Article(id=1320442391098675776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202603069, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773590400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-16, revisedDate=1774886400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747598671, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747598671, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747598671, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747598671, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442360509616480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='9', pageStart='1129', pageEnd='1288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747591378, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749835358, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451772548760069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451772548760070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1152, endPage=1166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442391442608705, articleId=1320442391098675776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=6-Gingerol alleviates acute graft-versus-host disease by regulating Th17/Treg differentiation via the P2Y13/Ca2+ signaling pathway, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a common immunological complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This study aims to investigate the intervention effects of 6-gingerol on aGVHD and explore its potential mechanism in regulating T cell function and differentiation.

Methods

A murine allo-HSCT aGVHD model was established. SPF-grade male mice (8 to 12 weeks old, weighing 22 to 24 g) were randomly divided into a syngeneic control group (n=5), a vehicle control group (n=8,13), and 6-gingerol experimental groups at different concentrations (n=8,13). The survival status and body weight changes of recipient mice were observed, clinical scores and target organ histopathological scores were performed, and flow cytometry was used to detect changes in T cell subsets and surface markers in the spleen and liver. A murine B cell lymphoma cell line A20 graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) model was established, and tumor growth was evaluated through in vivo imaging and survival analysis. Splenic T cells were isolated and cultured in vitro, and divided into unstimulated, stimulated, and different concentrations of 6-gingerol treatment groups to assess proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine changes. Mouse splenic CD4+ T cells were isolated and cultured under induction conditions for T helper 1 (Th1) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and T regulatory (Treg) cells, and were divided into a stimulated group and experimental groups with different concentrations of 6-gingerol. Changes in the differentiation direction of CD4+ T cells were analyzed via flow cytometry. Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) was used to analyze gene expression profiles and differential pathway changes, and the transcriptomic results were validated using RT-qPCR. Receptor agonist intervention was further performed, and then the experiment was divided into: a stimulation group, a 6-gingerol monotherapy group, a 2-MeS-ADP monotherapy group, and a 6-gingerol + 2-MeS-ADP dual-drug group. The related mechanisms were validated through T-cell proliferation assays, in vitro induced differentiation assays, detection of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial cristae structure.

Results

Following 6-gingerol intervention, the survival status, body weight, and clinical scores of aGVHD mice were significantly improved in the aGVHD mice (P<0.05). HE stained pathological section scores revealed alleviated liver and intestinal injury (P<0.05). Survival analysis results and in vivo bioluminescence imaging in the GVL model showed that 6-gingerol had no significant effect on the GVL effect. In vitro experiments demonstrated that 6-gingerol suppressed T cell proliferation (P<0.000 1) and promoted apoptosis (P<0.01) in partially activated T cells. Under specific polarization conditions, 6-gingerol regulated CD4+ T cell subset differentiation, manifested as inhibition of Th1 (P<0.05) and Th17 (P<0.05) differentiation and promotion of Treg cell differentiation (P<0.05). Transcriptomic analysis suggested that 6-gingerol treatment affected purinergic receptor and Ca2+-related pathways. RT-qPCR results showed that P2ry13 expression was significantly downregulated (P<0.000 1). Further mechanistic studies revealed that following 6-gingerol treatment, cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in CD4+ T cells decreased (P=0.000 1), while mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation in CD4+ T cells increased (P=0.000 2). Compared with the 6-gingerol monotherapy group, the two-drug treatment group, with the addition of the P2Y13 agonist 2-MeS-ADP showed partial recovery in T cell proliferation (P<0.000 1), Th1 and Th17/Treg differentiation (P<0.05), and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ concentrations (P<0.05). TEM revealed that mitochondrial ultrastructure in the two-drug group was improved compared to that of the 6-gingerol group, and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial cristae also supported this change (P<0.000 1), suggesting that 6-gingerol regulates T cell subset differentiation through the P2Y13-related Ca2+ signaling pathway.

Conclusion

6-Gingerol mitigates aGVHD by inhibiting Th17 cells and expanding Treg cells through the purinergic receptor P2Y13-related Ca2+ signaling pathway, providing a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of aGVHD.

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目的

急性移植物抗宿主病(acute graft-versus-host disease,aGVHD)是异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT)后常见的免疫并发症,本研究探讨6-姜醇对急性移植物抗宿主病的干预作用,并探索其对T细胞功能和分化调控的可能作用机制。

方法

建立小鼠异基因造血干细胞移植aGVHD模型,8~12周龄SPF级雄性小鼠(体质量22~24 g)按随机数字表法分为同基因对照组(n=5)、溶剂对照组(n=8,13)和不同浓度的6-姜醇实验组(n=8,13),观察受鼠生存情况、体质量变化,进行临床评分和靶器官组织病理评分,并采用流式细胞术检测脾脏、肝脏中T细胞亚群及表面标志物变化。建立小鼠B细胞淋巴瘤细胞系A20移植物抗白血病(graft-versus-leukemia,GVL)模型,通过活体成像及生存分析评估肿瘤生长情况。分离小鼠脾脏T细胞进行体外培养,实验分为:未刺激组、刺激组以及不同浓度6-姜醇实验组,检测细胞增殖、凋亡及细胞因子变化;分离小鼠脾脏CD4+ T细胞,在Th1、Th17和Treg的体外诱导条件下进行体外培养,分为:刺激组和不同浓度6-姜醇实验组,通过流式分析CD4+ T细胞分化方向的改变。通过bulk RNA-seq分析基因表达谱及差异通路变化,结合RT-qPCR对转录组结果进行验证。进一步采用受体激动剂干预,实验分为:刺激组、6-姜醇单药组、2-MeS-ADP单药组和6-姜醇+2-MeS-ADP双药组;通过T细胞增殖实验、体外诱导分化实验、对胞质和线粒体Ca2+检测以及透射电镜和线粒体嵴结构定量分析对相关机制进行验证。

结果

6-姜醇干预后aGVHD小鼠生存情况、体质量及临床评分均得到改善(P<0.05),HE染色病理切片评分提示肝脏及肠道损伤减轻(P<0.05)。GVL模型的生存分析结果和活体成像显示6-姜醇对GVL效应无显著影响。体外实验表明,6-姜醇抑制T细胞增殖(P<0.000 1)并促进部分活化T细胞凋亡(P<0.01);在CD4+ T细胞亚群极化分析提示6-姜醇调节CD4+ T细胞亚群分化,表现为抑制Th1(P<0.05)和Th17分化(P<0.05),促进Treg细胞分化(P<0.05)。转录组分析提示6-姜醇处理后影响嘌呤能受体和Ca2+相关通路。RT-qPCR结果显示,P2ry13表达显著下调(P<0.000 1)。进一步机制研究发现,6-姜醇处理后,CD4+ T细胞胞质Ca2+水平下降(P=0.000 1),而CD4+ T细胞线粒体Ca2+ 积聚增加(P=0.000 2)。与6-姜醇单药组相比,联合P2Y13激动剂2-MeS-ADP后的双药处理组在T细胞增殖(P<0.000 1)、Th1和Th17/Treg分化(P<0.05)、胞质和线粒体Ca2+浓度(P<0.05)等方面均出现部分恢复。透射电镜结果显示,双药处理后线粒体超微结构较6-姜醇单药组有所改善,线粒体嵴定量分析亦支持这一变化(P<0.000 1),提示6-姜醇通过P2Y13相关Ca2+信号通路调控T细胞亚群分化。

结论

6-姜醇通过嘌呤能受体P2Y13相关Ca2+信号通路,抑制Th17、扩增Treg、减轻aGVHD,为aGVHD的预防及治疗提供了新的策略。

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张曦,E-mail:
ZHANG Xi,E-mail:
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2Medical Center of Hematology, Blood Ecology and Smart Cell Science Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
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A: Heatmap of hierarchical clustering of differential metabolites; B: Principal component analysis; C: Volcano plot of differential metabolites; D: Pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites

, figureFileSmall=HJenLSCDFvyFKOpZhEkbwg==, figureFileBig=hT928quLZP7W7mF4KygWaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404352676492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=In vitro analysis of activated T-cell function following 6-gingerol treatment (x¯±se), figureFileSmall=1qcRvrd+vl0r5tBYOqaSlA==, figureFileBig=a8FVE9vApyeKNPEnxa+PLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404415591053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=CN, label=图2, caption=6-姜醇对体外活化T细胞功能的影响(x¯±se)

A: CCK-8 assay for T-cell viability (n=5); B: CFSE assay for T-cell proliferation (n=4,5); C: Annexin V/7-AAD assay for T-cell apoptosis (n=4,5); D: Flow cytometric analysis of the proportions of IFN-γ+, TNF-α+, and TNF-α+ IFN-γ+ T cells (n=3)

, figureFileSmall=1qcRvrd+vl0r5tBYOqaSlA==, figureFileBig=a8FVE9vApyeKNPEnxa+PLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404486894222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of 6-gingerol on CD4+ T cell differentiation under in vitro polarization conditions (x¯±se), figureFileSmall=8gJ2YILxgRcAnoItd78wOg==, figureFileBig=34G6NVD/6uzSNiYOimtbsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404545614479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=CN, label=图3, caption=体外极化条件下6-姜醇对CD4+ T细胞分化的影响(x¯±se)

A: Frequency of IFN-γ+ cells among CD4+ T cells under Th1-polarizing conditions (n=3,4); B: Frequency of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells under Treg-polarizing conditions (n=3,4); C: Frequencies of CD4+ IL-17A+ T cells and CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells under Th17-polarizing conditions (n=4); D: Concentrations of IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in culture supernatants (n=5)

, figureFileSmall=8gJ2YILxgRcAnoItd78wOg==, figureFileBig=34G6NVD/6uzSNiYOimtbsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404608529040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of 6-gingerol in murine aGVHD model(x¯±se), figureFileSmall=2Tdxavd+BPX0Icr8x0ntcA==, figureFileBig=bvrYHri8/CYawRCaUy4qFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404692415121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=CN, label=图4, caption=6-姜醇对aGVHD的影响(x¯±se)

A: Survival curves of mice in the C57BL/6J to BALB/c model; B: Changes in body weight in the C57BL/6J to BALB/c model; C: Survival curves of mice in the BALB/c to C57BL/6J model; D: Changes in body weight in the BALB/c to C57BL/6J model; E: Changes in clinical aGVHD scores; F: Representative HE staining images of the liver, small intestine and colon on day 16 after transplantation, with comparison of pathological scores (n=4,5). Yellow arrows: inflammatory infiltration and tissue injury. a: P<0.05, compared with the Solvent group; b: P<0.000 1, c: P<0.01,compared with the 6-G group

, figureFileSmall=2Tdxavd+BPX0Icr8x0ntcA==, figureFileBig=bvrYHri8/CYawRCaUy4qFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404780495506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of 6-gingerol to T cells in aGVHD mice (n=7,9, x¯±se), figureFileSmall=PQjXcckf4qogq+5NpbjEXQ==, figureFileBig=J9Y9Dj3+G1C4/Tub7/RBEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404872770195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=CN, label=图5, caption=6-姜醇对aGVHD小鼠体内T细胞的影响(n=7,9, x¯±se)

A: Frequencies of Th17 cells in the liver, spleen, and lung, and frequency of Treg cells in the liver on day 16 after transplantation; B: Representative flow cytometry plots and frequencies of PD-1+ T cells and CD4+ PD-1+ T cells in the spleen and liver

, figureFileSmall=PQjXcckf4qogq+5NpbjEXQ==, figureFileBig=J9Y9Dj3+G1C4/Tub7/RBEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404939879060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of 6-gingerol on the mouse model of graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) (n=10, x¯±se), figureFileSmall=L9n5wyPMwxx1TuBzEH9pjw==, figureFileBig=dp7h6rd1uY0bmL4bz0DuHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405006987925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=CN, label=图6, caption=6-姜醇对GVL效应的影响(n=10, x¯±se)

A: Representative in vivo bioluminescence images; B: Survival curves of mice after transplantation in each group; C: Dynamic changes in tumor burden

, figureFileSmall=L9n5wyPMwxx1TuBzEH9pjw==, figureFileBig=dp7h6rd1uY0bmL4bz0DuHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405061513878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Changes in the T-cell transcriptional profile and related pathways following 6-gingerol treatment, figureFileSmall=OmVRvnG8/nkmoqfe8QpowA==, figureFileBig=4Ty4lZK4NOWE8yg4y0A/IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405128622743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=CN, label=图7, caption=6-姜醇处理后T细胞转录表达谱及相关通路变化

A: Heatmap of differentially expressed genes; B: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes; C: Reactome pathway analysis (left) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (right); D: RT-qPCR analysis of P2ry10, P2ry12, and P2ry13 expression (n=4, x¯±se)

, figureFileSmall=OmVRvnG8/nkmoqfe8QpowA==, figureFileBig=4Ty4lZK4NOWE8yg4y0A/IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405220897432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effects of combined treatment with the P2Y13 agonist and 6-gingerol on T cells (x¯±se), figureFileSmall=VESnnjdFvHH33ugsBZKxyQ==, figureFileBig=VQXZf7lTIqsoLcnnfikgtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405292200601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=CN, label=图8, caption=P2Y13激动剂与6-姜醇联合干预对T细胞的影响(x¯±se)

A: CFSE assay of T-cell proliferation (n=4,5); B: Changes in the proportions of CD4+ T-cell differentiation under Th1-, Th17-, and Treg-polarizing conditions (n=4,5); C: Measurement of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels in CD4+ T cells (n=3, 5); D: Transmission electron microscopy of mitochondrial structural changes in T cells and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial cristae structure. Red arrowheads: damaged mitochondrial cristae, yellow arrowheads: relatively intact mitochondrial cristae

, figureFileSmall=VESnnjdFvHH33ugsBZKxyQ==, figureFileBig=VQXZf7lTIqsoLcnnfikgtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405359309466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence(5'→3')
P2yr10Forward:GCTCAGCATCAGGGATTGTTACA
Reverse:TGTTGCTGCCCATCTTGAATATTT
P2ry12Forward:AGGGTCACAGTGCAAGAACA
Reverse:ATTGGCTGAGGTGGTGTTGA
P2ry13Forward:AGCTAGTAACTGCCACAACTCA
Reverse:CAGACTTGTTGAAGCCCTGC
Tnfaip3Forward:AATGGTGATGGAAACTGCCTCAT
Reverse:GTTCCGAGTGTCTGTCTCCTTAA
Tsc22d3 (GILZ)Forward:GTGGCCCTAGACAACAAGATTGA
Reverse:CTTCTCAAGCAGCTCACGAATCT
Acsl3Forward:GGAACTTGGGAAGAGCTGTGTAA
Reverse:GGGTCAGGGCTCAAACGTATTT
LDHBForward:TCCCGAACAACAAGATCACTGTA
Reverse:CCGTCACCACCACAATCTTAGAG
), ArticleFig(id=1320442405468361371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence(5'→3')
P2yr10Forward:GCTCAGCATCAGGGATTGTTACA
Reverse:TGTTGCTGCCCATCTTGAATATTT
P2ry12Forward:AGGGTCACAGTGCAAGAACA
Reverse:ATTGGCTGAGGTGGTGTTGA
P2ry13Forward:AGCTAGTAACTGCCACAACTCA
Reverse:CAGACTTGTTGAAGCCCTGC
Tnfaip3Forward:AATGGTGATGGAAACTGCCTCAT
Reverse:GTTCCGAGTGTCTGTCTCCTTAA
Tsc22d3 (GILZ)Forward:GTGGCCCTAGACAACAAGATTGA
Reverse:CTTCTCAAGCAGCTCACGAATCT
Acsl3Forward:GGAACTTGGGAAGAGCTGTGTAA
Reverse:GGGTCAGGGCTCAAACGTATTT
LDHBForward:TCCCGAACAACAAGATCACTGTA
Reverse:CCGTCACCACCACAATCTTAGAG
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6-姜醇通过P2Y13/Ca2+ 信号通路调控Th17/Treg分化减轻急性移植物抗宿主病
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贺钰轩 1, 2, 3 , 王瑞 2, 3 , 周亚 2, 3 , 宋清晓 2, 3 , 魏锦 1 , 张曦 2, 3
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(9): 1152-1166
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (9) : 1152 -1166
6-姜醇通过P2Y13/Ca2+ 信号通路调控Th17/Treg分化减轻急性移植物抗宿主病
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[Author(id=1320442396941341277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320442397033615969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442391098675776, authorId=1320442396941341277, language=EN, stringName=Yuxuan HE, firstName=Yuxuan, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan
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贺钰轩1, 2, 3, 王瑞2, 3, 周亚2, 3, 宋清晓2, 3, 魏锦1, 张曦2, 3
作者信息
  • 1川北医学院附属医院血液内科,四川 南充
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院血液病医学中心,血液生态与智慧细胞科学创新中心,全军临床重点专科,创伤与化学中毒国家重点实验室,血液病与微环境重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 3金凤实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
张曦,E-mail:
ZHANG Xi,E-mail:
6-Gingerol alleviates acute graft-versus-host disease by regulating Th17/Treg differentiation via the P2Y13/Ca2+ signaling pathway
Yuxuan HE1, 2, 3, Rui WANG2, 3, Ya ZHOU2, 3, Qingxiao SONG2, 3, Jin WEI1, Xi ZHANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan
  • 2Medical Center of Hematology, Blood Ecology and Smart Cell Science Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 3Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202603069
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目的

急性移植物抗宿主病(acute graft-versus-host disease,aGVHD)是异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT)后常见的免疫并发症,本研究探讨6-姜醇对急性移植物抗宿主病的干预作用,并探索其对T细胞功能和分化调控的可能作用机制。

方法

建立小鼠异基因造血干细胞移植aGVHD模型,8~12周龄SPF级雄性小鼠(体质量22~24 g)按随机数字表法分为同基因对照组(n=5)、溶剂对照组(n=8,13)和不同浓度的6-姜醇实验组(n=8,13),观察受鼠生存情况、体质量变化,进行临床评分和靶器官组织病理评分,并采用流式细胞术检测脾脏、肝脏中T细胞亚群及表面标志物变化。建立小鼠B细胞淋巴瘤细胞系A20移植物抗白血病(graft-versus-leukemia,GVL)模型,通过活体成像及生存分析评估肿瘤生长情况。分离小鼠脾脏T细胞进行体外培养,实验分为:未刺激组、刺激组以及不同浓度6-姜醇实验组,检测细胞增殖、凋亡及细胞因子变化;分离小鼠脾脏CD4+ T细胞,在Th1、Th17和Treg的体外诱导条件下进行体外培养,分为:刺激组和不同浓度6-姜醇实验组,通过流式分析CD4+ T细胞分化方向的改变。通过bulk RNA-seq分析基因表达谱及差异通路变化,结合RT-qPCR对转录组结果进行验证。进一步采用受体激动剂干预,实验分为:刺激组、6-姜醇单药组、2-MeS-ADP单药组和6-姜醇+2-MeS-ADP双药组;通过T细胞增殖实验、体外诱导分化实验、对胞质和线粒体Ca2+检测以及透射电镜和线粒体嵴结构定量分析对相关机制进行验证。

结果

6-姜醇干预后aGVHD小鼠生存情况、体质量及临床评分均得到改善(P<0.05),HE染色病理切片评分提示肝脏及肠道损伤减轻(P<0.05)。GVL模型的生存分析结果和活体成像显示6-姜醇对GVL效应无显著影响。体外实验表明,6-姜醇抑制T细胞增殖(P<0.000 1)并促进部分活化T细胞凋亡(P<0.01);在CD4+ T细胞亚群极化分析提示6-姜醇调节CD4+ T细胞亚群分化,表现为抑制Th1(P<0.05)和Th17分化(P<0.05),促进Treg细胞分化(P<0.05)。转录组分析提示6-姜醇处理后影响嘌呤能受体和Ca2+相关通路。RT-qPCR结果显示,P2ry13表达显著下调(P<0.000 1)。进一步机制研究发现,6-姜醇处理后,CD4+ T细胞胞质Ca2+水平下降(P=0.000 1),而CD4+ T细胞线粒体Ca2+ 积聚增加(P=0.000 2)。与6-姜醇单药组相比,联合P2Y13激动剂2-MeS-ADP后的双药处理组在T细胞增殖(P<0.000 1)、Th1和Th17/Treg分化(P<0.05)、胞质和线粒体Ca2+浓度(P<0.05)等方面均出现部分恢复。透射电镜结果显示,双药处理后线粒体超微结构较6-姜醇单药组有所改善,线粒体嵴定量分析亦支持这一变化(P<0.000 1),提示6-姜醇通过P2Y13相关Ca2+信号通路调控T细胞亚群分化。

结论

6-姜醇通过嘌呤能受体P2Y13相关Ca2+信号通路,抑制Th17、扩增Treg、减轻aGVHD,为aGVHD的预防及治疗提供了新的策略。

6-姜醇  /  急性移植物抗宿主病  /  移植物抗白血病效应  /  P2Y13  /  钙信号
Objective

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a common immunological complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This study aims to investigate the intervention effects of 6-gingerol on aGVHD and explore its potential mechanism in regulating T cell function and differentiation.

Methods

A murine allo-HSCT aGVHD model was established. SPF-grade male mice (8 to 12 weeks old, weighing 22 to 24 g) were randomly divided into a syngeneic control group (n=5), a vehicle control group (n=8,13), and 6-gingerol experimental groups at different concentrations (n=8,13). The survival status and body weight changes of recipient mice were observed, clinical scores and target organ histopathological scores were performed, and flow cytometry was used to detect changes in T cell subsets and surface markers in the spleen and liver. A murine B cell lymphoma cell line A20 graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) model was established, and tumor growth was evaluated through in vivo imaging and survival analysis. Splenic T cells were isolated and cultured in vitro, and divided into unstimulated, stimulated, and different concentrations of 6-gingerol treatment groups to assess proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine changes. Mouse splenic CD4+ T cells were isolated and cultured under induction conditions for T helper 1 (Th1) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and T regulatory (Treg) cells, and were divided into a stimulated group and experimental groups with different concentrations of 6-gingerol. Changes in the differentiation direction of CD4+ T cells were analyzed via flow cytometry. Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) was used to analyze gene expression profiles and differential pathway changes, and the transcriptomic results were validated using RT-qPCR. Receptor agonist intervention was further performed, and then the experiment was divided into: a stimulation group, a 6-gingerol monotherapy group, a 2-MeS-ADP monotherapy group, and a 6-gingerol + 2-MeS-ADP dual-drug group. The related mechanisms were validated through T-cell proliferation assays, in vitro induced differentiation assays, detection of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial cristae structure.

Results

Following 6-gingerol intervention, the survival status, body weight, and clinical scores of aGVHD mice were significantly improved in the aGVHD mice (P<0.05). HE stained pathological section scores revealed alleviated liver and intestinal injury (P<0.05). Survival analysis results and in vivo bioluminescence imaging in the GVL model showed that 6-gingerol had no significant effect on the GVL effect. In vitro experiments demonstrated that 6-gingerol suppressed T cell proliferation (P<0.000 1) and promoted apoptosis (P<0.01) in partially activated T cells. Under specific polarization conditions, 6-gingerol regulated CD4+ T cell subset differentiation, manifested as inhibition of Th1 (P<0.05) and Th17 (P<0.05) differentiation and promotion of Treg cell differentiation (P<0.05). Transcriptomic analysis suggested that 6-gingerol treatment affected purinergic receptor and Ca2+-related pathways. RT-qPCR results showed that P2ry13 expression was significantly downregulated (P<0.000 1). Further mechanistic studies revealed that following 6-gingerol treatment, cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in CD4+ T cells decreased (P=0.000 1), while mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation in CD4+ T cells increased (P=0.000 2). Compared with the 6-gingerol monotherapy group, the two-drug treatment group, with the addition of the P2Y13 agonist 2-MeS-ADP showed partial recovery in T cell proliferation (P<0.000 1), Th1 and Th17/Treg differentiation (P<0.05), and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ concentrations (P<0.05). TEM revealed that mitochondrial ultrastructure in the two-drug group was improved compared to that of the 6-gingerol group, and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial cristae also supported this change (P<0.000 1), suggesting that 6-gingerol regulates T cell subset differentiation through the P2Y13-related Ca2+ signaling pathway.

Conclusion

6-Gingerol mitigates aGVHD by inhibiting Th17 cells and expanding Treg cells through the purinergic receptor P2Y13-related Ca2+ signaling pathway, providing a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of aGVHD.

6-gingerol  /  acute graft-versus-host disease  /  graft-versus-leukemia effect  /  P2Y13  /  Ca2+ signaling
贺钰轩, 王瑞, 周亚, 宋清晓, 魏锦, 张曦. 6-姜醇通过P2Y13/Ca2+ 信号通路调控Th17/Treg分化减轻急性移植物抗宿主病. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (9) : 1152 -1166 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202603069
Yuxuan HE, Rui WANG, Ya ZHOU, Qingxiao SONG, Jin WEI, Xi ZHANG. 6-Gingerol alleviates acute graft-versus-host disease by regulating Th17/Treg differentiation via the P2Y13/Ca2+ signaling pathway[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (9) : 1152 -1166 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202603069
异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT)是治疗多种血液系统恶性肿瘤的重要手段,其疗效依赖于移植物抗白血病(graft-versus-leukemia,GVL)效应[1-2]。然而,移植后供者来源免疫细胞对受者组织的攻击可导致移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease,GVHD),严重影响了allo-HSCT的临床疗效。急性GVHD(acute graft-versus-host disease,aGVHD)通常发生于移植早期,主要累及皮肤、肝脏及胃肠道,是影响移植相关发病率和病死率的重要原因[3-4]。尽管近年来支持治疗及免疫抑制策略不断改进,但如何在有效控制aGVHD的同时保留GVL效应,仍是临床亟待解决的关键问题[5]。
供者T细胞在aGVHD发生发展中发挥核心作用。供者T细胞识别宿主同种异体抗原后迅速活化、克隆扩增,并分化为炎症性效应亚群,导致大量炎性细胞因子释放及组织损伤[5-6]。在CD4+ T细胞亚群中,Th1和Th17细胞可促进炎症反应并加重aGVHD,而Treg通过抑制过度免疫反应发挥保护作用。供者T细胞同时也是GVL效应的重要介导者[7]。传统免疫抑制治疗虽然可以缓解GVHD,但往往削弱GVL效应。近年来,通过低剂量IL-2扩增Treg或过继输注Treg等策略在选择性调控T细胞亚群方面取得一定进展,提示靶向调节T细胞分化平衡具有重要治疗价值[8-9]。
天然活性小分子因其多靶点调控特性及相对良好的安全性,逐渐成为免疫调节研究的热点。姜醇(gingerol)是生姜的主要活性成分之一,根据侧链长度不同可分为6-姜醇(6-G)、8-姜醇和10-姜醇[10],其中以6-姜醇含量最高[11-13]。既往研究表明,6-姜醇具有抗炎和免疫调节作用[14-16],其在异基因造血干细胞移植背景下的免疫调控功能,尤其是对供者T细胞分化及aGVHD发生发展的影响,目前仍缺乏系统研究。6-姜醇是否在调节aGVHD的同时保留GVL效应,以及相关分子机制如何,有待进一步阐明。
嘌呤能信号通路近年来被认为是免疫细胞功能的重要调控机制[17],P2Y受体家族是该通路中的关键代谢型受体。P2Y受体家族作为G蛋白偶联受体,可识别ATP、ADP等胞外核苷酸信号,参与调节T细胞活化、增殖及分化[18-20]。P2Y家族受体激活可影响细胞内Ca2+信号转导,而Ca2+作为关键第二信使,在T细胞受体介导的活化及下游转录调控过程中发挥核心作用[21]。Ca2+稳态的精确调控对于T细胞效应分化与Treg生成之间的平衡至关重要[22-24]。
本研究通过血清代谢组学筛选鉴定出与aGVHD相关的差异代谢物6-姜醇,并系统评估其对T细胞活化、凋亡及分化的调控作用。进一步的机制研究表明,6-姜醇通过调节嘌呤能受体相关信号调节细胞内Ca2+稳态,从而影响T细胞谱系分化。本研究揭示了一种代谢物介导的免疫调控新机制,为aGVHD的干预提供了潜在治疗策略。
8~12周龄的雄性BALB/c(H-2Kd)和雄性C57BL/6J(H-2Kb)小鼠(体质量22~24 g)均购自北京维通利华公司。饲养动物购进后适应性饲养1周开始实验,小鼠饲养在22~24 ℃、45%~55%湿度、12 h/12 h明暗循环的SPF级实验动物中心。各组小鼠自由进食和饮水,保持小鼠笼内清洁卫生。每3~4天监测小鼠一般状态、活动、进食、体质量及临床表现,并根据动物福利要求及时采取干预措施。人道终点标准包括持续性严重活动减少或不能摄食饮水、明显驼背竖毛、严重虚弱或濒死状态,达到上述任一标准将立即实施安乐死处理。本研究动物实验经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWE20235029)。
本研究所用RPMI 1640培养基及FBS购自上海逍鹏生物科技有限公司;(1×)PBS缓冲液,(10×)PBS缓冲液及Penicillin-streptomycin购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;PEG300、6-姜醇、2-MeS-ADP trisodium及Rhod-2 AM购自美国MedChemExpress公司;胶原酶Ⅷ及DNaseⅠ购自美国西格玛奥德里奇公司;Percoll购自美国Cytiva公司;CD90.2 MicroBeads及CD4(L3T4) MicroBeads购自德国美天旎生物技术有限公司;anti-CD3/CD28 Dynabeads、FOXP3(FJK-16s)、乾坤™ 白金™ SYBR™ Green预混液、重组细胞因子IL-12、IL-4购自美国赛默飞公司;7-AAD/PI购自美国BD公司;CCK-8购自日本Dojindo公司;D-Luciferin potassium salt、Fluo-4 AM购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;IL-6及TGF-β购自美国R&D Systems公司;IL-2购自美国BioLegend公司;中和抗体anti-IL-4及anti-IFN-γ购自武汉佰乐博生物技术;ELISA试剂盒(IL-17A、TNF-α及IFN-γ)购自中国博士德生物公司;RNAfast200总RNA快速提取试剂盒购自中国飞捷生物公司;Evo M-MLV反转录预混型试剂盒购自中国艾科瑞生物公司;抗TNF-α抗体、抗CD279(PD-1)单克隆抗体、抗IL-17A抗体和抗TCRβ单克隆抗体购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;抗IFN-γ抗体、抗CD44抗体、抗CD62L抗体、抗CD4抗体、抗CD8抗体和抗H-2Kd抗体购自美国BioLegend公司。
10~12周龄C57BL/6J和BALB/c雄性小鼠被用作供鼠和受鼠。C57BL/6J受鼠接受9.5 Gy的全身照射,BALB/c受鼠接受7.5 Gy的全身照射(分2次,间隔24 h)。在末次照射6~8 h后,将供鼠的骨髓细胞和脾细胞通过尾静脉注射的方式移植到受鼠体内。
在C57BL/6J移植到BALB/c模型中,受鼠按随机数字表法分为同基因对照组(n=5)、溶剂对照组(n=13)、10 mg 6-G组(n=13)和20 mg 6-G组(n=11)。给予每只BALB/c小鼠来自C57BL/6J供鼠的5×106个骨髓细胞和1.25×106个脾细胞。
在BALB/c移植到C57BL/6J模型中,受鼠按随机数字表法分为同基因对照组(n=5)、溶剂对照组(n=8)和6-G实验组(n=8)。给予每只C57BL/6J小鼠来自BALB/c供鼠的5×106个骨髓细胞和5×106个脾细胞。
在建立aGVHD模型后第16天使用异氟烷麻醉后,采用脱颈法处死C57BL/6J小鼠,取小鼠的肝脏、肠道组织标本经甲醛固定、石蜡包埋、切片及HE染色后,用Olympus光学显微镜拍摄图像。根据已有研究的评分系统评估病理严重程度[25]。
在aGVHD移植模型基础上,在移植时经尾静脉共输注1×105个荧光素酶标记的小鼠B细胞淋巴瘤细胞A20(A20-luciferase),建立GVL效应模型。将BALB/c受鼠按随机数字表法分为(n=10):去T细胞骨髓(T cell-depleted bone marrow group,TCD-BM)组、溶剂对照组和6-姜醇实验组。通过CD90.2磁珠去除供鼠骨髓细胞中的T细胞后,向TCD-BM组输注5×106个去除T细胞的骨髓细胞;溶剂对照组和6-姜醇实验组输注5×106个去除T细胞的骨髓细胞和1.25×106个脾细胞。每间隔3~5 d进行生物发光成像。使用Living Image软件进行信号定量分析,统一设置曝光时间及成像参数。选取相同大小的感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI),记录总光子通量作为肿瘤负荷指标。连续时间点信号变化用于评估肿瘤生长动力学。记录各组生存情况并绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。
6-姜醇和2-甲硫基腺苷二磷酸(2-MeS-ADP)根据实验设计分别用于动物体内和体外细胞培养实验中。在动物体内实验中6-姜醇通过饲料补充方式给药。6-姜醇按80 mg/kg饲料的浓度均匀混入标准饲料制备含药饲料,提供给小鼠自由摄食。基于辐照后小鼠体质量及常规日摄食量估算,该饲料浓度对应6-姜醇的目标摄入剂量约为10 mg/(kg· d)。体外实验中,6-姜醇溶于PEG300,2-MeS-ADP溶于无菌去离子水。按照预设浓度加入培养体系。T细胞增殖实验中药物于刺激当日加入,2-MeS-ADP每8小时补加1次。极化实验中自第0天开始加入2-MeS-ADP,每8小时补充1次,第1天加入6-姜醇,培养72 h后收集细胞及上清液。
使用异氟烷麻醉后,采用脱颈法处死C57BL/6J健康小鼠,取小鼠脾脏,用70 µm细胞过滤网研磨。用CD90.2磁珠对T细胞进行富集,再通过MACS细胞分选仪获得T细胞,将其悬浮于含10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基中。在使用CCK-8检测T细胞增殖活力时,设置未刺激组、刺激组及不同浓度6-姜醇处理组培养24、48和72 h,各时间点分别向每孔加入CCK-8工作液,继续孵育2 h后,用酶标仪于450 nm处检测吸光度[OD(450)]值,以各组OD(450)评估T细胞活力变化;在使用CFSE检测T细胞增殖实验中,T细胞经CFSE标记后以5×10⁵个/孔接种于96孔板,加入抗CD3/CD28 磁珠进行刺激,同时加入相应浓度6-姜醇及(或)2-MeS-ADP。培养72 h后进行流式细胞术检测。在凋亡检测中,T细胞培养72 h后,采用Annexin V和7-AAD试剂盒进行凋亡检测,并通过流式细胞术分析早期及晚期凋亡比例。
使用异氟烷麻醉后,采用脱颈法处死C57BL/6J健康小鼠,取小鼠脾脏,用70 µm细胞过滤网研磨。采用CD4(L3T4)磁珠分选CD4+ T细胞,再通过MACS细胞分选仪获得CD4+ T细胞,将其悬浮于含10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基中。37 ℃预包被抗CD3及抗CD28抗体,2 h后接种细胞(5×10⁵个/孔),分别在Th1、Th17及Treg极化条件下培养。Th1条件:IL-2(10 ng/mL)、IL-12(10 ng/mL)、抗IL-4抗体(10 μg/mL);Th17条件:IL-6(20 ng/mL)、TGF-β(2 ng/mL)、抗IFN-γ抗体(10 μg/mL)、抗IL-4抗体(10 μg/mL);Treg条件:TGF-β(5 ng/mL)、IL-2(10 ng/mL)、抗IFN-γ抗体(10 μg/mL)、抗IL-4抗体(10 μg/mL)。培养72 h后收集细胞及上清液,使用ELISA试剂盒检测IL-17A、TNF-α及IFN-γ水平,根据标准曲线计算浓度。
在建立aGVHD模型后第16天使用异氟烷麻醉后,采用脱颈法处死C57BL/6J受鼠,取受鼠的脾脏和肝脏,用70 µm细胞过滤器研磨;肺组织剪碎后经胶原酶Ⅷ及DNaseⅠ于37 ℃消化30 min,用70 µm细胞过滤器研磨,制备单细胞悬液。单细胞悬液采用40%~80%Percoll密度梯度离心分离单个核细胞。
所有细胞用抗CD16/CD32抗体进行Fc受体封闭,随后加入活细胞染料及相应表面抗体,于4 ℃避光孵育30 min。检测细胞内细胞因子时,细胞在含有细胞刺激剂和蛋白质转运抑制剂的完全培养基中于37 ℃刺激4~6 h,再进行表面染色,破膜破核处理按照试剂盒说明书进行,随后加入胞内抗体染色。染色完成后,细胞经流式细胞仪检测,数据采用FlowJo软件进行分析。
进行T细胞体外培养,根据实验设计分为刺激组、6-姜醇单药组、2-MeS-ADP单药组和6-姜醇+2-MeS-ADP双药组。T细胞培养72 h后检测Ca2+浓度。T细胞胞质Ca2+采用Fluo-4 AM染色,T细胞线粒体Ca2+采用Rhod-2 AM染色。通过流式细胞术检测,采用平均荧光强度(mean fluorescene intensity, MFI)进行定量分析。
基于前期研究[26]获得的aGVHD组和无GVHD对照组(BM组)小鼠血清非靶向代谢组学数据进行分析。采用PCA评价2组样本整体代谢谱差异,并通过火山图和层次聚类热图展示差异代谢物分布特征。以非配对t检验P<0.05且变量重要性投影值(variable importance in projection, VIP)>1为筛选标准,鉴定aGVHD组与BM组间的差异代谢物。进一步对差异代谢物进行代谢通路富集分析,以评估aGVHD发生过程中显著改变的代谢网络及相关生物学通路。
进行T细胞体外培养,根据实验设计分为刺激组、6-姜醇单药组、2-MeS-ADP单药组和6-姜醇+2-MeS-ADP双药组。体外培养72 h后T细胞经固定、脱水、包埋及超薄切片进行透射电子显微镜观察。图像采集采用日立HT7800显微镜。电镜下线粒体嵴评分根据既往研究方法进行[27-29]。
采用fastp进行质量控制,HISAT2比对至小鼠参考基因组,HTSeq-count计算原始counts,DESeq2进行差异分析(|Log2FC|≥1,adjusted P<0.05)。GO、KEGG及Reactome富集分析采用多重假设校正。
进行T细胞体外培养,根据实验设计分为刺激组和6-姜醇实验组。体外培养72 h后利用RNA提取试剂盒提取T细胞RNA,检测RNA浓度和纯度。检测合格后使用反转录试剂得到cDNA,并进行实时荧光定量PCR,操作参考试剂盒说明。引物序列均由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成与纯化(表1)。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件进行统计分析与作图。计量资料以x¯±se表示。病死率比较采用Log-rank检验。两组间比较采用非配对t检验,三组及以上比较采用one-way ANOVA分析,实验至少重复3次。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为明确aGVHD发生过程中血清代谢谱变化特征,根据前期研究对aGVHD组及无GVHD对照组(BM组)小鼠血清样本进行非靶向代谢组学分析,共鉴定235种代谢特征(图1A)。PCA结果显示,aGVHD组与无GVHD组在主成分空间中呈明显分离趋势(图1B),提示2组整体代谢谱存在显著差异。采用非配对t检验及VIP>1筛选差异代谢物。火山图显示,与BM组相比,aGVHD组中多种代谢物表达水平发生显著改变(图1C)。其中,姜醇在aGVHD组中显著下调。层次聚类热图分析结果与上述趋势一致。代谢通路富集分析显示,多条与免疫稳态维持及炎症反应调控相关的代谢通路在2组间显著改变(图1D),提示aGVHD发生过程中存在系统性代谢网络重塑。姜醇为生姜中主要活性成分之一,其中以6-姜醇含量最高。因此,本研究选取6-姜醇开展后续实验。
为评估6-姜醇对T细胞活化的影响,采用CCK-8法及CFSE实验检测C57BL/6J小鼠脾脏分离的纯化初始T细胞体外培养增殖情况。CCK-8结果显示,随着6-姜醇浓度(0~40.0 μg/mL)及作用时间(24~72 h)增加,T细胞活性逐渐降低(图2A);CFSE染色结果显示,随着6-姜醇浓度的增加,抑制T细胞增殖的作用增强(P<0.000 1),该抑制作用在CD4+及CD8+ T细胞亚群中均可观察到(图2B)。凋亡检测结果显示,6-姜醇处理后总T细胞以及CD4+T细胞亚群早期及晚期凋亡细胞比例随剂量增加而升高(P<0.01,图2C)。进一步检测细胞因子表达,结果显示,高剂量6-姜醇可降低T细胞中IFN-γ及TNF-α阳性细胞比例(P<0.000 1,图2D)。
为明确6-姜醇对CD4⁺ T细胞分化的影响,本研究通过在不同的极化条件下培养C57BL/6J小鼠脾脏分离纯化的初始CD4⁺ T细胞,采取流式细胞术检测谱系相关细胞因子及转录因子表达。在Th1极化条件下,6-姜醇实验组的IFN-γ⁺ CD4⁺ T细胞比例随6-姜醇浓度增加而下降(P<0.05,图3A);在Treg极化条件下进行培养,结果显示,6-姜醇可显著提高CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ T细胞比例(P<0.05,图3B);在Th17极化条件下,6-姜醇显著降低CD4⁺ IL-17A⁺ T细胞比例(P<0.05),并且增加CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ T细胞比例(P<0.05,图3C)。同时检测极化实验中细胞培养上清液中相关因子的分泌情况,结果显示,6-姜醇处理后培养上清液中Th1相关细胞因子(IFN-γ、TNF-α)及Th17相关细胞因子IL-17水平均下降(P<0.05,图3D)。
通过构建两种aGVHD模型(C57BL/6J小鼠供给BALB/c小鼠, BALB/c小鼠供给C57BL/6J小鼠),进一步从体内实验评估6-姜醇对aGVHD的影响。移植当天为第0天,移植后每3~4天记录小鼠体质量变化并进行临床评分,持续监测至移植后第30天。在C57BL/6J移植到BALB/c的模型中,由于全身辐照影响,各组小鼠移植后早期均出现体质量下降及弓背、炸毛等应激表现。随后,同基因对照组体质量逐渐恢复,溶剂对照组体质量持续下降,而6-姜醇处理组体质量下降幅度减轻。与同基因对照组相比,溶剂对照组小鼠出现生存率下降,提示aGVHD模型构建成功(图4A)。生存分析显示,6-姜醇实验组较溶剂对照组生存率提高(P=0.049 0,图4A、B)。
在BALB/c移植到C57BL/6J的模型中,溶剂对照组小鼠自移植后第11天开始出现死亡,移植后20 d内全部死亡。6-姜醇显著延长小鼠生存时间,6-姜醇实验组生存曲线明显优于溶剂对照组(P=0.021 8,图4C)。体质量曲线显示,6-姜醇组在移植中后期体质量下降程度低于溶剂对照组;临床评分结果显示,在移植后第12、18天6-姜醇组整体评分低于溶济对照组(P<0.05,图4D、E)。为评估组织损伤情况,在移植后第16天取受鼠主要靶器官进行HE染色和病理评分,结果显示,与溶剂对照组相比,6-姜醇实验组在结肠、小肠及肝脏中炎症浸润及组织损伤程度减轻(P<0.01,图4F)。
为进一步明确6-姜醇在体内对T细胞的调控作用,在移植后第16天对小鼠肝脏、肺和脾脏T细胞进行流式细胞术分析。与溶剂对照组相比,6-姜醇处理组肝脏中Th17细胞比例降低,Treg比例升高;肺脏和脾脏中同样观察到Th17细胞比例下降(P<0.05,图5A)。此外,6-姜醇处理后肝脏及脾脏中PD-1⁺ T细胞、PD-1⁺ CD4⁺ T细胞比例升高(P<0.05,图5B)。结果显示,6-姜醇处理可显著改善aGVHD小鼠生存情况,减轻体质量下降及临床症状,降低靶器官组织损伤程度,同时抑制CD4+ T细胞向Th17分化并增加PD-1+ T细胞和PD-1+ CD4+ T细胞比例。
为评估6-姜醇对GVL效应的影响,在移植过程中同时通过尾静脉注射1×105个A20白血病细胞。并通过小动物活体成像动态监测肿瘤负荷变化,同时记录生存情况。结果显示,TCD-BM组小鼠体内肿瘤信号持续增强,在33 d内全部死亡,提示缺乏足够的抗肿瘤效应;而含供者T细胞的溶剂对照组和6-G实验组肿瘤信号受到明显抑制,提示GVL模型构建成功并可用于评价抗肿瘤效应(图6A)。溶剂对照组小鼠肿瘤信号受到明显抑制,但因严重aGVHD导致死亡;6-姜醇处理组小鼠在改善生存情况的同时(图6B),体内肿瘤信号水平与溶剂对照组相比未见明显升高(图6A、C)。不同时间点体内肿瘤负荷变化曲线显示,6-姜醇处理未削弱异基因移植所产生的抗肿瘤效应(图6C)。上述结果表明,6-姜醇在缓解aGVHD的同时未显著影响GVL效应。
为进一步阐明6-姜醇调控T细胞功能的分子机制,对经6-姜醇或溶剂处理的体外活化T细胞进行RNA测序分析。差异表达基因聚类热图显示,2组样本在整体基因表达模式上存在明显差异,组内生物学重复聚类一致性较好(图7A)。在设定筛选阈值(|Log2FC|≥1,adjusted P<0.05)条件下,共筛选出差异表达基因390个,其中上调178个,下调212个;火山图显示差异基因分布清晰(图7B)。GO功能富集分析显示,差异基因显著富集于离子稳态及钙离子调控相关生物学过程,包括细胞内钙离子稳态、钙离子稳态及细胞质钙离子浓度正向调节等(adjusted P<0.001)。Reactome通路分析显示差异基因主要涉及MAPK信号通路、PI3K/AKT网络负调控、整合素细胞受体及细胞外基质相关通路。同时,P2Y 受体作为嘌呤能受体家族的重要成员,与细胞内Ca2+信号转导存在密切联系,P2Y受体相关通路亦出现富集信号(图7C)。通过RT-qPCR检测P2Y受体家族成员表达。结果显示,6-姜醇处理后P2ry10表达上调(P<0.000 1),P2ry12(P=0.041 1)、P2ry13(P<0.000 1)表达下调(图7D),提示6-姜醇可能通过嘌呤能受体相关的Ca2+信号调控T细胞活化。
已有研究表明,P2Y13通过Gi偶联信号参与Ca2+稳态调控,影响胞质与细胞器间Ca2+动态平衡。Ca2+信号是决定T细胞命运的重要因素,持续的胞质Ca2+升高和线粒体Ca2+动态改变对于TCR介导的活化及后续转录程序至关重要。基于此,推测6-姜醇可能通过P2Y13相关的Ca2+信号通路调控T细胞功能。为验证该假设,采用选择性P2Y13激动剂2-MeS-ADP联合6-姜醇进行干预,以评估P2Y13相关信号在6-姜醇调控T细胞功能中的作用。
在T细胞增殖实验中,P2Y13激动剂可部分缓解6-姜醇对T细胞增殖的抑制作用,激动剂单独处理对总T细胞及CD4+ T细胞增殖无显著影响(P<0.000 1,图8A)。在分化实验中,初始CD4+ T细胞于前24 h内2次给予2-MeS-ADP以激活P2Y13信号,随后加入6-姜醇处理,72 h后检测谱系相关细胞因子表达。结果显示,在各极化条件下,联合用药可在一定程度上恢复T细胞分化趋势(P<0.05,图8B)。为进一步明确Ca2+稳态变化,采用流式细胞术检测胞质及线粒体Ca2+水平。结果显示,6-姜醇显著降低CD4+ T细胞胞质Ca2+水平;联合2-MeS-ADP处理可部分恢复胞质Ca2+水平;相反,6-姜醇显著增加CD4+ T细胞中线粒体Ca2+积聚(P<0.05,图8C)。2-MeS-ADP单独处理对线粒体Ca2+ 无明显影响,但与6-姜醇联合处理可部分减轻CD4+ T细胞线粒体Ca2+ 过度积累(P<0.05,图8C)。TEM观察显示,6-姜醇处理后T细胞线粒体嵴结构紊乱,嵴完整性评分降低,规则嵴数量减少;联合处理可在一定程度上缓解线粒体嵴结构异常(图8D)。
本研究通过血清代谢组学分析了aGVHD小鼠的代谢谱变化,筛选出可能参与移植免疫调控的相关代谢物。结果显示,aGVHD小鼠的血清代谢谱发生显著改变,其中姜醇水平明显下降,提示该代谢物可能参与移植后免疫失衡过程。姜醇是姜的主要活性成分之一,6-姜醇是姜醇中含量最高的主要活性成分[11]。尽管已有研究报道6-姜醇及其衍生物具有抗炎及免疫调节作用[12],但其在移植免疫中的具体功能尚未得到充分研究。
体内实验证实,6-姜醇可显著提高aGVHD小鼠生存率,缓解临床症状并减轻靶器官组织损伤。在不同小鼠aGVHD模型中6-姜醇表现出一致的保护作用。GVHD与GVL效应均与供者T细胞密切相关,如何在减轻GVHD的同时保留GVL效应,是移植免疫研究中的关键问题[7]。许多免疫抑制策略虽然能够缓解GVHD,但也可能削弱供者T细胞介导的抗肿瘤作用。本研究在GVL模型中发现,6-姜醇处理后的实验组并未出现肿瘤负荷明显增加,提示6-姜醇在缓解aGVHD的同时未明显削弱GVL效应。
体外实验结果表明,6-姜醇通过抑制T细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡并降低促炎细胞因子产生,从而抑制T细胞活化。在体外不同的CD4+ T细胞亚群极化的条件下,6-姜醇显著抑制Th1和Th17分化,同时促进Treg生成。体内流式结果进一步支持了6-姜醇抑制Th17并扩增Treg的功能,但是本研究未在体内直接检测Th1细胞比例变化。因此6-姜醇对Th1应答的影响目前主要基于体外实验结果,其在体内aGVHD环境中的具体作用仍需进一步研究。Th1、Th17和Treg共同参与aGVHD中的促炎与免疫调节过程。Th1是aGVHD中的重要促炎效应亚群,其分泌的IFN-γ、TNF-α等炎症因子与靶器官损伤密切相关,Th17与Treg失衡同样是aGVHD发生和进展的重要机制之一[30]。尽管Th17细胞被广泛认为参与aGVHD的发生发展,但目前多数研究认为,Th1/Tc1介导的IFN-γ、TNF-α等炎症反应仍是驱动aGVHD急性组织损伤的核心机制,而Th17更多表现为放大和延续炎症的辅助因素,其作用具有一定器官和病程依赖性,并非aGVHD发生所绝对必需[31]。本研究的结果提示相较于单纯抑制某一效应T细胞亚群,维持效应T细胞与免疫抑制性Treg之间的平衡可能更为重要。Treg可通过抑制Th1和Th17细胞扩增、限制炎症因子释放以及维持免疫耐受,在aGVHD中发挥关键保护作用[30]。因此,本研究发现6-姜醇能够在体外抑制Th1分化,并在体外和体内均抑制Th17分化,同时增强Treg存活,提示其并非仅针对单一炎症通路,而是通过重塑效应T细胞/Treg平衡来减轻aGVHD。这种同时抑制致病性Th1/Th17反应并维持Treg稳态的作用模式,可能是其获得较持久免疫调节效应的重要原因。
本研究进一步通过转录组测序分析其潜在的分子机制。转录组分析结果显示,6-姜醇改变T细胞的基因表达。差异基因主要富集于T细胞活化、Ca2+稳态调控和代谢相关通路,提示6-姜醇可能通过调节T细胞内在信号网络影响其功能状态。通路富集分析结果显示,差异基因富集于嘌呤能受体相关信号通路,其中涉及P2ry10、P2ry12和P2ry13等基因。同时,功能富集分析结果显示,T细胞差异基因显著富集于Ca2+稳态调控相关生物过程,提示6-姜醇处理后T细胞Ca2+ 信号可能发生改变。钙信号作为连接TCR活化与转录调控的重要枢纽,在T细胞活化、代谢重编程及分化过程中发挥关键作用。本研究发现,6-姜醇处理降低T细胞胞质Ca2+ 水平,同时促进线粒体Ca2+ 积聚,提示细胞内Ca²⁺稳态受到扰动。既往研究表明P2Y13为Gi蛋白偶联受体,参与Ca2+ 调控[20]。基于此,选择P2Y13受体激动剂2-MeS-ADP联合6-姜醇进行干预,评估P2Y13相关信号在6-姜醇调控T细胞功能中的作用。结果显示P2Y13信号激活可部分缓解6-姜醇对T细胞增殖、Ca2+ 分布及分化命运的影响。上述结果提示6-姜醇至少部分通过P2Y13相关的Ca2+ 信号通路调控T细胞功能,但其下游转录机制仍有待进一步阐明。
本研究亦存在一定局限性:①6-姜醇是否还通过其他嘌呤能受体或钙相关信号通路调节T细胞功能,以及其在不同组织微环境中的免疫调节作用是否存在差异仍不明确。②关于T细胞亚群分化调控机制,本研究尚未进一步解析6-姜醇对各T细胞谱系特异性转录因子的直接影响。③P2Y13-Ca2+ 信号是否通过表观遗传机制参与Foxp3及RORγt转录活性的调控,目前仍有待进一步研究。④对GVL效应的影响,本文仅探讨了单一的肿瘤细胞株,是否对其它类型的肿瘤也有一定的GVL效应仍需在未来研究中进一步探讨。
综上所述,本研究确定6-姜醇为一种代谢相关免疫调节分子,可通过调控P2Y13介导的钙信号抑制过度T细胞活化并重新平衡Th17/Treg分化,从而缓解aGVHD,同时保留GVL效应。本研究拓展了代谢物驱动的移植免疫调控理论框架,并提出6-姜醇可能作为aGVHD预防和治疗的潜在策略。

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2026年第48卷第9期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202603069
  • 接收时间:2026-03-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-16
  • 修回日期:2026-03-31
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    1川北医学院附属医院血液内科,四川 南充
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院血液病医学中心,血液生态与智慧细胞科学创新中心,全军临床重点专科,创伤与化学中毒国家重点实验室,血液病与微环境重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    3金凤实验室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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