Article(id=1320435162471575901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=1765296000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792745875232, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792745875232, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792745875232, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792745875232, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435149154669015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='250', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792745872057, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749692151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=147, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435162723234142, articleId=1320435162471575901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Construction of reporter phage T6::Nluc and evaluation of its diagnostic performance: A novel method for rapid detection of Escherichia coli urinary tract infections, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To construct an Escherichia coli (E. coli)-specific reporter phage, T6::Nluc, and evaluate its performance in the rapid diagnosis of E. coli-induced urinary tract infections.

Methods

T6::Nluc was constructed by the CRISPR/Cas9 system combined with homologous recombination technology. Then biological characteristics of T6 and T6::Nluc were systematically compared in terms of optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI), one-step growth curves, and lysis efficiency. Time-luminescence curves were plotted to determine the limit of detection (LOD) and the impact of urine matrix. Luminescence quantification was performed to detect the specificity of the phage after being co-cultured with non-E.coli pathogens. In addition, 104 strains of E. coli isolated from clinical urine samples were collected to analyze the detection coverage of T6::Nluc. Finally, 437 clinical urine samples were obtained for clinical validation.

Results

The successful construction of reporter phage T6::Nluc was validated by Sanger sequencing. Its one-step growth curve and optimal MOI differed from those of T6, and the lysis efficiency remained comparable. T6::Nluc exhibited outstanding diagnostic performance, enabling the detection of ≥10⁴ CFU/mL E. coli within 40 min, with complete resistance to interference from urine matrix and excellent pathogen-specific recognition. Additionally, T6::Nluc successfully detected 51 out of 104 clinical E. coli isolates (49.04%). And the results of the detection in clinical urine samples indicated that the phage had a sensitivity of 48.84% and a specificity of 100.00 in the detection.

Conclusion

Reporter phage T6::Nluc is successfully constructed, and can sensitively and specifically detect E. coli causing urinary tract infections, significantly reducing detection time and enhancing efficiency and accuracy.

, authors=Zhiyun HAO1, 2, Qiang ZHAO2, Minwei LI2, Mianyang LI1, 2, Chi WANG1, 2, Chengbin WANG1, 2, authorsList=Zhiyun HAO, Qiang ZHAO, Minwei LI, Mianyang LI, Chi WANG, Chengbin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chi WANG, Chengbin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435163780198759, articleId=1320435162471575901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=报告噬菌体T6::Nluc的构建与诊断性能评估:一种快速检测大肠杆菌尿路感染的新方法, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

构建大肠杆菌特异性的报告噬菌体T6::Nluc,并评估其在尿路感染大肠杆菌快速诊断中的性能。

方法

采用CRISPR/Cas9系统联合同源重组技术,构建报告噬菌体T6::Nluc。比较T6与T6::Nluc的最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线和裂解效率等生物学特性。通过测定时间-发光曲线,确认T6::Nluc的检测限、尿液基质对检测的影响。将T6::Nluc与非大肠杆菌病原菌共培养后测定发光信号,探究检测特异性。从临床收集104株尿液分离的大肠杆菌,分析T6::Nluc的检测覆盖率。收集437例临床尿液样本进行临床检测验证。

结果

T6::Nluc构建成功,其一步生长曲线、最佳感染复数与T6存在差异,但裂解效率相似。T6::Nluc可在40 min内检出≥104 CFU/mL的大肠杆菌标准菌株BL21,不受尿液基质影响,且表现出高度的检测特异性,可检出104株临床尿液大肠杆菌分离株中的51株(49.04%),在临床尿液样本中的检测灵敏度为48.84%,特异度为100.00。

结论

成功构建了报告噬菌体T6::Nluc,并且可以灵敏、特异地检出尿路感染大肠杆菌,显著缩短了检测时间,有效提升了检测效率与准确性。

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王驰,Email:
王成彬,Email:
WANG Chi, E-mail:
WANG Chengbin, Email:
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A: PCR amplification results of upstream and downstream homologous arms and Nluc gene block; B: PCR validation results of homologous recombinant plasmid. The primers for lane 1 are M13-F, DHR-T6-R, 2 683 bp. The primers for lane 2 are M13-F and Nluc-T6-R, 1 657 bp. The primers for lane 3 are UHR-T6-F, DHR-T6-R, 2 636 bp. The primers for lane 4 are UHR-T6-F, M13-R, 2 715 bp. The primers for lane 5 are Nluc-T6-F, M13-R, 1 774 bp; C: PCR validation results of pCas9 plasmid transformation into BL21. The primers are pCas9-F and pCas9-R, 1 335 bp; D: PCR validation results of pCRISPR-sg-1~10 plasmids construction. The primers are hoc-sg-1~10-F and pCRISPR validation primer R, 646 bp; E: PCR validation results of T6::Nluc. The primers are T6 recombinant primer F and R. The template for lane 1 is T6 (3 863 bp), and the templates for lanes 2 and 3 are T6::Nluc (3 907 bp). M: Marker; Nluc: NanoLuciferase

, figureFileSmall=b4P8WlVNUgHACBdquuPbWA==, figureFileBig=KiWIOqcbOiJxYug7A6wn+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435170197483932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Efficiency of plating for sgRNA, figureFileSmall=f5BpgV3f2XwS76DQNoxDGA==, figureFileBig=qpCG9QIDH0f2ia7SBhDSiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435170482696605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=CN, label=图2, caption=sgRNA的成斑率测定结果, figureFileSmall=f5BpgV3f2XwS76DQNoxDGA==, figureFileBig=qpCG9QIDH0f2ia7SBhDSiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435170545611166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of biological characteristics between T6 and T6::Nluc, figureFileSmall=vS+hA68oFKQnJxP3xjCO+Q==, figureFileBig=7kh5JBUdaj/BgC55miItaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435170608525727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=CN, label=图3, caption=T6与T6::Nluc的生物学特性比较

A: Comparison of one-step growth curves; B: Comparison of the optimal MOI; C: Comparison of lytic efficiency.

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A: Limit of detection of T6::Nluc. The positive threshold is set at RLUs ≥10.71, and T6::Nluc can detect BL21 at concentrations ≥1×104 CFU/mL within 40 min; B: Effect of urine on the detection performance of T6::Nluc; C: Detection specificity of T6::Nluc; D: Detection coverage of T6::Nluc in 104 clinical E. coli strains

, figureFileSmall=jaPoX0dMXZ5BfToHFJW8NA==, figureFileBig=Z09PFit5UwxOqyO/A/BRCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435170994401698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequence (5′→3′)Tm
UHR-T6-FttcaactgccgttcgacgatATAATCGACATTCTTCT60 ℃
UHR-T6-RgtcgtattaTCATCTATACCTATCCAT60 ℃
Nluc-T6-FggtatagatgaTAATACGACTCACTATAGC60 ℃
Nluc-T6-RagtaaTTATGCTAAAATACGTTCACACAGACG60 ℃
DHR-T6-FcgtattttagcataaTTACTTGGGCTACGC60 ℃
DHR-T6-RaattcggatcttccagagatGACTGATGGGTTATCTATT60 ℃
M13-FGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT60 ℃
M13-RCAGGAAACAGCTATGACCATGA60 ℃
pCRISPR validation primer RCCCGCTTCAGTGACAACG60 ℃
pCas9-FGGTGATGTCGGCGATATAGG58 ℃
pCas9-RTCCGTTAAAGAGTTACTAGGGATCAC58 ℃
T6 recombinant primer FCGATTGCGATTAGGC53 ℃
T6 recombinant primer RCATCTGAAGCGAGGA53 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1320435171069899171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequence (5′→3′)Tm
UHR-T6-FttcaactgccgttcgacgatATAATCGACATTCTTCT60 ℃
UHR-T6-RgtcgtattaTCATCTATACCTATCCAT60 ℃
Nluc-T6-FggtatagatgaTAATACGACTCACTATAGC60 ℃
Nluc-T6-RagtaaTTATGCTAAAATACGTTCACACAGACG60 ℃
DHR-T6-FcgtattttagcataaTTACTTGGGCTACGC60 ℃
DHR-T6-RaattcggatcttccagagatGACTGATGGGTTATCTATT60 ℃
M13-FGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT60 ℃
M13-RCAGGAAACAGCTATGACCATGA60 ℃
pCRISPR validation primer RCCCGCTTCAGTGACAACG60 ℃
pCas9-FGGTGATGTCGGCGATATAGG58 ℃
pCas9-RTCCGTTAAAGAGTTACTAGGGATCAC58 ℃
T6 recombinant primer FCGATTGCGATTAGGC53 ℃
T6 recombinant primer RCATCTGAAGCGAGGA53 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1320435171321557412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of sgRNAs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
sgRNASequence (5′→3′)
hoc-sg-1-FaaacGGAGGAGTCAATGTAACCTGg
hoc-sg-1-RaaaacCAGGTTACATTGACTCCTCC
hoc-sg-2-FaaacATGTAAGCTGAAGTACGATGg
hoc-sg-2-RaaaacCATCGTACTTCAGCTTACAT
hoc-sg-3-FaaacATAATCAGTAGCAGTAACGAg
hoc-sg-3-RaaaacTCGTTACTGCTACTGATTAT
hoc-sg-4-FaaacCACCAGATGTAAGCTGAAGTg
hoc-sg-4-RaaaacACTTCAGCTTACATCTGGTG
hoc-sg-5-FaaacTGTTGAACGTTAATAGAAGGg
hoc-sg-5-RaaaacCCTTCTATTAACGTTCAACA
hoc-sg-6-FaaacGTGGATTCATTGTCTTCTTAg
hoc-sg-6-RaaaacTAAGAAGACAATGAATCCAC
hoc-sg-7-FaaacAGTTTGACTTCCAATAGATGg
hoc-sg-7-RaaaacCATCTATTGGAAGTCAAACT
hoc-sg-8-FaaacGCTGAAGTACGATGTGGAAGg
hoc-sg-8-RaaaacCTTCCACATCGTACTTCAGC
hoc-sg-9-FaaacTCTGCTGTAATAGTTTTGCTg
hoc-sg-9-RaaaacAGCAAAACTATTACAGCAGA
hoc-sg-10-FaaacACCGCACCAGATGTAAGCTGg
hoc-sg-10-RaaaacCAGCTTACATCTGGTGCGGT
), ArticleFig(id=1320435171837456805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

sgRNA汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
sgRNASequence (5′→3′)
hoc-sg-1-FaaacGGAGGAGTCAATGTAACCTGg
hoc-sg-1-RaaaacCAGGTTACATTGACTCCTCC
hoc-sg-2-FaaacATGTAAGCTGAAGTACGATGg
hoc-sg-2-RaaaacCATCGTACTTCAGCTTACAT
hoc-sg-3-FaaacATAATCAGTAGCAGTAACGAg
hoc-sg-3-RaaaacTCGTTACTGCTACTGATTAT
hoc-sg-4-FaaacCACCAGATGTAAGCTGAAGTg
hoc-sg-4-RaaaacACTTCAGCTTACATCTGGTG
hoc-sg-5-FaaacTGTTGAACGTTAATAGAAGGg
hoc-sg-5-RaaaacCCTTCTATTAACGTTCAACA
hoc-sg-6-FaaacGTGGATTCATTGTCTTCTTAg
hoc-sg-6-RaaaacTAAGAAGACAATGAATCCAC
hoc-sg-7-FaaacAGTTTGACTTCCAATAGATGg
hoc-sg-7-RaaaacCATCTATTGGAAGTCAAACT
hoc-sg-8-FaaacGCTGAAGTACGATGTGGAAGg
hoc-sg-8-RaaaacCTTCCACATCGTACTTCAGC
hoc-sg-9-FaaacTCTGCTGTAATAGTTTTGCTg
hoc-sg-9-RaaaacAGCAAAACTATTACAGCAGA
hoc-sg-10-FaaacACCGCACCAGATGTAAGCTGg
hoc-sg-10-RaaaacCAGCTTACATCTGGTGCGGT
), ArticleFig(id=1320435171921342886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of results between luminescence assay and gold standard method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Luminescence assayUrine culture and mass spectrometry (gold standard)Total
PositiveaNegativeb
Positive21021
Negative22394416
Total43394437
), ArticleFig(id=1320435172252692903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

发光测定法与金标准方法的检测结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Luminescence assayUrine culture and mass spectrometry (gold standard)Total
PositiveaNegativeb
Positive21021
Negative22394416
Total43394437
), ArticleFig(id=1320435172684706216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of novel detection technologies for uropathogens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Detection principleDetection targetDetection timeLimit of detectionAdvantageDisadvantageReference
An isothermal amplification platform integrated phage strand exchange amplification with CRISPR/Cas12aP. aeruginosa3.5 h103 CFU/mLSensitive, rapid, specific, accurate, viable-bacteria-targeting, self-amplifying signal, and professional equipment-freeComplex operational procedures, potential interference of urine components, limited host range[7]
Electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction based on a bare boron-doped diamond electrodeSodium nitrite (NaNO₂), a characteristic metabolic product of pathogenic bacteria~ 10 min0.82 mg/LCost-effective, sensitive, rapid, simple, and low equipment requirementSusceptible to ascorbic acid interference, lack of pathogenic bacteria identification specificity, inability to differentiate viable from non-viable bacteria[27]
Digital β-D-glucuronidase antimicrobial susceptibility testing assayE. coli4.5 h39 CFU/mLEnables simultaneous specific identification, quantification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and minimum inhibitory concentration determination of pathogenic bacteria, with viable/non-viable bacterial differentiation capabilityRequirement for urine sample pretreatment involving centrifugation and bacterial isolation, challenges associated with chip production and cost control, dependence on specialized equipment[28]
Smartphone-assisted microfluidic paper analytical deviceE. coli< 30 s10 CFU/mLLow-cost, point-of-care testing-compatible, specific, sensitiveInconsistent results caused by smartphone performance variations, inability to differentiate viable from non-viable bacteria[29]
Microfluidic electrochemical biosensor for performing Loop-mediated isothermal amplificationE. coli1 h24 CFU/mLNo need for immobilized probes, DNA extraction-free, rapid, sensitiveElevated cost, high equipment requirements, potential interference of urine, inability to differentiate viable from non-viable bacteria[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1320435172995084713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435162471575901, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

尿路感染病原菌检测新技术的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Detection principleDetection targetDetection timeLimit of detectionAdvantageDisadvantageReference
An isothermal amplification platform integrated phage strand exchange amplification with CRISPR/Cas12aP. aeruginosa3.5 h103 CFU/mLSensitive, rapid, specific, accurate, viable-bacteria-targeting, self-amplifying signal, and professional equipment-freeComplex operational procedures, potential interference of urine components, limited host range[7]
Electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction based on a bare boron-doped diamond electrodeSodium nitrite (NaNO₂), a characteristic metabolic product of pathogenic bacteria~ 10 min0.82 mg/LCost-effective, sensitive, rapid, simple, and low equipment requirementSusceptible to ascorbic acid interference, lack of pathogenic bacteria identification specificity, inability to differentiate viable from non-viable bacteria[27]
Digital β-D-glucuronidase antimicrobial susceptibility testing assayE. coli4.5 h39 CFU/mLEnables simultaneous specific identification, quantification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and minimum inhibitory concentration determination of pathogenic bacteria, with viable/non-viable bacterial differentiation capabilityRequirement for urine sample pretreatment involving centrifugation and bacterial isolation, challenges associated with chip production and cost control, dependence on specialized equipment[28]
Smartphone-assisted microfluidic paper analytical deviceE. coli< 30 s10 CFU/mLLow-cost, point-of-care testing-compatible, specific, sensitiveInconsistent results caused by smartphone performance variations, inability to differentiate viable from non-viable bacteria[29]
Microfluidic electrochemical biosensor for performing Loop-mediated isothermal amplificationE. coli1 h24 CFU/mLNo need for immobilized probes, DNA extraction-free, rapid, sensitiveElevated cost, high equipment requirements, potential interference of urine, inability to differentiate viable from non-viable bacteria[30]
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报告噬菌体T6::Nluc的构建与诊断性能评估:一种快速检测大肠杆菌尿路感染的新方法
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郝治云 1, 2 , 赵强 2 , 李民伟 2 , 李绵洋 1, 2 , 王驰 1, 2 , 王成彬 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(2): 147-157
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (2) : 147 -157
报告噬菌体T6::Nluc的构建与诊断性能评估:一种快速检测大肠杆菌尿路感染的新方法
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郝治云1, 2, 赵强2, 李民伟2, 李绵洋1, 2, 王驰1, 2 , 王成彬1, 2
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京
  • 2解放军总医院第一医学中心检验科,北京
通讯作者:
王驰,Email:
王成彬,Email:
WANG Chi, E-mail:
WANG Chengbin, Email:
Construction of reporter phage T6::Nluc and evaluation of its diagnostic performance: A novel method for rapid detection of Escherichia coli urinary tract infections
Zhiyun HAO1, 2, Qiang ZHAO2, Minwei LI2, Mianyang LI1, 2, Chi WANG1, 2 , Chengbin WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing
  • 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510022
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目的

构建大肠杆菌特异性的报告噬菌体T6::Nluc,并评估其在尿路感染大肠杆菌快速诊断中的性能。

方法

采用CRISPR/Cas9系统联合同源重组技术,构建报告噬菌体T6::Nluc。比较T6与T6::Nluc的最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线和裂解效率等生物学特性。通过测定时间-发光曲线,确认T6::Nluc的检测限、尿液基质对检测的影响。将T6::Nluc与非大肠杆菌病原菌共培养后测定发光信号,探究检测特异性。从临床收集104株尿液分离的大肠杆菌,分析T6::Nluc的检测覆盖率。收集437例临床尿液样本进行临床检测验证。

结果

T6::Nluc构建成功,其一步生长曲线、最佳感染复数与T6存在差异,但裂解效率相似。T6::Nluc可在40 min内检出≥104 CFU/mL的大肠杆菌标准菌株BL21,不受尿液基质影响,且表现出高度的检测特异性,可检出104株临床尿液大肠杆菌分离株中的51株(49.04%),在临床尿液样本中的检测灵敏度为48.84%,特异度为100.00。

结论

成功构建了报告噬菌体T6::Nluc,并且可以灵敏、特异地检出尿路感染大肠杆菌,显著缩短了检测时间,有效提升了检测效率与准确性。

报告噬菌体  /  大肠杆菌  /  尿路感染  /  CRISPR/Cas9  /  病原菌检测
Objective

To construct an Escherichia coli (E. coli)-specific reporter phage, T6::Nluc, and evaluate its performance in the rapid diagnosis of E. coli-induced urinary tract infections.

Methods

T6::Nluc was constructed by the CRISPR/Cas9 system combined with homologous recombination technology. Then biological characteristics of T6 and T6::Nluc were systematically compared in terms of optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI), one-step growth curves, and lysis efficiency. Time-luminescence curves were plotted to determine the limit of detection (LOD) and the impact of urine matrix. Luminescence quantification was performed to detect the specificity of the phage after being co-cultured with non-E.coli pathogens. In addition, 104 strains of E. coli isolated from clinical urine samples were collected to analyze the detection coverage of T6::Nluc. Finally, 437 clinical urine samples were obtained for clinical validation.

Results

The successful construction of reporter phage T6::Nluc was validated by Sanger sequencing. Its one-step growth curve and optimal MOI differed from those of T6, and the lysis efficiency remained comparable. T6::Nluc exhibited outstanding diagnostic performance, enabling the detection of ≥10⁴ CFU/mL E. coli within 40 min, with complete resistance to interference from urine matrix and excellent pathogen-specific recognition. Additionally, T6::Nluc successfully detected 51 out of 104 clinical E. coli isolates (49.04%). And the results of the detection in clinical urine samples indicated that the phage had a sensitivity of 48.84% and a specificity of 100.00 in the detection.

Conclusion

Reporter phage T6::Nluc is successfully constructed, and can sensitively and specifically detect E. coli causing urinary tract infections, significantly reducing detection time and enhancing efficiency and accuracy.

reporter phage  /  Escherichia coli  /  urinary tract infections  /  CRISPR/Cas9  /  pathogen detection
郝治云, 赵强, 李民伟, 李绵洋, 王驰, 王成彬. 报告噬菌体T6::Nluc的构建与诊断性能评估:一种快速检测大肠杆菌尿路感染的新方法. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (2) : 147 -157 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510022
Zhiyun HAO, Qiang ZHAO, Minwei LI, Mianyang LI, Chi WANG, Chengbin WANG. Construction of reporter phage T6::Nluc and evaluation of its diagnostic performance: A novel method for rapid detection of Escherichia coli urinary tract infections[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (2) : 147 -157 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510022
尿路感染是世界范围内最为常见的细菌感染性疾病之一[1],每年影响4.046亿余人,引起近24万人死亡[2],造成了重大的经济和公共卫生负担,并严重影响患者的生活质量。其中,大肠杆菌是引起尿路感染最常见的病原体[3-4],占尿路感染病原菌的80%左右[5]。尿路感染严重者可发展为败血症、脓毒症甚至死亡[6]。因此,快速、准确的病原菌鉴定对尿路感染的有效治疗和良好预后至关重要。目前细菌培养仍旧是病原菌鉴定的金标准[7],但基于培养的方法耗时长(>24 h),苛养菌易漏检,影响因素多。分子生物学技术如PCR、荧光原位杂交、基因芯片、宏基因组下一代测序(metagenomic next-generation sequencing,mNGS)以及靶向高通量测序(targeted next-generation sequencing,tNGS)等,对技术、设备要求高,且无法区分活死菌,成本较高。
噬菌体是一种细菌特异性的病毒[8],能够在属、种或菌株水平上特异性感染活的宿主菌,并复制产生大量的子代噬菌体[9-10]。使用噬菌体作为病原菌的生物识别元件,具有高度的特异性和敏感性以及较短的检测时间,且易于生产、成本低廉,对温度和pH具有高度的稳定性,是鉴定病原菌的理想工具[11]。通过基因工程,在噬菌体基因组中引入外源报告基因(如Nluc、ALP、β-gal等),构建“报告噬菌体”,在报告噬菌体感染活的宿主菌的过程中,表达报告蛋白,产生可检测的报告信号,从而实现病原菌的灵敏、特异性检测[12]。在具备天然噬菌体优点的基础上,报告噬菌体增殖过程还可进行信号的自我放大,因而被认为是一种极具应用潜力的临床病原菌识别检测元件。
本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9系统联合同源重组技术,将Nluc(Nanoluciferase)报告基因整合至大肠杆菌特异性的T6噬菌体中,构建报告噬菌体T6::Nluc,并评估其在尿路感染大肠杆菌快速诊断中的检测性能,为临床应用提供依据,加快临床病原菌检测技术的发展进步。
大肠杆菌标准菌株BL21和大肠杆菌噬菌体T6均购自美国菌种保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection,ATCC);104株临床尿液分离的大肠杆菌及其他种类病原菌(粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和人葡萄球菌各1株)均来源于解放军总医院第一医学中心检验科微生物组的菌种库,所有临床菌株均经质谱鉴定确认。其中,104株大肠杆菌经Illumina二代测序技术平台进行全基因组测序,并通过MLST软件、Serotype Finder软件分析多位点序列分型(Multi-locus sequence typing,MLST)并预测血清型。pCRISPR质粒、pCas9质粒购自湖南丰晖生物科技有限公司。本研究获得解放军总医院伦理委员会批准(S2023-580-03)。
hoc基因是T4噬菌体的非必需基因之一[13],而T4噬菌体与T6噬菌体的基因组相似性超过96%[14]。因此,本研究推测T6噬菌体中表达Hoc样头部修饰蛋白的KMB99_gp220是T6的非必需基因之一。
选取KMB99_gp220基因的上游932 bp、下游1011 bp作为上下游同源臂;Nluc基因区由实验室前期工作中保存,包含T7启动子、核糖体结合位点、pelB引导序列以及Nluc基因序列。针对上述序列分别设计两端含有20 bp重叠的引物UHA-T6-F、UHA-T6-R、Nluc-T6-F、Nluc-T6-R、DHA-T6-F、DHA-T6-R(表1),由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
PCR扩增并回收同源臂及Nluc基因区片段,使用ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit(诺唯赞,南京,中国),通过Gibson组装技术,将上述片段构建为同源重组质粒,转化BL21感受态细胞,并进行菌落PCR验证。
通过在线网站(http://123.57.239.141:8080),设计针对T6噬菌体KMB99_gp220基因序列的sgRNA(Single-guide RNA),选取活性预测值排名前10的sgRNA,在序列两端添加BsaI的酶切位点,由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成(表2)。合成后,利用T4 Polynucleotide Kinase(New England Biolabs, the United States)磷酸化并退火形成双链DNA片段。通过T4 DNA Ligase(New England Biolabs, the United States)与BsaI过夜酶切消化后的线性pCRISPR质粒连接,转化BL21感受态细胞并进行菌落PCR验证和Sanger测序,确认质粒构建正确。
利用FastPure Plasmid Mini Kit(诺唯赞,南京,中国)提取pCRISPR-sg-1~10质粒。将pCas9质粒与pCRISPR-sg-1~10质粒依次转化BL21感受态细胞以构建CRISPR/Cas9系统。
通过成斑率(efficiency of plating , EOP)测定各sgRNA的实际切割效率,EOP值越低,说明相应sgRNA的切割效率越高。EOP=T6噬菌体在pCRISPR-sg-1~10-pCas9-BL21双层琼脂平板上的噬菌斑数/T6噬菌体在pCRISPR-pCas9-BL21双层琼脂平板上的噬菌斑数。
将同源重组质粒转化切割效率最高的pCas9-pCRISPR-sgRNA-BL21,构建三质粒BL21。通过双层琼脂平板法[15],使T6噬菌体感染三质粒BL21大肠杆菌。即将200 μL的对数期三质粒BL21与100 μL适当效价的T6混合于熔融的软琼脂,倾倒在LB固体平板上,37 ℃培养过夜以形成噬菌斑。上述过程中,CRISPR/Cas9系统靶向切割野生型T6噬菌体基因组的KMB99_gp220序列,产生大量断裂的DNA双链,从而显著提高同源重组的效率;同时CRISPR/Cas9系统发挥反选择作用[10, 16],增加子代噬菌体中T6::Nluc的比例,辅助筛选T6::Nluc。吸取斑块中心处的噬菌体液,加入10 mmol/L EDTA溶液中混匀,65 ℃孵育10 min后降至4 ℃,以此作为噬菌体PCR的模板,筛选出重组成功的T6::Nluc。
将5 mL 1×107 PFU/mL的T6或T6::Nluc与5 mL 1×108 CFU/mL的BL21混匀,37 ℃水浴10 min后,5 000×g离心10 min,弃上清,加入PBS缓冲液洗涤,再次离心弃上清[17-18]。加入10 mL LB液体培养基重悬,37 ℃,200 r/min摇床培养120 min,每10 min取样一次,利用0.22 μm细菌滤器过滤后,双层琼脂平板法测定噬菌体的效价。爆发量=爆发期结束释放的噬菌体数/潜伏初期感染的宿主菌细胞数[19]。
将不同效价的T6或T6::Nluc与1.87×108 CFU/mL的BL21按照MOI为10、1、0.1、0.01、0.001、0.000 1、0.000 01、0.000 001的比例混合均匀,37 ℃,200 r/min摇床培养6 h后,利用0.22 μm细菌滤器过滤,通过双层琼脂平板法测定T6和T6::Nluc的效价[20]。每组做3个平行实验,噬菌体滴度最高的组对应的MOI为最佳MOI[18]。
按照MOI=0.1,分别设置BL21+LB、BL21+T6、BL21+T6::Nluc以及LB组。BL21浓度为1.38×108 CFU/mL,T6的效价为1.63×107 PFU/mL,T6::Nluc的效价为1.88×107 PFU/mL。将各组于37 ℃,200 r/min摇床培养6 h,从0 min开始,每10 min取出100 μL的培养物,加至96孔板中,测定D(600)。以时间为横轴,D(600)为纵轴,绘制裂解曲线。
将过夜培养的BL21进行10倍系列稀释,使其浓度为1×106 CFU/mL~1×101 CFU/mL。将5 mL系列稀释的BL21与终浓度为5.125×107 PFU/mL的T6::Nluc于37 ℃,200 r/min共培养5 h,仅含有T6::Nluc的组作为阴性对照(背景发光)。每10 min取出100 μL样本,加入底物Furimazine (Nano-Glo® Luciferase Assay, Promega, Fitchburg, USA),反应原理如下:
Furimazine+O2→Nanoluciferase Furimamide+CO2+Light (Emmax=460 nm)
利用多功能酶标仪Infinite M200 PRO 和Tecan i-control , 2.0.10.0软件检测发光信号——相对光单位(relative light unit,RLU)。以时间为横轴,发光值为纵轴,绘制各组的时间-发光曲线。阳性阈值=平均背景发光值加上3倍标准差,检测限为产生高于阈值的发光信号所需的最低细菌浓度[10]。
从解放军总医院第一医学中心检验科收集清洁中段尿,0.22 μm细菌滤器过滤后,将其加入大肠杆菌菌液中,使得各组尿液基质的比例分别为0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%,同时保证各组大肠杆菌浓度一致(8.335×106 CFU/mL),另外设置仅LB液体培养基组为阴性对照组。向上述各组加入适量T6::Nluc,37 ℃,200 r/min摇床共培养3 h,每10 min取出100 μL共培养液,加入底物,测定发光值。
将BL21(阳性对照)、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和人葡萄球菌各1株,于37 ℃,200 r/min摇床过夜培养后,与适量T6::Nluc继续共培养3 h,期间每10 min取出100 μL共培养液,加入底物,测定发光值。同时,设置仅T6::Nluc培养液组为阴性对照。
在超速离心管中,加入20 mL PBS缓冲液配制的30%蔗糖溶液,其上层加入T6::Nluc增殖液18 mL,4 ℃,26 000 r/min水平离心3 h。小心弃去上清,将离心管倒置晾干,加入1 mL PBS缓冲液重悬离心管底部的T6::Nluc,测定离心后T6::Nluc的效价以及发光值,置于4 ℃备用。
将104株临床尿液分离的大肠杆菌于37 ℃,200 r/min摇床过夜培养后,稀释100倍,加入终浓度为4.64×108 PFU/mL的T6::Nluc继续共培养5 h。取100 μL共培养液,加入底物测定发光信号,根据发光值判定T6::Nluc在104株临床尿液分离大肠杆菌中的检测覆盖率。
收集2025年7-10月期间,解放军总医院第一医学中心检验科尿培养项目的437例新鲜临床尿液样本,加入终浓度为4.64×108 PFU/mL的T6::Nluc,于37 ℃,200 r/min摇床共培养4 h后,加入底物,测定发光信号。上述尿液样本同步进行传统的尿培养及质谱鉴定,将检测结果进行比对,以分析T6::Nluc的检测灵敏度、特异度。
使用SPSS 27.0.1、Adobe Illustrator 2024、OriginPro 2025和GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件进行统计学分析和绘图。运用RM-ANOVA检验分析T6与T6::Nluc的一步生长曲线是否有统计学差异;通过Kruskal-Wallis H检验进行裂解效率比较以及不同比例尿液基质的组间差异比较。P<0.05认为具有统计学差异。
菌落PCR及测序结果表明,同源重组质粒及pCRISPR-sg-1~10质粒构建正确(图1A、B、D)。在EOP测定中,hoc-sg-7的实际切割效率最高(图2),故将同源重组质粒转化pCas9-pCRISPR-sg-7-BL21菌(图1C),构建三质粒菌。
当T6噬菌体感染三质粒菌后,其基因组注入三质粒BL21中并进行生物合成,T6噬菌体基因组与同源重组质粒发生CRISPR/Cas9系统辅助的同源重组,从而将Nluc基因区整合至噬菌体核酸中,产生T6::Nluc(图1E),并通过Sanger测序,确认构建正确。
考虑到KMB99_gp220基因的部分删失和Nluc基因区的整合可能对T6噬菌体产生不利影响,本研究比较了T6和T6::Nluc的一步生长曲线、最佳MOI和裂解效率。一步生长曲线的结果显示,T6和T6::Nluc的潜伏期均为10 min,在10~40 min内效价迅速增加,为T6和T6::Nluc的爆发期(图3A)。T6的爆发量为185.51 PFU/cell,T6::Nluc的爆发量为16.52 PFU/cell,低于T6的爆发量,且经RM-ANOVA分析,T6和T6::Nluc的生长曲线存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。
不同MOI条件下,噬菌体增殖的效率不同。当MOI为0.1时,共培养后产生的子代T6效价最高,即T6的最佳MOI为0.1;同理,T6::Nluc的最佳MOI为0.01(图3B)。
在裂解效率比较中,BL21菌株纯培养物的D(600)随时间逐渐升高,而BL21与T6或T6::Nluc的混合培养物则随时间先略有升高,而后下降至逐渐平稳,表现出明显的裂解效果(图3C)。Kruskal-Wallis H检验结果显示,T6与T6::Nluc的裂解性能无明显区别。
尿路感染的诊断阈值为单种细菌菌落数≥105 CFU/mL,将T6::Nluc与系列浓度(1×106 CFU/mL~1×101 CFU/mL)的BL21共培养5 h后,时间-发光曲线表明,其可在40 min内检出≥1×104 CFU/mL的BL21(图4A),满足临床尿路感染的诊断标准,同时显著缩短了检测时间。
设定不同比例尿液基质组以及阴性对照组,测定各组样本发光值随时间的变化曲线(图4B)。结果显示,0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%的尿液基质组均在30 min时检出阳性,组间发光值差异无统计学意义。即尿液基质不影响T6::Nluc与大肠杆菌的相互作用,也不影响Nluc蛋白的发光反应,故无需样本预处理,简化了临床样本的检测流程。
尿路感染通常可由多种病原菌引起,选择临床常见的尿路感染病原菌(大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和人葡萄球菌)与T6::Nluc共培养。结果表明,T6::Nluc仅与BL21大肠杆菌共培养后产生可检测的发光信号,而其他病原菌则均为阴性(图4C),即T6::Nluc不识别裂解其他种类病原菌,不存在交叉反应,展现出极高的检测特异性。
临床尿路感染的大肠杆菌表现出一定的克隆多样性,噬菌体对不同菌株的感染效率不尽相同。对T6::Nluc原始增殖液进行30%蔗糖密度梯度离心处理,以降低背景Nluc蛋白含量,保证背景发光信号较低的同时报告噬菌体的效价得到有效提高,从而提高菌株检出率,避免假阳性或漏检现象。将离心处理后的T6::Nluc与104株临床尿液分离的大肠杆菌进行共培养,探究其检测覆盖率。结果表明,T6::Nluc可检出其中的51株(49.04%)大肠杆菌(图4D)。结合测序结果分析显示,T6::Nluc可识别检出的51株大肠杆菌的MLST主要为ST1193(17/17株)、ST69(7/8株)、ST38(5/6株),血清型类别主要集中在O75:H5(12/12株)、O18:H5(5/5株)、O16:H5(5/8株)。
在437例临床尿液样本中,通过尿培养及质谱(金标准)鉴定出43例大肠杆菌(表3),而通过发光测定法(T6::Nluc)检出21例(灵敏度为48.84%),这是由于T6::Nluc在临床克隆多样性大肠杆菌中的宿主谱有限。然而,其检测特异度为100.00,这与噬菌体本身的高宿主特异性有关,即该检测方法没有交叉反应和假阳性(误诊)问题,在病原体鉴定的准确性方面具有突出优势。
尿路感染在临床上通常表现为尿道炎、膀胱炎、肾盂肾炎等,如不及时诊断治疗,可导致菌血症、败血症、脓毒症甚至死亡[22]。然而,在利用基于培养的方法对病原体进行准确鉴定前,临床上30%~50%的患者接受无效的经验性抗生素治疗[23],这不仅会延误病情、增加死亡率,还可能加剧多药耐药菌的流行。因此,临床亟需开发快速可靠的病原菌检测技术,以精准指导临床治疗,改善患者预后。
在噬菌体基因编辑方面,经典的同源重组效率极低(10-10~10-4)[16, 23]。通过将传统的同源重组与CRISPR/Cas系统结合,可显著提高噬菌体基因编辑的效率及准确性。本课题组前期已系统比较分析了同源臂长、sgRNA活性、靶位点和不同质粒相互作用模式对编辑效率的影响,最终提出了CRISPR/Cas9系统联合同源重组的三质粒介导同步重组高效编辑策略(21/24,87.5%的重组成功率)[24]。因此,本研究继续采用该策略[24-25],将T6噬菌体的KMB99_gp220基因替换为Nluc基因区,成功构建了报告噬菌体T6::Nluc,同时证明了KMB99_gp220基因为T6噬菌体的非必需基因之一,并建立了一种基于报告噬菌体T6::Nluc的创新性尿路感染病原菌检测方法,从而快速、灵敏、特异、高效地鉴定出尿路感染大肠杆菌。
然而,在生物学特性比较中,T6的最佳MOI为0.1,T6::Nluc的最佳MOI为0.01,说明T6::Nluc对宿主菌的感染效率或复制效率降低,在竞争宿主资源的环境中适应能力减弱,需通过降低初始感染比例来平衡资源分配以产生最高效价的子代噬菌体。结合一步生长曲线中T6::Nluc的爆发量较T6降低约90%,进一步说明了基因工程噬菌体存在一定的适应性损失。爆发量降低,即单个宿主细菌内释放的携带Nluc基因的子代报告噬菌体减少,在低浓度病原菌检测中,可能需要更长时间积累足够的发光信号(Nluc蛋白),从而导致检测周期延长。但对于尿路感染大肠杆菌的检测(诊断阈值为单种细菌菌落数≥105 CFU/mL)[21],爆发量的降低对检测周期的影响微乎其微,40 min即可检出,与传统尿培养技术(>24 h)相比,已显著缩短检测时间。T6与T6::Nluc的裂解效率无明显区别,可能是由于爆发量虽有所降低,但复制的子代噬菌体量仍旧足以引起宿主菌裂解,因而未表现出明显的功能缺陷。
T6噬菌体的KMB99_gp220基因表达Hoc样头部修饰蛋白,而hoc蛋白在T4噬菌体中是一种非必需的高免疫原性外衣壳蛋白[26],考虑到T4与T6噬菌体的高度相似性,将T6噬菌体的KMB99_gp220基因替换为Nluc基因区,可能会对衣壳稳定性产生一定的负面影响,从而导致噬菌体组装或复制的严重受损[15]。T6与T6::Nluc生长动力学的改变和最佳MOI的差异,反映了基因工程噬菌体在维持报告基因功能与最优复制效能之间的一种新的平衡,但这种平衡并未显著影响其在尿路感染病原菌检测中的性能。
近年来,国内外学者在尿路感染病原菌检测领域不断取得突破性进展,但不同技术仍面临各自的现实挑战(表4)。相比之下,本研究采用的基于报告噬菌体T6::Nluc的检测方法在核心性能上展现出诸多突出优势。其可在40 min内检出≥104 CFU/mL的活的大肠杆菌,满足尿路感染的诊断标准(≥ 105 CFU/ml)[21],同时显著缩短了检测时间,且操作更加简便,不受尿液基质的影响,无需复杂的样本前处理,成本低廉,对实验室设备条件和操作人员的技术水平要求较低。并且T6::Nluc仅识别检测尿液中活的大肠杆菌,与现有的分子生物学方法如PCR、mNGS、tNGS等相比,T6::Nluc在临床患者疾病状态评估、治疗效果评价与精准治疗指导方面更具应用优势。
但基于T6::Nluc的尿路感染大肠杆菌检测方法也存在与噬菌体链置换扩增融合CRISPR/Cas12a的等温扩增平台类似的局限性[7],即噬菌体属、种甚至血清水平的宿主特异性导致的宿主谱狭窄问题[31],对临床菌株的检测覆盖率有限(51/104,49.04%),临床样本的检测灵敏度略低(21/43, 48.84%),易漏检。这是噬菌体在病原菌诊断和治疗领域面临的普遍应用瓶颈。噬菌体尾部含有决定宿主范围的受体结合蛋白(receptor-binding proteins,RBPs)[32],通过对RBPs进行基因工程改造或将不同宿主范围的噬菌体组合为噬菌体鸡尾酒试剂,可有效拓宽噬菌体的宿主谱。如ZHENG等[32]通过同源重组技术,将噬菌体PH204的长尾纤维PB3和PB4区替换为噬菌体SP76的长尾纤维区,获得的子代噬菌体RPA1-3、RPB1-3的宿主范围由30株拓宽至54株。YEHL[33]团队通过定点诱变策略,在一个共同的T3噬菌体结构支架上,构建了含有数百万种噬菌体RBP突变体的文库,从中产生了具有宿主范围扩展或改变的感染性噬菌体。HAINES[34]的研究中则通过组合3种不同的大肠杆菌噬菌体UP17、JK08和113为鸡尾酒试剂,将临床大肠杆菌的覆盖率由各自单独覆盖的70%左右提高到组合后的95%。
全基因组测序结果显示,在104株临床尿液分离的大肠杆菌中,T6::Nluc漏检菌株的MLST分型主要为ST131、ST648等,漏检血清型主要为O25:H4、O1:H6等,后续可针对上述漏检菌株的受体特征,靶向优化设计报告噬菌体或报告噬菌体鸡尾酒,覆盖更多临床流行分型。先前的研究表明,gp38是T6噬菌体的宿主范围决定基因[35]。因此,未来可通过将T6::Nluc的gp38基因与宿主范围互补的噬菌体RBP进行交换或直接对gp38基因进行高频突变,也可以将不同报告噬菌体组合为鸡尾酒试剂,以有效拓宽T6::Nluc的宿主谱,打破临床菌株检测覆盖率低的应用壁垒。本研究团队目前已成功构建T2::Nluc、T4::Nluc、T5::Nluc、T6::Nluc报告噬菌体,通过发光测定法,T4::Nluc可检出40/104株(38.46%)的尿路感染大肠杆菌[36];将T6::Nluc与T4::Nluc组合,检出率有效提高至65/104株(62.50 %);将T2::Nluc、T4::Nluc、T5::Nluc、T6::Nluc进行组合,检出率可达95/104株(91.35%)。此外,T6::Nluc的gp38基因突变工作也正在进行中。
尿路感染可由一系列细菌和真菌引发[37],并且通常是多菌性的感染。基于T6::Nluc的检测方法具有高度的特异性,因此,可在特异、准确地检出尿路感染大肠杆菌的同时,通过与其他病原菌的报告噬菌体如肺炎克雷伯菌报告噬菌体rTUN1::nLuc[15]、粪肠球菌报告噬菌体EfS3::nluc和EfS7::nluc[10]等进行组合,实现混合性尿路感染病原菌的快速、高效鉴定。除临床病原菌检测外,T6::Nluc还可用于快速药敏实验[38]、感染性疾病的噬菌体治疗及疗效评估[39-40]、环境污染监测[9]、食品安全性评估[41]等。此外,在基础科学研究方面,T6::Nluc报告噬菌体是研究转导、探究细胞内防御机制对噬菌体基因表达影响的有力研究工具[31],或作为报告系统,用于研究和量化感染期间噬菌体启动子的活性[12]。
综上所述,T6::Nluc报告噬菌体凭借其快速、灵敏、高效、特异的检测性能,在临床尿路感染大肠杆菌快速精准诊断中展现出极大的应用潜力。未来,通过与微流控芯片集成,有望实现居家大肠杆菌尿路感染自检,推动分级诊疗发展和多维度精准医学转型。同时,随着AI识别技术的融合,未来有望发展出智能诊断-靶向治疗-实时监测的全闭环感染管理系统,为泌尿系统感染的综合防控和应对全球抗生素耐药危机提供创新方案。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510022
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
  • 修回日期:2025-12-10
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    1解放军医学院,北京
    2解放军总医院第一医学中心检验科,北京

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王成彬,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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