Article(id=1320442375588139462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770566400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-09, revisedDate=1771948800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747594973, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747594973, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747594973, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747594973, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442360509616480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='9', pageStart='1129', pageEnd='1288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747591378, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749835358, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451772548760069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451772548760070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442360509616480, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1129, endPage=1141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442377211335112, articleId=1320442375588139462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Differential roles of the uridine-P2Y6R signaling axis in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa with distinct genetic mutations, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) exhibits complex genetic heterogeneity, and the downstream pathogenic mechanisms underlying different etiologies remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the differential mechanisms by which the metabolite uridine and its receptor P2Y6R regulate microglial activation and photoreceptor apoptosis in different RP animal models.

Methods

① Uridine content in the retina was measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in rd1 mice (aged 28 d, weighing 13 to 18 g, n=3), rd10 mice (aged 45 d, weighing 20 to 25 g, n=3) and age-matched C57BL/6J control mice (n=3/group), as well as RCS rats (aged 60 d, weighing 200 to 250 g, n=4) and age-matched RCS-rdy control rats (n=4). Retinal pyrimidine metabolites were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) at various disease stages in rd10 mice (aged 18 d, weighing 7 to 10 g; aged 25 d, weighing 11 to 15 g; aged 45 d; n=5), with age-matched C57BL/6J mice serving as controls (n=5). ② Five-week-old C57BL/6J mice received unilateral subretinal injection of uridine (100 mmol/L, 2 μL), with contralateral eyes injected with PBS as controls. After 7 d, electroretinography (ERG), outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and TUNEL assay were performed (n=3). ③ RT-qPCR was used to detect mRNA expression of P2Y receptor family members (P2ry1, P2ry2, P2ry4, P2ry6, P2ry12) in the retina of C57BL/6J mice following subretinal injection of uridine or PBS (n=3). ④ The P2Y6R inhibitor MRS2578 (3 mg/kg per day) or vehicle (corn oil containing 0.6% dimethyl sulfoxide) was administered to rd10 mice (aged 14 d, weighing 7 to 10 g, n=3) and RCS rats (aged 15 d, weighing 25 to 30 g, n=3) prior to degeneration onset. ERG, ONL thickness, photoreceptor apoptosis, and microglial number and morphology were evaluated. ⑤ RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression of uridine synthesis and metabolism-related enzymes (Upp1, Upp2, Uck1, Uck2) in the retina of 45-day-old rd10 and C57BL/6J mice (n=3).

Results

① Compared with age-matched C57BL/6J control mice, retinal uridine content was significantly elevated in rd1 and rd10 mice (P<0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in RCS rats compared with age-matched RCS-rdy control rats. Retinal uridine levels in rd10 mice progressively increased with disease progression compared with age-matched C57BL/6J control mice (P<0.000 1). ② Subretinal injection of uridine in C57BL/6J mice resulted in significant reductions in a-wave and b-wave amplitudes (P<0.05), ONL thinning (P<0.000 1), increased microglial activation (P<0.01) with migration toward the ONL, and increased TUNEL-positive cells (P<0.01). ③ After uridine injection, the mRNA expression of P2ry6 was upregulated in the retina of C57BL/6J mice (P<0.05). ④ Compared with the vehicle-treated group, MRS2578 treatment significantly improved the amplitudes of the a-wave and b-wave (P<0.05), increased the ONL thickness, reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells (P<0.05), and promoted the reversal of microglia from an amoeboid-activated state to a resting, ramified state in rd10 mice. In contrast, in RCS rats, MRS2578 treatment failed to significantly inhibit microglial activation or delay retinal degeneration compared with vehicle-treated controls. ⑤ Compared with age-matched C57BL/6J control mice, rd10 mice exhibited upregulated expression of Upp1 (P<0.05), Upp2 (P<0.01), and Uck1 (P<0.01) in the retina, with decreased UMP and uracil levels.

Conclusion

The uridine-P2Y6R signaling axis exacerbates retinal degeneration through microglial activation in the rd10 mouse model of primary photoreceptor degeneration, whereas this mechanism is absent in the RCS rat model of primary retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction. These findings reveal the heterogeneity of retinal degeneration mechanisms across different etiological backgrounds, suggesting that targeting the uridine-P2Y6R axis may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for specific RP subtypes.

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目的

视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa, RP)具有复杂的遗传异质性,不同病因下的下游致病机制尚不明确。为此,探讨代谢物尿苷及其受体P2Y6R在不同RP动物模型中对小胶质细胞激活及感光细胞凋亡的差异性作用机制。

方法

①采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)检测rd1小鼠(28日龄,体质量13~18 g,n=3)、rd10小鼠(45日龄,体质量20~25 g,n=3)及相应日龄C57BL/6J对照小鼠(n=3/组),以及RCS大鼠(60日龄,体质量200~250 g,n=4)与同日龄RCS-rdy对照大鼠(n=4)的视网膜尿苷含量。并于rd10小鼠病程各阶段(18日龄,体质量7~10 g;25日龄,体质量11~15 g;45日龄;n=5/组)使用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术(ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, UPLC-HRMS)进行视网膜嘧啶代谢物分析,同时取同日龄C57BL/6J小鼠作为对照(n=5/组)。②对5周龄C57BL/6J小鼠行单眼视网膜下腔注射尿苷(100 mmol/L,2 μL),对侧眼注射PBS作为对照,7 d后行视网膜电图(electroretinogram, ERG)检测、外核层(outer nuclear layer, ONL)厚度分析、免疫荧光染色及TUNEL检测(n=3)。③RT-qPCR检测视网膜下腔注射尿苷或PBS后,C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜中P2Y受体家族(P2ry1、P2ry2、P2ry4、P2ry6、P2ry12)mRNA表达(n=3)。④分别在rd10小鼠(14日龄,体质量7~10 g,n=3)和RCS大鼠(15日龄,体质量25~30 g,n=3)变性启动前分别给予3 mg/(kg·d)的P2Y6R抑制剂MRS2578或溶媒(含0.6%二甲基亚砜的玉米油),评估ERG、ONL厚度、感光细胞凋亡及小胶质细胞数量和形态。⑤ RT-qPCR检测45日龄rd10和C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜中尿苷合成与代谢相关酶(Upp1、Upp2、Uck1、Uck2)的表达(n=3)。

结果

①与各自同日龄的C57BL/6J对照小鼠相比,rd1及rd10小鼠视网膜中尿苷含量显著升高(P<0.05);而与同日龄的RCS-rdy对照大鼠相比,RCS大鼠视网膜中尿苷含量无明显变化;与同日龄的C57BL/6J对照小鼠相比,rd10小鼠视网膜尿苷水平随病程进展持续上升(P<0.000 1)。②视网膜下腔注射尿苷导致C57BL/6J小鼠a波与b波振幅显著降低(P<0.05),ONL变薄(P<0.000 1),小胶质细胞活化增加(P<0.01)并向ONL迁移,TUNEL阳性细胞数增加(P<0.01)。③尿苷注射后,C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜P2ry6亚型mRNA表达上调(P<0.05)。④与溶媒处理组相比,MRS2578治疗显著提升rd10小鼠a波与b波振幅(P<0.05),增加ONL厚度,减少TUNEL阳性细胞(P<0.05),并促使小胶质细胞从阿米巴样活化逆转为静息分支状;而在RCS大鼠中,与溶媒处理组相比,MRS2578治疗未能显著抑制小胶质细胞活化或延缓视网膜变性。⑤与同日龄的C57BL/6J对照小鼠相比,rd10小鼠视网膜中Upp1(P<0.05)、Upp2(P<0.01)及Uck1(P<0.01)表达上调,而UMP与尿嘧啶水平降低。

结论

尿苷-P2Y6R信号轴在原发性感光细胞变性的rd10小鼠模型中通过激活小胶质细胞加剧视网膜变性,而在原发性视网膜色素上皮功能障碍的RCS大鼠模型中无此作用。该发现揭示了不同病因背景下视网膜变性机制的异质性,提示靶向尿苷-P2Y6R轴或可作为治疗特定RP亚型的潜在策略。

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谢晶,E-mail:
徐海伟,E-mail:
XIE Jing,E-mail:
XU Haiwei,E-mail:
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Sci Adv, 2023, 9(3): eade9459., articleTitle=Inflammation of the retinal pigment epithelium drives early-onset photoreceptor degeneration in Mertk-associated retinitis pigmentosa, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320442378805170646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442378813559255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, companyId=1320442378805170646, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442378821947864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, companyId=1320442378805170646, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院眼科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320442378876473817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442378884862426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, companyId=1320442378876473817, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442378893251035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, companyId=1320442378876473817, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆医科大学附属第二医院眼科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320442379002302940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442379014885853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, companyId=1320442379002302940, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Ophthalmology, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442379023274462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, companyId=1320442379002302940, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3重庆医科大学附属大学城医院眼科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320442382739427845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Quantitative analysis of retinal uridine in different animal models of retinitis pigmentosa, figureFileSmall=sVp6EBroXIGa3wW4M27r0Q==, figureFileBig=Cwr4oOpIZ7ApwBk3jhRs8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442382802342406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同视网膜色素变性动物模型的视网膜尿苷定量分析

A: Uridine content in the retinal tissues of C57BL/6J and rd1 mice at P28; B: Uridine content in the retinal tissues of C57BL/6J and rd10 mice at P45; C: Uridine content in retinal tissues of RCS-rdy and RCS rats at P60; D: Line chart of the normalized relative intensity of uridine in the retinas of rd10 and C57BL/6J groups. a: P<0.000 1, compared with C57BL/6J group

, figureFileSmall=sVp6EBroXIGa3wW4M27r0Q==, figureFileBig=Cwr4oOpIZ7ApwBk3jhRs8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383003668999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of subretinal uridine administration on retinal structure and function in C57BL/6J mice, figureFileSmall=zjgoRK7tacFu8MpBLP6d8Q==, figureFileBig=br7gA1TjqoQNCWfmGBkZ2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383083360776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=CN, label=图2, caption=视网膜下腔注射尿苷对C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜结构与功能的影响

A: Representative scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) waves of C57BL/6J mice on day 7 after subretinal injection; B: Quantification of the amplitude of a-waves and b-waves on day 7 after subretinal injection; C: Spidergrams showing ONL thickness in PBS-treated eyes and uridine-treated eyes on day 7 after subretinal injection; D: Whole retina slice images showing Iba1 and TINEL staining in non-injected and injected areas on day 7 after subretinal injection; E: Quantitative analysis of TUNEL-positive cell number in the ONL; F: Total number of microglia in all retinal layers. a: P<0.000 1, compared with SRI-PBS group

, figureFileSmall=zjgoRK7tacFu8MpBLP6d8Q==, figureFileBig=br7gA1TjqoQNCWfmGBkZ2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383146275337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Expression of P2ry6 in the retina of uridine-injected C57BL/6J mice and rd10 mice, figureFileSmall=G8UdTHK019j2gBeoGzvBfQ==, figureFileBig=YJDvb0D9vF9D6bMkdwymEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383230161418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=CN, label=图3, caption=P2ry6在尿苷注射后的C57BL/6J小鼠及rd10小鼠视网膜中的表达情况

A: RT-qPCR analysis of subtype P2Y receptor expression in uridine-treated versus control retinas at 7 d post-subretinal injection; B: Retinal P2ry6 expression dynamics during retinal degeneration progression in rd10 mice

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A: Schematic diagram of vehicle or MRS2578 intraperitoneal injection in the rd10 mice; B: Representative scotopic ERG waves of rd10 mice after intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or MRS2578; C: Quantification of a-wave and b-wave amplitudes at a flash intensity of 3.0 cd·s/m2 in rd10 mice after intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or MRS2578; D: Measurement of ONL thickness in rd10 mice after intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or MRS2578; E and F: Representative confocal images of TUNEL (E) and Iba1 (F) immunofluorescence staining in retinal sections of rd10 mice after intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or MRS2578; G: Quantitative analysis of TUNEL-positive cell numbers in the ONL; H: Total number of microglia in all retinal layers; I and J: Imaris analysis of the 3D reconstruction of the microglial soma volume (I) and sphericity index (J) in panel F; K: Sholl analysis of microglia. a: P<0.05, b: P<0.01, c: P<0.001, d: P<0.000 1, compared with rd10-vehicle group

, figureFileSmall=/zVQumwvAWfpjaA6WmGq+Q==, figureFileBig=2KhlYVWcjAEQEncqGziFYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383427293709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of blocking P2Y6R on retinal function, outer nuclear layer thickness, and microglia activation in RCS rats, figureFileSmall=X59sRqANnGxu0XoO0HTFVw==, figureFileBig=m5ihtKBQ9JvLYggV92pM6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383481819662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=CN, label=图5, caption=阻断P2Y6R对RCS大鼠视网膜功能、外核层厚度及小胶质细胞活化的影响

A: Representative scotopic ERG waves of RCS rats on day 15 after intraperitoneal injection; B: Quantification of a-wave and b-wave amplitudes on day 15 after intraperitoneal injection; C: Representative confocal images of Iba1 immunofluorescence staining in retinal sections of RCS rats after intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or MRS2578; D: Spidergrams showing ONL thickness in RCS rats after intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or MRS2578; E: Total number of microglia in all retinal layers

, figureFileSmall=X59sRqANnGxu0XoO0HTFVw==, figureFileBig=m5ihtKBQ9JvLYggV92pM6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383582482959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Changes in expression levels of uridine metabolic enzymes and associated metabolite levels in rd10 versus C57BL/6J control mouse retinas, figureFileSmall=P2k6LspIqilG9+eHkz0bzA==, figureFileBig=ePFGtpdFejIH+QAi18XHkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383649591824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=CN, label=图6, caption=rd10小鼠与C57BL/6J对照小鼠视网膜中尿苷代谢酶表达变化及相关代谢物水平变化

A to D: RT-qPCR analysis of Upp1 (A), Upp2 (B), Uck1 (C), and Uck2 (D) mRNA levels in the retina of C57BL/6J and rd10 mice at P45; E: Hierarchical clustering heatmap based on the relative contents of uridine, UMP, and uracil metabolites in rd10 versus C57BL/6J mice at P18, P25, and P45

, figureFileSmall=P2k6LspIqilG9+eHkz0bzA==, figureFileBig=ePFGtpdFejIH+QAi18XHkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442383733477905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesSequences (5′→3′)
β-actinForward: TGAGCTGCGTTTTACACCCT
Reverse: TTTGGGGGATGTTTGCTCCA
P2ry1Forward: CGTGGCTATCTGGATGTTCG
Reverse: GATGAGGGCTGGTAGGGTGA
P2ry2Forward: CTGGAACCCTGGAATAGCACC
Reverse: ACACCACGCCATAGGACACG
P2ry4Forward: TGCCTGAGGAGTTTGACCAC
Reverse: ACGGAGCCGAGAAGATGACT
P2ry6Forward: TGCTGCCCTTCATAGCCTTAC
Reverse: AGCCATACGAGCCGCCTTGC
P2ry12Forward: ATTGACCGCTACCTGAAGAC
Reverse: TGAGGCTATAACAAACGATG
Upp1Forward: ACCTCAGCACTAGCACACAC
Reverse: AGCTTCCACCAACACACACA
Upp2Forward: CTGAGAGCTGCTGRGGTCTG
Reverse: CCACCAGGACATCATGGGAC
Uck1Forward: CACCGCCTTTGTGAAACCAG
Reverse: TCCTGGCTTGGTCTGCCATA
Uck2Forward: AGATCGTCCAGCTTTTGGGG
Reverse: TTTGGCCTTCTGCTCTGAGG
), ArticleFig(id=1320442383838335506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442375588139462, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesSequences (5′→3′)
β-actinForward: TGAGCTGCGTTTTACACCCT
Reverse: TTTGGGGGATGTTTGCTCCA
P2ry1Forward: CGTGGCTATCTGGATGTTCG
Reverse: GATGAGGGCTGGTAGGGTGA
P2ry2Forward: CTGGAACCCTGGAATAGCACC
Reverse: ACACCACGCCATAGGACACG
P2ry4Forward: TGCCTGAGGAGTTTGACCAC
Reverse: ACGGAGCCGAGAAGATGACT
P2ry6Forward: TGCTGCCCTTCATAGCCTTAC
Reverse: AGCCATACGAGCCGCCTTGC
P2ry12Forward: ATTGACCGCTACCTGAAGAC
Reverse: TGAGGCTATAACAAACGATG
Upp1Forward: ACCTCAGCACTAGCACACAC
Reverse: AGCTTCCACCAACACACACA
Upp2Forward: CTGAGAGCTGCTGRGGTCTG
Reverse: CCACCAGGACATCATGGGAC
Uck1Forward: CACCGCCTTTGTGAAACCAG
Reverse: TCCTGGCTTGGTCTGCCATA
Uck2Forward: AGATCGTCCAGCTTTTGGGG
Reverse: TTTGGCCTTCTGCTCTGAGG
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尿苷-P2Y6R信号轴在不同基因突变视网膜色素变性模型中的差异性作用
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莫玲玥 1 , 茶喆 1 , 邹婷 2 , 葛玲玲 3 , 谢晶 1 , 徐海伟 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(9): 1129-1141
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (9) : 1129 -1141
尿苷-P2Y6R信号轴在不同基因突变视网膜色素变性模型中的差异性作用
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莫玲玥1, 茶喆1, 邹婷2, 葛玲玲3, 谢晶1 , 徐海伟1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院眼科,重庆
  • 2重庆医科大学附属第二医院眼科,重庆
  • 3重庆医科大学附属大学城医院眼科,重庆
通讯作者:
谢晶,E-mail:
徐海伟,E-mail:
XIE Jing,E-mail:
XU Haiwei,E-mail:
Differential roles of the uridine-P2Y6R signaling axis in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa with distinct genetic mutations
Lingyue MO1, Zhe CHA1, Ting ZOU2, Lingling GE3, Jing XIE1 , Haiwei XU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 2Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
  • 3Department of Ophthalmology, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602052
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目的

视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa, RP)具有复杂的遗传异质性,不同病因下的下游致病机制尚不明确。为此,探讨代谢物尿苷及其受体P2Y6R在不同RP动物模型中对小胶质细胞激活及感光细胞凋亡的差异性作用机制。

方法

①采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)检测rd1小鼠(28日龄,体质量13~18 g,n=3)、rd10小鼠(45日龄,体质量20~25 g,n=3)及相应日龄C57BL/6J对照小鼠(n=3/组),以及RCS大鼠(60日龄,体质量200~250 g,n=4)与同日龄RCS-rdy对照大鼠(n=4)的视网膜尿苷含量。并于rd10小鼠病程各阶段(18日龄,体质量7~10 g;25日龄,体质量11~15 g;45日龄;n=5/组)使用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术(ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, UPLC-HRMS)进行视网膜嘧啶代谢物分析,同时取同日龄C57BL/6J小鼠作为对照(n=5/组)。②对5周龄C57BL/6J小鼠行单眼视网膜下腔注射尿苷(100 mmol/L,2 μL),对侧眼注射PBS作为对照,7 d后行视网膜电图(electroretinogram, ERG)检测、外核层(outer nuclear layer, ONL)厚度分析、免疫荧光染色及TUNEL检测(n=3)。③RT-qPCR检测视网膜下腔注射尿苷或PBS后,C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜中P2Y受体家族(P2ry1、P2ry2、P2ry4、P2ry6、P2ry12)mRNA表达(n=3)。④分别在rd10小鼠(14日龄,体质量7~10 g,n=3)和RCS大鼠(15日龄,体质量25~30 g,n=3)变性启动前分别给予3 mg/(kg·d)的P2Y6R抑制剂MRS2578或溶媒(含0.6%二甲基亚砜的玉米油),评估ERG、ONL厚度、感光细胞凋亡及小胶质细胞数量和形态。⑤ RT-qPCR检测45日龄rd10和C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜中尿苷合成与代谢相关酶(Upp1、Upp2、Uck1、Uck2)的表达(n=3)。

结果

①与各自同日龄的C57BL/6J对照小鼠相比,rd1及rd10小鼠视网膜中尿苷含量显著升高(P<0.05);而与同日龄的RCS-rdy对照大鼠相比,RCS大鼠视网膜中尿苷含量无明显变化;与同日龄的C57BL/6J对照小鼠相比,rd10小鼠视网膜尿苷水平随病程进展持续上升(P<0.000 1)。②视网膜下腔注射尿苷导致C57BL/6J小鼠a波与b波振幅显著降低(P<0.05),ONL变薄(P<0.000 1),小胶质细胞活化增加(P<0.01)并向ONL迁移,TUNEL阳性细胞数增加(P<0.01)。③尿苷注射后,C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜P2ry6亚型mRNA表达上调(P<0.05)。④与溶媒处理组相比,MRS2578治疗显著提升rd10小鼠a波与b波振幅(P<0.05),增加ONL厚度,减少TUNEL阳性细胞(P<0.05),并促使小胶质细胞从阿米巴样活化逆转为静息分支状;而在RCS大鼠中,与溶媒处理组相比,MRS2578治疗未能显著抑制小胶质细胞活化或延缓视网膜变性。⑤与同日龄的C57BL/6J对照小鼠相比,rd10小鼠视网膜中Upp1(P<0.05)、Upp2(P<0.01)及Uck1(P<0.01)表达上调,而UMP与尿嘧啶水平降低。

结论

尿苷-P2Y6R信号轴在原发性感光细胞变性的rd10小鼠模型中通过激活小胶质细胞加剧视网膜变性,而在原发性视网膜色素上皮功能障碍的RCS大鼠模型中无此作用。该发现揭示了不同病因背景下视网膜变性机制的异质性,提示靶向尿苷-P2Y6R轴或可作为治疗特定RP亚型的潜在策略。

视网膜色素变性  /  尿苷  /  小胶质细胞  /  P2Y6R
Objective

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) exhibits complex genetic heterogeneity, and the downstream pathogenic mechanisms underlying different etiologies remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the differential mechanisms by which the metabolite uridine and its receptor P2Y6R regulate microglial activation and photoreceptor apoptosis in different RP animal models.

Methods

① Uridine content in the retina was measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in rd1 mice (aged 28 d, weighing 13 to 18 g, n=3), rd10 mice (aged 45 d, weighing 20 to 25 g, n=3) and age-matched C57BL/6J control mice (n=3/group), as well as RCS rats (aged 60 d, weighing 200 to 250 g, n=4) and age-matched RCS-rdy control rats (n=4). Retinal pyrimidine metabolites were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) at various disease stages in rd10 mice (aged 18 d, weighing 7 to 10 g; aged 25 d, weighing 11 to 15 g; aged 45 d; n=5), with age-matched C57BL/6J mice serving as controls (n=5). ② Five-week-old C57BL/6J mice received unilateral subretinal injection of uridine (100 mmol/L, 2 μL), with contralateral eyes injected with PBS as controls. After 7 d, electroretinography (ERG), outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and TUNEL assay were performed (n=3). ③ RT-qPCR was used to detect mRNA expression of P2Y receptor family members (P2ry1, P2ry2, P2ry4, P2ry6, P2ry12) in the retina of C57BL/6J mice following subretinal injection of uridine or PBS (n=3). ④ The P2Y6R inhibitor MRS2578 (3 mg/kg per day) or vehicle (corn oil containing 0.6% dimethyl sulfoxide) was administered to rd10 mice (aged 14 d, weighing 7 to 10 g, n=3) and RCS rats (aged 15 d, weighing 25 to 30 g, n=3) prior to degeneration onset. ERG, ONL thickness, photoreceptor apoptosis, and microglial number and morphology were evaluated. ⑤ RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression of uridine synthesis and metabolism-related enzymes (Upp1, Upp2, Uck1, Uck2) in the retina of 45-day-old rd10 and C57BL/6J mice (n=3).

Results

① Compared with age-matched C57BL/6J control mice, retinal uridine content was significantly elevated in rd1 and rd10 mice (P<0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in RCS rats compared with age-matched RCS-rdy control rats. Retinal uridine levels in rd10 mice progressively increased with disease progression compared with age-matched C57BL/6J control mice (P<0.000 1). ② Subretinal injection of uridine in C57BL/6J mice resulted in significant reductions in a-wave and b-wave amplitudes (P<0.05), ONL thinning (P<0.000 1), increased microglial activation (P<0.01) with migration toward the ONL, and increased TUNEL-positive cells (P<0.01). ③ After uridine injection, the mRNA expression of P2ry6 was upregulated in the retina of C57BL/6J mice (P<0.05). ④ Compared with the vehicle-treated group, MRS2578 treatment significantly improved the amplitudes of the a-wave and b-wave (P<0.05), increased the ONL thickness, reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells (P<0.05), and promoted the reversal of microglia from an amoeboid-activated state to a resting, ramified state in rd10 mice. In contrast, in RCS rats, MRS2578 treatment failed to significantly inhibit microglial activation or delay retinal degeneration compared with vehicle-treated controls. ⑤ Compared with age-matched C57BL/6J control mice, rd10 mice exhibited upregulated expression of Upp1 (P<0.05), Upp2 (P<0.01), and Uck1 (P<0.01) in the retina, with decreased UMP and uracil levels.

Conclusion

The uridine-P2Y6R signaling axis exacerbates retinal degeneration through microglial activation in the rd10 mouse model of primary photoreceptor degeneration, whereas this mechanism is absent in the RCS rat model of primary retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction. These findings reveal the heterogeneity of retinal degeneration mechanisms across different etiological backgrounds, suggesting that targeting the uridine-P2Y6R axis may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for specific RP subtypes.

retinitis pigmentosa  /  uridine  /  microglia  /  P2Y6R
莫玲玥, 茶喆, 邹婷, 葛玲玲, 谢晶, 徐海伟. 尿苷-P2Y6R信号轴在不同基因突变视网膜色素变性模型中的差异性作用. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (9) : 1129 -1141 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602052
Lingyue MO, Zhe CHA, Ting ZOU, Lingling GE, Jing XIE, Haiwei XU. Differential roles of the uridine-P2Y6R signaling axis in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa with distinct genetic mutations[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (9) : 1129 -1141 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602052
视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa, RP)是一种常见的遗传性视网膜疾病,全球患病率约为1∶4 000,累及约150万患者,对患者的视功能和生活质量造成严重影响[1]。该病以感光细胞进行性退化为特征,最终导致不可逆的视力损害乃至失明[2]。尽管数十年来对其发病机制开展了广泛研究,并已鉴定出超过100多个与RP相关的致病基因(RetNet遗传性视网膜疾病相关基因突变数据库,https://sph.uth.edu/RetNet/),但由于其广泛的基因突变、临床表型异质性以及不同基因亚型间的表型重叠[2-3],至今仍缺乏能够普遍延缓或阻止疾病进展的有效治疗手段。这凸显了探索在不同遗传背景下共同驱动感光细胞丢失的机制的重要性,这或将为开发广谱干预策略提供关键突破口。
代谢作为基因型与表型之间的桥梁,能够反映遗传与环境互作下生物体的生理和病理状态[4]。在神经退行性疾病中,代谢紊乱日益被认为是疾病发生发展的核心环节之一[5]。近期研究表明,RP疾病进展中伴随显著的视网膜代谢紊乱[5-6],涉及脂代谢[7]、氨基酸代谢[8]、能量代谢[9]和核苷酸代谢[10]失调等多个方面。这些代谢改变不仅是视网膜退行性变的生物标志,更可能主动参与并加速疾病进程。然而,目前对RP中特定的代谢紊乱如何具体驱动感光细胞变性,及其与其他视网膜细胞的互作机制,仍知之甚少。
小胶质细胞作为视网膜常驻免疫细胞,在RP的发生发展中扮演双重角色[11-12]。生理状态下其参与维持视网膜稳态,而在病理状态下异常活化的小胶质细胞可通过异常吞噬、释放炎症因子等方式加剧神经炎症与感光细胞损伤[13]。近年来,代谢-免疫交互作用在神经退行性疾病中的作用备受关注,代谢失衡可直接或间接影响免疫细胞的功能状态[14]。研究发现,核苷酸是调节视网膜小胶质细胞功能的重要因子[15]。在细胞应激或损伤时,细胞会大量释放核苷/核苷酸类物质,通过嘌呤能受体(如P2受体家族)信号通路,驱动小胶质细胞的活化、迁移及炎症反应[16-18]。然而,在RP复杂的视网膜代谢微环境中,究竟是哪些特定代谢物通过影响小胶质细胞功能来推动感光细胞变性,仍是一个未解的问题。
尿苷是一种内源性嘧啶核苷,是嘧啶核苷酸代谢的关键前体。尿苷参与能量代谢、神经保护及衰老等多种生物过程[19-20],其代谢异常与多种疾病的发生发展相关[21-22]。既往研究表明,尿苷在糖尿病视网膜病变、青光眼等视网膜退行性疾病中含量异常,且与疾病进程密切相关[23-24],然而其在RP中的作用尚不明确。RP中存在显著的视网膜核苷酸代谢紊乱[10],而尿苷本身也是一种能够调节免疫细胞活性的代谢物[25]。本研究推测,尿苷可能是连接RP代谢紊乱与小胶质细胞活化介导的神经炎症的关键代谢信号分子。本研究旨在探究尿苷在不同RP动物模型中的变化规律,明确其对视网膜结构与功能的影响,并进一步揭示其是否通过小胶质细胞介导视网膜变性及其相关分子机制,从而为深入理解RP发病机制提供新线索,并提供一种基于代谢-免疫调控的治疗策略。
rd1小鼠、rd10小鼠和RCS大鼠是经典的视网膜色素变性动物模型。rd1小鼠和rd10小鼠在C57BL/6J背景下携带Pde6β基因突变[26],RCS(rdy-/-)大鼠携带Mertk基因突变[27]。rd10小鼠(14、18、25和45日龄,雌雄不限)与RCS大鼠及其同年龄对照RCS-rdy(rdy+/+)大鼠(15、60日龄,雌雄不限)均由陆军军医大学动物实验中心提供,C57BL/6J小鼠(5周龄,18、25、28、45日龄,雌雄不限)购自恩斯维尔生物技术有限公司,rd1小鼠(28日龄,雌雄不限)购自赛业生物科技有限公司。实验期间,所有小鼠饲养于陆军军医大学第一附属医院实验动物中心,饲养于SPF级环境,湿度49%~55%,温度22~25 ℃,12 h/12 h明暗循环。所有小鼠在饲养期间自由饮水和进食无菌标准饲料。所有动物实验获得陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20242082),并按照该委员会的指导原则以及视觉与眼科研究协会(Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, ARVO)的相关规定进行。
将尿苷(MCE,美国)溶于PBS中。实验使用5周龄C57BL/6J小鼠(雌雄不限,体质量20~30 g),任意选取1眼进行单次视网膜下腔注射2 μL 100 mmol/L尿苷溶液(SRI-Uridine),对侧眼则注射等体积无菌PBS作为对照(SRI-PBS,n=6)。注射后第7天,进行视网膜电图(electroretinogram, ERG)检测。检测完毕经CO2短暂麻醉后,采用颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠。处死后立即摘取眼球,分别进行以下处理:收集视网膜组织,用于后续RT-qPCR检测;制备视网膜冰冻切片,用于免疫荧光染色、TUNEL染色及外核层(outer nuclear layer,ONL)厚度分析。将14日龄(P14)的rd10小鼠(雌雄不限,体质量7~10 g)采用随机数字表法分为(n=3):MRS2578治疗(rd10-MRS)组和溶媒对照(rd10-vehicle)组;自P14起,每日通过腹腔注射给予rd10-MRS组小鼠3 mg/kg的MRS2578(MCE,美国),rd10-vehicle组则注射等体积溶媒(含0.6%二甲基亚砜的玉米油),连续注射7 d;最后1次注射(P21)后,进行ERG检测并采集视网膜组织以制备视网膜冰冻切片,用于免疫荧光染色、TUNEL染色及ONL厚度分析。将15日龄(P15)RCS大鼠(雌雄不限,体质量25~30 g)采用随机数字表法分为(n=3):MRS2578治疗(RCS-MRS)组和溶媒对照(RCS-vehicle)组;自P15起,每日通过腹腔注射给予RCS-MRS组大鼠3 mg/kg MRS2578,RCS-vehicle组注射等体积上述溶媒,连续干预15 d;最后1次注射(P30)后,进行ERG检测,收集视网膜组织并制备冰冻切片,用于免疫荧光染色及ONL厚度分析。
分别采集以下动物的视网膜组织:28日龄(P28)rd1小鼠(雌雄不限,n=3)及其同龄C57BL/6J对照(雌雄不限,n=3)、45日龄(P45)rd10小鼠(雌雄不限,n=3)及其同龄C57BL/6J对照(雌雄不限,n=3),以及60日龄(P60)RCS大鼠(雌雄不限,n=4)与其同龄RCS-rdy对照(雌雄不限,n=4)。所有样本采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)。通过ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3超高效液相色谱仪(Waters公司,美国)串联SCIEXQTRAP 6500质谱仪(AB SCIEX公司,美国)对样品进行测定,采用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式对尿苷进行定性定量分析。上述检测工作由北京航检检测服务有限公司完成。
分别采集18、25和45日龄(P18、P25、P45)rd10小鼠[雌雄不限,每日龄5个样本(每个样本由3只小鼠的视网膜组织混合而成)]及同龄对照C57BL/6J小鼠[雌雄不限,每日龄5个样本(每个样本由3只小鼠的视网膜组织混合而成)]的视网膜组织,进行嘧啶代谢物的相对定量分析。所有代谢组学检测由苏州帕诺米克生物医药科技有限公司完成,采用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术(ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, UPLC-HRMS)。视网膜样本采集与处理:精确分离神经视网膜与下方的视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium, RPE),并小心移除晶状体、玻璃体等相邻结构。将分离的视网膜置于预冷的PBS中漂洗,以去除污染物及残留的RPE细胞。组织经匀浆后溶解于80%甲醇,于4 ℃下以12 000 ×g离心10 min,上清液通过0.22 μm滤膜过滤,滤液转移至液相色谱样品瓶中,于-80 ℃保存直至上机分析。所有样品取等量混合,制备质量控制样本。UPLC-HRMS数据分析:原始数据通过ProteoWizard软件(v3.0.8789)转换为mzXML格式。使用R包XCMS(R-v3.3.2)进行峰识别、过滤与对齐。代谢物鉴定基于多个公共数据库及自建数据库完成,包括Metlin、MoNA、Lipidmaps、mzCloud以及帕诺米克生物医药科技有限公司自有的代谢组数据库。
23、30、40日龄(P23、P30和P40)rd10小鼠和C57BL/6J小鼠的视网膜转录组数据分别从公共基因表达数据库GEO(GSE178928[28], GSE94534[29])和本课题组前期研究[11]中获取。使用R软件(版本4.4.0)对转录组的原始count值数据进行处理,采用DESeq2包进行2组之间的差异分析,校正后的P<0.05且FC>2为差异表达基因。根据差异分析结果,选取差异表达基因中识别到的P2ry基因,利用R中的heatmap包绘制其表达热图。
采用ERG评估小鼠/大鼠视觉功能,具体操作参照先前建立的方法[30]。实验前,将所有小鼠/大鼠置于完全黑暗环境中适应至少12 h,以使感光细胞达到最大敏感性。使用含3%异氟烷的纯氧诱导小鼠/大鼠麻醉,随后以1.5%~2.0%的异氟烷维持麻醉状态。麻醉稳定后,于双眼各滴入1滴散瞳剂与局部麻醉剂,使用加热垫将小鼠/大鼠体温维持在37 ℃。记录电极时使用1对活性金环电极,分别置于双眼角膜表面,参考电极置于口腔内,接地电极置于尾部。暗适应结束后,使用RETI-Port系统(Roland Consult,德国)记录不同光刺激强度下的ERG反应,并提取a波与b波振幅。其中,用于统计分析及波形绘制的闪光强度为3.0 cd·s/m2。
经CO2短暂麻醉后,采用颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠/大鼠后,迅速摘取眼球,置于4%PFA中,4 ℃固定30 min。随后去除角膜及晶状体,将剩余视杯继续用4%PFA固定90 min。固定后的组织经4 ℃下30%蔗糖梯度脱水过夜,用OCT包埋剂包埋,并于冷冻切片机上制备10 μm厚切片。选取过视乳头的完整视网膜切片贴附于载玻片,进行后续免疫荧光染色。切片经PBS洗涤后,于37 ℃条件下使用含0.5%Triton X-100、1%BSA和10%山羊血清的PBS进行破膜与封闭,孵育30 min。随后切片与一抗(Iba1;Wako,日本;1∶500)在4 ℃孵育过夜,一抗稀释液为含0.5%Triton X-100、1%BSA和3%山羊血清的PBS。PBS洗涤后,于37 ℃与相应二抗(568 goat-rabbit,488 goat-rabbit;Invitrogen,美国;1∶400)孵育1 h。采用DAPI复染细胞核,封片后在荧光显微镜下观察并采集图像。
采用一步法TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(碧云天,中国),按照制造商说明书对视网膜冰冻切片进行细胞凋亡检测。对于需同时进行TUNEL检测与免疫荧光染色的样本,先完成TUNEL检测反应,随后在4 ℃下与一抗孵育过夜。二抗选用与荧光染料偶联的对应抗体,使用方法参照说明书建议。使用DAPI染色细胞核,通过蔡司LSM 880共聚焦显微镜在相应激发/发射波长下采集图像。
为分析视网膜ONL厚度,利用DAPI染色的全景图像区分视网膜各层结构。每组实验选取3只小鼠或大鼠,每只动物取3张经过视神经乳头的视网膜冰冻切片进行DAPI染色。将视神经乳头定义为起始位置(标记为0),分别于视网膜颞侧和鼻侧选定距离视神经乳头一定范围的区域,使用Image J软件测量该处ONL的垂直厚度。
总RNA使用TRIzol试剂(TaKaRa,日本)提取,样本来源于经视网膜下腔注射尿苷或PBS的C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜(n=3),以及45日龄(P45) rd10小鼠与其同日龄C57BL/6J对照小鼠的视网膜(n=3)。按照制造商说明书,采用含gDNA去除剂的PrimeScriptTM FAST RT试剂盒(TaKaRa,日本),以1 μg总RNA为模板合成cDNA。使用TB Green® Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ Fast qPCR试剂(TaKaRa,日本)在CFX96实时荧光定量PCR系统(Bio-Rad,美国)上进行RT-qPCR反应。所用引物序列见表1。每个反应设置3个技术重复,目标基因的相对表达量通过2-ΔΔCt法进行计算,并以β-actin作为内参基因进行归一化[31]。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析及图表绘制。实验数据来源于至少3次独立生物学重复,以x¯±s表示。两组间比较采用非配对t检验;多组比较中,单因素设计采用单因素方差分析;双因素设计采用双因素方差分析,并结合Bonferroni事后检验进行组间差异分析。P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
为探讨尿苷在RP中的作用,本研究检测了不同RP模型视网膜组织中的尿苷含量。与各自同日龄的C57BL/6J小鼠相比,P28的rd1小鼠和P45的rd10小鼠视网膜中尿苷含量均显著升高(P<0.05,图1A、B);而与同日龄的RCS-rdy大鼠相比,P60的RCS大鼠视网膜中尿苷含量则无明显变化(图1C)。为进一步明确尿苷在RP病程中的动态变化,本研究在rd10小鼠变性起始期(P18)、高峰期(P25)和终末期(P45)进行了嘧啶代谢物的相对定量检测。结果显示,与同日龄C57BL/6J小鼠相比,rd10小鼠视网膜嘧啶代谢物尿苷水平随疾病进展呈现持续性上升趋势(P<0.000 1,图1D)。这些结果提示,尿苷的积累特异性地发生于原发性感光细胞变性(rd1/rd10)模型中,而在源于RPE功能障碍的RCS大鼠模型中并未出现。尿苷在rd10小鼠的疾病全程中持续上调,提示尿苷可能与RP的病理进程密切相关。
鉴于尿苷在rd10模型中的特异性积累,本研究推测其可能具有直接致病性。为此,本研究对5周龄健康C57BL/6J小鼠进行单侧视网膜下腔注射尿苷,对侧眼注射等量PBS作为对照。结果显示,尿苷注射后第7天,与对照眼相比,尿苷注射眼的a波和b波振幅均显著降低(P<0.05,图2A、B),提示视网膜功能受损。并且,本研究发现尿苷注射区域的ONL厚度较对照组相比显著变薄(P<0.000 1,图2C),凋亡感光细胞的数量增加(P<0.01,图2D、E)。尿苷注射区域的小胶质细胞被显著激活,向ONL迁移并呈现激活的阿米巴样形态(P<0.01,图2D、F)。这表明,外源性尿苷可在正常视网膜中诱发类似RP的视网膜功能与结构损伤,且该过程与小胶质细胞活化密切相关。
为明确尿苷激活小胶质细胞及促进视网膜变性的分子机制,本研究对其潜在受体进行了探究。C57BL/6J小鼠视网膜下腔注射尿苷7 d后,与对侧PBS注射眼相比,尿苷注射眼中多种P2Y亚型的编码基因受体中,P2ry2与P2ry6亚型的mRNA表达上调,其中P2ry6上调最为显著(P<0.05,图3A)。对已发表的rd10小鼠视网膜转录组数据进行挖掘,也证实P2ry6亚型在疾病进程中持续高表达(P<0.05,图3B),提示P2Y6R可能是尿苷的关键作用靶点。
本研究在rd10小鼠变性启动前使用P2Y6R特异性抑制剂MRS2578进行干预(图4A)。结果显示,MRS2578治疗显著改善了小鼠视功能,表现为a波与b波振幅提高(P<0.05,图4B、C),并有效保留了ONL厚度(图4D)。进一步分析发现,MRS2578治疗有效减少了感光细胞的凋亡(P<0.05,图4E、G),同时降低了视网膜中活化小胶质细胞的数量(P<0.000 1,图4F、H)。通过Imaris软件对小胶质细胞进行三维重建与定量形态学分析发现,MRS2578处理促使小胶质细胞的胞体体积缩小(P<0.01,图4I)、球形指数降低(P<0.01,图4J),并且Sholl分析显示其突起长度和分支末端数量显著增加(图4K),表明其从活化的阿米巴样向静息的分支样逆转。以上结果表明,在rd10模型中,尿苷主要通过激活小胶质细胞上的P2Y6R驱动视网膜变性。
为验证尿苷-P2Y6R信号轴在RP中参与感光细胞变性的普适性,本研究进一步在病理机制不同的RCS大鼠模型中进行了平行实验。与rd10小鼠的结果相反,在RCS大鼠中使用MRS2578抑制P2Y6R,视网膜功能并未得到显著改善(图5A、B)。组织学分析表明,MRS2578处理未能有效保留ONL厚度(图5D),且未能抑制小胶质细胞活化(图5C、E)。上述结果表明,尿苷-P2Y6R信号轴在rd10小鼠模型中主动驱动小胶质细胞活化及视网膜变性,抑制P2Y6R具有显著保护作用;然而,该信号轴在RCS大鼠的变性进程中并非主要驱动因素,或根本未被激活,因此靶向抑制无效,证明其致病作用具有病理机制特异性。
本研究为探讨rd10小鼠视网膜中尿苷异常积累的来源,故检测了P45的rd10小鼠视网膜中参与调控尿苷合成与代谢的关键酶基因表达水平(Upp1、Upp2、Uck1和Uck2)。RT-qPCR结果显示,与对照组相比,rd10视网膜中Upp1(P<0.05)、Upp2(P<0.01)和Uck1(P<0.01)表达均显著上调,而Uck2则无明显变化(图6A~D)。视网膜嘧啶代谢物的相对定量检测显示,rd10小鼠视网膜中尿苷增加,同时伴随其直接前体UMP及代谢产物尿嘧啶水平下降的趋势(图6E)。本研究推测,在变性过程中,大量死亡或应激的感光细胞可能释放出过量的尿苷,导致外源性尿苷涌入并超过视网膜自身的代谢清除能力,从而引起其在组织中的积累。
本研究通过系统分析rd1小鼠、rd10小鼠及RCS大鼠这3类经典RP模型,揭示尿苷在RP疾病进程中的特异性积累现象,并阐明其通过激活小胶质细胞P2Y6R,进而驱动神经炎症与感光细胞变性的新机制。本研究不仅确定了尿苷-P2Y6R轴在部分RP病理中的核心作用,也凸显了不同病因背景下视网膜变性机制的异质性,为RP的精准治疗提供了新的代谢与免疫干预视角。
代谢组学作为连接基因表达与最终表型的关键桥梁,已在眼科疾病研究中展现出重要价值[32-33]。以往针对RP动物模型和患者的代谢和蛋白组学分析均提示,嘧啶与嘌呤核苷酸代谢通路存在显著改变[10, 34]。尿苷虽已被证实参与糖尿病视网膜病变及青光眼等疾病的发病过程[23-24],但其在RP中的作用尚未明确。本研究发现,在携带Pde6β基因突变的rd1与rd10小鼠(原发性感光细胞变性)[26]视网膜中,尿苷水平明显升高,且在rd10模型中随疾病进展呈持续上升趋势,这提示尿苷可作为RP病程的潜在代谢标志物。相比之下,在因RPE细胞Mertk基因突变导致其吞噬功能障碍而致病的RCS大鼠模型(继发性感光细胞变性)[27]中,尿苷含量并未发生显著变化。这一差异表明,尿苷的积累可能特异地与感光细胞自身原发性的凋亡过程相关,而非所有类型RP的共同病理表现。
为探讨rd10小鼠视网膜中尿苷积累的原因,本研究进一步分析了尿苷合成与代谢相关酶(Upp1、Upp2、Uck1和Uck2)[35-38]的表达情况。结果显示,与对照组相比,rd10视网膜中Upp1、Upp2及Uck1表达显著上调,而Uck2则无明显变化。与此同时,代谢物检测发现尿苷水平升高,而其直接前体UMP和下游产物尿嘧啶均有所减少。这一系列变化提示,视网膜细胞可能正通过多种适应性反应应对尿苷积累。Upp1和Upp2的上调反映细胞试图将过量尿苷分解为尿嘧啶,尿嘧啶水平的降低则说明该分解产物被快速利用,暗示细胞对核苷酸前体的需求增强。此外,Uck1的上调表明细胞正积极将尿苷磷酸化为UMP,试图通过补救合成途径维持嘧啶核苷酸池的稳定。然而,尽管这些清除与补救机制均被上调,尿苷仍持续积累,说明外源性输入可能已超过细胞自身的代谢调节能力。UMP水平并未随尿苷增加而上升,反而降低,这进一步支持尿苷积累并非源于细胞内从头合成的增强,而更可能来自外部。低水平的UMP与上调的Uck1共同提示,细胞正主动摄取并利用细胞外尿苷,以应对可能因广泛细胞死亡所致的细胞内核苷酸缺乏。在这个过程中,视网膜细胞试图通过回收凋亡细胞释放的尿苷来缓解核苷酸耗竭,然而细胞死亡的规模超出了其代谢清除能力,最终导致尿苷在组织中净积累。
本研究发现,外源性尿苷在健康视网膜中足以诱发类似RP的视功能损伤和感光细胞凋亡。生理状态下,尿苷被认为具有神经营养与再生保护作用,其水平通常随衰老而下降[19-20]。然而,本实验中,当高浓度尿苷被局部注射至健康小鼠视网膜下腔后,却引发了显著的损伤效应,表现为视觉功能下降、ONL厚度变薄、小胶质细胞活化及感光细胞凋亡增加。这一结果提示,在RP的病理微环境中异常积累的尿苷,并非发挥代偿性保护作用,而是直接参与视网膜变性的致病过程。本研究进一步表明,尿苷的神经毒性作用主要由小胶质细胞上的P2Y6R介导。视网膜下腔注射尿苷后,小胶质细胞被显著激活并向ONL迁移,形态转变为活化的阿米巴样。在多种可能响应尿苷的P2Y受体[39-41]中,调控小胶质细胞功能的P2ry6[42]的mRNA表达出现明显上调,提示尿苷可能通过该受体调控小胶质细胞功能。为进一步验证尿苷-P2Y6R轴在视网膜变性中的作用,本研究在rd10小鼠视网膜变性启动前,采用P2Y6R特异性抑制剂MRS2578进行全身干预。结果显示,抑制P2Y6R不仅显著改善了视网膜功能、减少了感光细胞凋亡,还促使活化的小胶质细胞向静息的分支状表型转变。以上结果表明,在rd10小鼠模型中,异常积累的尿苷可通过激活小胶质细胞P2Y6R,触发其活化并加剧视网膜变性进程。
本研究揭示了一个关键现象是尿苷-P2Y6R轴在视网膜变性中的作用具有显著的病理机制特异性。在RCS大鼠模型中,尽管其视网膜变性过程同样伴随小胶质细胞活化,但尿苷水平并未出现显著升高,且使用P2Y6R抑制剂MRS2578进行治疗,未能观察到视网膜功能或结构上的改善。这一结果提示,不同病因导致的RP中,小胶质细胞的活化可能由不同的信号通路驱动。在rd1/rd10小鼠这类由原发性感光细胞缺陷引发视网膜变性的模型中,尿苷-P2Y6R轴构成了连接感光细胞死亡与继发性神经炎症的核心环节。而在RCS大鼠这类由RPE功能障碍引发继发性感光细胞变性的模型中,小胶质细胞的早期活化可能主要源于RPE来源的炎症信号或未被清除的感光细胞外节碎片堆积[43-45],嘌呤能信号在其中并不占据主导地位。这一发现进一步揭示了RP发病机制的多样性,也提示未来的治疗策略应当基于具体的病因进行精准分型。针对尿苷-P2Y6R轴的干预手段,更适用于那些由原发性感光细胞变性所引起的RP患者亚型。
本研究存在以下局限性:①部分实验组样本量偏小(n=3),虽符合初步探索要求且主要效应显著,但后续应合理扩大样本量以增强统计效能。②尽管本研究采用的视网膜下腔注射模型与RP的病理机制更为契合,但这种急性损伤在造成严重结构破坏的同时,也可能掩盖尿苷在RP慢性进展中的动态生物学效应。③rd1/rd10小鼠视网膜中异常积累的尿苷来源尚不明确。本研究基于代谢酶表达谱和代谢物水平变化,推测rd10小鼠视网膜中异常积累的尿苷可能来源于凋亡的感光细胞,但此推论缺乏直接证据。④本研究使用P2Y6R特异性抑制剂MRS2578取得了显著的保护效果,但药理学抑制剂可能存在脱靶效应。⑤本研究发现尿苷-P2Y6R轴在RCS大鼠模型中未显示作用,提示其机制具有模型特异性,未来需要在更多RP模型中验证该通路的普遍性与特殊性。
综上所述,本研究表明,在原发性感光细胞变性的RP模型中,尿苷可通过激活小胶质细胞P2Y6R,进而驱动神经炎症反应并加速感光细胞丢失。这提示尿苷-P2Y6R信号轴或可作为治疗特定RP亚型的新靶点。同时,研究中对不同模型机制差异的揭示,也强调了在临床转化过程中对RP患者进行病因分层与实施精准医疗的重要性。后续工作需在更多与人类RP相关的基因模型中进一步验证该通路,以推动这一基础发现向延缓乃至阻止RP进展的有效治疗手段的转化。

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2026年第48卷第9期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602052
  • 接收时间:2026-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-09
  • 修回日期:2026-02-25
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院眼科,重庆
    2重庆医科大学附属第二医院眼科,重庆
    3重庆医科大学附属大学城医院眼科,重庆

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谢晶,E-mail:
徐海伟,E-mail:
XIE Jing,E-mail:
XU Haiwei,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ljjydxxb/CN/10.16016/j.2097-0927.202602052
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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