Article(id=1320435746398392350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759939200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-09, revisedDate=1768320000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792746014450, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746014450, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746014450, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746014450, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435745685360670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='251', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746014281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749703323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=251, endPage=260, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435746633273375, articleId=1320435746398392350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Novel molecular glue LTL-04-061 targets OTULIN for degradation via the CRBN-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and significantly suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To screen novel molecular glues targeting ovarian tumor domain deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity (OTULIN) and provide a new therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.

Methods

Gastric cancer cell lines with high OTULIN expression (AGS-NC, SNU601-NC) and OTULIN-knockout cells (AGS-sgOTULIN, SNU601-sgOTULIN) were used. Experimental groups included: control (DMSO), LTL-04-061 concentration gradients (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 μmol/L), and proteasome inhibitor intervention (MG-132/MLN4924+5 μmol/L LTL-04-061). OTULIN protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting, while mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR. Protein interactions were validated by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to analyze complex conformations. Anti-proliferative effects were assessed using CCK-8, cell proliferation, and colony formation assays.

Results

LTL-04-061 degraded OTULIN protein in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1 to 10.0 μmol/L), with significant degradation at 5 μmol/L. At this concentration, OTULIN mRNA levels remained unchanged (P>0.05). Degradation was blocked by MG-132/MLN4924, indicating dependence on the CRBN-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Co-IP confirmed LTL-04-061-induced OTULIN-CRBN ternary complex formation. Key interactions involved OTULIN HIS339 and CRBN TRP378/HIS380. MD simulations showed stable complex conformation after 50 ns (RMSD fluctuation <0.1 nm), sustained hydrogen bonds (80 to 100 ns), and stable radius of gyration (Rg) and solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), indicating no structural expansion/collapse. LTL-04-061 concentration-dependently suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. CCK-8 assays revealed IC50 values of 8.95 μmol/L (AGS) and 11.70 μmol/L (SNU601). OTULIN knockout significantly attenuated this inhibition (P<0.01).

Conclusion

OTULIN exerts pro-oncogenic effects in gastric cancer. The molecular glue LTL-04-061 targets OTULIN for CRBN-dependent ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation, thereby suppressing malignant proliferation. This identifies LTL-04-061 as a promising precursor for molecularly targeted gastric cancer therapy.

, authors=Zhenkun LIU1, 2, Ziyi PENG2, Junyu XIANG2, Bin WANG2, Baishan JIANG3, Qiu QIU4, Yuhong LI1, authorsList=Zhenkun LIU, Ziyi PENG, Junyu XIANG, Bin WANG, Baishan JIANG, Qiu QIU, Yuhong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiu QIU, Yuhong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435747828650026, articleId=1320435746398392350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=新型分子胶LTL-04-061通过CRBN介导的泛素-蛋白酶体通路靶向降解OTULIN并显著抑制胃癌细胞增殖, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

筛选靶向卵巢肿瘤结构域线性链接特异性去泛素化酶(ovarian tumor domain deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity,OTULIN)的新型分子胶,为胃癌治疗提供新策略。

方法

以高表达OTULIN的AGS-NC、SNU601-NC胃癌细胞及OTULIN基因敲除细胞(AGS-sgOTULIN、SNU601-sgOTULIN)为研究材料,设对照组(DMSO)、LTL-04-061浓度梯度组(0.1、0.3、1.0、3.0、5.0、7.0、10.0 μmol/L)及蛋白酶体抑制剂干预组(MG-132/MLN4924联合5 μmol/L LTL-04-061),采用Western blot检测OTULIN蛋白表达水平,运用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)检测OTULIN的mRNA水平;利用免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, Co-IP)验证蛋白相互作用;结合分子对接与100 ns分子动力学模拟(molecular dynamics simulation, MD)分析复合物构象;通过CCK-8法、细胞增殖实验、克隆形成实验评估分子胶对胃癌细胞恶性增殖的抑制作用。

结果

分子胶LTL-04-061在0.1~10.0 μmol/L浓度梯度下呈浓度依赖性降解OTULIN蛋白,5 μmol/L浓度时降解效果显著,且该浓度下OTULIN mRNA相对表达水平无显著变化(P>0.05);蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132与MLN4924可阻断其降解作用,结合Co-IP实验结果提示该过程依赖CRBN介导的泛素-蛋白酶体通路;同时LTL-04-061可介导OTULIN与CRBN形成三元稳定复合物,并与关键残基HIS-339(OTULIN)、TRP-378/HIS-380(CRBN)存在强相互作用,MD模拟显示50 ns后复合物均方根偏差波动小于0.1 nm,80~100 ns时氢键数量维持较高水平,回旋半径数值保持稳定,无明显波动,表明复合物整体紧凑性未发生显著变化;溶剂可及表面积在此时间段内亦无明显波动,进一步证实复合物构象稳定,未出现明显的结构舒展或塌陷;LTL-04-061呈浓度依赖性抑制胃癌细胞的增殖与克隆形成;CCK-8实验结果显示,LTL-04-061对AGS细胞和SNU601细胞的半数抑制浓度分别为8.95 μmol/L和11.70 μmol/L,并且OTULIN敲除后其抑制效果显著减弱(P<0.01)。

结论

OTULIN在胃癌中发挥促癌作用,分子胶LTL-04-061通过CRBN依赖的泛素-蛋白酶体通路,靶向降解OTULIN蛋白,进而抑制肿瘤细胞恶性增殖,为胃癌分子靶向治疗提供新的候选前体药物。

, authors=刘振昆1, 2, 彭紫依2, 向俊宇2, 王斌2, 蒋白山3, 邱秋4, 李玉红1, authorsList=刘振昆, 彭紫依, 向俊宇, 王斌, 蒋白山, 邱秋, 李玉红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邱秋, 李玉红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李玉红,E-mail:
邱秋,E-mail:
LI Yuhong, E-mail:
QIU Qiu, E-mail:
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Angew Chem Int Ed, 2025, 64(12): e202500169., articleTitle=Selective and potent molecular glue degraders for NIMA-related kinase 7, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320435748042559531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435748050948140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, companyId=1320435748042559531, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435748059336749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, companyId=1320435748042559531, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院细胞生物学教研室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435749581869102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435749590257711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, companyId=1320435749581869102, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precise Prevention and Treatment of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University(Third Military Medical University), Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435749598646320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, companyId=1320435749581869102, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435749657366577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435749665755186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, companyId=1320435749657366577, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435749674143795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, companyId=1320435749657366577, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3武汉大学药学院,武汉大学免疫与代谢前沿科学中心,湖北 武汉)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435749753835572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435749779001397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, companyId=1320435749753835572, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Department of Gastroenterology, Hechuan District People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435749787390006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, companyId=1320435749753835572, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320435752417218662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=LTL-04-061 downregulates OTULIN protein level in gastric cancer cells(n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=2lVMYkhcvpopmBDBT/mpNw==, figureFileBig=u+HZMo/f5Lk71TutgNzK6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754082357351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=CN, label=图1, caption=分子胶LTL-04-061下调胃癌细胞OTULIN蛋白水平(n=3,x¯±s)

A: Structure of molecular glue degrader LTL-04-061; B: Western blot analysis of LTL-04-061 dose-dependent effects; C: OTULIN mRNA level quantification

, figureFileSmall=2lVMYkhcvpopmBDBT/mpNw==, figureFileBig=u+HZMo/f5Lk71TutgNzK6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754317238376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=EN, label=Figure 1(continued), caption=LTL-04-061 downregulates OTULIN protein level in gastric cancer cells(n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=2MlrD0McZtMQXVsx6EfbYA==, figureFileBig=07ov4lXWNENtGQz3abxupQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754401124457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=CN, label=续图1, caption=分子胶LTL-04-061下调胃癌细胞OTULIN蛋白水平(n=3,x¯±s)

D: Western blot after proteasome inhibitor treatment; E: Co-IP assay

, figureFileSmall=2MlrD0McZtMQXVsx6EfbYA==, figureFileBig=07ov4lXWNENtGQz3abxupQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754493399146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Molecular dynamics analysis of stable conformation of OTULIN:LTL-04-061:CRBN complex, figureFileSmall=S0ySQ5CQfDUqyOmmZH9+pQ==, figureFileBig=NPtsqiRgvXo3xUeAqSI7Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754581479531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=CN, label=图2, caption=OTULIN:LTL-04-061:CRBN复合物的稳定构象解析

A: RMSD of CRBN protein and LTL-04-061 ligand; B: Rg of OTULIN:LTL-04-061:CRBN complex; C: RMSF of OTULIN residues; D: RMSF of CRBN residues; E: SASA of the complex; F: Intermolecular hydrogen bond count in the complex

, figureFileSmall=S0ySQ5CQfDUqyOmmZH9+pQ==, figureFileBig=NPtsqiRgvXo3xUeAqSI7Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754665365612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Structural interaction analysis of the OTULIN:LTL-04-061:CRBN complex, figureFileSmall=rIRWXZg8+qS1AmONQo9WAg==, figureFileBig=ZbenUmLmQknlfL8X3S1gbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754736668781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=CN, label=图3, caption=OTULIN:LTL-04-061:CRBN复合物的结构互作分析

A: Ligplot+ binding mode analysis diagram; B: 3D structure of the OTULIN:LTL-04-061:CRBN ternary complex

, figureFileSmall=rIRWXZg8+qS1AmONQo9WAg==, figureFileBig=ZbenUmLmQknlfL8X3S1gbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754799583342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The molecular glue LTL-04-061 suppresses malignant proliferation of gastric cancer cells through targeted downregulation of OTULIN protein(n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=iwB9gZdDbbKY/AfGekdI3Q==, figureFileBig=FzXtj49Vg+tKyIBjsITbrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754883469423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746398392350, language=CN, label=图4, caption=分子胶LTL-04-061靶向下调OTULIN蛋白抑制胃癌细胞恶性增殖(n=3,x¯±s)

A: Colony formation in human gastric cancer AGS cells; B: Colony formation in human gastric cancer SNU601 cells; C: CCK-8 proliferation assay of AGS cells; D: CCK-8 proliferation assay of SNU601 cells

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新型分子胶LTL-04-061通过CRBN介导的泛素-蛋白酶体通路靶向降解OTULIN并显著抑制胃癌细胞增殖
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刘振昆 1, 2 , 彭紫依 2 , 向俊宇 2 , 王斌 2 , 蒋白山 3 , 邱秋 4 , 李玉红 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(3): 251-260
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (3) : 251 -260
新型分子胶LTL-04-061通过CRBN介导的泛素-蛋白酶体通路靶向降解OTULIN并显著抑制胃癌细胞增殖
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刘振昆1, 2, 彭紫依2, 向俊宇2, 王斌2, 蒋白山3, 邱秋4 , 李玉红1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院细胞生物学教研室,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 3武汉大学药学院,武汉大学免疫与代谢前沿科学中心,湖北 武汉
  • 4重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆
通讯作者:
李玉红,E-mail:
邱秋,E-mail:
LI Yuhong, E-mail:
QIU Qiu, E-mail:
Novel molecular glue LTL-04-061 targets OTULIN for degradation via the CRBN-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and significantly suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation
Zhenkun LIU1, 2, Ziyi PENG2, Junyu XIANG2, Bin WANG2, Baishan JIANG3, Qiu QIU4 , Yuhong LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 2Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precise Prevention and Treatment of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University(Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 3Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei
  • 4Department of Gastroenterology, Hechuan District People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510007
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目的

筛选靶向卵巢肿瘤结构域线性链接特异性去泛素化酶(ovarian tumor domain deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity,OTULIN)的新型分子胶,为胃癌治疗提供新策略。

方法

以高表达OTULIN的AGS-NC、SNU601-NC胃癌细胞及OTULIN基因敲除细胞(AGS-sgOTULIN、SNU601-sgOTULIN)为研究材料,设对照组(DMSO)、LTL-04-061浓度梯度组(0.1、0.3、1.0、3.0、5.0、7.0、10.0 μmol/L)及蛋白酶体抑制剂干预组(MG-132/MLN4924联合5 μmol/L LTL-04-061),采用Western blot检测OTULIN蛋白表达水平,运用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)检测OTULIN的mRNA水平;利用免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, Co-IP)验证蛋白相互作用;结合分子对接与100 ns分子动力学模拟(molecular dynamics simulation, MD)分析复合物构象;通过CCK-8法、细胞增殖实验、克隆形成实验评估分子胶对胃癌细胞恶性增殖的抑制作用。

结果

分子胶LTL-04-061在0.1~10.0 μmol/L浓度梯度下呈浓度依赖性降解OTULIN蛋白,5 μmol/L浓度时降解效果显著,且该浓度下OTULIN mRNA相对表达水平无显著变化(P>0.05);蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132与MLN4924可阻断其降解作用,结合Co-IP实验结果提示该过程依赖CRBN介导的泛素-蛋白酶体通路;同时LTL-04-061可介导OTULIN与CRBN形成三元稳定复合物,并与关键残基HIS-339(OTULIN)、TRP-378/HIS-380(CRBN)存在强相互作用,MD模拟显示50 ns后复合物均方根偏差波动小于0.1 nm,80~100 ns时氢键数量维持较高水平,回旋半径数值保持稳定,无明显波动,表明复合物整体紧凑性未发生显著变化;溶剂可及表面积在此时间段内亦无明显波动,进一步证实复合物构象稳定,未出现明显的结构舒展或塌陷;LTL-04-061呈浓度依赖性抑制胃癌细胞的增殖与克隆形成;CCK-8实验结果显示,LTL-04-061对AGS细胞和SNU601细胞的半数抑制浓度分别为8.95 μmol/L和11.70 μmol/L,并且OTULIN敲除后其抑制效果显著减弱(P<0.01)。

结论

OTULIN在胃癌中发挥促癌作用,分子胶LTL-04-061通过CRBN依赖的泛素-蛋白酶体通路,靶向降解OTULIN蛋白,进而抑制肿瘤细胞恶性增殖,为胃癌分子靶向治疗提供新的候选前体药物。

胃癌  /  OTULIN  /  分子胶  /  LTL-04-061  /  靶向治疗
Objective

To screen novel molecular glues targeting ovarian tumor domain deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity (OTULIN) and provide a new therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.

Methods

Gastric cancer cell lines with high OTULIN expression (AGS-NC, SNU601-NC) and OTULIN-knockout cells (AGS-sgOTULIN, SNU601-sgOTULIN) were used. Experimental groups included: control (DMSO), LTL-04-061 concentration gradients (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 μmol/L), and proteasome inhibitor intervention (MG-132/MLN4924+5 μmol/L LTL-04-061). OTULIN protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting, while mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR. Protein interactions were validated by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to analyze complex conformations. Anti-proliferative effects were assessed using CCK-8, cell proliferation, and colony formation assays.

Results

LTL-04-061 degraded OTULIN protein in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1 to 10.0 μmol/L), with significant degradation at 5 μmol/L. At this concentration, OTULIN mRNA levels remained unchanged (P>0.05). Degradation was blocked by MG-132/MLN4924, indicating dependence on the CRBN-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Co-IP confirmed LTL-04-061-induced OTULIN-CRBN ternary complex formation. Key interactions involved OTULIN HIS339 and CRBN TRP378/HIS380. MD simulations showed stable complex conformation after 50 ns (RMSD fluctuation <0.1 nm), sustained hydrogen bonds (80 to 100 ns), and stable radius of gyration (Rg) and solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), indicating no structural expansion/collapse. LTL-04-061 concentration-dependently suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. CCK-8 assays revealed IC50 values of 8.95 μmol/L (AGS) and 11.70 μmol/L (SNU601). OTULIN knockout significantly attenuated this inhibition (P<0.01).

Conclusion

OTULIN exerts pro-oncogenic effects in gastric cancer. The molecular glue LTL-04-061 targets OTULIN for CRBN-dependent ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation, thereby suppressing malignant proliferation. This identifies LTL-04-061 as a promising precursor for molecularly targeted gastric cancer therapy.

gastric cancer  /  OTULIN  /  molecular glue  /  LTL-04-061  /  targeted therapy
刘振昆, 彭紫依, 向俊宇, 王斌, 蒋白山, 邱秋, 李玉红. 新型分子胶LTL-04-061通过CRBN介导的泛素-蛋白酶体通路靶向降解OTULIN并显著抑制胃癌细胞增殖. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (3) : 251 -260 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510007
Zhenkun LIU, Ziyi PENG, Junyu XIANG, Bin WANG, Baishan JIANG, Qiu QIU, Yuhong LI. Novel molecular glue LTL-04-061 targets OTULIN for degradation via the CRBN-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and significantly suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (3) : 251 -260 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510007
胃癌是我国高发恶性肿瘤之一,其临床预后差,是导致我国居民癌症相关死亡的第三大原因[1-2]。由于临床上胃癌分子靶向治疗药物有限,深入探究其发病机制、挖掘新治疗靶点,是亟待解决的医学难题[3]。随着蛋白组学、表观遗传组学等多组学研究策略的持续突破与交叉融合,近年,对胃癌发病的分子调控网络、关键信号通路及表观遗传修饰机制的理解逐步深化[4-6]。蛋白翻译后修饰紊乱是恶性肿瘤的典型生物学特征,泛素化是其中关键类型之一[7]。泛素化通过调控蛋白底物的稳定性、活性、蛋白间相互作用及亚细胞定位,在信号转导、细胞周期调控、DNA损伤修复、细胞增殖迁移及免疫逃逸等肿瘤恶性生物学过程中扮演核心角色[8-9]。泛素化修饰异常调控与肿瘤的恶性进展密切相关,靶向泛素化相关通路已成为肿瘤分子靶向药物研发的前沿方向。
线性泛素链主要由线性泛素链组装复合物(linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, LUBAC)催化合成,而卵巢肿瘤结构域线性链接特异性去泛素化酶(ovarian tumor domain deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity, OTULIN)可专一性切割线性泛素链,二者共同调控线性泛素化状态,进而对胚胎发育、血管生成、机体免疫应答、炎症反应及肿瘤发生发展等多种病理生理过程发挥调控作用[10-15]。已有研究表明,OTULIN在三阴乳腺癌、胃癌中高表达[10,16-17],并且对肿瘤的调控具有组织特异性。因此OTULIN是推动癌症发生发展的重要因子,但针对OTULIN尚无特异性小分子抑制剂,精准靶向治疗策略仍有待探索。
分子胶(molecular glue, MG)是一类特殊的小分子化合物,核心功能为诱导产生新的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用,进而调控靶标蛋白功能,其可以特异性结合Cereblon(CRBN),诱导CRBN构象改变,使其能够识别并结合原本无法被识别的靶蛋白,从而促进CRBN所在的E3泛素连接酶与靶蛋白形成稳定复合物;随后,E3泛素连接酶会催化泛素分子与靶蛋白共价结合,形成泛素链标记的靶蛋白;该标记后的靶蛋白会被蛋白酶体识别并降解。这一独特作用机制使分子胶能够靶向传统药物研发中被视为不可成药的蛋白,为癌症、神经退行性疾病、自身免疫性疾病等疾病的治疗开辟了全新方向与策略[18-22]。
由于目前尚缺乏靶向OTULIN的MG和小分子抑制剂,本课题组建立分子胶高通量合成系统,分析前期构建的分子胶靶向性蛋白质谱数据[23],筛选靶向去泛素化酶OTULIN的新型分子胶,初步探讨其作用和分子机理,验证在抑制胃癌恶性增殖中的治疗效果,为胃癌分子靶向治疗提供新思路。
人类胃癌细胞系AGS-NC和SNU601-NC由陆军特色医学中心消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室保存。OTULIN敲除的胃癌细胞系AGS(AGS-sgOTULIN)和SNU601(SNU601-sgOTULIN)由本实验室保存。
RPMI-1640培养液、F12培养液、0.25%胰蛋白酶及青-链霉素混合试剂购自美国Gibco公司;胎牛血清购自以色列Viva Cell Biosciences公司;聚凝胺、NonidetTM P40 Substitute、低熔点琼脂糖购自北京Solarbio有限公司;IP细胞裂解液、1 mol/L Tris-HCl(pH=7.5)、10%SDS溶液、蛋白上样缓冲液购自北京康为世纪生物科技有限公司;聚乙烯亚胺(polyethyleneimine, PEI)、NaCl、蛋白酶抑制剂、磷酸酶抑制剂、脱脂奶粉、结晶紫染色液、4%多聚甲醛固定液与CCK-8检测试剂盒购自上海Beyotime股份有限公司;DMSO、MG-132、MLN4924蛋白酶体抑制剂购自美国MCE公司;兔抗人OTULIN单克隆抗体购自英国Abcam公司;兔抗人热休克蛋白90(Hsp90α/β Rabbit mAb)单克隆抗体(HSP-90 Antibody)购自武汉ABclonal Technology生物科技有限公司;Pierce™抗-DYKDDDDK磁性琼脂糖购自美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;TB Green® Premix Ex Taq™Ⅱ购自北京TaKaRa Bio有限公司;HiScript Ⅳ All-in-One Ultra Super Mix for qPCR购自中国南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗小鼠IgG、同标记山羊抗兔IgG、中性树胶、PBS及封闭用山羊血清购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司;ECL显色试剂盒购自上海圣而生物科技有限公司;pCMV-CRBN(human)-3×FLAG-Puro购自武汉淼灵生物有限公司。本研究使用的分子胶由武汉大学药学院蒋白山教授团队提供,该课题组已建立完善的高通量分子胶合成系统,采用定量蛋白质谱技术表征分子胶对癌细胞靶蛋白表达水平的调控作用,建立蛋白组学数据库,用于靶蛋白相关分子的初步筛选。
311型CO₂恒温培养箱、VARIOSKAN LUX酶标检测仪购自美国赛默飞世尔科技公司,DM3000 LED光学倒置显微镜购自德国Lecia公司,C1000 Touch™双槽PCR仪与ChemiDoc™MP凝胶成像仪购自美国BioRad公司。
细胞分组设计:对照组为DMSO处理的AGS-NC和SNU601-NC细胞;实验组为不同浓度分子胶LTL-04-061(0.1、0.3、1.0、3.0、5.0、7.0、10.0 μmol/L)处理的AGS-NC和SNU601-NC细胞。分别收集实验组和对照组细胞,采用含蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂的IP裂解液冰上裂解30 min,100 ℃加热10 min使蛋白质变性,-20 ℃保存备用。配制10%分离胶与5%浓缩胶的SDS-PAGE凝胶,经80 V恒压30 min、120 V恒压分离的两步电泳分离蛋白;通过100 V恒压1 h的湿转移法将蛋白转至硝酸纤维素膜;依次经5%脱脂牛奶封闭1 h、兔抗人OTULIN/HSP90(内参)一抗(1∶4 000)4 ℃孵育过夜、HRP标记山羊抗兔二抗(1∶10 000)室温孵育1 h;最终用ECL显色试剂盒显影,使用ImageLab软件分析结果。
将对数生长期AGS-NC、AGS-sgOTULIN、SNU601-NC、SNU601-sgOTULIN细胞按实验分组(同1.2)以每孔1×10³个的密度接种于96孔板,经37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱培养24 h后,弃去培养液,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8试剂与90 μL培养液的混合液,继续培养2.5 h以进行后续检测。在酶联免疫检测仪450、650 nm波长处检测各孔吸光度(OD)值,并绘制细胞增殖曲线。
在6孔板中接种1 000个AGS-NC、AGS-sgOTULIN、SNU601-NC、SNU601-sgOTULIN细胞,每孔加入2 mL完全培养基,将细胞置于37 ℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养。接种24 h后,观察到细胞已完全贴壁,弃去培养基,加入含5 μmol/L LTL-04-061的新鲜完全培养基,每孔加入2 mL,继续培养。每隔3~5 d,观察细胞克隆形成情况,并换液。通常培养至10~14 d,当6孔板中出现肉眼清晰可见的克隆时,弃去培养基,用PBS轻柔清洗2遍,加入4%多聚甲醛固定液,固定15 min。再次用PBS清洗2遍,加入0.1%结晶紫染色液染色15 min。然后回收结晶紫染色液,用去离子水轻柔清洗干净孔板,室温倒置晾干。用相机拍照,并计数克隆形成数量,使用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件分析处理数据并作图。
培养AGS-NC细胞,当细胞密度达到70%~80%时,转入重组质粒Flag-CRBN。转染流程:在500 μL无血清F12培养液中加入10 μg Flag-CRBN和30 μL助转染剂PEI(1 mg/mL),质粒与PEI的质量比为1∶3,室温静置15 min后将含有质粒的培养液加入细胞中,培养8 h后除去细胞培养液换为新的培养液继续培养。转染后48 h更换新鲜培养基,同时加入5 μmol/L LTL-04-061或等体积DMSO,继续培养18 h,加入10 μmol/L MG-132,继续培养6 h。收集各组细胞使用CHAPS裂解液(含蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂)提取蛋白(提取方法同1.2);将上清液加入20 µL Pierce™ 抗-DYKDDDDK磁性琼脂糖,置于在4 ℃下0.5×g的摇床中孵育过夜,随后使用蛋白上样缓冲液洗脱蛋白,蛋白样品在100 ℃金属浴加热10 min后,使用蛋白质印迹法检测OTULIN与CRBN相互作用,检测流程同1.2,内参为HSP-90。
提取细胞RNA:培养AGS细胞,当细胞密度达到20%~30%时,加入不同浓度LTL-04-061(浓度同1.2)或等体积DMSO,继续培养24 h。弃去培养基,离心收集后加TRIzol后冰上裂解20 min。根据TRIzol体积加入氯仿(TRIzol∶氯仿=5∶1),盖紧后震荡15 s。置于冰上10 min,在4 ℃下以12 000 ×g离心20 min。吸取上层水相到新的EP管,加入等体积异丙醇,颠倒5次混匀。置于冰上10 min,在4 ℃下以12 000 ×g离心10 min。弃去上清,添加1 mL 75%乙醇,将沉淀吹起,在4 ℃中以12 000 ×g离心3 min。弃去上清,加500 μL无水乙醇,在4 ℃下以12 000×g离心3 min。弃去乙醇,室温干燥10~15 min。根据沉淀量加入10 μL DEPC水,55~60 ℃孵育10 min以助溶。
反转录聚合酶链反应(reverse transcription PCR, RT-PCR):在RNase-free离心管中配置混合液(4 μL 4×gDNA wiper Mix,1 μg 模板RNA,加RNase-free ddH2O 至16 μL),用移液枪轻轻吹打混匀,置于42 ℃金属浴2 min。在反应管中加入4 μL 5×HiScript Ⅲ qRT SuperMix、16 μL配置的混合液,用移液枪轻轻吹打混匀。置于PCR仪中,37 ℃ 15 min,85 ℃ 5 s。
实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR):在八联管中配制20 μL反应体系(2 μL cDNA,10 μL 2×SYBR Green qPCR Mix,0.4 μL 10 μmol/L 上游引物,0.4 μL 10 μmol/L 下游引物,7.2 μL dd H2O),设置PCR程序(预变性95 ℃ 300 s;变性95 ℃ 20 s,退火55 ℃ 20 s,延伸72 ℃ 20 s,循环40次)。所得数据采用相对定量法进行分析。
从RCSB蛋白质数据库中下载OTULIN(PDB ID:3ZNV)和CRBN(PDB ID:8G66)的晶体结构,使用Pymol 3.0软件对蛋白进行去水、加氢处理,修正和补充不合理或缺失的氨基酸残基,最后进行能量最小化。根据已知的活性位点确定结合口袋并生成对接盒子。使用ChemDraw3D 22.0对分子胶LTL-04-061进行质子化以及能量最小化处理,在MM力场下对小分子进行能量优化。使用Autodock Vina 1.2.7进行分子对接。使用Ligplot+软件对复合物进行化学键的分析,使用Pymol 3.0软件对复合物进行可视化的处理。
为获得OTULIN:LTL-04-061:CRBN复合物在生理条件下的动态结合模式及构象变化规律,为化合物的活性优化与作用机制解析提供原子水平依据。选用Gromacs 2025.03软件作为模拟工具。采用CHARMM36力场对复合物进行参数化处理。系统构建阶段,将复合物模型置于立方体周期性边界盒内,边界盒边长设定为距蛋白表面10 Å;随后采用TIP3P水模型填充溶剂。采用最速下降法执行能量最小化操作,该方法通过沿能量梯度负方向逐步迭代优化原子坐标,直至系统最大力≤1 000 kJ/(mol·nm)。接着进行两步预平衡:①正则系综(NVT系综)模拟100 ps,固定系统粒子数(N)、体积(V)和温度(T),温度设定为生理温度310 K,采用V-rescale温度耦合方式——该方法通过周期性调整粒子速度实现温度控制,响应速度快且适用于中小体系;②等温等压系综(NPT系综)模拟100 ps,固定粒子数(N)、压力(P)和温度(T),压力维持在1 bar生理压力,采用Berendsen压力耦合方式,通过调整盒子体积实现压力平衡,为生产模拟提供与生理环境一致的热力学状态。在NPT系综条件下开展100 ns无约束生产分子动力学模拟,模拟过程中采用2 fs时间步长,每隔10 ps保存1次轨迹文件,最终生成包含5 000个构象帧的轨迹数据,用于后续动态分析。
模拟结束后,首先对轨迹文件进行矫正,包括去除周期性镜像、校正原子坐标漂移等预处理步骤,确保分析数据的准确性。随后计算关键动力学指标:均方根偏差(root mean square deviation, RMSD)是反映复合物整体构象相对于初始结构的偏离程度,RMSD值稳定说明系统达到构象平衡,可用于判断模拟的有效性;均方根波动(root mean square fluctuation, RMSF)是衡量蛋白质残基的柔性波动,高RMSF区域通常对应蛋白无规则回路(loops)区或活性口袋周围,可揭示化合物结合对蛋白柔性的调控作用;回转半径(radius of gyration, Rg)是表示蛋白质的回旋半径,反映蛋白整体紧凑程度,Rg值变化可提示化合物结合是否导致蛋白构象伸展或收缩;溶剂可及表面积(solvent accessible surface area, SASA)是量化蛋白的溶剂接触区域,反映其构象变化、残基暴露状态。氢键(hydrogen bond, H-bond)是统计化合物与蛋白间的氢键数量及持续时间,氢键作为重要的非共价相互作用,其动态变化直接影响复合物的结合稳定性。通过上述指标的时间演变趋势分析,可全面解析候选化合物与蛋白复合物的动态相互作用机制。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.5统计学软件对实验数据进行统计学分析,计量资料以x¯±s表示;2组数据采用独立样本t检验进行比较,3组及以上数据采用单因素方差分析,计数资料以百分比表示。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
本课题组分析前期蛋白组学结果发现,分子胶LTL-04-061可能下调癌细胞OTULIN蛋白水平。LTL-04-061 的化学结构如图所示(图1A)。为进一步验证这一发现,本研究使用内源性高表达OTULIN的AGS-NC和SNU601-NC胃癌细胞。通过Western blot结果发现在5 μmol/L浓度下,LTL-04-061可以显著降解OTULIN(图1B),并在此浓度下,OTULIN的mRNA相对表达水平未发生显著变化(图1C)。同时,用蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132和MLN4924处理后,OTULIN的降解得到抑制(图1D)。为验证OTULIN的降解过程依赖于CRBN蛋白,本研究在细胞中过表达了带Flag标签的CRBN蛋白。通过Co-IP实验证明LTL-04-061可与CRBN形成复合物(图1E),表明LTL-04-061通过CRBN依赖的泛素-蛋白酶体途径下调胃癌细胞OTULIN蛋白。
MD结果显示RMSD在50 ns后波动<0.1 nm,基本达到稳定并维持至模拟结束(图2A),变化趋势相似,均无较大波动,表明体系在模拟过程中达到了平衡。MD模拟过程中 ,Rg总体处于下降的趋势(图2B),表现出明显的致密性模式且保持稳定,表明具有很强的致密构象,维持了蛋白质结构的稳定性。其中LTL-04-061的结合对OTULIN蛋白稳定性产生了显著调控作用:OTULIN结合口袋中关键残基HIS-339的RMSF值处于相对较低水平(图2C),提示该残基在配体结合后运动性受限,而HIS-339作为OTULIN活性口袋附近的重要残基,其运动性的稳定直接反映了OTULIN蛋白核心结构域的构象稳定性提升。同时,CRBN结合口袋中关键残基TRP-378、HIS-380的RMSF值亦维持较低水平(图2D),说明LTL-04-061与结合口袋形成了稳定的相互作用,同时巩固了OTULIN和CRBN的局部结构稳定性。复合物的SASA值在30 ns后逐渐趋于平稳,波动幅度控制在 20 nm2以内,且全程未出现显著骤升或骤降(图2E)。这种稳定的变化模式表明,复合物表面与溶剂的相互作用处于平衡状态,未因构象的剧烈变化导致暴露区域大幅增减。同时,OTULIN与CRBN结合口袋区域的局部SASA值始终维持在较低水平,提示LTL-04-061结合后有效限制了口袋区域的溶剂暴露,进一步巩固了复合物的结合稳定性(图2E)。分析模拟过程中的氢键变化,在80~100 ns时复合物形成的氢键数量较多,表明其分子间相互作用强,结构更稳定(图2F)。
借助Ligplot+软件对OTULIN:LTL-04-061:CRBN复合物进行分子间相互作用分析,其生成的结合模式图清晰勾勒出三者复合体内的关键结合界面及参与相互作用的氨基酸残基分布特点(图3A)。进一步通过PyMOL软件进行3D结构可视化呈现(图3B),可精准定位参与核心相互作用的氨基酸残基:其中OTULIN蛋白的组氨酸(HIS-339)作为关键残基参与结合,而CRBN蛋白则通过色氨酸(TRP-378)与组氨酸(HIS-380)形成协同结合位点,这些残基恰好围绕LTL-04-061形成了稳定的结合口袋结构。
为进一步探究LTL-04-061在OTULIN异常高表达的胃癌细胞中所发挥的作用,本研究构建了OTULIN敲除的胃癌细胞系,并进行了克隆形成实验和细胞增殖实验。克隆实验显示,加入LTL-04-061后的AGS-NC和SNU601-NC细胞所形成的单克隆数显著少于对照组,而在OTULIN敲除的细胞中,LTL-04-061的抑制肿瘤细胞克隆形成的作用受到阻断(图4A、B)。
细胞增殖实验显示出LTL-04-061对细胞的增殖抑制效果呈现出浓度依赖现象,与蛋白质印迹实验一致。经过计算,LTL-04-061在AGS-NC和SNU601-NC细胞中的IC50分别为8.95 μmol/L和11.70 μmol/L(图4C、D)。
去泛素化酶OTULIN在三阴乳腺癌和胃癌中高表达,可促进癌细胞增殖和肿瘤进展[10,16-17],但OTULIN靶向性的治疗策略尚待研发。本研究的核心突破之一是发现分子胶LTL-04-061可靶向OTULIN发挥作用:胃癌AGS与SNU601细胞中OTULIN呈高表达状态,而分子胶LTL-04-061通过降解OTULIN显著抑制细胞克隆形成与增殖活性,且OTULIN敲除后该抑制效应明显减弱,这与已有报道中OTULIN通过下调糖酵解限速酶(PKM2、LDHA)的线性泛素化激活胃癌糖酵解途径的结论一致[16],不仅共同证实OTULIN在胃癌中扮演促癌角色,更关键的是,验证了分子胶可作为靶向OTULIN的有效工具,为OTULIN靶向治疗提供了全新的可能。
本研究发现新型分子胶药物LTL-04-061,是针对OTULIN的分子靶向治疗候选前体药物。截至本研究开展前,尚缺乏文献报道靶向OTULIN的分子胶或小分子抑制剂,主要是因为OTULIN的活性位点特征使其难以通过占位驱动机制被传统抑制剂靶向。
本研究进一步证实,LTL-04-061完全契合分子胶的作用特征:5 μmol/L浓度下可特异性降解OTULIN且不影响其mRNA水平,蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132与MLN4924可阻断该过程,结合Co-IP实验结果,明确其依赖CRBN形成复合物、经泛素-蛋白酶体通路降解靶蛋白的机制,证明其CRBN依赖的分子胶作用模式, 更关键的是从作用机制层面确证了其作为OTULIN靶向分子胶的有效性。
本研究发现LTL-04-061对细胞的增殖抑制效果显著强于单独敲除OTULIN的效果,结合前期定量蛋白质谱数据[23],推测该差异源于LTL-04-061的多靶标调控特性。分子胶作为一类可诱导新型蛋白-蛋白相互作用的小分子化合物,其作用机制决定了它可以同时调控多个靶蛋白的稳定性[19,22]。单独敲除OTULIN仅能阻断其介导的促癌通路,而LTL-04-061可能通过同时降解OTULIN及其他促癌靶蛋白,形成协同抑制效应,从而表现出更强的增殖抑制活性。
本研究虽取得上述进展,但仍存在若干局限:①分子胶LTL-04-061降解OTULIN蛋白的浓度在μmol级,该浓度仍偏高,不利于开展体内实验,需进一步进行结构优化和改造,提升其抑癌活性;②实验均采用体外细胞模型,缺乏动物模型验证LTL-04-061的体内抑瘤效果和安全性,需进一步构建胃癌异种移植瘤、小鼠自发胃癌模型,评估其对肿瘤体积、体质量及主要脏器的影响;③未探讨LTL-04-061与临床常用化疗药物(如卡铂、伊立替康)的联合治疗效果,而分子胶与传统化疗的协同作用可能进一步提升疗效。
从临床意义而言,胃癌作为高发消化道肿瘤,现有治疗手段对患者的疗效有限,缺乏精准靶向药物[1,3]。LTL-04-061的发现为胃癌精准治疗提供全新策略及候选药物,其多靶标调控特性可能突破单一靶点治疗的局限性。未来通过结构优化降低有效浓度、体内实验验证安全性及疗效、探索联合化疗方案,有望推动其进入临床转化阶段,为胃癌患者提供新的治疗选择,改善患者预后。
综上所述,本研究发现分子胶LTL-04-061可通过CRBN依赖的泛素-蛋白酶体通路降解OTULIN蛋白、抑制胃癌细胞增殖,为胃癌分子靶向治疗提供全新策略与候选前体药物。

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2026年第48卷第3期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510007
  • 接收时间:2025-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-09
  • 修回日期:2026-01-14
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院细胞生物学教研室,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    3武汉大学药学院,武汉大学免疫与代谢前沿科学中心,湖北 武汉
    4重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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