夜。实验当天,弃抗原,每孔250 µL 1×washing buffer洗板5次,拍干板后加入200 μL封闭液并密封,37 ℃孵育1 h。封闭结束后,弃封闭液,洗板,加入不同稀释程度的血清(通过眼眶后取血,常温静置2~3 h,以1 500×g离心5 min后所得),密封并37 ℃孵育2 h,弃液,洗板,加入200 µL用稀释液稀释的HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG(1∶10 000),用保鲜膜密封,37 ℃孵育1 h。同上洗板7~10次,每孔加入100 µL TMB作为底物,显色15~30 min,显色就可证明血清中有抗CSP抗体存在。每孔加入50 µL终止液终止反应。用酶标仪在450 nm处检测光密度[OD(450)]值。
麻醉AAD与C57BL/6J小鼠后,暴露出小鼠腹腔,使用注射器匀速灌注肝脏10 min,采用钝性分离肝脏,剪碎肝脏后采用70 μm细胞过滤器分离出肝脏单细胞悬液,采用70%Percoll与33%Percoll使用梯度离心法分离出肝脏淋巴细胞。使用2 μL CD16/32封闭样品10 min并常温以600×g离心5 min,离心后加入所需流式细胞术抗体按1∶100进行稀释,并以100 μL进行染色45 min。所需流式细胞术抗体如表1所示。染色完毕后,加入1 mL FACS洗液洗涤并常温以600×g离心5min,重悬细胞沉淀并进行流式细胞术检测。
流式数据均采用FLOW JO V10进行处理,统计数据分析均采用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行。两组间比较,满足正态分布且方差齐性时,采用独立样本t检验;不满足正态分布时,采用单因素方差分析。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
采用PCR对AAD小鼠进行基因型鉴定发现,AAD小鼠确实能成功扩增出356 bp的特异条带,即人β2m-HLA-A2.1的α1与α2结构域的基因片段(图1A)。采用PCR对Pb-PfCSP的基因型进行检测,Pb-PfCSP虫株能特异性扩增出约587 bp的PfCSP基因(图1B)。
在鉴定AAD小鼠和Pb-PfCSP虫株后,通过尾静脉注射不同的剂量Pb-PfCSP子孢子感染两种小鼠,结果发现Pb-PfCSP能够有效感染C57BL/6J小鼠与AAD小鼠(图1C)。其中,Pb-PfCSP红内期在AAD小鼠的出现时间相较于C57BL/6J小鼠提前1~2 d,提示AAD小鼠比C57BL/6J小鼠更易感染疟原虫。为进一步证实这一现象,本研究采用Pb重复上述实验。结果显示,与C57BL/6J小鼠相比,不同剂量的Pb感染AAD小鼠后的红内期出现时间提前(图1D)。另外,以相同数量(200条)的Pb-SPZ和Pb-PfCSP分别攻击AAD和C57BL/6J小鼠后,AAD小鼠原虫血症在感染中期明显高于C57BL/6J小鼠(P<0.05,图1E、F),但是到了后期二者感染水平趋近一致。因此,AAD小鼠相对于C57BL/6J小鼠,更易被疟原虫感染。
为了探讨AAD小鼠对疟原虫更易感的原因,采用流式细胞术检测未感染AAD小鼠和C57BL/6J小鼠肝脏内主要免疫细胞的数量与频率(图2A~C)。结果显示,AAD小鼠CD4+ T和NKT细胞频率和数量均少于C57BL/6J小鼠,但是CD8+ T细胞数量与频率二者未出现明显差异。使用200 Pb-PfCSP SPZ攻击AAD小鼠与C57BL/6J小鼠后44 h,采用流式细胞术检测肝脏主要免疫细胞的数量与频率(图2D~F)。结果显示,虽然AAD小鼠的肝脏CD4+ T细胞数量略少于C57BL/6J小鼠,但两种小鼠的CD4+ T细胞频率并差异无统计学意义;CD8+ T细胞数量与频率在两种小鼠之间也无明显差异,然而,AAD小鼠的NKT细胞数量和频率,均显著少于C57BL/6J小鼠。总之,未感染模型和Pb-PfCSP-SPZ感染模型均证实,AAD小鼠肝脏的CD4+ T细胞和CD8+ T细胞没有出现明显的缺陷,而NKT细胞的频率和数量均显著少于C57BL/6J小鼠,这在一定程度上解释了AAD小鼠对疟原虫的易感性。
为探讨AAD小鼠能否用于诱导针对PfCSP的抗体和CD8+ T细胞免疫应答,本研究选择实验室已制备的PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗(该疫苗同时包含CSP的B细胞表位和CD8+ T细胞表位)来验证这一设想。结果发现,对照小鼠和免疫小鼠均全部被感染,说明PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗不能诱导AAD小鼠产生完全保护性免疫;然而,与对照小鼠相比,免疫小鼠的红内期出现时间明显延后(图3A、B),提示PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗能显著降低肝脏虫荷,具有一定的免疫保护效果。ELISA检测免疫小鼠血清中的anti-CSP抗体,发现该疫苗能成功诱导AAD小鼠产生较高滴度的anti-CSP抗体(图3C)。然而,对肝脏免疫细胞的流式分析发现,免疫小鼠的CD8+ T细胞频率和数量与对照小鼠相比无明显差异(图3D~F)。进一步用PfCSP-Pentamer 检测肝脏CSP特异性CD8+ T细胞和CD8+ Trm的细胞频率,发现免疫小鼠的PfPEN+ CD8+ T细胞频率显著高于对照小鼠(P<0.01),但是数量在二者之间没有明显差异(图3G、H)。然而,PfPEN+ Trm频率和数量在两种小鼠之间均没有明显差异(图3I、J),提示该疫苗并不能诱导AAD小鼠产生CSP特异性Trm。
使用实验室所建立的硝喹减毒Pb-PfCSP子孢子疫苗模型对AAD小鼠进行免疫,免疫后21 d进行流式细胞术检测并进行定量攻击实验。1 000 Pb-PfCSP子孢子尾静脉注射定量攻击实验发现,只有约16.6%的免疫AAD小鼠没有感染疟原虫,达到完全保护作用,即感染后10 d均未出现原虫血症(图4A)。肝脏淋巴细胞流式检测结果显示,不但总CD8+ T细胞频率和数量在免疫组和对照组之间没有明显差异(图4B~D),而且2组之间的CSP特异性CD8+ T细胞和Trm均无明显差异(图4E~H)。由此可见,硝喹化学减毒Pb-PfCSP子孢子诱导的低保护性免疫与其不能诱导AAD小鼠产生特异性Trm密切相关,从而进一步证实AAD小鼠确实不能有效递呈PfCSP的CD8+ T细胞表位。
从发现疟原虫至今,疟疾的防控应用基础研究从未停止过。由于疟原虫的种属特异性,即人疟原虫只能感染人,因此缺乏相应人疟原虫感染的动物模型,从而严重限制该领域的进展。虽然科学家们发现非人类灵长类动物,如猴类及猿类,因其与人类亲缘关系较近及其生理特征免疫系统相近于人类而被选为疟疾感染模型[13],然而,能够感染恶性疟原虫的猿与猴仅有少部分,且实验成本较高,重复率低,所以导致其可行性较低。鼠类疟疾模型因其重复性高,易于大规模开展,且实验变量易于控制而被广泛应用[14],但小鼠仅能有效感染鼠疟原虫,无法感染人疟原虫,这就导致该模型难以用于恶性疟疫苗的开发。然而,大量的研究证实,通过基因编辑技术,将Pb中的重要保护性抗原CSP替换为P.falciparum的CSP(Pb-PfCSP),可用于PfCSP疫苗的临床前评价。然而,由于MHC-Ⅰ的限制性,采用Pb-PfCSP定量攻击的小鼠只能用于旨在诱导抗体产生的PfCSP疫苗的临床前评价,不能评价PfCSP特异性的CD8+ T细胞应答。近年来的研究证实,Trm才是减毒子孢子疫苗的关键效应细胞,而既能诱导抗体又能诱导Trm成为了新的疫苗设计理念,但缺乏相应的临床前评价的动物模型。AAD小鼠是MHC-Ⅰ类分子人源化小鼠,理论上可用于评价PfCSP疫苗诱导的Trm应答。鉴此,本研究探讨Pb-PfCSP能否成功感染AAD小鼠,并采用硝喹减毒Pb-PfCSP子孢子疫苗和自主设计的PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗对其能否诱导递呈PfCSP的CD8+ T细胞表位及活化Trm应答进行了探讨。
疟原虫初次感染时,固有免疫是针对红外期的主要免疫部分[15]。NKT细胞在其中起到了至关重要的作用,通过产生IFN-γ来实现对疟原虫的杀伤[16]。本相关实验结果表明,在感染早期,AAD小鼠的NKT细胞频率与数量均少于C57BL/6J小鼠,这也许就造成了AAD小鼠早期更加易感。然而,与C57BL/6J小鼠相比,AAD小鼠的CD4+ T和CD8+ T细胞频率和数量并没有出现明显的差异,因此,理论上并不影响AAD小鼠用于评价疫苗诱导CSP特异性的CD8+ T细胞应答。
相关文献证明,红外期预防性减毒子孢子疫苗产生保护作用的主要细胞是CD8+ Trm[17],本研究也发现在感染转基因虫株后,AAD小鼠CD8+ T细胞频率和数量高于C57BL/6J小鼠。但是在本研究使用PfCSP@LNP mRNA疫苗和化学减毒子孢子疫苗对该小鼠进行免疫后,特异性CD8+ Trm的数量和频率却没有任何增加。可能原因有:①肝脏Trm的形成是一个多步骤级联过程,这包括疫苗诱导初始CD8+ T细胞活化扩增、活化的CD8+ T细胞分化为效应记忆T细胞(effector memory T cells,Tem)与中枢记忆T细胞(central memory T cells,Tcm)[18],以及被招募到肝脏Tcm/Tem在局部微环境信号作用下分化为Trm[19];在其中任一环节受阻,都可能会导致肝脏Trm数量无显著变化。②虽然本研究发现早期CD8+ T细胞虽然数量有所增加,但是恶性疟CSP抗原可能并没有被该小鼠的嵌合MHC分子递呈给CD8+ T细胞,导致未能产生特异性CD8+ Trm。虽然AAD小鼠拥有HLA-A2.1分子的α1与α2结构域,但是其含有小鼠H-2Db的α3结构域来辅助小鼠进行抗原递呈[12]。除此之外,该小鼠仍含有少量游离的H-2Kb重链,其会影响干扰到抗原的递呈,从而影响到HLA-A2.1限制CD8+ T细胞的生成[20]。
本课题组后续拟将AAD小鼠与H-2D敲除小鼠进行杂交,构建H-2D-/-AAD小鼠,从而去除H-2D的干扰,探讨其是否能用于诱导PfCSP特异性的Trm应答。另外,研究报道,采用αGC作为佐剂来促进CD8+ Trm的生成[21]。αGC是一种NKT细胞激动剂,其通过活化NKT细胞重塑肝脏微环境从而实现佐剂目的。另外,还有研究表明IL-15在促进肝脏Trm的产生中发挥了重要的作用[22]。IL-15能够通过激活STAT5通路维持Trm的效应功能,并抑制其向Tem或Tcm转化,确保其长期定居于肝脏并发挥即时抗感染作用[23]。因此,后续还尝试通过添加IL-15等作为疫苗佐剂,观察是否能促进肝脏Trm的生成。然而,由于Tcm和Tem在辐照减毒子孢子疫苗诱导的保护性免疫中发挥关键作用[24],因此,本研究并未检测Tcm和Tem的变化,也就不清楚是否在这个环节出现了问题。
减毒子孢子疫苗模型证明,非CSP的抗原也能够为红外期提供相关保护作用[8],研究人员通过使用保护性CD8+ T细胞进行全基因组研究成功预测出非CSP的保护性抗原,如H2b限制性肽段如血凝素相关匿名蛋白(thrombospondin-related anonymous protein,TRAP)和核糖体蛋白L3(ribosomal protein L3,RPL3)[25-26]。因此,可以借鉴PfCSP转基因P.berghei的方式,构建能表达非CSP保护性抗原的转基因P.berghei,从而用于评价这些非CSP抗原诱导的免疫保护效果。
综上所述,与野生小鼠相比,AAD小鼠更易感染Pb-PfCSP,但该模型仍可用于评价PfCSP特异性抗体的产生,但在评价PfCSP特异性的CD8+ T细胞应答方面有待于进一步优化。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512046
  • 接收时间:2025-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-09
  • 修回日期:2025-12-29
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院病原生物学教研室,重庆

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徐文岳,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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