Article(id=1320442347394027767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769097600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-23, revisedDate=1773331200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747588251, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747588251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747588251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747588251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442289126752969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='971', pageEnd='1128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747574359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749820502, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1067, endPage=1081, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442347800875256, articleId=1320442347394027767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Luteolin induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and senescence in myelodysplastic syndrome cells by targeting the Akt signaling pathway, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are associated with a high risk of progression to leukemia, highlighting the critical need to explore novel therapeutic agents. Based on network pharmacology prediction and molecular docking, we hypothesized that luteolin (LUT) might induce cellular senescence and apoptosis in MDS cells by targeting the Akt signaling pathway. This study aims to verify its targets and molecular mechanisms through experimental studies.

Methods

By integrating multiple databases, such as PharmMapper and GeneCards, common targets of LUT and MDS were screened. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database and visualized with Cytoscape software to identify key targets. The DAVID database was employed for the functional enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and the pathway enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for the common targets. Molecular docking between LUT and the key targets was performed using AutoDock software, and the docking efficacy was evaluated by analyzing the binding energy. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using Gromacs to observe the ligand-receptor interactions and conformational changes. MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells were used as experimental models. After treating the cells with different concentrations of LUT for 24 h (MUTZ-1:0、15、30、60 μmol/L,MOLM-13:0、4、8、16 μmol/L), cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay, DNA synthesis capacity was assessed by EdU assay, colony formation was examined by soft agar assay, morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis rates were detected by flow cytometry, senescence was assessed by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining, mRNA expression levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors were determined by RT-qPCR, and protein expression levels were examined by Western blotting.

Results

A total of 568 LUT targets and 2 348 MDS-related targets were screened, yielding 228 intersecting targets. The intersecting targets were imported into the DAVID database. GO functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that biological processes were enriched in the responses to oxidative stress and cellular senescence; cellular components were enriched in protein kinase complex and secretory granule lumen; and molecular functions were enriched in protein kinase activity and cytokine receptor binding. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed predominant enrichment in key pathways including the Akt signaling pathway, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. The PPI network constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software identified the top 10 key targets, as IL6, NFKB1, STAT3, TNF, JUN, BCL2, ALB, CASP3, Akt1 and IL1B. Molecular docking results indicated that the binding energy between LUT and Akt1 was -6.25 kcal/mol, suggesting a strong interaction. The molecular dynamics simulation results demonstrated stable binding between LUT and the Akt1 target. In vitro experimental results showed that LUT inhibited the proliferation of both MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of LUT acting on MUTZ-1 cells for 24 h was 29.960 μmol/L, and that on MOLM-13 cells for 24 h was 8.654 μmol/L. Treatment of MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells with various concentrations of LUT for 24 h significantly inhibited DNA synthesis and colony formation (P<0.01). The treatment of LUT at different concentrations for 24 h resulted in significant increases in intracellular ROS and mitochondrial ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), and elevation of apoptosis rates in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). TEM revealed obvious apoptotic morphological features in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after 24 h of LUT treatment. The protein levels of Cleaved PARP and Cleaved caspase-3, and the pro-apoptotic protein BAX were significantly upregulated, and that of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 was significantly downregulated. SA-β-Gal staining showed that the proportion of senescent cells was significantly increased in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment for 24 h, along with enhanced expression of related SASP factors (P<0.001), and significant upregulation of senescence-associated proteins p53, p21 and p16. After LUT treatment for 24 h, the protein expression of p-Akt (Ser473) and p-MDM2 (Ser166) was significantly downregulated, while the total Akt protein expression showed no significant change.

Conclusion

LUT may induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and senescence in MDS cells by targeting the Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of MDS cells.

, authors=Jiarun LI, Xueqing YANG, Guancui YANG, Xiaolong TIAN, Jinyi LIU, Xi ZHANG, authorsList=Jiarun LI, Xueqing YANG, Guancui YANG, Xiaolong TIAN, Jinyi LIU, Xi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinyi LIU, Xi ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442350921437447, articleId=1320442347394027767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=木犀草素通过靶向Akt信号通路诱导骨髓增生异常综合征细胞线粒体依赖性凋亡与衰老, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndromes, MDS)患者具有较高的白血病转化风险,亟须探索新型治疗药物。基于网络药理学预测及分子对接验证,提出木犀草素(luteolin, LUT)可能通过靶向Akt信号通路诱导MDS细胞衰老与凋亡,并通过实验验证其作用靶点及分子机制。

方法

通过整合PharmMapper、GeneCards等数据库,筛选出LUT与MDS的共同靶点。运用STRING数据库和Cytoscape软件构建蛋白互作(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络图,确定关键靶点。利用DAVID数据库对共同靶点进行GO功能分类和KEGG通路富集分析。采用AutoDock软件对LUT与关键靶点进行分子对接,并通过结合能分析对接效果。随后用Gromacs进行分子动力学模拟,观察配体与受体的相互作用和构象变化。采用MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞作为研究模型,不同浓度LUT处理细胞24 h后,CCK-8检测细胞活力,EdU检测细胞DNA合成能力,软琼脂实验检测细胞克隆形成,透射电镜观察细胞形态变化,流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、线粒体ROS、线粒体膜电位和细胞凋亡水平,β-半乳糖苷酶(senescence-associated β-galactosidase, SA-β-Gal)染色检测细胞衰老情况,RT-qPCR检测衰老相关分泌表型因子(senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, SASP)mRNA表达水平,Western blotting检测相关蛋白的表达水平。

结果

共筛选出LUT靶点568个,MDS相关靶点2 348个,两者交集靶点228个。将交集靶点导入DAVID数据库,GO功能富集显示,生物过程富集于氧化应激响应、细胞衰老等;细胞组分富集于蛋白激酶复合物、分泌颗粒腔等;分子功能富集于蛋白激酶活性、细胞因子受体结合等。KEGG通路富集分析显示,主要富集于Akt 信号通路、细胞衰老和凋亡等。经STRING数据库和Cytoscape软件构建PPI网络图筛选出排名前十的关键靶点,分别是IL6、NFKB1、STAT3、TNF、JUN、BCL2、ALB、CASP3、Akt1和IL1B。分子对接结果显示,LUT与Akt1的结合能为-6.25 kcal/mol,具有较强的相互作用。分子动力学模拟结果显示,LUT与靶点Akt1结合稳定。体外实验结果显示,LUT能抑制MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞增殖,且呈剂量依赖性。LUT作用于MUTZ-1细胞24 h后的半数抑制浓度(half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)为29.960 μmol/L,作用于MOLM-13细胞24 h后IC50为8.654 μmol/L。使用不同浓度LUT(MUTZ-1:0、15、30、60 μmol/L,MOLM-13:0、4、8、16 μmol/L)处理MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞24 h后,可明显抑制细胞DNA合成和克隆形成(P<0.01),细胞内ROS和线粒体ROS水平增加呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05),且细胞内线粒体膜电位下降呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。透射电镜结果显示,LUT作用24 h后MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞中出现明显的细胞凋亡形态。不同浓度LUT作用24 h后细胞凋亡率增加,且呈现剂量依赖性(P<0.05),Cleaved PARP和Cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达显著上调,抗凋亡蛋白BCL-2表达显著下调,促凋亡蛋白BAX表达显著上调。SA-β-Gal染色显示,LUT作用24 h后MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞衰老比例明显增加,相关SASP表达显著升高(P<0.001),衰老相关蛋白p53、p21、p16表达显著上调,细胞p-Akt(Ser473)蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.05),总Akt蛋白无明显变化,p-MDM2(Ser166)蛋白水平显著下调(P<0.001)。

结论

LUT可能通过靶向Akt信号通路诱导MDS细胞发生线粒体依赖性凋亡与衰老,从而抑制MDS细胞增殖。

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张曦,Email:
刘金宜, Email:
ZHANG Xi, E-mail:
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Br J Pharmacol, 2020, 177(10): 2393-2408., articleTitle=Luteolin prevents irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis in mice through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320442351256981768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442351269564681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, companyId=1320442351256981768, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Medical Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442351298924810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, companyId=1320442351256981768, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院血液病医学中心,创伤与化学中毒国家重点实验室,血液病与微环境重庆市重点实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320442355073798449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Enrichment analysis of intersecting targets and screening of core targets between luteolin (LUT) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), figureFileSmall=fYTXwOo9wLwz8NcUOP2eZQ==, figureFileBig=EJ4bIaQjbZTsfOoov6fOvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355145101618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=CN, label=图1, caption=LUT和MDS交集靶点富集分析及核心靶点筛选

A: GO enrichment analysis; B: KEGG enrichment analysis; C: Visualization and optimization of PPI network using Cytoscape software; D: Identification and screening of hub genes in the PPI network with CytoHubba plugin

, figureFileSmall=fYTXwOo9wLwz8NcUOP2eZQ==, figureFileBig=EJ4bIaQjbZTsfOoov6fOvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355325456691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Molecular docking verification and molecular dynamics simulation analysis of LUT with core target Akt1, figureFileSmall=YXzx6KkzWKImjUaX+WVR2A==, figureFileBig=KcUiG+6TlM0ROCYV8J6O1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355400954164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=CN, label=图2, caption=LUT与核心靶点Akt1的分子对接验证及动力学模拟分析

A: Schematic diagram of molecular docking results between LUT and Akt1; B: RMSD values of the protein-ligand complex; C: Rg values of the protein-ligand complex; D: SASA values of the protein-ligand complex; E: HBonds values of the protein-ligand complex; F: RMSF values of the protein-ligand complex; G: Free energy landscape of the protein-ligand complex

, figureFileSmall=YXzx6KkzWKImjUaX+WVR2A==, figureFileBig=KcUiG+6TlM0ROCYV8J6O1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355468063029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Inhibitory effects of LUT on proliferation, DNA synthesis and colony formation capacity of MDS cells, figureFileSmall=mm7Ut8Eu7PbhPAUCsT+NdQ==, figureFileBig=ftjbov3ne5Yrw5WOV6oh5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355530977590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LUT抑制MDS细胞增殖、DNA合成及克隆形成

A: LUT inhibited the proliferation of MUTZ-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h treatment; B: LUT inhibited the proliferation of MOLM-13 cells in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h treatment; C: LUT inhibited the DNA synthesis capacity of MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after 24 h treatment; D: LUT inhibited the colony formation of MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells; E: Number of colonies of MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment; F: EdU-positive rates in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment

, figureFileSmall=mm7Ut8Eu7PbhPAUCsT+NdQ==, figureFileBig=ftjbov3ne5Yrw5WOV6oh5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355593892151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=LUT induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in MDS cells, figureFileSmall=y/XgjdFNEkMpMl86dcFOUw==, figureFileBig=U2HWpphYgQ9Ko4Hm6Zuv/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355656806712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=CN, label=图4, caption=LUT诱导MDS细胞氧化应激和线粒体功能损伤

A: ROS levels in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment; B: Mitochondrial ROS levels in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment; C: Mitochondrial membrane potential in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment

, figureFileSmall=y/XgjdFNEkMpMl86dcFOUw==, figureFileBig=U2HWpphYgQ9Ko4Hm6Zuv/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355728109881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Morphological features, apoptosis rates and expression of apoptosis-related proteins in MDS cells induced by LUT treatment, figureFileSmall=j3M4cqwTDRnx7+0zy1YE3A==, figureFileBig=jwFhEfpvuzV4QFCObnA6Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355803607354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=CN, label=图5, caption=LUT诱导MDS细胞凋亡的形态特征、凋亡率及相关蛋白表达

A: Apoptosis morphology of MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells under electron microscopy after LUT treatment;B: Apoptosis rates of MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment; C: Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in MUTZ-1 cells after LUT treatment; D: Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment

, figureFileSmall=j3M4cqwTDRnx7+0zy1YE3A==, figureFileBig=jwFhEfpvuzV4QFCObnA6Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355887493435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Phenotype and molecular characteristics of senescence induced by LUT in MDS cells, figureFileSmall=eO2EiE/c8uwPMJq/0YeDNg==, figureFileBig=I3qarP4tugjT3ZGPW567fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442355971379516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LUT诱导MDS细胞衰老的表型及分子特征

A: SA-β-gal staining for cellular senescence in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment; B: Expression of SASP factors in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment; C and D: Expression of senescence-associated proteins in MUTZ-1 cells (C) and MOLM-13 cells (D) after LUT treatment

, figureFileSmall=eO2EiE/c8uwPMJq/0YeDNg==, figureFileBig=I3qarP4tugjT3ZGPW567fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442356038488381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=LUT induced apoptosis and senescence in MDS cells by regulating the Akt signaling pathway, figureFileSmall=eEJwzezdX18XJRxtG5Fqew==, figureFileBig=Rk0Gb2sxVK6W/WGqxjL3Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442356105597246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442347394027767, language=CN, label=图7, caption=LUT通过调控Akt相关信号通路诱导MDS细胞凋亡及衰老

A: Protein expression of Akt, p-Akt (Ser473), MDM2 and p-MDM2 (Ser166) in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells; B to E: Quantitative analysis of protein levels of Akt (B), p-Akt(Ser473, C), MDM2 (D), and p-MDM2 (Ser166, E); F: Schematic diagram of LUT-mediated regulation of the Akt signaling pathway

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李佳润 , 杨学清 , 杨官翠 , 田小龙 , 刘金宜 **, ** , 张曦 *, *
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(8): 1067-1081
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (8) : 1067 -1081
木犀草素通过靶向Akt信号通路诱导骨髓增生异常综合征细胞线粒体依赖性凋亡与衰老
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李佳润, 杨学清, 杨官翠, 田小龙, 刘金宜**, ** , 张曦*, *
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院血液病医学中心,创伤与化学中毒国家重点实验室,血液病与微环境重庆市重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
张曦,Email:
刘金宜, Email:
ZHANG Xi, E-mail:
LIU Jinyi,E-mail:
Luteolin induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and senescence in myelodysplastic syndrome cells by targeting the Akt signaling pathway
Jiarun LI, Xueqing YANG, Guancui YANG, Xiaolong TIAN, Jinyi LIU , Xi ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1Medical Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601091
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目的

骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndromes, MDS)患者具有较高的白血病转化风险,亟须探索新型治疗药物。基于网络药理学预测及分子对接验证,提出木犀草素(luteolin, LUT)可能通过靶向Akt信号通路诱导MDS细胞衰老与凋亡,并通过实验验证其作用靶点及分子机制。

方法

通过整合PharmMapper、GeneCards等数据库,筛选出LUT与MDS的共同靶点。运用STRING数据库和Cytoscape软件构建蛋白互作(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络图,确定关键靶点。利用DAVID数据库对共同靶点进行GO功能分类和KEGG通路富集分析。采用AutoDock软件对LUT与关键靶点进行分子对接,并通过结合能分析对接效果。随后用Gromacs进行分子动力学模拟,观察配体与受体的相互作用和构象变化。采用MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞作为研究模型,不同浓度LUT处理细胞24 h后,CCK-8检测细胞活力,EdU检测细胞DNA合成能力,软琼脂实验检测细胞克隆形成,透射电镜观察细胞形态变化,流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、线粒体ROS、线粒体膜电位和细胞凋亡水平,β-半乳糖苷酶(senescence-associated β-galactosidase, SA-β-Gal)染色检测细胞衰老情况,RT-qPCR检测衰老相关分泌表型因子(senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, SASP)mRNA表达水平,Western blotting检测相关蛋白的表达水平。

结果

共筛选出LUT靶点568个,MDS相关靶点2 348个,两者交集靶点228个。将交集靶点导入DAVID数据库,GO功能富集显示,生物过程富集于氧化应激响应、细胞衰老等;细胞组分富集于蛋白激酶复合物、分泌颗粒腔等;分子功能富集于蛋白激酶活性、细胞因子受体结合等。KEGG通路富集分析显示,主要富集于Akt 信号通路、细胞衰老和凋亡等。经STRING数据库和Cytoscape软件构建PPI网络图筛选出排名前十的关键靶点,分别是IL6、NFKB1、STAT3、TNF、JUN、BCL2、ALB、CASP3、Akt1和IL1B。分子对接结果显示,LUT与Akt1的结合能为-6.25 kcal/mol,具有较强的相互作用。分子动力学模拟结果显示,LUT与靶点Akt1结合稳定。体外实验结果显示,LUT能抑制MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞增殖,且呈剂量依赖性。LUT作用于MUTZ-1细胞24 h后的半数抑制浓度(half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)为29.960 μmol/L,作用于MOLM-13细胞24 h后IC50为8.654 μmol/L。使用不同浓度LUT(MUTZ-1:0、15、30、60 μmol/L,MOLM-13:0、4、8、16 μmol/L)处理MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞24 h后,可明显抑制细胞DNA合成和克隆形成(P<0.01),细胞内ROS和线粒体ROS水平增加呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05),且细胞内线粒体膜电位下降呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。透射电镜结果显示,LUT作用24 h后MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞中出现明显的细胞凋亡形态。不同浓度LUT作用24 h后细胞凋亡率增加,且呈现剂量依赖性(P<0.05),Cleaved PARP和Cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达显著上调,抗凋亡蛋白BCL-2表达显著下调,促凋亡蛋白BAX表达显著上调。SA-β-Gal染色显示,LUT作用24 h后MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞衰老比例明显增加,相关SASP表达显著升高(P<0.001),衰老相关蛋白p53、p21、p16表达显著上调,细胞p-Akt(Ser473)蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.05),总Akt蛋白无明显变化,p-MDM2(Ser166)蛋白水平显著下调(P<0.001)。

结论

LUT可能通过靶向Akt信号通路诱导MDS细胞发生线粒体依赖性凋亡与衰老,从而抑制MDS细胞增殖。

骨髓增生异常综合征  /  木犀草素  /  凋亡  /  衰老
Objective

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are associated with a high risk of progression to leukemia, highlighting the critical need to explore novel therapeutic agents. Based on network pharmacology prediction and molecular docking, we hypothesized that luteolin (LUT) might induce cellular senescence and apoptosis in MDS cells by targeting the Akt signaling pathway. This study aims to verify its targets and molecular mechanisms through experimental studies.

Methods

By integrating multiple databases, such as PharmMapper and GeneCards, common targets of LUT and MDS were screened. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database and visualized with Cytoscape software to identify key targets. The DAVID database was employed for the functional enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and the pathway enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for the common targets. Molecular docking between LUT and the key targets was performed using AutoDock software, and the docking efficacy was evaluated by analyzing the binding energy. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using Gromacs to observe the ligand-receptor interactions and conformational changes. MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells were used as experimental models. After treating the cells with different concentrations of LUT for 24 h (MUTZ-1:0、15、30、60 μmol/L,MOLM-13:0、4、8、16 μmol/L), cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay, DNA synthesis capacity was assessed by EdU assay, colony formation was examined by soft agar assay, morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis rates were detected by flow cytometry, senescence was assessed by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining, mRNA expression levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors were determined by RT-qPCR, and protein expression levels were examined by Western blotting.

Results

A total of 568 LUT targets and 2 348 MDS-related targets were screened, yielding 228 intersecting targets. The intersecting targets were imported into the DAVID database. GO functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that biological processes were enriched in the responses to oxidative stress and cellular senescence; cellular components were enriched in protein kinase complex and secretory granule lumen; and molecular functions were enriched in protein kinase activity and cytokine receptor binding. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed predominant enrichment in key pathways including the Akt signaling pathway, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. The PPI network constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software identified the top 10 key targets, as IL6, NFKB1, STAT3, TNF, JUN, BCL2, ALB, CASP3, Akt1 and IL1B. Molecular docking results indicated that the binding energy between LUT and Akt1 was -6.25 kcal/mol, suggesting a strong interaction. The molecular dynamics simulation results demonstrated stable binding between LUT and the Akt1 target. In vitro experimental results showed that LUT inhibited the proliferation of both MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of LUT acting on MUTZ-1 cells for 24 h was 29.960 μmol/L, and that on MOLM-13 cells for 24 h was 8.654 μmol/L. Treatment of MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells with various concentrations of LUT for 24 h significantly inhibited DNA synthesis and colony formation (P<0.01). The treatment of LUT at different concentrations for 24 h resulted in significant increases in intracellular ROS and mitochondrial ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), and elevation of apoptosis rates in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). TEM revealed obvious apoptotic morphological features in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after 24 h of LUT treatment. The protein levels of Cleaved PARP and Cleaved caspase-3, and the pro-apoptotic protein BAX were significantly upregulated, and that of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 was significantly downregulated. SA-β-Gal staining showed that the proportion of senescent cells was significantly increased in MUTZ-1 and MOLM-13 cells after LUT treatment for 24 h, along with enhanced expression of related SASP factors (P<0.001), and significant upregulation of senescence-associated proteins p53, p21 and p16. After LUT treatment for 24 h, the protein expression of p-Akt (Ser473) and p-MDM2 (Ser166) was significantly downregulated, while the total Akt protein expression showed no significant change.

Conclusion

LUT may induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and senescence in MDS cells by targeting the Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of MDS cells.

myelodysplastic syndromes  /  luteolin  /  apoptosis  /  senescence
李佳润, 杨学清, 杨官翠, 田小龙, 刘金宜, 张曦. 木犀草素通过靶向Akt信号通路诱导骨髓增生异常综合征细胞线粒体依赖性凋亡与衰老. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1067 -1081 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601091
Jiarun LI, Xueqing YANG, Guancui YANG, Xiaolong TIAN, Jinyi LIU, Xi ZHANG. Luteolin induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and senescence in myelodysplastic syndrome cells by targeting the Akt signaling pathway[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1067 -1081 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601091
骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndromes, MDS)是一类具有高度异质性的血液系统恶性肿瘤,以骨髓细胞异常增殖和无效造血为特征,极易进展为急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia, AML)[1]。目前MDS治疗需要根据国际预后评分系统(international prognostic scoring system, IPSS)及其修订版(revised international prognostic scoring system, IPSS-R)对患者进行风险分层[2],其中低危患者以支持治疗和改善造血功能为主,高危患者则以去甲基化药物为一线治疗手段[3]。异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT)是目前唯一可治愈高危MDS的方法,然而受患者年龄、合并症及供体来源等因素的限制,多数患者无法进行allo-HSCT[4-6],导致超过50%的高危MDS患者进展为AML。因此,探索新型靶向药物和治疗策略,对改善患者预后具有重要意义[7, 8]。
天然药物来源广泛、生物相容性良好且毒性较低,是当前抗肿瘤药物研发的重要方向[9]。其通过多靶点、多通路的协同作用,广泛调控肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭与转移等过程[10]。木犀草素(luteolin, LUT)是一种来源于植物的天然黄酮类化合物,具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等药理活性[11]。已有研究证实,LUT可靶向谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)诱导结肠癌细胞铁死亡,同时GPX4下调可促进肿瘤微环境中M1型巨噬细胞极化和CD8+T细胞活化,增强抗肿瘤免疫应答[12]。此外,LUT通过抑制信号转导与转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3)磷酸化,下调解痉多肽表达型肠上皮化生(spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia, SPEM)中脂质运载蛋白2(lipocalin 2, LCN2)的表达,可减轻胃黏膜损伤[13]。LUT与临床抗肿瘤药物联用可发挥协同作用,例如,与紫杉醇联用时可协同抑制食管鳞状细胞癌,并减轻紫杉醇导致的肝毒性[14]。综上,LUT具有显著的抗肿瘤活性且体内毒性较低,为血液肿瘤治疗方案的开发和优化提供了新的方向。
本研究综合运用网络药理学、分子对接、分子动力学模拟及细胞实验等方法,系统探究了LUT在MDS中的抗肿瘤作用及分子机制,为LUT应用于MDS的临床治疗提供了实验依据。
胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)和1640培养基购自美国Gibco公司;LUT购自上海阿拉丁生化科技公司;CCK-8试剂购自日本同仁公司;Agarose购自瑞士Lonza公司;MTT购自美国Invitrogen公司;Mito SOX Red、TMRE购自美国MCE公司;Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit活性氧检测试剂盒购自上海翌圣生物科技公司;Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡流式检测试剂盒、EdU细胞增殖检测试剂盒、RIPA裂解液、蛋白酶抑制剂混合物、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、细胞衰老β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒均购自上海碧云天生物科技公司;Tubulin、BAX、BCL-2、Cleaved caspase-3、Cleaved PARP、p53、p21、p16抗体、辣根过氧化物酶山羊抗兔二抗、辣根过氧化物酶山羊抗鼠二抗均购自美国CST公司;GAPDH、Akt、p-Akt(Ser473)、MDM2抗体购自武汉三鹰生物科技公司;p-MDM2(Ser166)抗体购自上海爱必信生物科技公司;ECL发光试剂盒购自美国Millipore公司;用于PCR和荧光定量PCR的引物均由北京擎科生物科技公司合成细胞总RNA提取试剂盒购自北京天根生化科技有限公司;多功能酶标仪购自美国Thermo Fisher公司;倒置荧光显微镜购自日本OLYMPUS公司;流式细胞仪购自美国Beckman Coulter公司;电泳仪、ChemiDoc XRS+Imager高灵敏度化学发光成像系统、T100 Thermal Cycler PCR仪、CFX96荧光定量PCR仪均购自美国Bio-Rad公司。
在PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)输入“luteolin”关键词获得SDF格式及SMILES序列。整合PharmMapper(http://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/)、TargetNet(http://targetnet.scbdd.com/)、SwissTargetPrediction(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/)、CTD(https://ctdbase.org/)数据库结果,预测LUT可能的作用靶点。同时,在GeneCards(https://www.genecards.org/)、OMIM(https://www.omim.org/)、TTD(https://db.idrblab.net/)、DisGeNET(https://www.disgenet.org/)数据库中输入“myelodysplastic syndromes”进行检索,获得MDS的基因靶点。将LUT与MDS靶点数据取交集,并使用Venny 2.1.0构建维恩图[15],进行可视化。将交集靶点导入STRING数据库(https://string-db.org/)中,设定物种为“Homo sapiens”,蛋白互作置信度≥0.4,随后将STRING数据库导出的PPI网络数据导入Cytoscape软件,构建蛋白互作网络图。设定了每个节点大小,颜色深浅代表Degree值大小,并将Degree值较高的点表示在最内层,区分出高连接度的关键节点。在DAVID(https://david.ncifcrf.gov)数据库中将筛选得到的共同靶点进行GO和KEGG富集分析,并使用微生信平台(http://www.bioinformatics.com.cn)进行可视化。
将LUT的SDF结构文件导入Chem3D并进行能量最小化处理,完成后导出PDB格式。从PDB数据库(https://www.rcsb.org/)下载靶蛋白结构文件,使用Pymol 2.6.2软件去除水分子和磷酸根。接下来,使用Autodock Tools 1.5.7对蛋白和小分子进行格式处理并设置对接盒子,采用AutoDock Vina完成分子对接并筛选最优结合构象,通过Pymol 2.6.2绘制配体与关键氨基酸残基相互作用的3D结构图。
使用Gromacs 2023进行分子动力学模拟,首先将对接后的靶蛋白PDB文件通过pdb2gmx转换为Gromacs兼容的拓扑文件。蛋白质选用AMBER99SB力场,溶剂模型选用TIP3P。AMBER99SB力场对蛋白质结构、动力学性质及构象变化具有良好的描述能力,是生物大分子模拟中应用最广泛的力场之一。使用Sobtop工具处理Pymol 2.6.2导出的配体mol2文件,生成拓扑参数。小分子选用GAFF2力场,其对小分子的电荷、键长、键角及非键相互作用参数描述较为完善,与AMBER系列力场兼容性良好。将复合物置于边长1 nm立方体周期性盒子进行溶剂化,并通过gmx genion工具添加抗衡离子使体系呈电中性。体系依次进行能量最小化、NVT恒温平衡和NPT恒压平衡,稳定温度至310 K、压力1 bar后,开展100 ns正式动力学生产模拟。模拟结束后,利用gmx工具分别计算体系的均方根偏差(root mean square deviation, RMSD)、均方根波动(root mean square fluctuation, RMSF)、氢键数量、回旋半径(radius of gyration, Rg)及溶剂可及表面积(solvent accessible surface area, SASA),并通过gmx sham构建自由能形貌图(free energy landscape, FEL)。
MDS细胞株MUTZ-1、MOLM-13均购自广州吉尼欧生物科技公司,使用含20% FBS、1%三抗的1640培养基进行培养,培养条件为37 ℃、5% CO2。将细胞以1×104个/孔接种于96孔板,分别加入不同浓度LUT作用24 h(MUTZ-1:10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100 μmol/L;MOLM-13:2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20 μmol/L),每组设置3个复孔。加入10 μL CCK-8试剂,放回细胞培养箱孵育4 h,酶标仪检测450 nm处吸光度值OD450。计算细胞增殖抑制率=(对照组OD450-处理组OD450)/对照组OD450×100%。
将细胞以1×106个/孔接种于6孔板中,加入0、15、30、60 μmol/L的LUT处理MUTZ-1细胞24 h,加入0、4、8、16 μmol/L的LUT处理MOLM-13细胞24 h。随后加入EdU工作液孵育2 h,收集细胞使用4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,1×PBS溶液洗涤3次后,加入通透液室温孵育15 min,配制EdU反应液加入样品中,避光孵育30 min,1×PBS溶液洗涤3次后,加入Hoechst 33342染色30 min,荧光显微镜下观察并拍照记录。
用培养基将3.5% Agar胶稀释为0.7%的下层胶,以2 mL/孔的量加入6孔板中,4 ℃静置15 min凝固。分别对MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞进行计数(3 000/孔),将细胞重悬于0.35% Agar胶中,加入对应浓度LUT后1.5 mL/孔加入6孔板中,4 ℃静置2 h待其凝固后,放入细胞培养箱培养。4周后加入200 μL MTT进行染色,拍照并对克隆形成数目进行统计。
将细胞以1×106个/孔接种于6孔板中,分别加入不同浓度的LUT作用24 h,收集细胞,1×PBS溶液洗涤1次,加入终浓度为1 μmol/L的DCFH-DA、MitoSox Red和TMRE工作液500 μL,室温避光孵育30 min后用流式细胞仪检测ROS、线粒体ROS和线粒体膜电位变化。
将细胞以1×106个/孔接种于6孔板中,分别加入不同浓度的LUT作用24 h,收集细胞,1×PBS溶液洗涤1次,加入1 mL电镜固定液室温固定2 h,转移至4 ℃保存,后由武汉塞维尔生物科技公司完成检测。
将细胞以1×106个/孔接种于6孔板中,分别加入不同浓度的LUT作用24 h,收集细胞,1×PBS溶液洗涤1次,加入195 μL Annexin V-FITC结合液轻轻重悬细胞,随后加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC和10 μL碘化丙啶染色液,室温避光孵育30 min后用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。
将细胞以1×106个/孔接种于6孔板中,分别加入不同浓度的LUT作用24 h,收集细胞,1×PBS溶液洗涤1次。加入1 mL β-半乳糖苷酶染色固定液,室温固定15 min,1×PBS溶液洗1次。每管加入1 mL染色工作液,37 ℃孵育过夜,次日在普通光学显微镜下观察并拍照。
将细胞以1×106个/孔接种于6孔板中,分别加入不同浓度的LUT作用24 h,收集细胞,1×PBS溶液洗涤1次。细胞总RNA提取试剂盒提取mRNA,使用NanoDrop分光光度计检测RNA浓度,将提取好的RNA逆转录为cDNA,进行RT-qPCR检测IL-6、IL-1β、IL-8、IL-1α、CCL5 mRNA表达。反应条件为变性95 ℃、30 s;扩增反应95 ℃、10 s,60 ℃、30 s,95 ℃、15 s,40个循环;熔解曲线60 ℃、60 s,95 ℃、15 s。采用2-∆∆CT法进行相对定量分析。
使用LUT处理MDS细胞24 h后,离心收集细胞。加入含蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液100 μL,冰上裂解30 min,12 000 r/min离心10 min并取上清,使用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。加入25 μL 5×loading buffer,100 ℃金属浴加热10 min。配制10% SDS-PAGE胶进行电泳,完成后转至PVDF膜上,快速封闭液封闭30 min,4 ℃过夜孵育稀释好的一抗溶液。其中一抗BAX、BCL-2、Cleaved caspase-3、Cleaved PARP、p53、p21、p16、Akt、p-Akt(Ser473)、MDM2、p-MDM2(Ser166)溶液稀释比例为1∶1 000;GAPDH、Tubulin稀释比例为1∶5 000。1×TBST洗涤3次,每次10 min,二抗室温孵育2 h,1×TBST洗涤3次,每次10 min。配制显影液,使用化学发光成像系统采集图像。
使用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行统计分析与作图。所有实验均设置3个及以上复孔或重复3次及以上,数据采用x¯±s表示。两组间比较使用t检验,多组间比较使用one-way ANOVA分析,以P<0.05表示存在统计学差异。
从PubChem数据库获取LUT结构式,PharmMapper、SwissTargetPrediction、TargetNet和CTD数据库筛选共获得568个LUT相关靶点,GeneCards、OMIM、TTD和DisGeNET数据库筛选获得2 348个MDS相关靶点。通过取两者交集,最终获得228个可能参与LUT抗MDS作用的交集靶点,用于后续网络构建与机制研究。使用DAVID数据库对交集靶点进行GO和KEGG富集分析,并根据富集结果可视化相关通路。GO富集分析中,生物过程(biological process, BP)富集于氧化应激响应、细胞衰老等,在细胞组分(cellular component, CC)、富集于蛋白激酶复合物、分泌颗粒腔等,分子功能(molecular function, MF)则富集于蛋白激酶活性、细胞因子受体结合等条目(图1A)。KEGG通路富集结果表明,LUT可能通过Akt信号通路、细胞衰老、凋亡等途径发挥治疗作用(图1B)。
将交集靶点导入STRING数据库,通过排除孤立靶点构建PPI网络,使用Cytoscape进行可视化处理,得到包含54个节点、1 314条相互作用关系的PPI网络图(图1C)。使用插件工具Centiscape 2.2和cytoHubba进行中心性分析,并通过Degree值进行筛选。最终筛选出10个核心靶点,分别是IL6、NFKB1、STAT3、TNF、JUN、BCL2、ALB、CASP3、Akt1、IL1B(图1D)。
LUT与核心靶点Akt1分子对接分析结果显示,结合能为-6.25 kcal/mol,表明两者具有较强的相互作用(图2A)。进一步对Akt1-LUT复合物开展分子动力学模拟,其中RMSD用于评估蛋白与配体的构象稳定性,同时能够反映原子位置与起始位置的偏差程度,通常偏差程度越小表明结构越稳定。从模拟结果来看,Akt1-LUT复合物体系的RMSD在50~85 ns间平稳波动,85 ns后出现轻微波动,整体波动范围控制在0.55 nm以内,表明LUT小分子与Akt1靶蛋白结合时具有较高的稳定性(图2B)。Rg用于衡量蛋白质整体构象的紧致程度,Rg值越小,说明蛋白结构越紧凑。在模拟过程中,Akt1-LUT复合物Rg波动较为平稳,表明该复合物未发生明显的扩张或收缩,整体构象保持稳定(图2C)。SASA指蛋白质分子表面可被溶剂水分子接触的总面积,可用于反映蛋白结构的舒展程度及疏水区的暴露情况。Akt1靶蛋白与LUT受体结合后,复合物的SASA无明显变化,说明蛋白与小分子能够实现稳定结合,未因结合作用导致蛋白结构发生显著舒展或疏水区域异常暴露(图2D)。氢键是维持配体-靶蛋白复合物结合稳定的重要非共价作用力,其数量及持续存在时间可直观反映小分子与蛋白的结合强度。模拟结果显示,Akt1-LUT复合物的氢键数量在0~2之间波动,多数情况下维持在1个左右,表明LUT与Akt1之间可形成稳定的氢键相互作用(图2E)。RMSF用于衡量氨基酸残基在模拟过程中的波动幅度,数值越低,表明该区域的构象越稳定。Akt1-LUT复合物的RMSF值整体相对较低,多数氨基酸残基的RMSF值在0.3 nm以下,提示复合物的构象柔性较弱,整体结构稳定性良好(图2F)。FEL模拟用于分析复合物的构象分布及稳定性,其中蓝色区域代表自由能最低,对应构象最稳定(图2G)。综合上述各项模拟结果可知,LUT与Akt1靶蛋白结合作用良好,形成的复合物具有较高的稳定性。
采用CCK-8实验检测LUT对MDS细胞增殖的影响,结果表明,LUT给药后MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞增殖能力受到明显抑制,并呈现剂量依赖性。对药物半数抑制浓度(half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)进行拟合,MUTZ-1和MOLM-13细胞中LUT作用24 h的IC50分别为29.960 μmol/L和8.654 μmol/L(图3A、B)。EdU结果表明,LUT处理后能显著抑制MDS细胞的DNA合成能力(P<0.01,图3C、F)。软琼脂克隆形成结果表明,LUT处理后能够显著抑制MDS细胞克隆形成(P<0.001,图3D、E)。以上结果共同表明LUT可抑制MDS细胞增殖。
通过流式细胞术检测LUT处理后MDS细胞ROS,结果显示,LUT处理后细胞ROS水平增加,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05,图4A)。进一步检测LUT处理后MDS细胞线粒体ROS变化,结果表明,LUT处理后线粒体ROS呈剂量依赖性增加(P<0.05,图4B)。通过TMRE染色检测线粒体膜电位变化情况,结果显示,LUT处理可使MDS细胞线粒体膜电位下降(P<0.05,图4C)。以上结果表明,LUT可诱导MDS细胞ROS产生、线粒体超氧化物增加及线粒体膜电位降低,引发线粒体氧化应激损伤。
电镜观察到LUT处理24 h后MDS细胞出现典型的细胞凋亡形态(图5A)。通过流式细胞术检测LUT处理后的细胞凋亡率,结果显示,与对照组相比,LUT处理后细胞凋亡率增加,且呈现剂量依赖性(P<0.05,图5B)。Western blotting结果表明,LUT处理后,Cleaved PARP、Cleaved caspase-3表达显著上调,抗凋亡蛋白BCL-2表达显著下调,促凋亡蛋白BAX表达显著上调(图5C、D)。以上结果表明LUT通过调控BCL-2和BAX表达,诱导细胞发生线粒体依赖的细胞凋亡。
通过SA-β-Gal细胞衰老染色试剂对LUT作用后的MDS细胞进行染色并于倒置显微镜下观察细胞蓝染情况,结果显示,与对照组相比,LUT处理后细胞衰老比例明显增加(图6A)。使用RT-qPCR检测LUT处理后对MDS细胞SASP的影响,与对照组相比,LUT处理后SASP相关因子mRNA表达显著升高(P<0.001,图6B)。Western blotting结果表明,LUT处理后,衰老相关蛋白p53、p21、p16表达显著上调(图6C、D),说明LUT可以诱导MDS细胞发生衰老。
Western blotting结果显示,与对照组相比,LUT处理后p-Akt(Ser473)表达显著下调(P<0.05,图7A、C),而对总Akt无明显影响(图7B)。与此同时,p-MDM2(Ser166)表达显著下调(P<0.05,图7E),总MDM2表达也下调(P<0.01,图7D)。结合之前的结果,我们认为LUT可能是通过调控Akt相关信号通路诱导MDS细胞发生线粒体依赖性的凋亡和衰老,具体作用机制详见示意图(图7F)。
LUT在多种血液肿瘤中均展现出良好的治疗潜力,其作用机制随肿瘤类型不同呈现出明显的多样性。在费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病(philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Ph+ALL)中,LUT主要通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路,诱导ALL细胞发生线粒体依赖性凋亡[16]。在HL-60白血病细胞株中,LUT作用机制有所不同,其通过激活c-Jun信号通路以及ERK/JNK介导的组蛋白H3乙酰化过程,上调Fas/FasL的表达水平,进而激活caspase-8/3级联反应,最终诱导细胞启动外源性凋亡程序[17]。此外,药物递送策略的优化进一步拓展了LUT的临床应用前景。例如,将LUT通过氧化锌纳米颗粒递送后,可诱导MOLM-13细胞出现铁代谢失衡,导致脂质过氧化物大量蓄积、谷胱甘肽耗竭,同时伴随ACSL4表达上调以及GPX4、FTH1、SLC7A11蛋白水平下调,最终通过激活细胞铁死亡途径发挥抗肿瘤作用[18]。在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, DLBCL)中,LUT的作用靶点转向细胞周期调控,其通过抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路,将细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[19]。在多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM)中,LUT还可对多发性骨髓瘤干细胞样细胞(multiple myeloma stem-like cells, MMSCs)产生特异性干预作用,通过降低ALDH1+细胞比例,增强肿瘤细胞对硼替佐米的治疗敏感性[20]。本研究初步证实了LUT可通过抑制Akt磷酸化、减少MDM2介导的p53泛素化降解,稳定激活p53蛋白,最终诱导MDS细胞发生凋亡与衰老。以上结果表明,LUT在血液肿瘤中具有多靶点和多通路的作用特征,且作用机制具有显著的肿瘤类型特异性。其中,PI3K/Akt信号通路在LUT治疗多种血液肿瘤中具有关键调控作用,可能是LUT发挥抗肿瘤效应的关键靶点。
LUT抑制MOLM-13和MUTZ-1细胞增殖的IC₅₀差异较大,MOLM-13细胞的IC₅₀明显低于MUTZ-1细胞。该差异可能与两细胞系的遗传背景及分子特征有关,MUTZ-1细胞表达CD13、CD33等髓系标志物,呈现髓系前体细胞表型,同时伴有+8、+13等染色体数目异常[21]。而MOLM-13细胞携带FLT3-ITD突变,伴有PI3K/Akt信号通路异常激活[22]。之前的研究表明,PI3K/Akt信号通路是LUT发挥抗肿瘤作用的关键调控通路,MOLM-13细胞中PI3K/Akt信号通路异常活化可能会导致LUT治疗更敏感,后续研究需要结合不同MDS细胞系的遗传学特征对LUT的疗效进行综合评估。
P53是调控细胞凋亡通路的关键分子,在DNA损伤、氧化应激等刺激下被激活后,可直接结合BAX启动子区域并上调其转录,进一步增强凋亡信号[23]。同时,p53的蛋白稳定性受Akt/MDM2信号通路调控,Akt可通过磷酸化MDM2促进p53发生泛素化降解[24]。抑制Akt活性能够降低MDM2磷酸化水平,使胞内p53得以稳定并上调BAX表达,从而启动线粒体凋亡通路[25]。除了调控细胞凋亡,p53还可通过转录激活p21等周期抑制蛋白,使细胞周期发生阻滞并诱导衰老表型[26]。本研究结果显示,LUT可与Akt蛋白发生相互作用,降低MDM2磷酸化水平,进而提高p53蛋白表达。激活后的p53一方面可通过上调p21诱导细胞周期阻滞和衰老,另一方面可通过调控BAX等促凋亡蛋白启动线粒体凋亡途径。然而,本研究缺乏对凋亡和衰老发生的时序和内在联系的探究。已有研究表明,细胞周期阻滞、凋亡和衰老是p53抑制肿瘤的主要方式,p53的激活程度及靶基因的选择性表达,会对细胞的衰老和凋亡偏向产生影响[27]。抑制BCL-xL可将p53转录应答的效应从衰老转向凋亡,并通过caspase依赖性下调p21等细胞周期相关蛋白[28]。基于以上机制,为进一步验证LUT是否通过调控p53活性及其靶基因的选择性表达,影响MDS细胞凋亡与衰老的偏向性,后续可在LUT处理6 h、12 h等不同时间点动态检测衰老与凋亡相关指标,明确两种表型的先后顺序。同时构建p53敲低的MDS细胞模型,在相同LUT处理条件下比较对照组与敲低组中凋亡和衰老相关靶基因的表达变化,进一步明确p53在LUT诱导MDS细胞凋亡与衰老中的功能作用。
此外,尽管本研究证实LUT可显著影响Akt和MDM2的磷酸化水平,并诱导细胞凋亡率升高和衰老相关表型的变化,但目前尚未明确Akt与MDM2之间的上下游调控关系。因此,后续有必要开展Akt过表达与敲低介导的功能回补实验,进一步验证Akt是否为LUT发挥抗肿瘤作用的关键靶点,阐明Akt与MDM2之间的上下游调控关系。
基于前期实验结果,LUT在MDS的临床前研究中展现出较高的临床转化潜力。为系统评估其治疗效果,需进一步在细胞系来源的异种移植模型(cell-derived xenograft, CDX)和患者来源的异种移植模型(patient-derived xenograft, PDX)中开展体内药效学评价。评价内容包括体内药效动力学验证、靶点与通路验证、凋亡与衰老标志物检测及安全性评价等。其中,体内药效动力学验证可观察LUT对小鼠肿瘤进展和生存期的影响,靶点与通路验证则通过检测肿瘤组织中Akt、MDM2、p53、BAX、BCL-2、p21等相关分子的表达与活化状态进一步明确。凋亡与衰老标志物检测可通过脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp nick-end labeling, TUNEL)和SA-β-Gal染色,在组织水平明确LUT可诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡与衰老。安全性评价则通过监测小鼠体质量变化、血常规及肝肾功能,评估LUT的体内毒性。通过上述实验评估,可为后续LUT转化研究的开展提供理论依据。
LUT联合用药的治疗潜力也为其临床转化提供了新方向,已有研究证实其与多种抗肿瘤药物及天然活性成分联用,可提升疗效并降低药物不良反应。LUT联合奥沙利铂可协同抑制结直肠癌细胞增殖,通过促进凋亡、抑制HO-1介导的细胞保护实现化疗增敏[29]。HER1/HER2酪氨酸激酶抑制剂拉帕替尼与LUT联用时,可协同上调FOXO3a与NQO1的表达水平,二者是调控乳腺癌化疗敏感性的关键因子,可增强药物的治疗效果[30]。LUT不仅可与多种化疗药物发挥协同抗肿瘤效应,还能减轻其引发的毒副作用。例如LUT通过调节超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽等氧化应激相关指标,可缓解阿霉素所致的神经毒性[31]。此外,LUT可通过提升内源性抗氧化剂水平、调控炎症因子表达,减轻化疗药物伊立替康导致的肠黏膜损伤[32]。
综上,联合用药是MDS临床治疗的重要策略,可通过药物协同作用提升治疗效果并降低毒副作用。将LUT与MDS一线治疗药物阿扎胞苷或地西他滨联合,有望增强肿瘤细胞对去甲基化药物的敏感性,从而改善MDS患者对去甲基化药物耐药,提升药物治疗效果。BCL-2抑制剂维奈克拉联合阿扎胞苷是目前高危MDS患者的有效治疗方案,本研究证实LUT可调控BCL-2家族蛋白及凋亡信号通路,理论上能与维奈克拉协同作用。继发性铁过载是输血依赖的MDS患者的常见并发症,通过探索LUT与铁螯合剂地拉罗司的联合应用,可在抑制肿瘤进展的同时减轻铁过载导致的器官损伤。

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2026年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601091
  • 接收时间:2026-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-23
  • 修回日期:2026-03-13
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院血液病医学中心,创伤与化学中毒国家重点实验室,血液病与微环境重庆市重点实验室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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