Article(id=1320435243790745807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762617600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-09, revisedDate=1764086400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792745894620, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792745894620, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792745894620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792745894620, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435149154669015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='250', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792745872057, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749692151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=138, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435243966906576, articleId=1320435243790745807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=From population cohort to cellular mechanisms: prenatal estriol exposure induces autism spectrum disorder in offspring via disrupting the Notch signaling pathway and neuronal proliferation, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effect of prenatal estriol (E3) exposure on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and the role of the Notch signaling pathway in the process.

Methods

Untargeted metabolomics was performed on plasma samples from 44 mothers of ASD children and 44 matched controls in the Guangxi Zhuang birth cohort. Then E3 was identified as main differential metabolite during pregnancy. SH-SY5Y cells were subjected and divided into a control group and study groups (10, 30, 50 and 100 μmol/L E3), and proteomics was performed to screen the main pathway involved in the process. CCK-8 assay was employed to detect cell proliferation. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were performed to verify the obtained pathway.

Results

Metabolomics analysis for plasma metabolite levels in pregnant women showed that the E3 level in the case group was significantly down-regulated than that of the control group (P<0.01). KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the Notch signaling pathway was a significantly enriched pathway (P<0.01). CCK-8 assay suggested that the concentration of 100 μmol/L was identified as the most significant dose for E3 in the proliferation inhibition of SH-SY5Y cells (P<0.01). Both qPCR and Western blotting indicated that 100 μmol/L E3 treatment resulted in obvious down-regulation in Jagged1 (P<0.01), Notch1 (P<0.01), and Hes1 (P<0.05) at mRNA and protein levels in SH-SY5Y cells.

Conclusion

Prenatal E3 exposure may be associated with ASD, and its mechanism may be through inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway, and thereby inhibiting neural cell proliferation.

, authors=Guanghui RAN1, Anhua SONG1, Lijuan WEI1, Lili LIU1, Zhongyi LI1, Liqi LAN1, Xinlei HUANG1, Xiaoyun ZENG2, Lijun WANG1, authorsList=Guanghui RAN, Anhua SONG, Lijuan WEI, Lili LIU, Zhongyi LI, Liqi LAN, Xinlei HUANG, Xiaoyun ZENG, Lijun WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoyun ZENG, Lijun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435245070008539, articleId=1320435243790745807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=从人群队列到细胞机制:孕期雌三醇暴露通过干扰Notch信号通路和神经细胞增殖诱导子代自闭症谱系障碍, columnId=1320435149964169690, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨孕期雌三醇(estriol,E3)暴露对自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders,ASD)的影响及其Notch信号通路机制。

方法

选取广西壮族人群出生队列中44例ASD患儿母亲及44例匹配对照母亲的血浆样本,进行代谢组学检测。通过代谢组学分析筛选孕期主要差异代谢物E3,采用E3(100 μmol/L)处理SH-SY5Y细胞,实验分组为2组:对照组(control组)和实验组(E3组),结合蛋白组学技术,筛选出Notch信号通路,利用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况,并通过Western blot和RT-qPCR共同验证Notch信号通路相关分子。

结果

代谢组学检测孕妇血浆代谢物水平,结果显示,与对照组相比,病例组E3水平下调(P<0.01);蛋白组学KEGG富集分析结果显示,Notch信号通路为显著富集通路(P<0.01);CCK-8结果显示,各浓度E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞后,在100 μmol/L浓度时抑制细胞增殖最显著(P<0.01);RT-qPCR结果显示,100 μmol/L浓度的E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞,Jagged1(P<0.01)、Notch1(P<0.01)和Hes1(P<0.05)基因表达水平下降;Western blot结果显示,100 μmol/L浓度的E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞,Jagged1(P<0.01)、Notch1(P<0.01)和Hes1(P<0.05)蛋白表达水平下降。

结论

孕期E3暴露可能与ASD之间存在关联,其机制可能是通过抑制Notch信号通路,进而抑制神经细胞增殖。

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曾小云,E-mail:
王丽君,E-mail:
ZENG Xiaoyun, E-mail:
WANG Lijun, E-mail:
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A: Score plot of the PCA analysis model; B: Score plot of the OPLS-DA analysis model; C: Permutation test plot of the OPLS-DA analysis model. PCA: Principal component analysis; OPLS-DA: Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis

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A: Volcano plot of differential metabolites; B: Metabolite-pathway enrichment network; C: Bar chart of metabolic pathway enrichment analysis; D: Box plot of differential metabolite estriol.

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A: Score plot from PCA analysis model; B: Bar chart of protein pathway enrichment analysis. PCA: Principal component analysis

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a: P<0.05, b: P<0.01, compared with the control group. E3:Estriol

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A, B: Western blotting and statistical analysis of proteins in SH-SY5Y cells treated with 100 μmol/L E3; C: Relative mRNA expression levels of the Notch signaling pathway-related molecules in SH-SY5Y cells treated with 100 μmol/L E3. E3:Estriol; Jagged1: Jagged canonical Notch ligand 1; Notch1: Notch receptor 1; Hes1: Hes family bHLH transcription factor 1. a: P<0.05, b: P<0.01, compared with the control group

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Primer sequences for qPCR

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GeneForward primer sequences (5'→3')Reverse primer sequences (5'→3')
Jagged1GCCTTTGGAGCGACCTGTGTGCCCTGAAACTTCCTGGCACTTGG
Notch1CCAGGTGGGCGGCTACAGGATTGGACAGGCACTCGTTGAC
Hes1GGCTGGAGAGGCGGCTAAGGTGCTGGTGTAGACGGGGATGAC
GAPDHGTGGACCTGACCTGCCGTCTAGGAGTGGGTGTCGCTGTTGAAGTC
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qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primer sequences (5'→3')Reverse primer sequences (5'→3')
Jagged1GCCTTTGGAGCGACCTGTGTGCCCTGAAACTTCCTGGCACTTGG
Notch1CCAGGTGGGCGGCTACAGGATTGGACAGGCACTCGTTGAC
Hes1GGCTGGAGAGGCGGCTAAGGTGCTGGTGTAGACGGGGATGAC
GAPDHGTGGACCTGACCTGCCGTCTAGGAGTGGGTGTCGCTGTTGAAGTC
), ArticleFig(id=1320435252984660268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435243790745807, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Metabolomics detection results for estrogen

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EstrogenLog2FCPPrimary production phase
E1-0.550.03Postmenopausal
E2-0.070.85Reproductive age
E3-0.380.01Pregnancy
), ArticleFig(id=1320435253047574829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435243790745807, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

代谢组学检测雌激素结果

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EstrogenLog2FCPPrimary production phase
E1-0.550.03Postmenopausal
E2-0.070.85Reproductive age
E3-0.380.01Pregnancy
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从人群队列到细胞机制:孕期雌三醇暴露通过干扰Notch信号通路和神经细胞增殖诱导子代自闭症谱系障碍
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冉光辉 1 , 宋安华 1 , 韦丽娟 1 , 刘丽丽 1 , 李钟意 1 , 蓝利琪 1 , 黄欣蕾 1 , 曾小云 2 , 王丽君 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·神经科学 2026,48(2): 138-146
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·神经科学 2026 , 48 (2) : 138 -146
从人群队列到细胞机制:孕期雌三醇暴露通过干扰Notch信号通路和神经细胞增殖诱导子代自闭症谱系障碍
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冉光辉1, 宋安华1, 韦丽娟1, 刘丽丽1, 李钟意1, 蓝利琪1, 黄欣蕾1, 曾小云2 , 王丽君1
作者信息
  • 1广西医科大学公共卫生学院,广西 南宁
  • 2桂林医科大学公共卫生学院,广西 桂林
通讯作者:
曾小云,E-mail:
王丽君,E-mail:
ZENG Xiaoyun, E-mail:
WANG Lijun, E-mail:
From population cohort to cellular mechanisms: prenatal estriol exposure induces autism spectrum disorder in offspring via disrupting the Notch signaling pathway and neuronal proliferation
Guanghui RAN1, Anhua SONG1, Lijuan WEI1, Lili LIU1, Zhongyi LI1, Liqi LAN1, Xinlei HUANG1, Xiaoyun ZENG2 , Lijun WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
  • 2School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511044
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目的

探讨孕期雌三醇(estriol,E3)暴露对自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders,ASD)的影响及其Notch信号通路机制。

方法

选取广西壮族人群出生队列中44例ASD患儿母亲及44例匹配对照母亲的血浆样本,进行代谢组学检测。通过代谢组学分析筛选孕期主要差异代谢物E3,采用E3(100 μmol/L)处理SH-SY5Y细胞,实验分组为2组:对照组(control组)和实验组(E3组),结合蛋白组学技术,筛选出Notch信号通路,利用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况,并通过Western blot和RT-qPCR共同验证Notch信号通路相关分子。

结果

代谢组学检测孕妇血浆代谢物水平,结果显示,与对照组相比,病例组E3水平下调(P<0.01);蛋白组学KEGG富集分析结果显示,Notch信号通路为显著富集通路(P<0.01);CCK-8结果显示,各浓度E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞后,在100 μmol/L浓度时抑制细胞增殖最显著(P<0.01);RT-qPCR结果显示,100 μmol/L浓度的E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞,Jagged1(P<0.01)、Notch1(P<0.01)和Hes1(P<0.05)基因表达水平下降;Western blot结果显示,100 μmol/L浓度的E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞,Jagged1(P<0.01)、Notch1(P<0.01)和Hes1(P<0.05)蛋白表达水平下降。

结论

孕期E3暴露可能与ASD之间存在关联,其机制可能是通过抑制Notch信号通路,进而抑制神经细胞增殖。

雌三醇  /  自闭症谱系障碍  /  人神经母细胞瘤细胞  /  Notch信号通路  /  代谢组学  /  蛋白组学
Objective

To investigate the effect of prenatal estriol (E3) exposure on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and the role of the Notch signaling pathway in the process.

Methods

Untargeted metabolomics was performed on plasma samples from 44 mothers of ASD children and 44 matched controls in the Guangxi Zhuang birth cohort. Then E3 was identified as main differential metabolite during pregnancy. SH-SY5Y cells were subjected and divided into a control group and study groups (10, 30, 50 and 100 μmol/L E3), and proteomics was performed to screen the main pathway involved in the process. CCK-8 assay was employed to detect cell proliferation. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were performed to verify the obtained pathway.

Results

Metabolomics analysis for plasma metabolite levels in pregnant women showed that the E3 level in the case group was significantly down-regulated than that of the control group (P<0.01). KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the Notch signaling pathway was a significantly enriched pathway (P<0.01). CCK-8 assay suggested that the concentration of 100 μmol/L was identified as the most significant dose for E3 in the proliferation inhibition of SH-SY5Y cells (P<0.01). Both qPCR and Western blotting indicated that 100 μmol/L E3 treatment resulted in obvious down-regulation in Jagged1 (P<0.01), Notch1 (P<0.01), and Hes1 (P<0.05) at mRNA and protein levels in SH-SY5Y cells.

Conclusion

Prenatal E3 exposure may be associated with ASD, and its mechanism may be through inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway, and thereby inhibiting neural cell proliferation.

estriol  /  autism spectrum disorder  /  SH-SY5Y cells  /  Notch signaling pathway  /  metabolomics  /  proteomics
冉光辉, 宋安华, 韦丽娟, 刘丽丽, 李钟意, 蓝利琪, 黄欣蕾, 曾小云, 王丽君. 从人群队列到细胞机制:孕期雌三醇暴露通过干扰Notch信号通路和神经细胞增殖诱导子代自闭症谱系障碍. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (2) : 138 -146 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511044
Guanghui RAN, Anhua SONG, Lijuan WEI, Lili LIU, Zhongyi LI, Liqi LAN, Xinlei HUANG, Xiaoyun ZENG, Lijun WANG. From population cohort to cellular mechanisms: prenatal estriol exposure induces autism spectrum disorder in offspring via disrupting the Notch signaling pathway and neuronal proliferation[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (2) : 138 -146 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511044
自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders, ASD)是一种神经发育疾病,其特征是社交沟通障碍和受限制的重复行为[1]。ASD的表现多种多样,比如智力障碍和语言能力低下,或者智力和语言能力明显高于平均水平,但是社交沟通能力障碍[2]。一项基于2021年全球疾病负担(global burden of disease, GBD)的研究,通过系统性回顾PubMed、Embase、PsycINFO等数据库的文献,利用贝叶斯元回归工具(DisMod-MR 2.1)对符合条件的数据进行建模,估算ASD的患病率,研究结果显示,全球约有6 180万人患有ASD,相当于每127人中即有1例,全球年龄标化患病率为788.3/10万,且存在性别差异,男性患病率(1 064.7/10.0万)约为女性(508.1/10.0万)的2倍。ASD导致的全球DALYs高达1 150万,年龄标化DALY率为147.6/10.0万,疾病负担贯穿全生命周期,在5岁以下儿童中即开始显现,并随年龄增长而有所下降[3]。一项Meta分析显示,自2017年以来,中国大陆儿童ASD总体患病率为0.7%,ASD已成为20岁以下人群非致死性健康负担的前十大原因之一[3-4]。
ASD的发生受多种因素影响,例如产前因素等,怀孕期间母亲的代谢状况与ASD风险的变化有关,代谢激素分泌失调可以从母亲遗传给胎儿,影响胎儿中与行为调节相关的大脑区域和神经回路的发育[5-6]。雌激素有3种,分别为雌酮(estrone,E1)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、雌三醇(estriol,E3),一项出生队列研究显示,孕期3种雌激素均有升高,主要以E3为主[7]。雌激素受体广泛存在于此前被认为雌激素受体稀少的核心认知脑区,包括海马体、前额叶皮层、背侧纹状体等,雌激素可以通过雌激素受体预防神经系统疾病[8-9]。
Notch信号通路在哺乳动物中普遍存在,其控制着全身许多器官内细胞的增殖、分化和死亡[10]。一项动物实验研究表明,丙戊酸(valproic acid,VPA)通过异常激活Notch信号通路诱导大鼠自闭症行为,并且该通路的抑制剂Dapt可以通过抑制Notch信号通路缓解VPA诱导的自闭症症状[11]。
尽管雌激素的神经调控功能已被广泛探讨,但孕期这一关键时期,主要雌激素E3暴露对胎儿神经发育及ASD风险的影响,仍是未被充分探索的领域。因此,本研究通过对自闭症患儿孕期母体血浆进行代谢组学检测,发现差异代谢物E3,进而选择人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y),探讨E3调控Notch信号通路机制影响ASD的作用,以期为进一步研究孕期E3暴露影响ASD的相关机制提供依据。
本研究基于广西壮族人群出生队列(Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort, GZBC)开展。该队列自2015年启动,覆盖广西地区7个壮族聚居区的11家合作医院,迄今已纳入超过1.6万户家庭,并采集包括父母外周血、脐带血等在内的各类生物样本近10万份。由经过统一培训的调查人员负责收集父母的基本人口学资料、产检及分娩相关信息等基线数据,并对孕妇进行妊娠结局随访,新生儿相关信息则通过医院电子病历系统获取。本研究已获得广西医科大学伦理委员会批准(20140305-001),所有研究对象已签署书面知情同意书。
病例组:①由具备资质的神经精神科医师根据《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第五版)》(DMS-5)[12]或《国际疾病分类第十次修订本》(ICD-10)中ASD的临床描述和诊断要点[13],诊断确诊的ASD患者;②单胎妊娠;③排除存在脑器质性病变、躯体疾病或其他已知的精神障碍;④排除患有自身免疫性疾病、代谢性疾病;⑤排除采血前48 h内喝酒和服用氨基酸类、激素类、元素类或维生素类补充剂;⑥排除血浆样本缺失或血浆样本不足以完成代谢组学检测。
对照组:①无神经、智力或体格发育异常的健康发育儿童;②单胎妊娠;③排除患有自身免疫性疾病、代谢性疾病;④排除采血前48 h内喝酒和服用氨基酸类、激素类、元素类或维生素类补充剂;⑤排除血浆样本缺失或血浆样本不足以完成代谢组学检测。
本研究是一项基于GZBC开展的1∶1巢式病例对照研究,选取符合纳入排除标准并且分娩ASD婴儿的44例孕妇作为病例组,选择同期进入队列的孕妇并且按照儿童性别、孕周、地区1∶1匹配作为对照组,将其血浆样本进行代谢组学检测。2组孕妇采血时间主要集中在13~14周,且2组间的孕周差异无统计学意义。
胎牛血清(特级)、青-链霉素混合液(双抗,100×)、DMEM高糖培养基、RIPA裂解液(强)、蛋白酶抑制剂(PMSF)、BCA蛋白定量检测试剂盒、β-actin抗体购自湖北武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司,E3购自美国MCE公司,DMSO(细胞培养级)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,CCK-8细胞增殖检测试剂盒购自苏州优逸兰迪生物科技有限公司,特超敏ECL化学发光底物购自安徽白鲨生物科技有限公司,逆转录试剂盒和qPCR试剂盒购自日本TaKaRa生物技术有限公司,Jagged1、Notch1、Hes1抗体购自成都正能生物技术有限责任公司。
SH-SY5Y细胞株为人神经母瘤细胞,购自湖北武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。细胞用含20%胎牛血清(特级)和1%青-链霉素混合液的DMEM高糖培养基,于5%CO2、37 ℃条件下培养。
血浆样本于4 ℃解冻后冰上操作。取100 μL样本,加入700 μL萃取剂(甲醇∶乙腈∶水=4∶2∶1),涡旋混匀1 min,-20 ℃沉淀4 h或过夜。随后在4 ℃、25 000×g下离心15 min,取600 μL上清液抽干。干燥物用180 μL甲醇∶水(1∶1)复溶,涡旋10 min后同条件离心,取上清液到新的EP管中。所有样品另取20 μL上清混合成QC样品上机检测。
本实验采用Waters UPLC I-Class Plus(Waters, USA)串联Q Exactive高分辨质谱仪(Thermo Fisher Scientific,USA)进行代谢物的分离和检测。
色谱条件:色谱柱为BEH C18色谱柱(1.7 μm 2.1×100 mm, Waters, USA)。正离子模式流动相:A为0.1%甲酸水溶液,B为0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液;负离子模式流动相:A为10 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液,B为10 mmol/L甲酸铵的95%甲醇溶液。洗脱梯度:0~1 min,2%B;>1~9 min,2%~98%B;>9~12 min,98%B;>12.0~12.1 min,98%~2%B;>12.1~15 min,2%B。流速0.35 mL/min,柱温45 ℃,进样量5 μL。
质谱条件:质谱采集范围(m/z) 70~1 050,一级分辨率70 000,AGC 3e6,最大注入时间(injection time,IT)为100 ms;选取前3母离子进行碎裂,二级分辨率17 500,AGC 1e5,IT为50 ms,碎裂能量为20、40、60 eV。离子源参数:鞘气流速40,辅助气流速10,正/负离子喷雾电压分别为3.80/3.20 kV,离子传输管温度320 ℃,辅助气加热温度350 ℃。
使用Compound Discoverer 3.3软件结合BMDB、mzCloud及ChemSpider数据库鉴定代谢物,得到峰面积与鉴定信息的数据矩阵。数据经概率商归一化处理,并剔除QC样本变异系数>30%的代谢物。依次进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)与正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)。基于以上分析,进一步执行代谢物单变量分析,并依据以下3个条件筛选差异代谢物:OPLS-DA模型的VIP≥1;Fold Change≥1.2或者≤0.83;P<0.05[14]。并绘制火山图、聚类热图及箱线图。最后,对差异代谢物进行通路富集分析,以FDR<0.05为显著性阈值,对排名前20的通路绘制柱形图、气泡图与网络图。
实验组以E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞,对照组使用完全培养基处理,24 h后收集细胞,PBS清洗后胰蛋白酶消化细胞,离心收集细胞沉淀,用PBS溶液再次清洗细胞,离心后弃上清,液氮速冻后于-80 ℃保存。取冻存样本,于冰上解冻后,加入事先预混的裂解液(8 mol/L尿素,含1%蛋白酶抑制剂),超声破碎。随后在4 ℃、15 000×g下离心10 min,取上清液,采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。
取等量蛋白,分别通过沉淀法或FASP法进行酶解。沉淀法使用三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白,冷丙酮洗涤后,以100 mmol/L TEAB复溶,加入胰蛋白酶(1∶50)于37 ℃酶解过夜。FASP法则在还原烷基化后,利用超滤离心管进行缓冲液置换与双重酶解(首次胰蛋白酶1∶50,37 ℃过夜;二次1∶100,37 ℃ 4 h)。两种方法所得肽段均经酸化、Strata X柱除盐并冻干,复溶后用Pierce™ Quantitative Peptide Assays & Standards试剂盒进行定量。
DIA 分析采用纳升流速Vanquish Neo系统(赛默飞)进行色谱分离,纳升级高效液相色谱分离后的样品用Astral高分辨质谱仪(Thermo Scientific)进行DIA(数据非依赖)质谱分析。检测模式:正离子,母离子扫描范围为380~980 m/z,一级质谱分辨率为240 000(200 m/z),Normalized AGC Target为500%,Maximum IT为5 ms。MS2 采用DIA数据采集模式,设置299个扫描窗口,Isolation Window为2 m/z,HCD Collision Energy为25 eV,Normalized AGC Target为500%,Maximum IT为3 ms。
基于DIA-NN软件与样本特异性数据库进行蛋白鉴定与定量分析。对鉴定结果进行肽段及蛋白层面的质控,并进行GO、KEGG等多数据库功能注释。
差异蛋白筛选标准:P<0.05或CV<0.05,且蛋白表达量的对数变化值(log2FC)超过1.2时,定义为显著上调;<1/1.2时,定义为显著下调。结果以火山图与热图展示。最后,对差异蛋白进行通路富集分析,选取P<0.05的显著通路,并对排名前20的通路绘制柱形图、气泡图及网络图。
采用CCK-8方法检测细胞增殖。将SH-SY5Y细胞按照每孔1.0×104接种于96孔板中,置于37 ℃,5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h,待细胞贴壁后,弃去原培养基,E3使用DMSO溶解,实验组分别给予不同浓度的E3(10、30、50、100 μmol/L),对照组给予相应浓度(0.1%)的DMSO,空白组加入与实验组和对照组等体积的完全培养基,处理24 h,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8染色试剂,在37 ℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱中孵育2 h后,使用酶标仪在450 nm处测定光密度值[D(450)]。
将SH-SY5Y细胞以每孔6.0×10⁵的密度接种于6孔板中,置于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中培养24 h。待细胞完全贴壁后,弃去原培养基。实验组加入含100 μmol/L E3的新鲜培养基,对照组则加入含等体积(0.1%)DMSO的培养基,继续培养24 h。处理结束后,采用TRIzol-氯仿法提取细胞总RNA。随后,使用反转录试剂将RNA反转录为cDNA,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测基因表达水平。目标基因引物序列如表1。
将SH-SY5Y细胞以每皿3.0×106个的密度接种于100 mm细胞培养皿中,在37 ℃、5%CO₂条件下培养24 h至完全贴壁,弃去原培养基后,实验组加入含100 μmol/L E3的新鲜培养基,对照组加入含等体积(0.1%)DMSO的培养基,继续培养24 h。处理结束后,用预冷PBS洗涤细胞,刮取并离心收集细胞沉淀。加入裂解液,于4 ℃冰上裂解30 min,超声破碎至均匀,再经14 000 r/min离心15 min,取上清用于后续检测。采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。取30 μg蛋白进行SDS-PAGE分离,湿转至PVDF膜,TBST洗膜后以5%脱脂牛奶封闭2 h。随后依次加入Jagged1(1∶1 000)、Notch1(1∶1 000)、Hes1(1∶1 000)和β-actin(1∶4 000)一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜;洗膜后加入二抗室温孵育1 h。ECL显色后采集图像,使用Image J分析条带灰度值,计算蛋白相对表达量。
采用R 4.4.2语言统计软件分析数据及作图,使用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件生成实验统计图,计量资料以x¯±s表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
通过对2组血浆中的代谢物进行无监督PCA分析,显示PC1解释了14.07%的变异,PC2解释了8.51%的变异,PCA图可以解释22.58%的总变异,QC样本分布紧密,说明仪器检测结果稳定、重复性好,数据真实可靠(图1A)。经过有监督OPLS-DA模型分析显示,病例组与对照组的代谢物情况存在区别(图1B),并且数据有良好的稳定性,不存在过拟合现象(图1C)。
差异代谢物火山图展示了对照组和病例组之间差异代谢物的分布情况(图2A)。随后,通过KEEG通路富集分析显示,类固醇激素生物合成通路是显著富集通路之一,且富集通路下的代谢物数量较多(P<0.01,图2C)。本研究对雌激素代谢物进行差异分析,结果如表2所示,雌酮水平在病例组中下降最明显(P<0.05),雌三醇的组间差异P值最显著,而雌二醇水平无统计学差异。并且,富集通路网络关系图显示,E3为该富集通路中的其中一种差异代谢物(图2B),箱线图进一步表明E3在病例组中下调(P<0.01,图2D)。因此,本研究选取差异代谢物E3在神经母瘤细胞SH-SY5Y中进行机制验证。
为阐明E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞的作用机制,本研究基于蛋白组学数据进行KEGG通路富集分析。PCA图显示,对照组和实验组样本在蛋白表达谱上呈现明显的分离趋势(图3A)。KEGG富集分析结果中主要涉及Hippo、Notch信号通路(P<0.01),以及甘油磷脂代谢、N-聚糖生物合成通路,同时也包括补体与凝血级联反应、囊泡运输中的SNARE相互作用等多个通路(图3B)。其中,Notch信号通路的富集因子最高(0.10),高于Hippo信号通路(0.07),提示Notch信号通路相关基因占比最高,可能发挥重要调控作用。因此,本研究选择Notch信号通路进行后续的细胞机制验证。
为评估E3对SH-SY5Y细胞增殖的影响,本研究采用不同浓度E3(10、30、50、100 μmol/L)处理SH-SY5Y细胞24 h,在450 nm处测量光密度值,经过公式计算得出细胞存活率。结果显示,细胞存活率随着E3浓度的增加而逐渐降低,在100 μmol/L浓度处最低(P<0.01,图4),细胞增殖能力受到抑制。
基于CCK-8实验结果,选择100 μmol/L E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞,分别通过Western blot和RT-qPCR实验技术检测Jagged1、Notch1及Hes1的蛋白和基因表达变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,E3处理组的Jagged1、Notch1和Hes1的基因和蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05,图5),表明E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞后可以抑制Notch信号通路。
基于代谢组学分析,本研究共鉴定出189种差异代谢物,其中类固醇激素生物合成通路异常与ASD的发生发展有关[15]。与类固醇激素生物合成通路有关的激素有4种,分别是E1、E3、16α-羟基脱氢表雄酮(16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone,16α-OH-DHEA)和肾上腺酮(adrenosterone),这4种激素均在ASD组中降低,E3作为孕期主要雌激素[7],在本研究ASD组中呈现下降趋势。一项在非洲爪蟾模型中的研究表明,敲低每一个统计学上与ASD关联最紧密的基因后,均会导致发育中的端脑内神经前体细胞(neural progenitor cells,NPCs)与分化神经元的比例增加,并且在人诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,siPSC)衍生的NPCs中也得到验证。进一步使用内源性雌激素17-β-雌二醇处理后,发现它不仅可以逆转这种增殖性Ki67+ NPCs的异常增加,而且能够恢复NPCs的空间排列[16],提示雌激素可能下调神经细胞增殖。这与本研究中E3抑制SH-SY5Y细胞的增殖结果相一致,提示E3可以抑制异常增加的增殖性细胞,调控增殖性NPCs细胞与分化神经元维持正常比例,从而保障神经发育进程的稳态,进而可能降低ASD发生的风险。本研究发现ASD患儿母亲孕期E3水平偏低,E3的生理性升高不足,可能导致对NPCs增殖的抑制作用减弱,造成NPCs异常增加,进而可能使神经发育偏离正常轨道,增加ASD风险。从神经发育的角度来看,这种正常孕期E3浓度显著升高的生理意义是:孕期充足的E3水平是神经发育稳态的重要保障,其水平不足可能通过破坏NPCs的平衡,成为ASD的一个风险因素。此外,孕期E3对大脑皮质起到神经保护作用[17],一项随机、安慰剂对照的Ⅱ期临床试验研究显示,孕期E3水平升高可降低多发性硬化症的复发风险[18],提示E3在其他神经系统疾病中也有保护作用。雌激素主要通过结合其受体发挥作用,其中E3对雌激素受体β(estrogen receptor β,ERβ)的结合亲和力高于对雌激素受体α [19]。另有研究显示,ERβ特异性激动剂ly3201通过腹腔注射可以改善自闭症模型小鼠的社交缺陷[20],进一步提示E3可能通过激活ERβ发挥其对ASD症状的改善作用。然而,一项队列研究(丹麦历史出生队列)通过检测男性ASD患儿(98例)与男性对照儿童(177 例)胎儿羊水中的产前雌激素水平,显示雌二醇、雌三醇、雌酮这3种雌激素水平升高,均会增加男性后代ASD的发生风险[21]。本研究的代谢组学结果与该文献报道存在差异,此差异可能源于检测样本的不同:前述研究检测的是羊水,而本研究检测的是血浆。此外,该研究队列仅限于男性,而本研究未进行性别分层,这也可能是导致结果分歧的潜在原因,还有可能是人种之间的区别。
基于蛋白组学分析,结果显示E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞后,相关蛋白主要富集到Hippo、Notch信号通路,以及甘油磷脂代谢、N-聚糖生物合成等多个通路,其中Notch信号通路参与调控动物生命活动的细胞命运决定、胚胎与组织发育等[22]。已有研究显示,Notch信号通路激活可以促进SH-SY5Y细胞增殖[23],这与本研究结果一致,本研究通过细胞实验证明,E3可以抑制Notch信号通路,并进一步抑制SH-SY5Y细胞增殖。此外,一项研究发现,ASD年轻成人的多个脑区存在小胶质细胞过度激活现象[24],此类异常活化的小胶质细胞运动性与突触吞噬能力下降,导致小鼠模型中突触密度增加、神经连接蛋白增多、兴奋/抑制平衡失调,进而诱发自闭症样行为[25]。值得注意的是,VPA可通过激活Notch信号通路引起小胶质细胞异常活化,从而诱导大鼠自闭症行为,而该行为可被Notch抑制剂DAPT所逆转[26]。结合本研究结果,细胞实验证实E3能够从蛋白与基因水平抑制Notch信号通路,并降低细胞增殖能力;人群代谢组学数据进一步显示ASD患者中E3水平相对较低。以上发现提示,E3生理性水平升高可能通过抑制Notch信号通路,减少小胶质细胞异常活化,进而降低ASD的发生风险。
综上所述,本研究基于GZBC数据库开展了一项1∶1巢式病例对照研究,通过人群血浆代谢组学分析筛选出孕期主要差异代谢物E3。进一步通过蛋白组学检测发现,E3处理SH-SY5Y细胞后主要影响Notch信号通路;后续细胞实验验证了E3可以通过抑制Notch信号通路,进而抑制SH-SY5Y细胞的增殖能力。然而,本研究仍存在一定局限性:①样本来源局限于广西地区,样本量有限,结论的外推性可能受限。②机制研究仅在细胞层面展开,尚未深入探索Notch信号通路下游的具体调控网络,也缺乏动物实验以验证E3在行为层面对ASD的影响。③由于E3不是维持神经细胞基本功能的必要激素,故使用SH-SY5Y细胞难以直接验证E3缺乏对神经发育过程的影响。未来研究将开展动物实验,进一步验证E3缺乏对子代神经发育和ASD的诱导作用,并在更深入的分子层面等掲示Notch信号通路下游的作用机制。尽管如此,本研究为探讨E3通过Notch信号通路参与ASD发生发展的潜在机制提供了初步理论依据,也为ASD的早期预防研究提供了可能的靶点和方向。

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2026年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511044
  • 接收时间:2025-11-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-09
  • 修回日期:2025-11-26
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    1广西医科大学公共卫生学院,广西 南宁
    2桂林医科大学公共卫生学院,广西 桂林

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曾小云,E-mail:
王丽君,E-mail:
ZENG Xiaoyun, E-mail:
WANG Lijun, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ljjydxxb/CN/10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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