Article(id=1320435149641208279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=1767110400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792745872173, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792745872173, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792745872173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792745872173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435149154669015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='250', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792745872057, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749692151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=128, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435149876089305, articleId=1320435149641208279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Circ-gabra5 exacerbates cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease mice by regulating AKT through miR-455-3p, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

TTo explore the role of circ-gabra5 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in mice.

Methods

APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice (6 months old) were selected as the experimental group, and C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were enrolled as the control group. The mice were divided into an AD group and an AD mice with circ-gabra5 knockout (AD+circ-gabra5 knockout) group, with 5 mice in each group. After total RNA was extracted from mouse brain, differential expression of circRNA was detected, and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the top 6 circRNA genes with differences. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. Using hippocampal stereo injection of lentivirus to knock out the circ-gabra5 gene, the learning and memory function of mice was detected with Morris water maze test, and the number of Aβ plaques in mouse brain tissue was observed through immunohistochemistry. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to observe the mitochondrial damage and synaptic count in mouse neurons. Dual luciferase reporter assay and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were employed to verify the interaction between circ-gabra5 and miR-455-3p. Western blotting was apllied to detect the expression level of AKT protein.

Results

There were 273 differentially expressed genes screened between AD mice and WT mice, including 163 up-regulated and 110 down-regulated genes. Circ-gabra5 had the largest fold difference of 1.39 (P<0.05). GO and KEGG analyses suggested that the functional expression differences between AD mice and WT mice were enriched in thyroid hormone, PI3K/AKT, RNA metabolism and other signaling pathways. Knocking out of circ-gabra5 gene in AD mice resulted in obvious improvement in cognitive impairment in Morris water maze test, decreased Aβ plaques by immunohistochemistry, and attenuated neuronal mitochondrial damage and more cortical synapses in AD mice by transmission electron microscopy (P<0.05). According to the starBase database prediction, circ-gabra5 and miR-455-3p have complementary sequences. Dual luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay confirmed the interaction between circ-gabra5 and miR-455-3p. Database bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-455-3p and AKT have complementary sequences. qPCR indicated that knocking down the circ-gabra5 gene in primary cultured neurons of AD mice resulted in a decrease in miR-455-3p expression, and subsequent Western blot analysis showed a decrease in AKT protein level (P<0.01).

Conclusion

Circ-gabra5 exacerbates cognitive impairment in AD mice by regulating AKT protein through miR-455-3p, increases Aβ deposition in brain tissue, aggravates neuronal mitochondrial damage, and reduces the number of neural synapses.

, authors=Donglin WANG1, Xiangqian FENG1, Jing LU1, Yating LIU1, Rui ZHOU2, Xiaoyan FU2, Huadong ZHOU2, Yi LU1, authorsList=Donglin WANG, Xiangqian FENG, Jing LU, Yating LIU, Rui ZHOU, Xiaoyan FU, Huadong ZHOU, Yi LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yi LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435152585609699, articleId=1320435149641208279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=circ-gabra5通过miR-455-3p调节AKT蛋白加重阿尔茨海默病的认知损害, columnId=1320435149964169690, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究探讨circ-gabra5在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)小鼠的发病机制中的作用。

方法

选用6月龄APP/PS1双转基因 AD小鼠为实验组,C57BL/6野生型(WT)小鼠为对照组,根据随机数字表法分为2组(n=5):双转基因 AD小鼠(AD组)和敲除circ-gabra5基因的双转基因AD小鼠(AD+敲除circ-gabra5组)。提取小鼠脑总RNA后,检测circRNA的差异表达,RT-qPCR验证差异前6的circRNA基因,并进行基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路分析。采用海马立体注射慢病毒敲除circ-gabra5基因,通过Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的学习记忆功能,免疫组化观察小鼠脑组织的Aβ斑块数量。透射电镜观察小鼠神经元的线粒体损伤以及神经突触数量。使用双荧光素酶报告实验和RNA结合蛋白免疫沉淀法(RIP测定)验证circ-gabra5和miR-455-3P之间的相互作用。Western Blot检测AKT蛋白表达水平。

结果

AD小鼠和WT小鼠基因检测筛选出有差异性的273个基因,其中表达上调的基因有163个,表达下调的有110个,circ-gabra5相差倍数最大,为1.39(P<0.05)。GO分析及KEGG分析提示,AD小鼠与WT小鼠之间的功能表达差异富集在甲状腺激素、PI3K/AKT、RNA代谢等信号通路。AD小鼠敲除circ-gabra5基因后通过Morris水迷宫检测显示认知障碍改善,免疫组化提示β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β, Aβ)斑块数量减少,透射电镜检测显示AD小鼠神经元线粒体损伤减少,脑皮质神经突触数量增加(P<0.05)。通过starBase数据库预测,circ-gabra5和miR-455-3P具有互补序列,双荧光素酶报告实验和RIP测定证实circ-gabra5和miR-455-3p之间存在相互作用。数据库微生信预测miR-455-3p和AKT蛋白具有互补序列。qPCR方法显示,在AD鼠原代培养神经元敲低circ-gabra5基因后miR-455-3p表达下降,并在后续Western Blot检测显示AKT蛋白表达降低(P<0.01)。

结论

circ-gabra5通过miR-455-3P调节AKT蛋白加重AD小鼠认知损害,增加脑组织Aβ沉积,加重神经元线粒体损伤,减少神经突触数量。

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路屹,E-mail:
LU Yi, E-mail:
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Alzheimers Dement, 2023, 19(1): 333-342., articleTitle=The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320435152858239460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435152870822373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, companyId=1320435152858239460, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435152879210982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, companyId=1320435152858239460, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,安徽 蚌埠)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435152954708455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435152967291368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, companyId=1320435152954708455, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435152975679977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, companyId=1320435152954708455, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军特色医学中心神经内科2.,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320435157765575195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Expression of circ-gabra5 in transgenic AD mouse brain tissue (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=z1+QUgJbxyxpqm4/Juo2NQ==, figureFileBig=eWEy2vZfpusfCdsq3iBjWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435157845266973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=CN, label=图1, caption=circ-gabra5在转基因 AD小鼠脑组织的表达 (n=5,x¯±s)

A: CircRNA volcano of differential gene expression between AD and WT mice; B: Heat map of the top 10 genes with differential up-regulation or down-regulation of circRNA expression in AD and WT mice; C: Relative expression levels of the top 3 up-regulated or down-regulated circRNA expression in AD and WT mice; D: GO analysis of differentially expressed genes; E: KEGG analysis of enriched pathways of differentially expressed genes

, figureFileSmall=z1+QUgJbxyxpqm4/Juo2NQ==, figureFileBig=eWEy2vZfpusfCdsq3iBjWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435158029816350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Knocking down circ-gabra5 can improve cognitive impairment and pathological changes in AD mice (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=WlAX1To1VmiSEES+5ACrHg==, figureFileBig=n1fc8gScURY8CC91TLyfiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435158096925215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=CN, label=图2, caption=敲除circ-gabra5后AD小鼠能够改善认知障碍和病理变化 (n=5,x¯±s)

A:qPCR verification of the relative expression level of circ-gabra5 in AD mice after lentiviral injection; B: Escape latency time of each group of mice in Morris water maze test; C: Number of platform crossings for each group of mice in Morris water maze test; D:Target quadrant dwelling time of each group of mice in Morris water maze test; E: Immunohistochemical assay showing the number of Aβ plaques in the mouse brain; F: Transmission electron microscopy displaying neuronal mitochondria; G: Transmission electron microscopy displaying mouse neural synapses. Black arrows indicate Aβplaques; Yellow arrows indicate mitochondria; Red arrows indicate neural synapses

, figureFileSmall=WlAX1To1VmiSEES+5ACrHg==, figureFileBig=n1fc8gScURY8CC91TLyfiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435158176616992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=miR-455-3p is the target of circ-gabra5 (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=IZBuiI81+/06+nBhvYYbVQ==, figureFileBig=VwSRkYd4wNzK0tCATlbdcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435158247920161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=CN, label=图3, caption=miR-455-3p是circ-gabra5的靶点 (n=5,x¯±s)

A: Nucleotide complementary pairing between circ-gabra5 and miR-455-3p; B: Dual luciferase report assay showing the binding of circ-gabra5 to miR-455-3p; C: RT-qPCR showing circ-gabra5 and miR-455-3p detection in beads using RIP assay

, figureFileSmall=IZBuiI81+/06+nBhvYYbVQ==, figureFileBig=VwSRkYd4wNzK0tCATlbdcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435158323417634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Circ-gabra5 regulates AKT protein expression through miR-455-3p (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=q5gISVFsVyNd5MfojqrbVQ==, figureFileBig=4v+D3OCTZ8a2ke6bQAKxsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435158398915107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=CN, label=图4, caption=circ-gabra5通过miR-455-3p调节AKT蛋白表达 (n=5,x¯±s)

A: Nucleotide complementary pairing between AKT and miR-455-3p; B: Western blot assay showing AKT protein expression after circ-gabra5 knockout; C: After adding miR-455-3p inhibitor to silence circ-gabra5 AD neurons, RT-qPCR showing the relative expression level of miR-455-3p; D: Western blot assay showing AKT protein expression level

, figureFileSmall=q5gISVFsVyNd5MfojqrbVQ==, figureFileBig=4v+D3OCTZ8a2ke6bQAKxsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435158470218276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences of target genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target genePrimer sequence
circ-gabra5Upstream:5′-GGACGTTCCTCAAACCCAGA-3′
Downstream:5′-GACAAGGAGGGTTTGGGTCA-3′
miR-455-3PUpstream:5'-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGCAAT-TCAGTTGAGGTGTAT-3'
Downstream:5'-ACACTCCAGCTGGGGGGCAGTCCAT-GGGCAT-3'
AKTUpstream:5' CCGCCTGATCAAGTTCTCCT 3'
Downstream:5’CAGACCCATGAGCCCACATT 3’
circ-Olfm1Upstream:5′-GUCUUGGACAGGCGGACCCAGAGA-3′
Downstream:5′-CTGGAGACCAAGTTCAAGCAGGTG-3
circ-AppUpstream:5'-GATGTT ACATCCCTGCTTAACAACA-3'
Downstream:5'-TGCTGTGCGAGTGGGATCCGCCG-3'
circ-Pbx3Upstream:5′-CAGGAAGCAGGACATCGGC-3′
Downstream:5′-GGCTCCTCTGATGCTGAGAC-3′
circ-Gm11892Upstream:5′-TCTTGTCATCGAAGACCTGCT-3′
Downstream:5′-TCAACATTGAGGCACATTCCT-3′
circ-Meg3Upstream:5′-CAGAGCGCTTCTGAAGACCAA-3′
Downstream:5′-GCAGTAGGGACAGCCTCATTG-3′
U6Upstream:5′-AGAGCCTGTGGTGTCCG-3′
Downstream:5′-CATCTTCAAAGCACTTCCCT-3′
), ArticleFig(id=1320435158541521446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目的基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target genePrimer sequence
circ-gabra5Upstream:5′-GGACGTTCCTCAAACCCAGA-3′
Downstream:5′-GACAAGGAGGGTTTGGGTCA-3′
miR-455-3PUpstream:5'-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGCAAT-TCAGTTGAGGTGTAT-3'
Downstream:5'-ACACTCCAGCTGGGGGGCAGTCCAT-GGGCAT-3'
AKTUpstream:5' CCGCCTGATCAAGTTCTCCT 3'
Downstream:5’CAGACCCATGAGCCCACATT 3’
circ-Olfm1Upstream:5′-GUCUUGGACAGGCGGACCCAGAGA-3′
Downstream:5′-CTGGAGACCAAGTTCAAGCAGGTG-3
circ-AppUpstream:5'-GATGTT ACATCCCTGCTTAACAACA-3'
Downstream:5'-TGCTGTGCGAGTGGGATCCGCCG-3'
circ-Pbx3Upstream:5′-CAGGAAGCAGGACATCGGC-3′
Downstream:5′-GGCTCCTCTGATGCTGAGAC-3′
circ-Gm11892Upstream:5′-TCTTGTCATCGAAGACCTGCT-3′
Downstream:5′-TCAACATTGAGGCACATTCCT-3′
circ-Meg3Upstream:5′-CAGAGCGCTTCTGAAGACCAA-3′
Downstream:5′-GCAGTAGGGACAGCCTCATTG-3′
U6Upstream:5′-AGAGCCTGTGGTGTCCG-3′
Downstream:5′-CATCTTCAAAGCACTTCCCT-3′
), ArticleFig(id=1320435158621213223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic information of the top 10 circRNAs with differential expression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
circRNAGene nameLog2FCP valuecircRNAGene nameLog2FCP value
circRNA_41461gabra51.390.013 252 537circRNA_012503Pbx3-1.160.029 232 944
circRNA_33199Olfm11.300.026 408 421circRNA_36555Gm11892-1.120.037 296 564
circRNA_29978App1.090.043 489 311circRNA_25826Meg3-1.110.038 966 511
circRNA-40341Snca0.990.031 004 102circRNA_35922Syt6-0.900.032 888 216
circRNA_30828Dlgap10.910.031 621 877circRNA_44628Unc13c-0.890.014 532 489
circRNA-44786Rasgrf10.880.019 419 708circRNA_31872Gnal-0.880.029 205 953
circRNA-43589Cpne70.860.032 123 864circRNA_29357Hic2-0.840.004 375 740
circRNA_29008Nell20.840.031 775 058circRNA_21495Rab3gap2-0.830.038 690 641
circRNA_26775Iqgap20.800.017 561 821circRNA_28035Uggt2-0.780.015 300 105
circRNA_33631Tanc10.740.039 911 718circRNA_24012Trim37-0.760.046 462 182
), ArticleFig(id=1320435158709293608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435149641208279, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

具有差异性表达前十的circRNA基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
circRNAGene nameLog2FCP valuecircRNAGene nameLog2FCP value
circRNA_41461gabra51.390.013 252 537circRNA_012503Pbx3-1.160.029 232 944
circRNA_33199Olfm11.300.026 408 421circRNA_36555Gm11892-1.120.037 296 564
circRNA_29978App1.090.043 489 311circRNA_25826Meg3-1.110.038 966 511
circRNA-40341Snca0.990.031 004 102circRNA_35922Syt6-0.900.032 888 216
circRNA_30828Dlgap10.910.031 621 877circRNA_44628Unc13c-0.890.014 532 489
circRNA-44786Rasgrf10.880.019 419 708circRNA_31872Gnal-0.880.029 205 953
circRNA-43589Cpne70.860.032 123 864circRNA_29357Hic2-0.840.004 375 740
circRNA_29008Nell20.840.031 775 058circRNA_21495Rab3gap2-0.830.038 690 641
circRNA_26775Iqgap20.800.017 561 821circRNA_28035Uggt2-0.780.015 300 105
circRNA_33631Tanc10.740.039 911 718circRNA_24012Trim37-0.760.046 462 182
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circ-gabra5通过miR-455-3p调节AKT蛋白加重阿尔茨海默病的认知损害
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王东林 1 , 冯祥谦 1 , 卢静 1 , 刘雅婷 1 , 周锐 2 , 符晓艳 2 , 周华东 2 , 路屹 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·神经科学 2026,48(2): 128-137
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·神经科学 2026 , 48 (2) : 128 -137
circ-gabra5通过miR-455-3p调节AKT蛋白加重阿尔茨海默病的认知损害
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王东林1, 冯祥谦1, 卢静1, 刘雅婷1, 周锐2, 符晓艳2, 周华东2, 路屹1
作者信息
  • 1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,安徽 蚌埠
  • 2陆军特色医学中心神经内科2.,重庆
通讯作者:
路屹,E-mail:
LU Yi, E-mail:
Circ-gabra5 exacerbates cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease mice by regulating AKT through miR-455-3p
Donglin WANG1, Xiangqian FENG1, Jing LU1, Yating LIU1, Rui ZHOU2, Xiaoyan FU2, Huadong ZHOU2, Yi LU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui
  • 2Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509106
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目的

本研究探讨circ-gabra5在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)小鼠的发病机制中的作用。

方法

选用6月龄APP/PS1双转基因 AD小鼠为实验组,C57BL/6野生型(WT)小鼠为对照组,根据随机数字表法分为2组(n=5):双转基因 AD小鼠(AD组)和敲除circ-gabra5基因的双转基因AD小鼠(AD+敲除circ-gabra5组)。提取小鼠脑总RNA后,检测circRNA的差异表达,RT-qPCR验证差异前6的circRNA基因,并进行基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路分析。采用海马立体注射慢病毒敲除circ-gabra5基因,通过Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的学习记忆功能,免疫组化观察小鼠脑组织的Aβ斑块数量。透射电镜观察小鼠神经元的线粒体损伤以及神经突触数量。使用双荧光素酶报告实验和RNA结合蛋白免疫沉淀法(RIP测定)验证circ-gabra5和miR-455-3P之间的相互作用。Western Blot检测AKT蛋白表达水平。

结果

AD小鼠和WT小鼠基因检测筛选出有差异性的273个基因,其中表达上调的基因有163个,表达下调的有110个,circ-gabra5相差倍数最大,为1.39(P<0.05)。GO分析及KEGG分析提示,AD小鼠与WT小鼠之间的功能表达差异富集在甲状腺激素、PI3K/AKT、RNA代谢等信号通路。AD小鼠敲除circ-gabra5基因后通过Morris水迷宫检测显示认知障碍改善,免疫组化提示β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β, Aβ)斑块数量减少,透射电镜检测显示AD小鼠神经元线粒体损伤减少,脑皮质神经突触数量增加(P<0.05)。通过starBase数据库预测,circ-gabra5和miR-455-3P具有互补序列,双荧光素酶报告实验和RIP测定证实circ-gabra5和miR-455-3p之间存在相互作用。数据库微生信预测miR-455-3p和AKT蛋白具有互补序列。qPCR方法显示,在AD鼠原代培养神经元敲低circ-gabra5基因后miR-455-3p表达下降,并在后续Western Blot检测显示AKT蛋白表达降低(P<0.01)。

结论

circ-gabra5通过miR-455-3P调节AKT蛋白加重AD小鼠认知损害,增加脑组织Aβ沉积,加重神经元线粒体损伤,减少神经突触数量。

阿尔兹海默病  /  环状RNA  /  神经元  /  AKT
Objective

TTo explore the role of circ-gabra5 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in mice.

Methods

APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice (6 months old) were selected as the experimental group, and C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were enrolled as the control group. The mice were divided into an AD group and an AD mice with circ-gabra5 knockout (AD+circ-gabra5 knockout) group, with 5 mice in each group. After total RNA was extracted from mouse brain, differential expression of circRNA was detected, and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the top 6 circRNA genes with differences. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. Using hippocampal stereo injection of lentivirus to knock out the circ-gabra5 gene, the learning and memory function of mice was detected with Morris water maze test, and the number of Aβ plaques in mouse brain tissue was observed through immunohistochemistry. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to observe the mitochondrial damage and synaptic count in mouse neurons. Dual luciferase reporter assay and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were employed to verify the interaction between circ-gabra5 and miR-455-3p. Western blotting was apllied to detect the expression level of AKT protein.

Results

There were 273 differentially expressed genes screened between AD mice and WT mice, including 163 up-regulated and 110 down-regulated genes. Circ-gabra5 had the largest fold difference of 1.39 (P<0.05). GO and KEGG analyses suggested that the functional expression differences between AD mice and WT mice were enriched in thyroid hormone, PI3K/AKT, RNA metabolism and other signaling pathways. Knocking out of circ-gabra5 gene in AD mice resulted in obvious improvement in cognitive impairment in Morris water maze test, decreased Aβ plaques by immunohistochemistry, and attenuated neuronal mitochondrial damage and more cortical synapses in AD mice by transmission electron microscopy (P<0.05). According to the starBase database prediction, circ-gabra5 and miR-455-3p have complementary sequences. Dual luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay confirmed the interaction between circ-gabra5 and miR-455-3p. Database bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-455-3p and AKT have complementary sequences. qPCR indicated that knocking down the circ-gabra5 gene in primary cultured neurons of AD mice resulted in a decrease in miR-455-3p expression, and subsequent Western blot analysis showed a decrease in AKT protein level (P<0.01).

Conclusion

Circ-gabra5 exacerbates cognitive impairment in AD mice by regulating AKT protein through miR-455-3p, increases Aβ deposition in brain tissue, aggravates neuronal mitochondrial damage, and reduces the number of neural synapses.

Alzheimer’s disease  /  circular RNA  /  neurons  /  AKT
王东林, 冯祥谦, 卢静, 刘雅婷, 周锐, 符晓艳, 周华东, 路屹. circ-gabra5通过miR-455-3p调节AKT蛋白加重阿尔茨海默病的认知损害. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (2) : 128 -137 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509106
Donglin WANG, Xiangqian FENG, Jing LU, Yating LIU, Rui ZHOU, Xiaoyan FU, Huadong ZHOU, Yi LU. Circ-gabra5 exacerbates cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease mice by regulating AKT through miR-455-3p[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (2) : 128 -137 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509106
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病,2021年,全球现存的AD及其他痴呆患病人数达5 700万余例,在所有的痴呆患者中AD患者占据63%~70%,伴随中国人口老龄化加重,AD的发病率正在迅速增加[1]。AD的主要病理特征是 β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β, Aβ)的过度沉积,tau蛋白的过度磷酸化[2]。有研究报道,线粒体损伤同样与AD的发生发展有着密不可分的联系。AD患者表现出认知功能障碍,严重影响老年人的生活质量,给家庭和社会带来沉重的负担[3]。目前AD发生的分子机制仍不完全清楚,且缺乏有效的药物阻止疾病进展,因此AD的防治是目前亟待解决的难题。
21世纪初,研究者揭示了非编码RNA(non-coding RNA ,ncRNA)的存在,并发挥着重要的生物学功能,ncRNA在大脑中大量存在,参与神经发育、神经环路重塑、神经疾病的病理变化等[4]。其中,circRNA是单链、共价闭合的RNA分子,circRNA能够通过充当转录调节因子、小分子核糖核酸(microRNA,miR)海绵和蛋白质模板来发挥生物学功能[5]。有研究报道,circRNA与大脑衰老的生物学标志物相关,在老化的哺乳类动物大脑中异常丰富,且在神经元分化和突触的形成中表达上调。也有文献报道,circRNA与AD和一些神经退行性疾病的病理学变化相关[6-7]。
磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)通路调节信号转导和细胞增殖、凋亡和代谢等生物过程,在神经系统中,介导着细胞存活、自噬、神经发生、神经元增殖和分化以及突触可塑性等生理过程,有研究表明,一些天然产物可以激活PI3K/AKT信号通路调节神经毒性并介导神经元的存活,从而在预防和治疗AD中发挥作用[8]。已有文献报道,PI3K-AKT通路在AD发生发展有明显的表达变化,然而,在非编码RNA调控AD进展的背景下,针对该通路的相关研究仍相对有限[9-10]。
目前,circRNA在AD发生中的作用机制尚不明确,调控特定circRNA是否能够改善AD组织学上的病理变化以及认知功能也不完全清楚。本研究通过基因测序筛选在AD小鼠大脑中特异性表达的circ-gabra5,假设circ-gabra5 在AD的发生机制中起重要作用。通过观察AD小鼠作用机制的不同环节,观察circ-gabra5基因对认知功能变化的作用,脑内Aβ的沉积,脑神经元超微结构的变化,以此明确circ-gabra5 在AD发生发展的作用,为探讨AD的发生机制和治疗提供新的思路。
本研究选用6月龄C57BL/6野生型(WT)雌性小鼠及APP/PS1双转基因AD模型雌性小鼠,体质量25~40 g,所有实验动物均购自南京君科生物工程有限公司,并在陆军军医大学大坪医院国家重点实验室屏障环境中进行饲养。饲养环境条件为:室温20~25 ℃,相对湿度50%~60%,所有小鼠均自由摄食标准鼠粮。采用随机数字表法将小鼠分为2组,每组5只,分别为:双转基因AD小鼠模型组(AD组)以及双转基因AD小鼠+circ-gabra5基因敲除组(AD+敲除circ-gabra5组)。本研究严格遵循动物实验伦理准则[SYXK(渝)2017-0002]。所有操作均符合相关规范要求。
取6月龄小鼠海马组织作为神经元细胞来源,在含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基中进行培养,培养条件为37 ℃、5% CO2及饱和湿度。采用25 μmol/L的Aβ1-42寡聚体处理神经元细胞24 h,以构建AD的体外细胞模型[11]。按照制造商提供的操作指南,采用脂质体2000(Lipofectamine™ 2000, Thermo Fisher)将靶向 circ-gabra5 的siRNA质粒转染至细胞中。所用siRNA序列如下:正向 5′-GGACGTTCCTCAAACCCAGA-3′,反向 5′-GACAAGGAGGGTTTGGGTCA-3′。实验设置包括2组:神经元细胞经Aβ42处理组,以及在该处理基础上加做circ-gabra5沉默的组(神经元细胞+Aβ42+si-circ-gabra5)。转染24 h后,将细胞置于正常培养条件下继续培养,随后于-80 ℃冻存,以供后续实验使用。
根据文献[12]的方法进行针对 circ-gabra5的慢病毒短发夹(lentivirus-short hairpin RNA, shRNA)的载体构建,并进行绿色荧光蛋白标记(green fluorescence protein GFP)。该载体与AD小鼠的circ-gabra5碱基互补。
将WT小鼠及双转基因AD模型小鼠麻醉后,通过立体定位注射方式,向AD小鼠海马区注射LV‐circ‐gabra5 shRNA‐GFP,并以注射LV-GFP的小鼠作为对照组。病毒悬浮液注射量为3.0 μL,注射速率控制在150 nL/min。术后对小鼠进行保温护理直至苏醒。病毒注射6周后,对小鼠进行认知功能行为学检测。
小鼠首先经历为期5 d的训练阶段。在此期间,动物被置于水池中学习定位隐藏于水面下的平台。每天进行2次训练,每次训练包含3轮时长1 min的试验。水池迷宫通过十字划分成4个象限,十字顶点分别标示4个基本方位:北(N)、南(S)、东(E)和西(W)。在每轮试验中,小鼠从随机选定的不包含平台的象限起点入水,而平台始终固定位于西南(SW)象限。若动物在60 s内未能成功定位平台,则该轮试验终止,并在下一轮开始前将小鼠置于平台上停留15 s。同一训练日内的2次训练间隔为4 h。记录小鼠寻找到隐藏平台所需的时间,即逃逸潜伏期。定位航行训练结束后,于第6天撤除平台,使小鼠在池中自由游泳(每只动物接受4次为期1 min的试验,起始点分别为4个不同基点)。分析小鼠在每个象限中用于搜寻平台的时间占比,统计其穿越原平台所在区域的次数,并考察其在目标象限内的停留时间。
按照制造商提供的操作指南,采用Magna RIP RNA结合蛋白免疫沉淀试剂盒(型号:17-700,Merck)进行RIP实验。简要步骤如下:首先将蛋白A/G磁珠分别与特异性抗体及抗IgG对照抗体共同孵育;随后,使用试剂盒配套裂解缓冲液处理细胞获得裂解液,将其与包被抗体的蛋白A/G磁珠于4 ℃下孵育过夜。经充分洗涤后,利用蛋白酶K及RNase抑制剂对复合物进行消化纯化,最后通过qPCR对免疫沉淀分离得到的RNA进行分析。
采用Trizol试剂分别从WT小鼠、双转基因小鼠及神经元细胞中提取总RNA,随后按照SuperScriptTM III RT反转录试剂盒说明书操作流程,将RNA反转录为cDNA。以GAPDH(正向:5′-AATGGTGAAGGTCGGT-GTGA-3′反向:5′-CGTGAGTGGAGTCATACTGGAA-3′)和U6作为内参基因,使用2×PCR Master Mix试剂盒对cDNA进行RT-qPCR分析。采用2-△△Ct 法计算目标基因的相对表达水平,所用引物序列详见表1。
GO分析是广泛用于挖掘潜在生物学功能的重要方法,涵盖生物过程(biological process, BP)、细胞组分(cellular component, CC)和分子功能(molecular function, MF)3个类别。KEGG通路富集分析则用于系统性地阐释基因功能,并对相关代谢或信号转导通路进行可视化呈现。为深入解析所筛选出的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),本研究借助DAVID在线数据库(http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/)中的GO功能注释模块与KEGG通路富集分析工具,对DEGs进行了功能注释和通路富集分析。
组织样本经石蜡包埋后制备为5 μm厚切片。切片置于65 ℃烘箱中加热120 min,随后依次进行脱蜡、水化及抗原修复处理。为阻断内源性过氧化物酶活性,切片经3%过氧化氢溶液处理15 min,随后于5% BSA中封闭1 h。之后滴加相应一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜。次日采用抗兔/小鼠二抗(K5007,Dako),37 ℃孵育60 min。信号显示使用新鲜配制的DAB底物溶液(K5007,Dako),室温反应5 min。最后以Mayer苏木素复染,经脱水、透明及封片处理后,使用显微镜(DM4000B,Leica)观察并采集图像。
每组小鼠经心脏灌注PBS后,取出海马组织并修剪为约1 mm×1 mm×3 mm的小块,立即投入2%戊二醛固定液中。待全部样本固定完成后,使用缓冲液充分冲洗,再经1%四氧化锇后固定,随后依次进行脱水、树脂包埋及超薄切片(厚度70~100 nm)。切片经醋酸铀酰染色后,于透射电子显微镜(型号H-7650)下观察并采集图像。
使用含有蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解缓冲液对细胞进行裂解,并BCA法测定蛋白浓度。取40 μg总蛋白经8% SDS-PAGE分离后,转印至PVDF膜,并用5%脱脂牛奶封闭。将膜与对应一抗于4 ℃孵育过夜,之后与HRP标记的山羊抗兔二抗在室温下孵育1~2 h。一抗及二抗均使用1× TBST溶液稀释。采用ECL法显色免疫反应条带,并以GAPDH作为内参对照。
通过Starbase在线数据库预测,发现circ-gabra5与miR-455-3P之间存在潜在结合位点。为验证该相互作用,将circ-gabra5序列及其3'UTR区分别克隆至pMIR-REPORT报告载体,构建包含野生型或突变型miR-455-3p结合位点的报告质粒。将上述报告质粒分别与miR-455-3p模拟物或抑制剂共转染至细胞。同时,将FTH1启动子序列插入pGL3报告载体中,用于转录活性分析。所有报告质粒的荧光素酶活性均采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统进行测定,并以海肾荧光素酶活性作为内参进行标准化。
使用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
对转基因AD小鼠和WT小鼠脑海马组织进行了circRNA基因测序,筛选条件为差异倍数绝对值>1.2(|log2FC|>0.263)且P<0.05,筛选出有差异性的273个结果,其中表达上调的基因有163个,表达下调的有110个,根据筛选结果绘制火山图和热图(图1A、B)。
表2显示了AD小鼠与WT小鼠差异性较大的前10个circRNA基本信息,circ-gabra5相差倍数最大,为1.39(P<0.05)。通过RT-qPCR验证差异明显上调或下调的前3基因。同WT小鼠相比,AD组小鼠Circ-Olfm1、Circ-App、Circ-gabra5明显上调、Circ-Pbx3、Circ- Gm11892、Circ-Meg3 明显下调(P<0.05,图1C)。
GO分析显示AD小鼠和WT小鼠之间的circRNA表达差异主要集中在功能富集,即信号传导、细胞内信号传递、突触引导、囊泡介导运输等方面。KEGG分析提示,AD小鼠与WT小鼠之间的功能表达差异富集在甲状腺激素、PI3K/AKT、RNA代谢等信号通路(图1D、E)。
选取6月龄AD小鼠,通过海马注射病毒悬浮液敲除circ-gabra5,通过qPCR验证sh-circ-gabra5组较sh-con组circ-gabra5表达明显降低(P<0.01,图2A)。Morris水迷宫行为学检测结果表明,前2日2组的逃逸潜伏期之间差异无统计学意义,但在第3日以后,AD-sh-circ-gabra5组逃逸潜伏期明显缩短(P<0.01,图2B),同时平台穿越次数增加、目标象限停留时间延长(P<0.01,图2C、D)。
此外,免疫组化显示AD-sh-circ-gabra5组与AD-sh-con组比较,大脑Aβ斑块明显减少(P<0.05,图2E)。透射电镜显示,AD小鼠在敲除circ-gabra5后大脑海马神经元细胞线粒体损伤明显减轻(P<0.05,图2F)。同时值得注意的是,敲除circ-gabra5之后,小鼠大脑皮质的神经突触明显增加(P<0.05,图2G)。
通过查询StarBase数据库,发现miR-455-3p与circ-gabra5之间的碱基配对(图3A),在之后的双荧光素酶实验验证中,miR-455-3p模拟物成功抑制了circ-gabra5-WT驱动的荧光素酶活性,但不影响circ-gabra5-MUT驱动的荧光素酶活性(P<0.05,图3B)。随后通过Ago2抗体测试,发现miR-455-3p与circ-gabra5同时沉淀,但IgG RIP测试中没能观察到免疫沉淀(P<0.05,图3C)。
通过微生信(www.bioinformatics.com)基因预测,发现miR-455-3p与AKT蛋白存在互补的结合位点(图4A)。在对沉默circ-gabra5的AD神经元细胞进行Westernblot检测,AD-si-circ-gabra5组与AD-si-con组相比,后者AKT蛋白相对表达明显增加(P<0.01,图4B)。为了探究miR-455-3p是否参与调节,在AD神经元细胞中敲低circ-gabra5后,加入miR-455-3p抑制剂,通过RT-qPCR检测结果显示与AD+si-circ-gabra5+anti-miR-Nc组相比,AD+si-circ-gabra5+anti-miR-455-3p组细胞中miR-455-3p相对表达量明显降低(P<0.01,图4C)。并在随后的Westernblot检测结果中表明,AD+si-circ-gabra5+anti-miR-Nc组与AD+si-circ-gabra5+anti-miR-455-3p组AKT蛋白相对表达明显增加(P<0.01,图4D)。表明circ-gabra5通过miR-455-3p来对AKT蛋白表达进行调控。
circRNA独特的生物学功能与分子机制在生物信息学与RNA测序的发展中被逐渐解析了解,2013年由LUKIW[13]提出circRNA介导的“miR海绵系统”在AD的发生发展具有重要的作用。例如,circ-PSEN1的差异表达增加可能导致或由淀粉样蛋白β积累引起的神经炎症事件有关[14]。通过对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠基因测序,生物信息学筛选差异表达基因,结果提示有273个具有表达差异的基因,circ-gabra5表达明显上调,并且在AD小鼠脑组织以及Aβ1-42诱导神经元中高度表达,因此,circ-gabra5与AD的发生发展有关。circ-gabra5在AD发生机制中的相关研究尚未见报道,但对于该基因的亲本基因GABRA5有着相关报道,集中在能量代谢,认知障碍,神经发育以及癫痫等方面[15-17]。
YANG等[18]的研究表明circ_0000950通过调控miR-103促进神经细胞凋亡以及增加了细胞炎性因子水平。TAO等人研究发现敲除circ-HUWE1后由miR-433-3p介导的FGF7下调可以改善Aβ蛋白引起的神经元损伤[19]。LI等[20]的研究表明Circ_0003611/miR-383-5p/KIF1B轴改善Aβ所引起的神经元损伤。此外,circ_0105596/FTO通过miR-187-3P降低eEF2蛋白含量延缓帕金森疾病的进展[21]。circ_0005654/miR-588双通道促进了α-突触核蛋白的表达从而加重帕金森疾病的病理变化[22]。这些研究都表明了circRNA在退行性病变中占据了重要地位,并为这些疾病的治疗提供新的治疗方向。circRNA作为miR海绵在生物进程中起到重要作用,有研究表明,miR-455-3p在过度表达后小鼠的认知功能以及运动能力明显增强[23]。本研究发现circ-gabra5存在与miR-455-3p的碱基互补序列,通过双荧光素酶实验验证,miR-455-3p模拟物成功抑制了circ-gabra5-WT驱动的荧光素酶活性,但不影响circ-gabra5-MUT驱动的荧光素酶的活性,表明circ-gabra5与miR-455-3p结合并发挥作用。
KEGG分析表明,AD小鼠与WT小鼠比较,差异表达的基因主要在突触递质传递、AKT信号通路、磷酸肌醇信号通路富集。WANG等[8,24]的研究发现,在AD小鼠模型中髓系细胞促发受体-2(TREM-2)通过PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a轴减少神经细胞炎症因子水平,以及诱导小胶质细胞表达,从而改善AD小鼠的认知障碍。SUN等[25]研究表明在AD小鼠模型中通过γ-氨基丁酸(GABAB)调节PI3K/Akt信号通路,减轻氧化应激,抑制神经元凋亡和海马萎缩。并且在WEN[26]的研究中,miR-455-3p能够通过PI3K/AKT信号通路来调节AKT蛋白的磷酸化。YI等[27]的研究也表明了AKT蛋白与AD认知记忆损伤有着密切的联系。因此,我们通过微生信测序预测,发现了miR-455-3p与AKT蛋白之间具有结合位点,后续的细胞实验以及WB测试也表明敲低circ-gabra5能增加AKT蛋白的表达,同时在添加miR-455-3p抑制剂后逆转了敲低circ-gabra5所带来的AKT蛋白的增加,表明circ-gabra5可以通过miR-455-3p来调节AKT蛋白的表达。
AD的发病机制之一是慢性炎性反应,线粒体损伤和功能障碍则是AD脑的病理常见表现[28-29]。ASHLEIGH等[30]研究表明,线粒体的功能障碍在神经元细胞损伤以及突触数量减少中起到关键核心的作用。但通过敲除非编码RNA观察AD小鼠脑神经元线粒体超微结构损伤变化和突触数量的研究报道较少。敲除circ-gabra5后,使用透射电镜发现神经细胞线粒体损伤面积减少以及内膜清晰完整,并见到神经突触的数量明显增加。
这项研究有着一定的局限性,首先,本研究的结果与其他circRNA-miR在AD研究中的经典作用机制并不相同,这可能是由于circ-gabra5与其等位基因GABRA5相互作用的结果,但本研究中并未对此进行探讨,需后续实验进一步完善。其次,本研究虽证明了circ-gabra5可以通过miR-455-3p来调节AKT蛋白表达来加重阿尔茨海默病认知损害,circ-gabra5对阿尔茨海默病认知损害的具体机制,需要进一步实验验证。最后,本研究中使用的均为6月龄小鼠,circ-gabra5基因对人类AD患者疾病进展中的作用是否相同还待进一步研究验证。
本研究使用APP/PS1双转基因AD小鼠通过生物信息学方法,首次证明circ-gabra5在AD的发生发展中有重要作用,它加重了认知功能障碍,增加了脑内Aβ的沉积,并导致脑超微结构的损害。并首次发现circ-gabra5通过调节miR-455-3p/AKT轴来增加Aβ所触发的神经元损伤,基于以上发现,circ-gabra5有望成为阿尔茨海默病的潜在治疗靶点。然而,为了更深入地探究其在AD中的具体作用机制,仍需开展更多后续的实验研究。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509106
  • 接收时间:2025-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-30
  • 修回日期:2025-12-31
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    1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,安徽 蚌埠
    2陆军特色医学中心神经内科2.,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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