Article(id=1320442397285265497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770566400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-09, revisedDate=1774886400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747600145, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747600145, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747600145, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747600145, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442360509616480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='9', pageStart='1129', pageEnd='1288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747591378, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749835358, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451772548760069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451772548760070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1208, endPage=1217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442397490786394, articleId=1320442397285265497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Pan-lactylation drives PD-L1 upregulation and influences consensus molecular subtype-specific prognosis in colorectal cancer: an integrated analysis, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a cold tumor with a low response rate to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, and the regulatory mechanism underlying its expression remains incompletely understood. Lactylation is a novel post-translational modification involved in the regulation of gene transcription and protein function. This study aims to investigate the correlation between lactylation levels and PD-L1 expression in CRC, as well as its clinicopathological significance, so as to provide a novel potential target for immunotherapy.

Methods

① The GEPIA2 database was used to analyze the expression correlation between CD274 (encoding PD-L1) and 18 glycolysis genes (including HK1, HK2, and 16 others), lactate dehydrogenase genes (LDHA, LDHB), and lactate transporter genes (SLC16A1, SLC16A4). The TCGA colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) dataset with 453 samples was obtained from the XENA website, and GSEA software was applied to analyze gene ontology_biological process (GO_BP) pathway differences between the CD274 high- and low-expression groups. The Kaplan-Meier plotter database was used to evaluate the correlation between CD274 expression and overall survival in 4 consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) of CRC. ② Human CRC cell lines HT29 and SW480 were treated with 10 mmol/L lactic acid (Lac) or 10 mmol/L sodium lactate (Nala) for 24 h, with corresponding blank control groups, or cultured in low-glucose medium (1.8 g/L glucose) or high-glucose medium (4.5 g/L glucose). The transcription and translation levels of PD-L1 were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. In addition, cells were treated with gradient concentrations of sodium lactate or Oxamate (a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor) to verify the dose-dependent regulation of lactylation on PD-L1 expression. ③ Cancer tissues and paired adjacent non-tumor mucosal tissues were collected from 35 CRC patients (aged 59±11 years, a male-to-female ratio of 2.2∶1.0) who underwent surgical treatment at Department of General Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between February 2024 and October 2025. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect pan-lactylation (Pan-Kla) and PD-L1 expression, expression levels were evaluated by IHC scoring, and their correlations were analyzed with clinicopathological features.

Results

① GEPIA2 database analysis demonstrated that CD274 expression was significantly positively correlated with glycolysis and lactate dehydrogenase genes (R=0.14 to 0.47, P<0.05), including hexokinase 1 (HK1), hexokinase 3 (HK3), phosphofructokinase platelet type (PFKP), triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglucomutase 2 (PGM2), phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3), enolase 1 (ENO1), enolase 2 (ENO2), pyruvate kinase M (PKM), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB). GSEA revealed that the glycolysis pathway was significantly activated in the CD274 high-expression group, while the oxidative phosphorylation pathway showed no obvious changes. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that in CMS Ⅰ (microsatellite unstable) and CMS Ⅳ (mesenchymal) subtypes, the CD274 low-expression group had significantly longer overall survival, whereas no significant correlation was found in CMS Ⅱ (canonical) and CMS Ⅲ (metabolic) subtypes. ② After treatment with Lac and Nala, the mRNA and protein levels of PD-L1 were significantly increased in HT29 and SW480 cells compared with the control group. Cells cultured in low-glucose medium exhibited lower pan-lactylation and PD-L1 expression levels than those cultured in high-glucose medium. Sodium lactate upregulated PD-L1 expression in a dose-dependent manner, and Oxamate treatment reduced PD-L1 expression. ③ Pan-lactylation and PD-L1 scores were significantly higher in CRC tissues than in paired adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.01). A significant positive correlation was observed between them (R2=0.195 9, P=0.007 8). Clinicopathological correlation analysis showed that mucinous adenocarcinoma had significantly higher lactylation scores than non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (P=0.047).

Conclusion

Lactylation upregulates the transcriptional and translational levels of PD-L1 in colorectal cancer cells and is significantly positively correlated with PD-L1 expression in tumor tissues. The prognostic value of PD-L1 is CMS subtype-specific, and low PD-L1 expression indicates a better prognosis in CMS Ⅰ/Ⅳ patients.

, authors=Hao SHEN1, Junzhe ZHANG1, Tianyu ZHU1, Qi ZHANG1, Li WANG2, Bo TANG1, authorsList=Hao SHEN, Junzhe ZHANG, Tianyu ZHU, Qi ZHANG, Li WANG, Bo TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li WANG, Bo TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442400259027045, articleId=1320442397285265497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=乳酸化修饰驱动PD-L1上调并影响结直肠癌CMS分型特异性预后的整合分析, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是一种“冷肿瘤”,程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1)抑制剂治疗反应率较低,其表达调控机制尚未完全明确。乳酸化修饰作为新型蛋白质翻译后修饰,可参与基因转录及蛋白功能调控。探讨CRC乳酸化修饰水平与PD-L1表达量的相关性及临床病理学意义,为免疫治疗提供新的潜在靶点。

方法

①利用GEPIA2数据库分析CD274(PD-L1 编码基因)与糖酵解基因(HK1、HK2等18个)、乳酸脱氢酶基因(LDHA、LDHB)及乳酸转运体基因(SLC16A1、SLC16A4)的表达相关性;从XENA网站获取TCGA结肠癌(colon adenocarcinoma, COAD)数据集453例样本,通过GSEA软件分析CD274高表达和低表达组的基因本体_生物学过程(gene ontology _biological process,GO_BP)通路变化;利用Kaplan Meier plotter数据库分析4种CRC共识分子分型(consensus molecular subtype, CMS)中CD274表达与患者总生存期的相关性。②以人CRC细胞系HT29、SW480为研究对象,分别给予10 mmol/L乳酸(lactic acid, Lac)、10 mmol/L乳酸钠(sodium lactate, Nala)处理24 h,并设置相应的空白对照组,或采用低糖培养基(1.8 g/L葡萄糖)与高糖培养基(4.5 g/L葡萄糖)培养,通过RT-qPCR和Western blotting检测PD-L1的转录及翻译水平;另以不同浓度乳酸钠(梯度浓度)及乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂Oxamate处理细胞,验证乳酸化修饰对PD-L1表达的剂量依赖性调控。③收集2024年2月至2025年10月于陆军军医大学第一附属医院普通外科就诊并行手术治疗的35例CRC患者的癌组织及配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织[患者年龄(59±11)岁,男性∶女性为2.2∶1.0],采用IHC检测乳酸化修饰(Pan-Kla)及PD-L1的表达,通过IHC评分评估表达水平,分析其与临床病理特征的相关性。

结果

①GEPIA2数据库显示,CD274表达与糖酵解和乳酸脱氢酶基因呈显著正相关(R=0.14~0.47,P<0.05):己糖激酶1(HK1)、己糖激酶3(HK3)、磷酸果糖激酶P型(PFKP)、磷酸丙糖异构酶1(TPI1)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶2(PGM2)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶3(PGM3)、烯醇化酶1(ENO1)、烯醇化酶2(ENO2)、丙酮酸激酶M型(PKM)、乳酸脱氢酶A(LDHA)、乳酸脱氢酶B(LDHB)。GSEA分析显示,CD274高表达组糖酵解通路显著激活,氧化磷酸化通路无明显变化。Kaplan Meier分析显示,CMS Ⅰ型(微卫星不稳定型)和 CMS Ⅳ型(间充质型)患者中,CD274低表达组总生存期显著延长;CMS Ⅱ型(经典型)和CMS Ⅲ型(代谢型)中CD274表达与总生存期无显著相关性。②Lac及Nala处理后,HT29、SW480细胞的PD-L1 mRNA相对表达量及蛋白表达量均显著高于对照组;低糖培养基培养组的乳酸化修饰水平及PD-L1 mRNA、蛋白表达量均低于高糖组;乳酸钠浓度梯度实验显示,PD-L1表达量随乳酸化修饰水平升高而递增,Oxamate处理后PD-L1表达量降低。③CRC癌组织中乳酸化修饰评分及PD-L1评分均显著高于配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织(P<0.01);二者表达呈显著正相关(R2=0.195 9,P=0.007 8)。临床病理相关性分析显示,黏液腺癌的乳酸化修饰评分显著高于非特异性腺癌(P=0.047)。

结论

乳酸化修饰可上调结直肠癌细胞PD-L1的转录与翻译水平,并与组织中PD-L1表达呈显著正相关;PD-L1的预后价值具有CMS分型特异性,且CMS Ⅰ/Ⅳ型患者低表达提示预后更佳。

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唐波,E-mail:
王莉,E-mail:
TANG Bo,E-mail:
WANG Li,E-mail:
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A and B: Effects of lactic acid (10 mmol/L) on PD-L1 mRNA and protein levels in CRC cell lines SW480 and HT29; C and D: Effects of sodium lactate (10 mmol/L) on PD-L1 mRNA and protein levels in SW480 and HT29 cells; E and F: effects of high (4.5 g/L) and low glucose (1.8 g/L) on PD-L1 mRNA and protein levels in SW480 and HT29 cells; G: Effects of 5 and 10 mmol/L Nala on PD-L1 protein levels in SW480 and HT29 cells; H: Effects of 10 mmol/L Oxamate on PD-L1 protein levels in SW480 and HT29 cells

, figureFileSmall=TjRqFi/iaEzlVLt8ORuBag==, figureFileBig=S1JQlZ1MVgTOf8P0PQhF1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442404994396312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442397285265497, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Correlation analysis between pan-lactylation and PD-L1 expression in CRC tissues, figureFileSmall=R1B4WSJ+2XawJWQATz/9Ow==, figureFileBig=b3GZ30ruP4OUGJ1Varon5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405065699481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442397285265497, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CRC组织泛乳酸化修饰与PD-L1表达的相关性分析

A: Representative images of IHC staining of Kla in CRC sections; B: IHC score of Kla in CRC tissues and paired adjacent non-tumor mucosal tissues; C: Representative images of IHC staining of PD-L1 in CRC sections; D: IHC score of PD-L1 in CRC tissues and paired adjacent non-tumor mucosal tissues; E: IHC staining shows a correlation between Kla and PD-L1 expression in tissue sections; F: Pearson correlation analysis of PD-L1 pathological scores and Kla pathological scores in 35 colorectal cancer tissues. Red arrows: tumor cells

, figureFileSmall=R1B4WSJ+2XawJWQATz/9Ow==, figureFileBig=b3GZ30ruP4OUGJ1Varon5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405145391258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442397285265497, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Prognostic value of PD-L1 in CRC patients analyzed through the CMS classification, figureFileSmall=bo+q/HVeEzgaH0J/LRxe8A==, figureFileBig=NZtpKRUmezEOAZHIwCWd1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405233471643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442397285265497, language=CN, label=图5, caption=按CMS分析PD-L1在CRC患者中的预后价值, figureFileSmall=bo+q/HVeEzgaH0J/LRxe8A==, figureFileBig=NZtpKRUmezEOAZHIwCWd1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442405292191900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442397285265497, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Clinicopathological features of CRC patients (x¯±s, n)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Clinicopathological characteristicsKla level
Total number
(n=35)
High(>8)
(n=15)
Low(≤8)
(n=20)
P
Age/years59±1157±1060±110.503
Gender1.000
Male241014
Female1156
Tumor type0.047
Adenocarcinoma25817
Mucinous adenocarcinoma1073
Tumor stage0.238
Ⅰ321
Ⅱ1349
Ⅲ1037
Ⅳ963
Tumor location0.617
Rectum20812
Sigmoid colon624
Ascending colon844
Descending colon110
Lymph node metastasis1.000
Yes945
No261115
Differentiation degree0.619
Poorly413
Moderately311417
Perineural invasion0.737
Yes1358
No221012
Preoperative CEA/(ng/mL)6.74±8.219.08±10.305.00±5.940.148
Neoadjuvant therapy0.500
Yes1899
No17611
), ArticleFig(id=1320442405388660893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442397285265497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结直肠癌患者病理学特征(x¯±s,例)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Clinicopathological characteristicsKla level
Total number
(n=35)
High(>8)
(n=15)
Low(≤8)
(n=20)
P
Age/years59±1157±1060±110.503
Gender1.000
Male241014
Female1156
Tumor type0.047
Adenocarcinoma25817
Mucinous adenocarcinoma1073
Tumor stage0.238
Ⅰ321
Ⅱ1349
Ⅲ1037
Ⅳ963
Tumor location0.617
Rectum20812
Sigmoid colon624
Ascending colon844
Descending colon110
Lymph node metastasis1.000
Yes945
No261115
Differentiation degree0.619
Poorly413
Moderately311417
Perineural invasion0.737
Yes1358
No221012
Preoperative CEA/(ng/mL)6.74±8.219.08±10.305.00±5.940.148
Neoadjuvant therapy0.500
Yes1899
No17611
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乳酸化修饰驱动PD-L1上调并影响结直肠癌CMS分型特异性预后的整合分析
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沈昊 1 , 张俊哲 1 , 朱天宇 1 , 张祺 1 , 王莉 2 , 唐波 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(9): 1208-1217
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (9) : 1208 -1217
乳酸化修饰驱动PD-L1上调并影响结直肠癌CMS分型特异性预后的整合分析
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沈昊1, 张俊哲1, 朱天宇1, 张祺1, 王莉2 , 唐波1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):第一附属医院普通外科,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院免疫学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
唐波,E-mail:
王莉,E-mail:
TANG Bo,E-mail:
WANG Li,E-mail:
Pan-lactylation drives PD-L1 upregulation and influences consensus molecular subtype-specific prognosis in colorectal cancer: an integrated analysis
Hao SHEN1, Junzhe ZHANG1, Tianyu ZHU1, Qi ZHANG1, Li WANG2 , Bo TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
  • 2Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602056
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目的

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是一种“冷肿瘤”,程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1)抑制剂治疗反应率较低,其表达调控机制尚未完全明确。乳酸化修饰作为新型蛋白质翻译后修饰,可参与基因转录及蛋白功能调控。探讨CRC乳酸化修饰水平与PD-L1表达量的相关性及临床病理学意义,为免疫治疗提供新的潜在靶点。

方法

①利用GEPIA2数据库分析CD274(PD-L1 编码基因)与糖酵解基因(HK1、HK2等18个)、乳酸脱氢酶基因(LDHA、LDHB)及乳酸转运体基因(SLC16A1、SLC16A4)的表达相关性;从XENA网站获取TCGA结肠癌(colon adenocarcinoma, COAD)数据集453例样本,通过GSEA软件分析CD274高表达和低表达组的基因本体_生物学过程(gene ontology _biological process,GO_BP)通路变化;利用Kaplan Meier plotter数据库分析4种CRC共识分子分型(consensus molecular subtype, CMS)中CD274表达与患者总生存期的相关性。②以人CRC细胞系HT29、SW480为研究对象,分别给予10 mmol/L乳酸(lactic acid, Lac)、10 mmol/L乳酸钠(sodium lactate, Nala)处理24 h,并设置相应的空白对照组,或采用低糖培养基(1.8 g/L葡萄糖)与高糖培养基(4.5 g/L葡萄糖)培养,通过RT-qPCR和Western blotting检测PD-L1的转录及翻译水平;另以不同浓度乳酸钠(梯度浓度)及乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂Oxamate处理细胞,验证乳酸化修饰对PD-L1表达的剂量依赖性调控。③收集2024年2月至2025年10月于陆军军医大学第一附属医院普通外科就诊并行手术治疗的35例CRC患者的癌组织及配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织[患者年龄(59±11)岁,男性∶女性为2.2∶1.0],采用IHC检测乳酸化修饰(Pan-Kla)及PD-L1的表达,通过IHC评分评估表达水平,分析其与临床病理特征的相关性。

结果

①GEPIA2数据库显示,CD274表达与糖酵解和乳酸脱氢酶基因呈显著正相关(R=0.14~0.47,P<0.05):己糖激酶1(HK1)、己糖激酶3(HK3)、磷酸果糖激酶P型(PFKP)、磷酸丙糖异构酶1(TPI1)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶2(PGM2)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶3(PGM3)、烯醇化酶1(ENO1)、烯醇化酶2(ENO2)、丙酮酸激酶M型(PKM)、乳酸脱氢酶A(LDHA)、乳酸脱氢酶B(LDHB)。GSEA分析显示,CD274高表达组糖酵解通路显著激活,氧化磷酸化通路无明显变化。Kaplan Meier分析显示,CMS Ⅰ型(微卫星不稳定型)和 CMS Ⅳ型(间充质型)患者中,CD274低表达组总生存期显著延长;CMS Ⅱ型(经典型)和CMS Ⅲ型(代谢型)中CD274表达与总生存期无显著相关性。②Lac及Nala处理后,HT29、SW480细胞的PD-L1 mRNA相对表达量及蛋白表达量均显著高于对照组;低糖培养基培养组的乳酸化修饰水平及PD-L1 mRNA、蛋白表达量均低于高糖组;乳酸钠浓度梯度实验显示,PD-L1表达量随乳酸化修饰水平升高而递增,Oxamate处理后PD-L1表达量降低。③CRC癌组织中乳酸化修饰评分及PD-L1评分均显著高于配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织(P<0.01);二者表达呈显著正相关(R2=0.195 9,P=0.007 8)。临床病理相关性分析显示,黏液腺癌的乳酸化修饰评分显著高于非特异性腺癌(P=0.047)。

结论

乳酸化修饰可上调结直肠癌细胞PD-L1的转录与翻译水平,并与组织中PD-L1表达呈显著正相关;PD-L1的预后价值具有CMS分型特异性,且CMS Ⅰ/Ⅳ型患者低表达提示预后更佳。

结直肠癌  /  乳酸化  /  程序性死亡配体-1  /  免疫治疗
Objective

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a cold tumor with a low response rate to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, and the regulatory mechanism underlying its expression remains incompletely understood. Lactylation is a novel post-translational modification involved in the regulation of gene transcription and protein function. This study aims to investigate the correlation between lactylation levels and PD-L1 expression in CRC, as well as its clinicopathological significance, so as to provide a novel potential target for immunotherapy.

Methods

① The GEPIA2 database was used to analyze the expression correlation between CD274 (encoding PD-L1) and 18 glycolysis genes (including HK1, HK2, and 16 others), lactate dehydrogenase genes (LDHA, LDHB), and lactate transporter genes (SLC16A1, SLC16A4). The TCGA colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) dataset with 453 samples was obtained from the XENA website, and GSEA software was applied to analyze gene ontology_biological process (GO_BP) pathway differences between the CD274 high- and low-expression groups. The Kaplan-Meier plotter database was used to evaluate the correlation between CD274 expression and overall survival in 4 consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) of CRC. ② Human CRC cell lines HT29 and SW480 were treated with 10 mmol/L lactic acid (Lac) or 10 mmol/L sodium lactate (Nala) for 24 h, with corresponding blank control groups, or cultured in low-glucose medium (1.8 g/L glucose) or high-glucose medium (4.5 g/L glucose). The transcription and translation levels of PD-L1 were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. In addition, cells were treated with gradient concentrations of sodium lactate or Oxamate (a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor) to verify the dose-dependent regulation of lactylation on PD-L1 expression. ③ Cancer tissues and paired adjacent non-tumor mucosal tissues were collected from 35 CRC patients (aged 59±11 years, a male-to-female ratio of 2.2∶1.0) who underwent surgical treatment at Department of General Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between February 2024 and October 2025. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect pan-lactylation (Pan-Kla) and PD-L1 expression, expression levels were evaluated by IHC scoring, and their correlations were analyzed with clinicopathological features.

Results

① GEPIA2 database analysis demonstrated that CD274 expression was significantly positively correlated with glycolysis and lactate dehydrogenase genes (R=0.14 to 0.47, P<0.05), including hexokinase 1 (HK1), hexokinase 3 (HK3), phosphofructokinase platelet type (PFKP), triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglucomutase 2 (PGM2), phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3), enolase 1 (ENO1), enolase 2 (ENO2), pyruvate kinase M (PKM), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB). GSEA revealed that the glycolysis pathway was significantly activated in the CD274 high-expression group, while the oxidative phosphorylation pathway showed no obvious changes. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that in CMS Ⅰ (microsatellite unstable) and CMS Ⅳ (mesenchymal) subtypes, the CD274 low-expression group had significantly longer overall survival, whereas no significant correlation was found in CMS Ⅱ (canonical) and CMS Ⅲ (metabolic) subtypes. ② After treatment with Lac and Nala, the mRNA and protein levels of PD-L1 were significantly increased in HT29 and SW480 cells compared with the control group. Cells cultured in low-glucose medium exhibited lower pan-lactylation and PD-L1 expression levels than those cultured in high-glucose medium. Sodium lactate upregulated PD-L1 expression in a dose-dependent manner, and Oxamate treatment reduced PD-L1 expression. ③ Pan-lactylation and PD-L1 scores were significantly higher in CRC tissues than in paired adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.01). A significant positive correlation was observed between them (R2=0.195 9, P=0.007 8). Clinicopathological correlation analysis showed that mucinous adenocarcinoma had significantly higher lactylation scores than non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (P=0.047).

Conclusion

Lactylation upregulates the transcriptional and translational levels of PD-L1 in colorectal cancer cells and is significantly positively correlated with PD-L1 expression in tumor tissues. The prognostic value of PD-L1 is CMS subtype-specific, and low PD-L1 expression indicates a better prognosis in CMS Ⅰ/Ⅳ patients.

colorectal neoplasms  /  lactylation  /  programmed death-ligand 1  /  immunotherapy
沈昊, 张俊哲, 朱天宇, 张祺, 王莉, 唐波. 乳酸化修饰驱动PD-L1上调并影响结直肠癌CMS分型特异性预后的整合分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (9) : 1208 -1217 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602056
Hao SHEN, Junzhe ZHANG, Tianyu ZHU, Qi ZHANG, Li WANG, Bo TANG. Pan-lactylation drives PD-L1 upregulation and influences consensus molecular subtype-specific prognosis in colorectal cancer: an integrated analysis[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (9) : 1208 -1217 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602056
恶性肿瘤的免疫逃逸机制是肿瘤学领域的研究热点[1],其中结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)作为全球高发的胃肠道恶性肿瘤,其发病率与病死率均位居前列,严重威胁人类健康[2]。近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂,如程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂的问世为肿瘤治疗带来革命性突破[3],但在CRC患者中,该类药物的客观反应率较低,多数患者难以从中获益,其核心原因在于PD-L1表达调控机制的复杂性尚未被完全阐明,限制了治疗策略的优化[4]。随着肿瘤微环境研究的深入,有氧糖酵解引发的高乳酸微环境已被证实是促进肿瘤免疫抑制的关键因素之一,乳酸不再是单纯的代谢废物,而是通过多种途径调控免疫相关分子的表达,参与肿瘤进展[5]。
赖氨酸乳酸化修饰(lysine lactylation, Kla)作为近年来鉴定的新型翻译后修饰,参与基因转录、信号通路激活等关键生物学过程[6],为解析PD-L1调控机制提供了新视角。CRC组织中存在显著的有氧糖酵解增强现象,导致乳酸大量积累,而乳酸化修饰可能通过调控免疫抑制分子表达参与肿瘤免疫逃逸[7]。然而,目前关于乳酸化修饰是否直接调控 PD-L1的转录与翻译,以及二者在CRC组织中的临床相关性尚未明确,仍需探索。
当前CRC免疫治疗面临的核心问题是PD-L1抑制剂疗效有限且缺乏精准预测标志物,迫切需要明确PD-L1表达的上游调控机制,寻找新的治疗靶点,改善这类患者的预后。CRC共识分子分型(consensus molecular subtype,CMS)按照基因突变、代谢类型、免疫浸润和血管生成状况将CRC分为4种亚型,需探究PD-L1在不同背景下的预后意义有助于精准肿瘤学治疗。
综上,本研究旨在明确CRC组织中乳酸化修饰与PD-L1表达的相关性,并探讨其临床病理学意义与预后价值。本研究从多角度展开探索:①生物信息学分析层面,利用 GEPIA2、TCGA及Kaplan Meier plotter等公共数据库,分析PD-L1与糖酵解、乳酸代谢相关基因的表达相关性,探索PD-L1高表达组的通路特征,并明确PD-L1在不同CMS分型中的预后价值;②细胞实验层面,以CRC细胞系HT29、SW480为研究对象,通过外源性添加乳酸、乳酸钠,调整培养基葡萄糖浓度,以及使用乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂等干预方式,从转录和翻译水平验证乳酸化修饰对PD-L1表达的调控作用及剂量依赖性;③临床样本层面,收集35例CRC患者的配对癌组织与配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织,通过IHC技术检测乳酸化修饰与PD-L1的表达水平,分析二者相关性及与患者临床病理特征的关联。
MC5A培养基、DMEM培养基和胎牛血清购自上海达特希尔生物科技有限公司;乳酸化修饰(Pan-Kla)抗体购自杭州景杰生物科技有限公司;PD-L1抗体购自武汉三鹰生物科技有限公司;HRP偶联山羊抗兔、鼠二抗购自艾比玛特医药科技有限公司;一步法PAGE凝胶快速制备试剂盒(7.5%)购自上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司;超高敏显影液购自和元李记生物技术有限公司;快速RNA提取试剂盒购自湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司;无内毒素质粒小提中量试剂盒购自天根生化科技有限公司;反转录试剂盒购自翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;HS Universal qPCR Master Mix试剂盒购自南京艾思易生物科技有限公司;环保型浸润脱蜡透明液购自北京兰杰柯科技有限公司;柠檬酸钠抗原修复液(50×)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;Tris-EDTA抗原修复液(20×)、伊红染液(醇溶)、苏木素染液、苏木素分化液、苏木素返蓝液购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。
在线癌症生物信息数据库网站GEPIA2(http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn/),选择CRC和基因共表达分析,分别输入基因CD274(PD-L1基因名)与糖酵解基因:己糖激酶1(HK1)、己糖激酶2(HK2)、己糖激酶3(HK3)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸异构酶(GPI)、磷酸果糖激酶P型(PFKP)、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶A(ALDOA)、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶B(ALDOB)、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶C(ALDOC)、磷酸丙糖异构酶1(TPI1)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、磷酸甘油酸激酶1(PGK1)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶1(PGM1)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶2(PGM2)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶3(PGM3)、烯醇化酶1(ENO1)、烯醇化酶2(ENO2)、烯醇化酶3(ENO3)、丙酮酸激酶M型(PKM); 乳酸脱氢酶:乳酸脱氢酶A(LDHA)、乳酸脱氢酶B(LDHB); 乳酸转运体基因:溶质载体家族16成员1、4(SLC16A1、SLC16A4),以获取基因相关性散点图。
从XENA网站(https://xenabrowser.net/)获取结肠癌GDC TCGA结肠癌(colon adenocarcinoma, COAD)数据集,筛选出结肠癌样本453例,使用GSEA软件(https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/index.jsp)区分PD-L1编码基因CD274高表达与低表达样本的基因本体_生物学过程(gene ontology_biological process,GO_BP)通路变化[8-9]。
使用Kaplan Meier plotter(https://kmplot.com/analysis/)数据库分析CRC CD274表达量与患者总体生存期的相关性。按照CRC共识分子分型分析每种亚型中CD274表达量的预后信息[10]。
人结肠癌细胞HT29、SW480均为陆军军医大学第一附属医院中心实验室自存细胞,HT29细胞常规培养于含10%胎牛血清和1%青-链霉素双抗的MC5A培养基,SW480细胞常规培养于含10%胎牛血清和1%青-链霉素双抗的DMEM培养基,以上细胞均于5%CO2、95%湿度的37 ℃恒温培养箱中进行培养。按以下条件设置实验分组:①乳酸(lactic acid, Lac)处理组[Lac组,细胞给予终浓度10 mmol/L乳酸处理24 h],设空白对照组(Control组);②乳酸钠(sodium lactate, Nala)处理组[Nala组,细胞给予终浓度10 mmol/L乳酸钠处理24 h],设空白对照组(Control组);③乳酸钠梯度处理组[Nala组,细胞给予终浓度5、10 mmol/L乳酸钠处理24 h],验证剂量效应;④葡萄糖浓度处理组[低糖组(LG,1.8 g/L葡萄糖)、高糖组(HG,4.5 g/L葡萄糖)],常规培养24 h;⑤乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂组[Oxamate组,细胞给予终浓度10 mmol/L草氨酸盐处理24 h]。各组细胞处理完毕后收集,用于后续RT-qPCR 与Western blotting检测。
2024年2月至2025年10月陆军军医大学第一附属医院普通外科收集35例CRC石蜡包埋组织(包含配对的CRC组织和相对应的配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织),患者年龄(59±11)岁,男性∶女性为2.2∶1.0。所有石蜡包埋组织制作成石蜡切片(4 μm)备用。本研究经陆军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准[(A)KY2026014]。
采用IP裂解液提取1.2.2中的细胞总蛋白,BCA法定量后,经SDS-PAGE电泳、湿转印至PVDF膜;5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,TBST充分洗涤后加入HRP标记二抗室温孵育;采用超敏ECL化学发光液显影,成像仪采集蛋白条带结果。
提取1.2.2中的细胞总RNA并反转录合成cDNA,采用实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒扩增目的基因;以ACTB为内参,设置特异性扩增程序,通过2-△△Ct法计算PD-L1基因的相对表达水平。
石蜡切片经常规烤片、脱蜡水化后,依据抗原类型选用适配修复液完成热抗原修复;灭活内源性过氧化物酶并封闭非特异性结合位点,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,结合二抗后行DAB显色、苏木素复染,脱水封片后光学显微镜下观察拍片。光镜下观察,①阳性标记的定性判断,根据标本抗原多寡会在细胞特定部位由浅到深呈浅黄色、棕黄色、棕褐色粗颗粒;IHC评分为0分(阴性,无黄色)、1分(阳性,浅黄色)、2分(阳性,棕黄色)、3分(阳性,棕褐色)。②阳性标记的定量判断,阳性细胞的密度在低倍镜下,根据阳性细胞占总细胞数的比例(例如IHC标记阳性肿瘤细胞占所有细胞的比例)分为:≤25%为1分,>25%~50%为2分,>50%~75%为3分,>75%为4分。
使用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件和SPSS 26.0进行数据统计分析。使用Pearson相关系数分析基因表达量相关性。配对的组织样本病例染色统计采取配对t检验方法。患者年龄及术前癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA)采用非配对t检验,数据以x¯±s表示;其余临床病理信息使用χ2检验或非配对t检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
为了探索CRC组织中PD-L1基因表达与何种信号通路相关,利用TCGA COAD数据集,分析了PD-L1高表达组的细胞生理过程通路的改变,结果提示免疫应答负调控以及T细胞免疫负调控。此外,糖代谢途径发生改变,PD-L1高表达组的糖酵解通路激活,而氧化磷酸化通路则无差异(图1)。这提示CRC组织的糖酵解过程可能参与了PD-L1表达调控。
为了进一步研究PD-L1基因水平与糖酵解及乳酸生成基因的相关性,使用GEPIA2数据库获取CRC的基因表达Pearson相关系数,发现以下基因与CD274表达显著正相关(图2):HK1(R=0.24,P=7.6×10-5)、HK3(R=0.38,P=4.6×10-11)、PFKP(R=0.36,P=1.2×10-9)、TPI1(R=0.22,P=0.000 22)、GAPDH(R=0.14,P=0.023)、PGM2(R=0.15,P=0.012)、PGM3(R=0.26,P=1.1×10-5)、ENO1(R=0.29,P=1.2×10-6)、ENO2(R=0.27,P=5.8×10-6)、PKM(R=0.47,P=4.4×10-16)、LDHA(R=0.14,P=0.021)、LDHB(R=0.16,P=0.008 3)。而糖酵解途径其他基因包括HK2、GPI、ALDOA、ALDOB、ALDOC、PGK1、PGM1和ENO3,以及乳酸转运体基因(SLC16A1、SLC16A4)与CD274表达量无显著相关性。以上结果说明部分有氧糖酵解相关的基因与CD274基因表达正相关。
在线数据库分析结果提示乳酸生成相关基因水平与CD274呈正相关,提示乳酸促进了PD-L1表达。进一步通过体外实验证实,CRC细胞HT29和SW480加入10 mmol/L乳酸培养24 h后,PD-L1的mRNA水平和蛋白表达随泛乳酸化水平升高而升(P<0.05,图3A、B)。HT29和SW480细胞经10 mmol/L乳酸钠处理24 h,细胞的泛乳酸化修饰水平上调,PD-L1的mRNA水平和蛋白含量均上调(P<0.05,图3C、D)。CRC细胞经低糖1.8 g/L或高糖4.5 g/L培养,结果提示低糖组的泛乳酸化水平低于高糖组,PD-L1的转录和翻译水平均下降(P<0.05,图3E、F)。利用不同浓度乳酸钠提高细胞内泛乳酸化水平,发现PD-L1表达随泛乳酸化修饰水平增加而逐步递增(图3G)。利用乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂Oxamate下调泛乳酸化修饰水平,PD-L1表达量相应降低(图3H)。以上结果提示CRC细胞中PD-L1表达量以剂量依赖的方式与泛乳酸化修饰水平同向变化。
本研究收集了35对匹配的CRC及配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织,通过免疫组化实验发现CRC上皮组织的泛乳酸化水平显著高于配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织(P<0.001,图4A、B),癌组织的PD-L1表达也显著高于配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织(P<0.001,图4C、D)。对癌组织连续切片染色泛乳酸化和PD-L1,以分析IHC评分的相关性,发现其Pearson相关性系数为0.195 9,并具有显著性(P=0.007 8,图4E、F)。
通过Kaplan Meier plotter在线数据库的结肠癌数据集预后分析,将患者按共识分子分型区分,CMS微卫星不稳定型(免疫细胞浸润丰富,CMS Ⅰ)和CMS间充质型(血管新生丰富,CMS Ⅳ)患者,PD-L1表达低则患者总生存期显著延长;CMS经典型(WNT通路激活,CMS Ⅱ)和CMS代谢型(组织乏氧,CMS Ⅲ)患者PD-L1表达量则与总生存期无明显相关性(图5)。以上结果说明免疫细胞浸润或氧含量充足的组织中PD-L1低表达可延长患者预后,而在WNT通路激活及组织乏氧时,PD-L1没有明显预后预测价值。
按照癌组织泛乳酸化修饰的病理评分中位数分为2组,IHC评分≤8分为低Kla水平组,反之为高Kla水平组,发现患者年龄、性别、肿瘤分期、肿瘤起源部位、淋巴转移、分化程度、神经侵犯、术前CEA水平、术前新辅助治疗等指标无显著差异,而结直肠黏液腺癌相对于非特异性腺癌有更高比例的强Kla染色(表1)。结直肠黏液腺癌具有更高的乳酸化修饰水平。
实体肿瘤普遍存在有氧糖酵解增强的特征,导致肿瘤微环境中乳酸大量积累。乳酸并非单纯的代谢废物,其在肿瘤进展中扮演着复杂的调控角色。一方面,其造成的酸性微环境可直接削弱CD8+ T细胞与NK细胞的杀伤功能,并促进调节性T细胞分化及M2型巨噬细胞极化,从而助力肿瘤免疫逃逸。另一方面,乳酸可作为信号分子,例如通过激活GPR81受体,降低胞内cAMP水平,促使TAZ入核并与TEAD1形成转录复合物,进而启动PD-L1的表达[11]。为探究乳酸代谢与PD-L1在CRC中的关联,利用GEPIA2数据库进行分析,发现糖酵解及乳酸生成和转运相关基因的表达与PD-L1 mRNA水平呈显著正相关,提示乳酸生成途径可能促进了PD-L1的表达。进一步对TCGA数据库中453例CRC样本的分析显示,PD-L1高表达组的T细胞免疫反应受抑制,同时糖酵解通路活性显著上调,而氧化磷酸化通路无显著变化,表明特异性增强的乳酸生成过程,可能以PD-L1为桥梁介导肿瘤免疫逃逸。近年来研究揭示,乳酸化是一种新型的蛋白质翻译后修饰,可修饰组蛋白以调控染色质状态与基因转录,或通过修饰信号通路蛋白影响其功能[12]。在体外实验中证实,使用接近肿瘤组织浓度的乳酸或乳酸钠处理CRC细胞,能够显著诱导PD-L1在转录与翻译水平的表达上调,提示乳酸化修饰是调控PD-L1的重要机制。
对配对CRC组织样本的染色分析显示,癌组织的泛乳酸化修饰水平及PD-L1表达均显著高于配对的癌旁非肿瘤黏膜组织,且二者水平呈显著正相关,这与体外实验结果一致。
CRC患者的预后及治疗反应与其分子分型密切相关。根据共识分子分型,CMS Ⅰ(微卫星不稳定型)患者肿瘤免疫浸润丰富,对免疫检查点抑制剂反应良好,因此该亚型中PD-L1低表达者预后更佳。CMS Ⅳ(间质型)患者因具有高肿瘤抗原性,PD-L1低表达同样提示更长的总生存期。然而,在CMS Ⅱ(经典型,以WNT通路激活为特征)与CMS Ⅲ(代谢型,以组织乏氧为特征)患者中,PD-L1表达水平与预后无显著相关性。这提示在WNT通路激活或乏氧乳酸化背景下,肿瘤微环境可能已发生改变,导致单一的PD-L1抑制疗效有限,需考虑联合靶向乳酸化修饰或WNT通路以改善免疫治疗效果。
临床病理相关性分析表明,泛乳酸化水平与肿瘤分期、淋巴转移等指标无显著关联,提示PD-L1的上调更可能是由乳酸化修饰特异性驱动,而非由肿瘤进展的一般特征所介导。此外,结直肠黏液腺癌的泛乳酸化水平显著高于非特异性腺癌,这可能与其独特的病理结构有关:黏液的形成挤压肿瘤内血管,加剧缺氧,从而促进乳酸生成与积累,导致乳酸化修饰水平普遍上调[13]。本研究明确了CRC乳酸化修饰水平促进PD-L1的转录和翻译水平,且呈剂量依赖性。同时,结合CRC共识分子分型分析PD-L1的预后价值,揭示了乳酸化修饰背景下PD-L1预后意义的分型特异性。此外,发现黏液腺癌的乳酸化修饰水平显著高于非特异性腺癌,为该亚型患者的治疗靶点选择提供了新思路。
然而本研究仍具有一定局限性:①本次纳入的35例临床样本仅基于乳酸化评分中位数完成分组及常规病理参数关联分析,因样本量有限、随访周期偏短,未在本队列中开展PD-L1表达水平与患者生存预后的相关性分析,无法为本研究乳酸化免疫调控机制提供直接的内部临床佐证;②受限于石蜡标本核酸完整性、测序文库构建难度及成本,未对本单中心小队列进行CMS分子分型检测,导致生物信息学分析中CMS分型的预后价值结论,缺少自有临床数据的呼应与验证。后续研究中将通过扩大前瞻性临床样本量、完善PD-L1标准化免疫组化检测、补充高通量测序完成CMS分型、延长随访观察周期,进一步在自有临床队列中验证乳酸化评分、CMS分型及PD-L1表达三者联合对肿瘤预后及免疫治疗响应的预测效能,提升结论的临床转化价值与证据等级。③机制研究的深度不足:本研究证实了乳酸化修饰对PD-L1的调控作用,具体分子机制需深入探索。
综上所述,本研究揭示了CRC中乳酸化修饰与PD-L1表达呈正相关。结合CMS分型分析,认为对于存在缺氧CRC患者(如CMS Ⅱ和CMS Ⅲ型),针对乳酸化修饰的干预联合PD-L1抑制策略,可能比单一免疫治疗更为有效,有望改善患者预后。

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2026年第48卷第9期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602056
  • 接收时间:2026-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-09
  • 修回日期:2026-03-31
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):第一附属医院普通外科,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院免疫学教研室,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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