Article(id=1320441130454470851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768320000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-14, revisedDate=1770307200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747298110, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747298110, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747298110, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747298110, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441063936996073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='831', pageEnd='970', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747282251, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749796678, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=831, endPage=846, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441132132192452, articleId=1320441130454470851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Development of an analytical system for renal spatial immune microenvironment using imaging mass cytometry, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely associated with the disruption of renal spatial immune microenvironment. This study aimed to develop an integrated experimental and analytical system for dissecting the immune microenvironment of CKD using imaging mass cytometry (IMC), thereby enabling panoramic analysis of single-cell spatial immune microenvironment in CKD renal tissues.

Methods

① Antigenic markers targeting renal structural units, stromal cells, and immune cells were screened to construct a mass cytometry imaging antibody panel; all metal-conjugated antibodies were validated for specificity by immunohistochemistry. ②Two normal kidney biopsy specimens adjacent to ureteral carcinoma, 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN), and 2 IgA nephropathy (IgAN) renal biopsy specimens were collected, stained with the aforementioned antibodies, and subjected to image data acquisition using the Hyperion imaging system to obtain multiplexed spatial data. ③ An integrated Ilastik and CellProfiler workflow was established for single-cell segmentation pipeline tailored for renal tissues, and cell identity annotation was achieved using a combination of manual gating and Phenograph unsupervised clustering. ④ Spatial proximity relationships between cells were defined, and permutation testing was employed to simulate random distribution models to examine spatial relationships between tissue cells and immune cells. ⑤ k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm was applied for spatial clustering, and cellular neighborhoods (CNs) were used to delineate the spatial functional units within renal tissue, followed by analysis of the immunological characteristics and relative abundance of these units.

Results

①A 37-color antibody panel was constructed and optimized, with all antibodies demonstrating high specificity and low background noise; this panel enabled accurate identification of renal structural cells, stromal cells, and infiltrating immune cells. ② High-dimensional IMC imaging data were successfully obtained from normal and CKD renal tissues using the Hyperion imaging system. ③ With the aid of the single-cell segmentation pipeline, a high-resolution single-cell atlas of human kidney was systematically mapped, comprising 21 structural cell types and 17 immune cell subtypes. Immune cell populations such as CD15⁺ macrophages, GzmK⁺ CD4⁺ effector T cells, and 3 distinct double-positive renal tubular cells were identified, revealing differential infiltration of immune cells in DN and IgAN tissues. ④ A single-cell spatial interaction analysis framework was established, demonstrating a disease-specific spatial interaction network of immune cells in CKD tissues, and identifying myofibroblasts as a critical spatial hub connecting tissue injury and immune cell infiltration.⑤ Spatial neighborhood analysis delineated 9 functional units of renal tissue, including glomerular, proximal tubular, ascending limb of the loop of Henle, vascular and fibrotic, and immune cell-enriched regions. In diseased tissues, the proportion of normal functional regions was decreased, whereas the proportions of fibrotic and immune-enriched regions were increased significantly. Moreover, immune cell-enriched zones maintained close colocalization with various functional regions, while vascular and fibrotic regions were predominantly adjacent to collecting duct and ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Conclusion

An IMC methodology tailored for the spatial analysis of renal tissue is successfully developed. This platform enables high-resolution, panoramic visualization of spatial distribution of immune cells in chronic renal tissues, dissecting spatial interactions between immune and structural cells and characteristics of local immune microenvironment. This technology holds promise to advance the development of spatially informed precision diagnostics and targeted therapeutic strategies for renal diseases.

, authors=Jiawen LIU1, Qun XIANG2, 3, Yichao SHEN2, Jiangnan ZHANG4, Li YIN3, Yi TIAN5, Jingbo ZHANG4, Zeqing FENG2, 3, Yuzhang WU1, 5, authorsList=Jiawen LIU, Qun XIANG, Yichao SHEN, Jiangnan ZHANG, Li YIN, Yi TIAN, Jingbo ZHANG, Zeqing FENG, Yuzhang WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zeqing FENG, Yuzhang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441133453398225, articleId=1320441130454470851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=利用成像质谱流式技术建立肾脏空间免疫微环境的分析体系, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

慢性肾病的进展与肾脏空间免疫微环境的紊乱密切相关,本研究旨在利用成像质谱流式技术(imaging mass cytometry, IMC),开发出一套解析慢性肾病免疫微环境的实验和分析体系,以用于全景式解析慢性肾病肾脏组织的单细胞空间免疫微环境。

方法

①筛选针对肾脏结构单元、基质细胞和免疫细胞的抗原标志物,构建质谱流式成像抗体组合,金属标记的抗体均通过免疫组织化学实验完成抗体特异性验证;②选取2例输尿管癌旁的正常肾脏活检组织、2例糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)和2例免疫球蛋白A肾病(IgA nephropathy, IgAN)患者的肾穿刺活检组织,利用上述抗体进行染色孵育,通过Hyperion成像系统完成图形数据采集;③整合Ilastik与CellProfiler技术建立针对肾组织的单细胞分割流程,结合手动圈门与Phenograph无监督聚类算法完成细胞身份注释;④建立细胞间的空间邻近关系,利用置换检验对随机分布模型进行模拟,解析组织细胞与免疫细胞之间的空间关系;⑤采用k近邻(k-nearest neighbors,kNN)算法进行空间聚类,通过细胞邻域(cellular neighborhoods, CNs)划分出肾脏组织的空间功能单元,进而分析这些功能单元的免疫学特征和比例。

结果

①构建并优化出了1个37色的抗体组合,抗体均显示出高特异性和低背景噪声,该抗体组合可精准识别肾脏的结构细胞,基质细胞和浸润的免疫细胞;②通过Hyperion成像系统获得正常与2种慢性肾病的肾组织高维成像图片;③通过单细胞拆分流程系统绘制了21种肾脏组织细胞和17种免疫细胞的人类肾脏高分辨率单细胞图谱,鉴定出了CD15+巨噬细胞、GzmK+CD4+效应T细胞等免疫细胞以及 3种新型的双阳性肾小管细胞,展现了DN与IgAN肾病组织中浸润免疫细胞的差异性;④建立了单细胞的空间互作分析方法,展现了慢性肾病组织中免疫细胞空间互作网络,发现肌成纤维细胞作为连接组织损伤与免疫细胞浸润的关键空间枢纽;⑤通过空间邻域分析可以将肾脏结构划分为肾小球区、近端小管区、髓袢升支区、血管和纤维化区与免疫细胞富集区等9个功能单元。病变组织中正常功能结构区域占比下降,而纤维化与免疫富集区比例显著上升。其中免疫细胞富集区普遍与各功能区域保持紧密共定位,而血管和纤维化区主要与收集管区和髓袢升支区相邻。

结论

本研究成功开发了一套适用于肾脏组织成像的IMC方法学体系。该体系能高分辨率全景展现免疫细胞在慢性肾脏组织中的空间分布,解析了免疫细胞与组织细胞空间互作和局部免疫微环境特征。本技术将推动基于空间特征的肾脏病精准诊断和靶向治疗策略开发。

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吴玉章, E-mail:
冯泽清, E-mail:
WU Yuzhang, E-mail:
FENG Zeqing, E-mail:
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Nat Rev Nephrol, 2020, 16(6): 317-336., articleTitle=The tubular hypothesis of nephron filtration and diabetic kidney disease, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441133675696338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441133684084947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441133675696338, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441133692473556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441133675696338, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南方医科大学基础医学院免疫学教研室,广东 广州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320441133772165333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441133780553942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441133772165333, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441133784748247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441133772165333, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆国际免疫研究院,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320441133843468504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441133851857113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441133843468504, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441133860245722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441133843468504, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320441133927354587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441133935743196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441133927354587, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441133944131805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441133927354587, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院肾内科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320441134007046366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441134015434975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441134007046366, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441134023823584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, companyId=1320441134007046366, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院免疫学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441138247487769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Visualization of in situ human kidney pathomorphology by 37-pixel IMC, figureFileSmall=2WkOZbHWmOyUaJpZUkyFWg==, figureFileBig=ta9Tbq10jthIrDouwR7vdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138310402330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于37参数IMC技术的人类肾脏原位病理形态可视化

A: experimental workflow and IMC antibody panel. Renal biopsy samples (2 IgAN patients, 2 DN patients) and renal excision tissues (2 health controls) were each prepared into 2 sets of 3-μm consecutive sections. One set of sections was stained with a panel of 37 metal-conjugated antibodies and visualized using IMC. The other set was subjected to HE staining for histopathological control; B: comparison of IHC and IMC staining for each antigen in representative kidney tissue sections, demonstrating concordant antigen expression and validating the specificity of the IMC antibody panel. IMC: imaging mass cytometry; IgAN: IgA nephropathy; DN: diabetic nephropathy

, figureFileSmall=2WkOZbHWmOyUaJpZUkyFWg==, figureFileBig=ta9Tbq10jthIrDouwR7vdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138482368795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=IMC elucidates structural cell populations and spatial distribution in nephrotic tissues, figureFileSmall=yMjuLBPIDg3ikXvrmc30oQ==, figureFileBig=o+0Xl4lpA2BSKzsVkh5o4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138536894748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=CN, label=图2, caption=IMC技术阐明肾病组织中的结构细胞群体与空间分布

A: healthy renal tissue showing pseudocolored overlays of 7 ion channels highlighting glomerular and tubular markers; B: IgAN biopsy tissue with spatial changes in marker expression; C: DN biopsy tissue illustrating differential spatial patterns

, figureFileSmall=yMjuLBPIDg3ikXvrmc30oQ==, figureFileBig=o+0Xl4lpA2BSKzsVkh5o4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138595615005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=IMC elucidates immune cell populations and spatial distribution in nephrotic tissues, figureFileSmall=y4d2GmMGX6QUlQ4XCLrVjw==, figureFileBig=LUYwlTEvRny0DZvrYEtzXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138662723870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=CN, label=图3, caption=IMC技术阐明肾病组织中的免疫细胞群体与空间分布

A: Selected markers depict the scattered distribution of lymphocytes and macrophages within normal kidney tissue. Arrows indicate CD20-positive B cells, CD4-positive CD4+T cells, CD8-positive CD8+T cells, and CD68-positive macrophage; B and C: Selected markers depict immune infiltration of kidney in pathological conditions, included IgAN (B) and DN (C). In all these ROIs collected by IMC, glomeruli are mainly represented Nestin in red, kidney tubules are displayed by 5 markers, AQP-1, AQP-2, CK-7, CALB, and UMOD in blue. Additional boxes (B, C) phenotype immune cells by different marker combinations. Scale bars: 50 μm. ROI: regions of interest

, figureFileSmall=y4d2GmMGX6QUlQ4XCLrVjw==, figureFileBig=LUYwlTEvRny0DZvrYEtzXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138729832735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Workflow showing approaches to characterizing and phenotyping renal epithelial cells, renal interstitial cells and infiltrated immune cells, figureFileSmall=R4Q9wy81dkY+C9AAH4hTXA==, figureFileBig=PlTgcXA+7yPWFQo0b4b9Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138792747296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=CN, label=图4, caption=肾上皮细胞、肾间质细胞与浸润免疫细胞的身份鉴定与表型分析流程示意图, figureFileSmall=R4Q9wy81dkY+C9AAH4hTXA==, figureFileBig=PlTgcXA+7yPWFQo0b4b9Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138851467553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Characteristics and phenotypes of renal single cell atla, figureFileSmall=V9uEMQrdIqKtbioK3YGNeg==, figureFileBig=hVEvoTEigAHsFNs3AWCkbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138922770722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=CN, label=图5, caption=肾脏单细胞图谱的特征与表型分析

A: Heatmap of median expression values for 21 renal cell phenotypes clustered by the proteins depicted on the X axis. The left-sided grey bar chart indicates the number of cells per phenotype; B: As for Panel A, 17 immune cell phenotypes; C: representative multi-channel images depicting 9 renal cell phenotypes. Arrows indicate positive cells; D: As for Panel C, 9 immune cell phenotypes. Arrows indicate positive cells; E: representative HE stained and single cell atlas images of the ROIs in the sections of same renal samples. Scale bar: 100 μm; F: frequency of sub immune cell types per patient. ROI: regions of interest

, figureFileSmall=V9uEMQrdIqKtbioK3YGNeg==, figureFileBig=hVEvoTEigAHsFNs3AWCkbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441138989879587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Spatial analysis of renal cell-cell interactions and tissue structural regions defined from single-cell IMC data, figureFileSmall=PQP+NGi4haeNs2toPRWNig==, figureFileBig=jK2MximC94RcoxUeUukx0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441139048599844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于IMC单细胞数据的肾脏细胞间相互作用与组织结构区域空间分析

A: cell-cell interactions in all samples according to the presence of significant (P<0.01) interaction (red) or avoidance (blue). White indicates interactions not existing or significant; B: strategy for spatial structural region analysis based on kidney single-cell atlas; C: heatmap representing the distribution characteristics of cell types, depicting on the X axis, in 9 spatial regions; D: comparative analysis of the proportion of 9 spatial regions across four renal samples; E: representative Voronoi diagrams, multi-channel images and HE images displaying pathology-related spatial regions on serial sections of IgAN and DN renal tissues; F: comparison of spatial distances between three pathologic spatial regions and 6 structural spatial regions across 3 types of renal tissues

, figureFileSmall=PQP+NGi4haeNs2toPRWNig==, figureFileBig=jK2MximC94RcoxUeUukx0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441139107320101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Details of the antibodies used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ion channelsAntigenTargetClone No.SupplierDilutionDyeing condition
89Yβ-cateninTubular epitheliumMA5-29202Thermo1/4004 ℃,O/N
139LaHistoneH3NucleusD1H2CST1/500RT,5 h
141PrCD38Plasma cellsEPR4106Standard BioTools1/400RT,5 h
142NdCD56NK cellsEPR2566Abcam1/400RT,5 h
143NdVimentinFibroblasts, pericytes, mesangialRV202Standard BioTools1/4004 ℃,O/N
144NdCD14Monocytes/macrophagesEPR3653Standard BioTools1/3 000RT,5 h
145NdCD31Endothelial cellsEPR3094Standard BioTools1/400RT,5 h
146NdAquaporin-2(AQP-2)Collecting duct (principal cell)EPR21080Abcam1/800RT,5 h
147SmCCR7Naïve and central memoryEPR23192-57Abcam1/2004 ℃,O/N
148NdNestinPodocytesEPR1301(2)Abcam1/2 0004 ℃,O/N
149SmCD11bGranulocytes, monocytes/macrophagesEPR1344Standard BioTools1/1 0004 ℃,O/N
150NdKIM-1Kidney injury molecule-1PA5-46914Thermo1/4004 ℃,O/N
151EuUromodulin (UMOD)Thick ascending limbEPR20071Abcam1/4 0004 ℃,O/N
152SmTGF-βTGF-β/ Smad signalingEPR21143Abcam1/200RT,5 h
153Euα-SMASmooth muscle cells1A4Standard BioTools1/1 6004 ℃,O/N
154SmCalbindin (CALB)Distal convoluted tubulePA5-46936Thermo1/8004 ℃,O/N
155GdAquaporin-1(AQP-1)Proximal tubulePA5-78805Thermo1/8004 ℃,O/N
156GdCD4Helper T cellsEPR6855Standard BioTools1/4004 ℃,O/N
158GdE-Cadherin(E-Cad)Epithelial-mesenchymal transition24 E10Standard BioTools1/800RT,5 h
159TbCD68MacrophagesKP1Standard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
160GdGranzyme K(GzmK)Cytotoxic effectorEPR24601-164Abcam1/4004 ℃,O/N
161DyCD20B cellsH1Standard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
162DyCD8Cytotoxic T cellsC8/144BStandard BioTools1/800RT,5 h
163DyCD138Plasma cellsEPR6465Standard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
164DyCytokeratin-7(CK-7)Collecting duct (Collecting cell)RCK105Standard BioTools1/400RT,5 h
165DyTenascinC(TNC)Extracellular matrix glycoproteinEPR4219Abcam1/200RT,5 h
166ErCD45Myeloid cellsD9M8ICST1/8004 ℃,O/N
167ErCD15GranulocytesW6D3Biolegend1/2004 ℃,O/N
168ErReninJuxtaglomerular cellsEPR20693Abcam1/8004 ℃,O/N
169TmCD103Resident memory T cellsEPR22590-27Abcam1/1004 ℃,O/N
170ErCD3T cellsPolyclonal.C-TerminalStandard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
171YbCD11cMonocytes, macrophages, dendritic cellsEP1347YAbcam1/4004 ℃,O/N
172YbCleaved Caspase3Apoptosis5A1EStandard BioTools1/4004 ℃,O/N
173YbCD45ROEffector memoryUCHL1Standard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
174YbFibronectin (FN)kidney fibrosisF1Abcam1/8004 ℃,O/N
175LuCollagenI (COL1)Collagen depositionEPR7785Abcam1/8004 ℃,O/N
176YbGranzyme B(GrzB)Cytotoxic effectorEPR20129-217Abcam1/2 0004 ℃,O/N
191/193IrintercalatorNucleusN/AStandard BioTools1/800RT,0.5 h
), ArticleFig(id=1320441139178623270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441130454470851, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用抗体的详细信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ion channelsAntigenTargetClone No.SupplierDilutionDyeing condition
89Yβ-cateninTubular epitheliumMA5-29202Thermo1/4004 ℃,O/N
139LaHistoneH3NucleusD1H2CST1/500RT,5 h
141PrCD38Plasma cellsEPR4106Standard BioTools1/400RT,5 h
142NdCD56NK cellsEPR2566Abcam1/400RT,5 h
143NdVimentinFibroblasts, pericytes, mesangialRV202Standard BioTools1/4004 ℃,O/N
144NdCD14Monocytes/macrophagesEPR3653Standard BioTools1/3 000RT,5 h
145NdCD31Endothelial cellsEPR3094Standard BioTools1/400RT,5 h
146NdAquaporin-2(AQP-2)Collecting duct (principal cell)EPR21080Abcam1/800RT,5 h
147SmCCR7Naïve and central memoryEPR23192-57Abcam1/2004 ℃,O/N
148NdNestinPodocytesEPR1301(2)Abcam1/2 0004 ℃,O/N
149SmCD11bGranulocytes, monocytes/macrophagesEPR1344Standard BioTools1/1 0004 ℃,O/N
150NdKIM-1Kidney injury molecule-1PA5-46914Thermo1/4004 ℃,O/N
151EuUromodulin (UMOD)Thick ascending limbEPR20071Abcam1/4 0004 ℃,O/N
152SmTGF-βTGF-β/ Smad signalingEPR21143Abcam1/200RT,5 h
153Euα-SMASmooth muscle cells1A4Standard BioTools1/1 6004 ℃,O/N
154SmCalbindin (CALB)Distal convoluted tubulePA5-46936Thermo1/8004 ℃,O/N
155GdAquaporin-1(AQP-1)Proximal tubulePA5-78805Thermo1/8004 ℃,O/N
156GdCD4Helper T cellsEPR6855Standard BioTools1/4004 ℃,O/N
158GdE-Cadherin(E-Cad)Epithelial-mesenchymal transition24 E10Standard BioTools1/800RT,5 h
159TbCD68MacrophagesKP1Standard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
160GdGranzyme K(GzmK)Cytotoxic effectorEPR24601-164Abcam1/4004 ℃,O/N
161DyCD20B cellsH1Standard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
162DyCD8Cytotoxic T cellsC8/144BStandard BioTools1/800RT,5 h
163DyCD138Plasma cellsEPR6465Standard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
164DyCytokeratin-7(CK-7)Collecting duct (Collecting cell)RCK105Standard BioTools1/400RT,5 h
165DyTenascinC(TNC)Extracellular matrix glycoproteinEPR4219Abcam1/200RT,5 h
166ErCD45Myeloid cellsD9M8ICST1/8004 ℃,O/N
167ErCD15GranulocytesW6D3Biolegend1/2004 ℃,O/N
168ErReninJuxtaglomerular cellsEPR20693Abcam1/8004 ℃,O/N
169TmCD103Resident memory T cellsEPR22590-27Abcam1/1004 ℃,O/N
170ErCD3T cellsPolyclonal.C-TerminalStandard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
171YbCD11cMonocytes, macrophages, dendritic cellsEP1347YAbcam1/4004 ℃,O/N
172YbCleaved Caspase3Apoptosis5A1EStandard BioTools1/4004 ℃,O/N
173YbCD45ROEffector memoryUCHL1Standard BioTools1/8004 ℃,O/N
174YbFibronectin (FN)kidney fibrosisF1Abcam1/8004 ℃,O/N
175LuCollagenI (COL1)Collagen depositionEPR7785Abcam1/8004 ℃,O/N
176YbGranzyme B(GrzB)Cytotoxic effectorEPR20129-217Abcam1/2 0004 ℃,O/N
191/193IrintercalatorNucleusN/AStandard BioTools1/800RT,0.5 h
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利用成像质谱流式技术建立肾脏空间免疫微环境的分析体系
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刘佳雯 1 , 向群 2, 3 , 沈一超 2 , 张江南 4 , 尹俐 3 , 田易 5 , 张静波 4 , 冯泽清 2, 3 , 吴玉章 1, 5
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(7): 831-846
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (7) : 831 -846
利用成像质谱流式技术建立肾脏空间免疫微环境的分析体系
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刘佳雯1, 向群2, 3, 沈一超2, 张江南4, 尹俐3, 田易5, 张静波4, 冯泽清2, 3 , 吴玉章1, 5
作者信息
  • 1南方医科大学基础医学院免疫学教研室,广东 广州
  • 2重庆国际免疫研究院,重庆
  • 3重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院,重庆
  • 4陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院肾内科,重庆
  • 5陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院免疫学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
吴玉章, E-mail:
冯泽清, E-mail:
WU Yuzhang, E-mail:
FENG Zeqing, E-mail:
Development of an analytical system for renal spatial immune microenvironment using imaging mass cytometry
Jiawen LIU1, Qun XIANG2, 3, Yichao SHEN2, Jiangnan ZHANG4, Li YIN3, Yi TIAN5, Jingbo ZHANG4, Zeqing FENG2, 3 , Yuzhang WU1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
  • 2Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing
  • 3School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing
  • 4Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 5Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601047
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目的

慢性肾病的进展与肾脏空间免疫微环境的紊乱密切相关,本研究旨在利用成像质谱流式技术(imaging mass cytometry, IMC),开发出一套解析慢性肾病免疫微环境的实验和分析体系,以用于全景式解析慢性肾病肾脏组织的单细胞空间免疫微环境。

方法

①筛选针对肾脏结构单元、基质细胞和免疫细胞的抗原标志物,构建质谱流式成像抗体组合,金属标记的抗体均通过免疫组织化学实验完成抗体特异性验证;②选取2例输尿管癌旁的正常肾脏活检组织、2例糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)和2例免疫球蛋白A肾病(IgA nephropathy, IgAN)患者的肾穿刺活检组织,利用上述抗体进行染色孵育,通过Hyperion成像系统完成图形数据采集;③整合Ilastik与CellProfiler技术建立针对肾组织的单细胞分割流程,结合手动圈门与Phenograph无监督聚类算法完成细胞身份注释;④建立细胞间的空间邻近关系,利用置换检验对随机分布模型进行模拟,解析组织细胞与免疫细胞之间的空间关系;⑤采用k近邻(k-nearest neighbors,kNN)算法进行空间聚类,通过细胞邻域(cellular neighborhoods, CNs)划分出肾脏组织的空间功能单元,进而分析这些功能单元的免疫学特征和比例。

结果

①构建并优化出了1个37色的抗体组合,抗体均显示出高特异性和低背景噪声,该抗体组合可精准识别肾脏的结构细胞,基质细胞和浸润的免疫细胞;②通过Hyperion成像系统获得正常与2种慢性肾病的肾组织高维成像图片;③通过单细胞拆分流程系统绘制了21种肾脏组织细胞和17种免疫细胞的人类肾脏高分辨率单细胞图谱,鉴定出了CD15+巨噬细胞、GzmK+CD4+效应T细胞等免疫细胞以及 3种新型的双阳性肾小管细胞,展现了DN与IgAN肾病组织中浸润免疫细胞的差异性;④建立了单细胞的空间互作分析方法,展现了慢性肾病组织中免疫细胞空间互作网络,发现肌成纤维细胞作为连接组织损伤与免疫细胞浸润的关键空间枢纽;⑤通过空间邻域分析可以将肾脏结构划分为肾小球区、近端小管区、髓袢升支区、血管和纤维化区与免疫细胞富集区等9个功能单元。病变组织中正常功能结构区域占比下降,而纤维化与免疫富集区比例显著上升。其中免疫细胞富集区普遍与各功能区域保持紧密共定位,而血管和纤维化区主要与收集管区和髓袢升支区相邻。

结论

本研究成功开发了一套适用于肾脏组织成像的IMC方法学体系。该体系能高分辨率全景展现免疫细胞在慢性肾脏组织中的空间分布,解析了免疫细胞与组织细胞空间互作和局部免疫微环境特征。本技术将推动基于空间特征的肾脏病精准诊断和靶向治疗策略开发。

成像质谱流式技术  /  慢性肾脏病  /  肾脏免疫空间微环境  /  单细胞分析
Objective

The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely associated with the disruption of renal spatial immune microenvironment. This study aimed to develop an integrated experimental and analytical system for dissecting the immune microenvironment of CKD using imaging mass cytometry (IMC), thereby enabling panoramic analysis of single-cell spatial immune microenvironment in CKD renal tissues.

Methods

① Antigenic markers targeting renal structural units, stromal cells, and immune cells were screened to construct a mass cytometry imaging antibody panel; all metal-conjugated antibodies were validated for specificity by immunohistochemistry. ②Two normal kidney biopsy specimens adjacent to ureteral carcinoma, 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN), and 2 IgA nephropathy (IgAN) renal biopsy specimens were collected, stained with the aforementioned antibodies, and subjected to image data acquisition using the Hyperion imaging system to obtain multiplexed spatial data. ③ An integrated Ilastik and CellProfiler workflow was established for single-cell segmentation pipeline tailored for renal tissues, and cell identity annotation was achieved using a combination of manual gating and Phenograph unsupervised clustering. ④ Spatial proximity relationships between cells were defined, and permutation testing was employed to simulate random distribution models to examine spatial relationships between tissue cells and immune cells. ⑤ k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm was applied for spatial clustering, and cellular neighborhoods (CNs) were used to delineate the spatial functional units within renal tissue, followed by analysis of the immunological characteristics and relative abundance of these units.

Results

①A 37-color antibody panel was constructed and optimized, with all antibodies demonstrating high specificity and low background noise; this panel enabled accurate identification of renal structural cells, stromal cells, and infiltrating immune cells. ② High-dimensional IMC imaging data were successfully obtained from normal and CKD renal tissues using the Hyperion imaging system. ③ With the aid of the single-cell segmentation pipeline, a high-resolution single-cell atlas of human kidney was systematically mapped, comprising 21 structural cell types and 17 immune cell subtypes. Immune cell populations such as CD15⁺ macrophages, GzmK⁺ CD4⁺ effector T cells, and 3 distinct double-positive renal tubular cells were identified, revealing differential infiltration of immune cells in DN and IgAN tissues. ④ A single-cell spatial interaction analysis framework was established, demonstrating a disease-specific spatial interaction network of immune cells in CKD tissues, and identifying myofibroblasts as a critical spatial hub connecting tissue injury and immune cell infiltration.⑤ Spatial neighborhood analysis delineated 9 functional units of renal tissue, including glomerular, proximal tubular, ascending limb of the loop of Henle, vascular and fibrotic, and immune cell-enriched regions. In diseased tissues, the proportion of normal functional regions was decreased, whereas the proportions of fibrotic and immune-enriched regions were increased significantly. Moreover, immune cell-enriched zones maintained close colocalization with various functional regions, while vascular and fibrotic regions were predominantly adjacent to collecting duct and ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Conclusion

An IMC methodology tailored for the spatial analysis of renal tissue is successfully developed. This platform enables high-resolution, panoramic visualization of spatial distribution of immune cells in chronic renal tissues, dissecting spatial interactions between immune and structural cells and characteristics of local immune microenvironment. This technology holds promise to advance the development of spatially informed precision diagnostics and targeted therapeutic strategies for renal diseases.

imaging mass cytometry  /  chronic kidney disease  /  renal spatial immune microenvironment  /  single-cell analysis
刘佳雯, 向群, 沈一超, 张江南, 尹俐, 田易, 张静波, 冯泽清, 吴玉章. 利用成像质谱流式技术建立肾脏空间免疫微环境的分析体系. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (7) : 831 -846 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601047
Jiawen LIU, Qun XIANG, Yichao SHEN, Jiangnan ZHANG, Li YIN, Yi TIAN, Jingbo ZHANG, Zeqing FENG, Yuzhang WU. Development of an analytical system for renal spatial immune microenvironment using imaging mass cytometry[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (7) : 831 -846 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601047
随着全球老龄化加速和代谢性疾病高发,慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)已成为临床诊疗的重大挑战[1-5]。CKD早期缺乏典型的临床症状,一旦进展到以肾小球硬化、肾小管萎缩及间质纤维化为特征的慢性化阶段,组织损伤将难以逆转。CKD通常由糖尿病、高血压、感染和遗传等多种因素诱发,即使同一临床诊断,患者的病理表现和预后也存在显著的差异。目前,临床诊疗无法反映病理的异质性,难以实现CKD的早期诊断与精准干预。
肾脏是一个结构高度有序的实体器官,其核心功能单元:肾小球、肾小管及血管在空间上精密排布并相互协同[6]。慢性肾脏病的进展由间质纤维化与免疫微环境紊乱共同驱动[7-10],巨噬细胞、T细胞和B细胞等免疫细胞的浸润程度与肾脏纤维化和预后密切相关。现有的传统研究手段在解析肾脏组织中复杂的空间环境时面临诸多瓶颈。例如单细胞转录组测序技术虽能揭示各类细胞的转录组特征,却缺失了空间位置信息[11-13];多色免疫荧光技术受限于光谱串扰和可用荧光通道数量,难以同步观测超过数十种标志物。为了系统揭示肾实质细胞、免疫细胞与纤维化病变组织中的相互作用,亟须开发一种能够在单细胞分辨率下,全景解析肾脏细胞空间互作关系的新方法。
成像质谱流式技术(imaging mass cytometry, IMC)通过金属标签替代荧光基团标记抗体,可在单张组织切片上实现超过40种标志物的无干扰同步检测[14-15],展现出解决上述挑战的独特优势。该技术通过激光剥蚀与飞行时间质谱检测,将金属离子信号转换为抗原表达信息,从而实现蛋白质表达的单细胞分辨率空间定位。该技术带来了多方面的突破性优势:首先彻底避免了荧光成像中难以克服的光谱重叠和自发荧光干扰问题,实现超过40种蛋白质标志物的无串扰、同步检测。其次,基于质谱的信号检测具有极高的动态范围和灵敏度,能精准量化蛋白受体的表达情况。最为主要的是,IMC在实现高参数蛋白表达分析的同时,保留所有信号在组织原位的空间坐标信息,生成单细胞空间分布图谱。这一特性使其在解析实体瘤免疫微环境等复杂空间结构方面展现出强大优势,实现在同一组织切片中,既识别出各种结构细胞、免疫细胞亚群,又能精确分析空间近邻关系、相互作用模式以及所形成的功能性生态位[16-18]。
本研究成功构建了一套包含37个抗体组合的肾脏IMC技术体系。该抗体组合能正确识别正常肾脏组织,终末期肾病阶段的糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy, DN)和免疫球蛋白A肾病(IgA nephropathy, IgAN)肾穿样本中的肾脏结构单元和浸润的免疫细胞。同时建立了针对肾组织的单细胞分割流程和身份注释流程以明确细胞身份,并进一步在空间水平完成细胞间的互作和群体邻域分析。本工作为解析肾脏免疫微环境提供了一个新方法,为阐明CKD的发病机制和筛选临床治疗靶点提供重要的技术支持。
本研究共纳入6例肾穿刺活检组织样本,包括2例输尿管癌旁的正常肾组织,2例DN和2例IgAN肾脏活检穿刺组织,所有样本均从陆军军医大学第二附属医院经外科手术或活检获得,均已通过陆军军医大学第二附属医院伦理委员会伦理审查(2022-研第149-01)。其中2例正常对照样本经术前检查及术中观察均确认采集肾脏组织无积水、扩张等梗阻征象,且肿瘤未侵犯肾实质。术后经评估确认镜下肾小球、肾小管及间质结构均未见明确肿瘤细胞浸润及其他显著性病理改变,故定义为正常对照组织。肾组织样本经福尔马林溶液固定后,进行石蜡包埋,连续切片为厚度3~5 μm的组织切片,贴附于硅烷化载玻片(美国Thermo Scientific公司,货号J1800AMNZ)上,用于后续实验分析。
本研究中所选定的肾脏组织相关抗原均基于已有的人类肾脏单细胞测序和肾脏病理学的研究报道进行筛选[19-21],共使用37种抗体。其中16种为美国Standard BioTools公司生产的预标记金属抗体,其余21种为来自其他供应商的无载体抗体(不含BSA)(表1)。无载体抗体按照Maxpar X8标记体系(美国Standard BioTools公司, S00009, USA)进行金属标记,完成后浓度均调整为0.5 mg/mL,置于4 ℃长期贮存。抗体和金属通道的配对,基于两者预期信号强度的互补,尽可能地避免和减少由于元素通道信号溢出带来的干扰。
肾脏样本进行石蜡切片的制备,厚度为3 μm。石蜡切片经二甲苯脱蜡,pH=9.0抗原修复,水化后,用3%的H₂O₂溶液透化,用10%的山羊血清室温封闭1 h。将所有金属标记的抗体按推荐工作条件染色并孵育切片。二抗标记后,用DAB显色,随后苏木素复染细胞核。将染色完成的切片经烘干、二甲苯脱水,以中性树脂封片。所有染色切片均使用全景病理扫描仪(匈牙利3DHISTECH Ltd.公司)进行数字化扫描和图像采集。
对正式实验的肾脏样本制备两张厚度为3 μm的连续石蜡切片。首张切片用于HE染色,具体操作参照文献[22]方法进行。染色后的切片经全景病理扫描仪成像,用于辅助病理医师在相邻的IMC染色切片上划定感兴趣区域(regions of interest, ROI)。正常对照组每个ROI面积为1 000×5 000 µm²。因IgAN与DN的活检样本组织量有限,本研究将其所有可用组织区域均纳入分析。
取第二组肾脏福尔马林固定石蜡包埋(formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded,FFPE)切片,按照IHC前期处理至抗原修复步骤后,切片经0.2%Triton X-100(美国Merck公司,X100)溶液透化15 min,随后使用3%BSA(中国碧云天公司,ST023)溶液封闭60 min。依据表1所示配方,以0.5%BSA溶液配制金属标记抗体工作液(抗体Mix1)。将抗体Mix1覆盖于切片整体组织区域,4 ℃孵育过夜。次日,切片以1×DPBS清洗3次,每次5 min,再加入抗体Mix2,室温孵育5 h。1×DPBS重复清洗3次后,加入Intercalator-Ir(美国Standard BioTools公司,201103)溶液(1∶800 1×DPBS),室温染核30 min,ddH₂O清洗5 min,室温晾干以备IMC采集。
采用Hyperion成像系统(美国Standard BioTools公司)进行IMC图像采集。以激光频率200 Hz、能量5 dB对3 μm肾组织切片进行剥蚀,ROI采集分辨率为1 μm。剥蚀产生的气化组织经电感耦合等离子体电离后,通过飞行时间质谱对同位素离子云进行定量分析,以评估蛋白表达水平。
所有IMC原始数据均使用MCD Viewer软件(Fluidigm,版本1.0)进行统一的初始预处理与观察。为降低噪声并优化显示效果,对图像进行标准化阈值处理:设定伽马值为1,并将各通道信号的显示范围统一设置为最小值5、最大值100。首先,将原始.mcd文件转换为.tiff格式堆栈,并执行热像素过滤以去除成像过程中的随机噪声。为准确界定分析区域,将IMC图像与同一切片的HE染色全景图进行严格的空间对齐与比对。在此基础上,辅助识别并标注肾脏的关键解剖学结构区域,包括皮质、髓质、肾小球及各段肾小管,确保后续分析具有明确的结构背景。
单细胞分割流程基于机器学习驱动的像素分类。利用DNA-Ir、HistoneH3及具有特定亚细胞定位的标志物作为特征,基于Ilastik软件[23]训练随机森林模型,将图像像素分类为细胞核、细胞质及背景三类,并输出对应的概率图。将该模型输出的概率图导入CellProfiler[24],通过数学模型生成单细胞分割掩膜。基于最终确认的单细胞掩膜,量化单个细胞的区域面积,并且从每个细胞的区域中提取全部37个通道的蛋白质表达强度及其空间坐标,构成单细胞表达矩阵。将分割掩膜叠加至标记物表达的原始图像中,验证单细胞分割的准确性,排除分割错误的细胞或碎片。对获得的单细胞表达矩阵,首先进行基于金属标签溢出系数矩阵的信号校正,以消除通道间信号串扰,然后使用快速互最近邻算法(fast mutual nearest neighbors, fastMNN)[25]对来自不同样本的数据进行批次效应校正。最后,使用均匀流形近似与投影(uniform manifold approximation and projection, UMAP)[26]对校正后的高维数据进行降维,并通过UMAP散点图及热图可视化细胞的群落结构及标志物表达谱。
细胞间相互作用网络根据细胞中心点间的距离进行定义,设定参数为10 µm。在每个网络中,通过置换检验(n=1 000)识别存在显著“相互作用-吸引”或“相互作用-排斥”的关系。对每张图像中具有显著吸引关系(P<0.05)的细胞对赋值为+1,具有显著排斥关系(P<0.05)的细胞对赋值为-1。为便于跨样本比较与结果解读,对细胞相互作用分析结果进行标准化处理。标准化过程考虑了各组别的图像数量,并将结果缩放到-1~1的范围,以反映各组在相互作用模式上的整体趋势。该方法有助于揭示不同病理条件下细胞行为特征及其潜在生物学意义。本分析使用imcRtools软件包(v1.8.0)[27]完成。
本研究首先采用k-近邻算法(k-nearest neighbor classification,KNN,n=30)确定细胞之间的空间关系,随后根据该关系对单细胞执行细胞邻域(cellular neighborhood, CN)分析[28-29]。利用imcRtools软件包(v1.8.0)[27]中的minDistToCells函数,计算得到的CN间的最小空间距离,并通过脊线图对距离分布进行可视化,展现CN间的空间关系。
本研究中的统计学分析主要围绕空间互作关系的显著性评估展开。在细胞空间相互作用分析中,采用置换检验评估每对细胞类型间观察到的共定位关系是否显著偏离随机分布。对于每张图像,随机重排细胞的空间位置1 000次,构建零分布,计算观察频数大于随机期望的概率。本研究所有统计分析均基于R软件完成。主要使用的R包包括:imcRtools用于空间互作分析与细胞邻域构建;ggplot2与ComplexHeatmap用于数据可视化。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为了解析肾脏的组织结构和免疫微环境,通过文献调研,本研究筛选了适用于IMC成像的37个标志物(图1A)。其中1个核相关标志物:组蛋白3(Histone H3)。9个肾脏结构细胞的标志物:β-Catenin(上皮细胞)、E-Cad(上皮细胞)、AQP-1(近端小管)、AQP-2(集合管)、UMOD(髓袢升支粗段)、CALB(远端小管)、CK-7(收集小管)、Nestin(足细胞)和Renin(球旁细胞);3个基质细胞的标志物:α-SMA(血管平滑肌)、Vimentin(波形蛋白)和CD31(内皮细胞)。
16个免疫细胞的标志物包括:CD45(所有免疫细胞)、CD11b(髓系细胞)、CD14(单核细胞)、CD56(自然杀伤细胞)、CD15(中性粒细胞)、CD11c(树突状细胞)、CD68(巨噬细胞)、CD3(T细胞)、CD4(辅助性T细胞)、CD8(细胞毒性T细胞)、CD20(B细胞)、CD38和CD138(浆细胞)、CD45RO(活化的T细胞),CD103(组织定居的T细胞),CCR7(初始和中枢记忆T细胞)。同时纳入2个淋巴细胞功能的标志物:颗粒酶B和K。
6个组织病理标志物包括:肾损伤分子-1(kidney injury molecule-1,KIM-1)、纤连蛋白(fibronectin,FN)、生腱蛋白(Tenascin C,TNC)、I型胶原(collagen I,Col I)、半胱天冬酶3(Cleaved caspase-3,C-caspase-3)、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-beta,TGF-β)。以上所有筛选的抗体均通过IHC和IMC实验完成了准确性和特异性验证(图1B)。同时优化了各抗体的工作浓度与孵育条件,确保每一单通道抗体在IMC成像体系中均达到最佳信噪比。
接着选取2例输尿管癌旁的正常肾脏活检组织、2例糖尿病肾病Ⅳ期和2例IgA肾病Ⅳ期患者的肾穿活检组织,利用上一步验证的抗体组合进行了染色孵育,通过Hyperion成像系统完成了图形数据采集。首先采用MCD Viewer软件分析了IMC图像中7种关键肾脏结构标志物的表达和空间分布:Nestin、AQP-1、UMOD、CALB、CK-7、AQP-2和α-SMA。结果显示,在正常肾组织中,基于细胞核定位与形态学特征,上述标志物可覆盖超过95%的肾脏结构单元(图2A)。其中Vimentin在正常肾小球和部分小管间质中表达,E-Cad存在于小管上皮细胞。在DN与IgAN样本中,肾脏结构标志物的表达与分布发生明显紊乱,表现为肾小管AQP-1与CALB的表达下调,并伴有肾小管壁变薄、管腔扩张、萎缩及结构破坏;肾小球内的Nestin表达减少,肾小球呈现萎缩和囊壁增厚等病理改变,符合慢性肾病病理的典型特征,进一步确认了IMC成像数据的可靠性(图2B、C)。以上结果表明:IMC技术能精准标记肾脏的结构细胞,同时反映DN与IgAN的组织损伤特征。
同时采用MCD Viewer软件分析了免疫标志物在肾脏组织图像中的表达(图3A~C)。在正常肾组织中,免疫细胞数量极少,仅可见少量CD4⁺T细胞,CD8⁺T细胞,CD20⁺B细胞和CD68⁺巨噬细胞(图3A)。而IgAN和DN样本中浸润的免疫细胞明显增加,泛免疫标志物CD45示踪显示浸润免疫细胞主要聚集在样本的间质区域和肾小球周边(图3B、C)。两类慢性肾病样本中浸润CD4⁺T细胞,CD8⁺T细胞,CD20⁺B细胞,CD68⁺巨噬细胞,CD11b+CD14+单核细胞和CD11c+树突状细胞增多。同时IgAN样本还倾向于浸润较多的CD38⁺浆细胞,而DN样本则倾向于浸润较多CD56+自然杀伤细胞。以上结果表明:IMC技术能清晰展现肾脏浸润的免疫细胞和免疫微环境。
为了实现IMC图像中细胞的身份鉴定,本研究建立了一套针对肾脏细胞的注释流程(图4)。流程共包含2个模块。在完成细胞分割以及预处理的基础上,首先进行基于机器学习的自动分类:首先依据已知的细胞类型特异性蛋白标志物,设计手动圈门策略,对部分细胞进行初步注释,以此生成带有细胞类型标签的训练数据集。随后,将标注数据按4∶1的比例随机划分为训练集与验证集,用于训练随机森林分类器模型。利用训练好的模型对所有细胞进行分类预测,并设定分类概率阈值:若某个细胞被赋予的最高类型概率>30%,则初步确认其身份;反之则标记为“未定义”细胞以待后续分析。模块二为基于无监督聚类的精细化与探索:在初步分类的基础上,将细胞区分为肾脏组织细胞与免疫细胞两大类,分别对其进行Phenograph无监督聚类分析[30]。此步骤旨在通过内在的分子表达模式,进一步校验并细化自动分类的结果,提高细胞亚型的识别率,同时探索数据中可能存在的细胞新亚群。
通过分析6例正常和疾病状态下的肾组织成像数据,最终鉴定出21种组织细胞,同时结合标志物表达情况在原位对细胞身份完成验证(图5A、C)。包括2种近端小管细胞(PT和KIM1+PT);髓袢升支粗段细胞(TAL);远端小管细胞(DCT);连接管细胞(ConD);收集管细胞(ColD);新发现3群双阳的肾小管细胞群:AQP-1+CALB+、AQP-1+CK7+和UMOD+CK-7+细胞;肾小球的3群结构细胞:足细胞、系膜细胞、球旁细胞;5种纤维化相关细胞:成纤维细胞、肌成纤维细胞、α-SMA+Nestin+Vimentin+、Nestin+Vimentin+、α-SMA+COL1+;2种血管相关细胞群:内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞;高表达Collagen I的细胞(COL1+)。
鉴定出17种免疫细胞,同样采用结合空间原位的标志物表达特征对细胞身份完成验证(图5B、D),包括:B细胞;浆细胞;5种巨噬细胞:Mac(CD68+)、GrzB+Mac(CD68+GrzB+)、CD15+Mac(CD68+CD15+)、CD14+Mac(CD14+CD68+)和M1 Mac(CD11c+CD68+);树突状细胞;5种CD4+T细胞:CD4+ Naïve T(CD4+ CD45RO-)、CD4+Teff(CD4+CD45RO+)、CD4+GzmK+Teff(CD4+CD45RO+GzmK+)、CD4+CD103+Teff(CD4+CD45RO+CD103+)、CD4+Tcm(CD4+CD45RO+CCR7+);2种CD8+T细胞:CD8+Naïve CD8+T(CD8a+ CD45RO-)、CD8+Teff(CD8a+CD45RO+);单核细胞;自然杀伤细胞。
将完成注释的细胞映射回组织原位,成功构建了肾组织的单细胞空间图谱(图5E)。基于当前小样本队列中正常与病患组中各类免疫细胞占比的初步比较提示,B、PC、Mac、CD4+Teff、CD8+Teff在慢性肾病中的比例呈升高趋势。相反,CD15+Mac、CD4+CD103+Teff和Monocytes细胞的比例呈降低趋势。同时GrzB+Mac、CD4+Naïve T、CD8+Naïve T和DC细胞的比例在DN患者中的占比均高于IgAN患者(图5F)。以上结果表明:本研究建立的注释流程能精准鉴定肾脏的结构与免疫细胞,为解析肾脏免疫微环境奠定了关键基础。
基于已构建的肾脏单细胞图谱和空间分析的参数调试,本研究最终选定以10 µm的空间距离建立细胞间的联系,通过计算细胞间的排斥与吸引模式评估细胞的空间相互作用(图6A)。结果显示肾脏结构细胞间普遍呈现同型聚集,并倾向于避开其他类型的组织细胞。免疫细胞群体则显示出更为复杂的相互作用网络。尽管免疫细胞群体内部也存在显著的同型相互作用,但在病变组织中,不同免疫群体之间的异型相互作用更为突出。其中Mac、B、CD8+Teff和CD4+Teff细胞群体间存在广泛的空间交互。在IgAN样本中,CD8+Teff与CD4+Teff的互作进一步增强。而在DN样本中,CD8+Teff与CD4+Tcm的互作显著增强。此外,正常情况下,组织细胞与免疫细胞间无明显的空间交互作用。在DN样本中,足细胞与Mac、CD15+Mac和CD8+Naïve T细胞间的相互作用明显增强。在IgAN和DN样本中,PT、TAL和ConD组织细胞与B、Mac、CD8+Teff和CD4+Teff细胞的相互作用明显增强。值得注意的是,空间分析显示成纤维细胞和肌成纤维细胞不仅与PT、TAL、ConD和ColD等组织细胞保持紧密交互,同时还对B、Mac、CD8+Teff和CD4+Teff等多种免疫群体的强烈募集倾向。以上数据表明:空间互作分析能准确解析免疫细胞和组织细胞在空间的相互作用。
为了解析正常和病理状态下肾脏细胞是如何聚集形成功能模块,本研究采用KNN算法共识别出9个具有独特空间表征的CN(图6B、C)。这些CN涵盖肾脏的核心组织结构,包括:肾小球区、近端小管区、髓袢升支粗段区、远曲小管区、集合管区以及连接小管区。同时在慢性肾病组织中识别出成纤维细胞富集区、血管和纤维化区与免疫细胞富集区。
在CN的细胞构成上,FER除大量富集成纤维细胞外,还包含少量AQP-1⁺CK-7⁺双阳性肾小管细胞、Nestin⁺Vimentin⁺间质细胞以及平滑肌细胞。VFR除了富集肌成纤维细胞和血管相关细胞,还富集CD15+Mac、GrzB⁺Mac、DC、CD8⁺Naïve T和CD4⁺Naïve T免疫细胞群体。ICER主要由M1-Mac、CD4⁺Tcm、CD8⁺Teff、CD4⁺Teff和Mac这几种免疫细胞组成。此外,ConDR观察到DC、CD8⁺Naïve、CD4⁺Naïve T和NK等免疫细胞的富集。对比不同疾病状态,肾脏组织经历了较为明显的空间重构:DN和IgAN样本中,GR、PTR、TALR和DCTR的占比普遍降低,而FER、VFR和ICER的占比呈扩张趋势(图6D)。这一空间演变特征同时在IMC图像与HE图像中得到了验证(图6E)。此外,在空间分布上,IgAN与DN组织中FER区域与小管邻域(TALR、DCTR、ConDR和ColDR)表现出更强的空间邻近性;而ICER则与所有的结构区域保持密切的空间定位(图6F)。空间邻域分析不仅展现CKD中组织结构与病理区域的空间重构,同时展现了各个区域内的免疫特征。
慢性肾病诱发机制复杂,深入解析肾脏组织的结构和免疫微环境,对于解析疾病的发展和实现个体化诊疗至关重要[31-32]。本研究通过IMC技术实现了对慢性肾病组织的高维成像。接着建立了针对肾脏的单细胞分割和身份注释流程,解析了肾脏中各类细胞的组成和空间分布。进一步通过空间分析建立细胞间联系,展现慢性肾病组织的空间特征。这些工作为在空间维度上理解CKD的免疫病理机制提供了新的方法学框架。
本研究设计的肾脏特异性抗体组合参考了先前的报道[33-35],覆盖了肾小球、不同节段的肾小管和间质成分,能清晰展现肾脏组织的结构细胞。为了解析组织的免疫微环境,本研究筛选了T、B、DC、NK、巨噬细胞以及单核细胞的标志物去标记组织中浸润的免疫细胞。为了进一步区别组织中T细胞的亚群,本研究选择了CCR7和CD45RO去区分初始,中枢记忆和效应记忆状态下的T细胞[36]。先前研究表明浆细胞是IgAN疾病的重要诱因,本研究同时筛选了CD38和CD138去标记浆细胞[37],实验发现CD138高表达于肾小管(尤其是近端小管)中干扰了其作为浆细胞标志物的应用,仅用CD38作为浆细胞的特异性标志物。本研究同时整合了部分肾病病理过程的特异性标志物。例如,α-SMA、Collagen I等用于标记活化的肌成纤维细胞与细胞外基质沉积,界定纤维化区域[9, 38];KIM-1等指标则用于识别处于应激或损伤状态的上皮细胞[39]。这些标志物不仅能直接量化疾病的进展,还可与免疫细胞标志物组合共同探究免疫细胞在肾脏纤维化中的关键作用。
本研究建立了监督学习与无监督学习相结合的注释流程,对肾脏的IMC图像完成了单细胞拆分和身份注释。该方法不仅能确保已知细胞类型的注释准确,还利用无监督聚类鉴定出病理状态下的特殊免疫细胞和组织细胞亚群。新鉴定出AQP-1+CALB+、AQP-1+CK-7+和UMOD+CK-7+3种双阳性细胞群。正常的肾单位中,AQP-1与CALB的表达呈现严格的节段特异性[40-41],而在本研究的CKD样本中观察到AQP-1⁺CALB⁺双阳性肾小管细胞。已有研究表明糖基化终产物可诱导CALB在近端小管细胞中表达[42],验证了该双阳性细胞可能代表了在损伤刺激下小管上皮细胞发生的去分化或转分化的中间状态。对巨噬细胞和T细胞的精细分型,直接反映了其在微环境中的功能异质性。本研究在DN样本中观测到大量浸润的GrzB⁺Mac,颗粒酶B是CD8+T细胞的效应分子,提示Mac可能分泌颗粒酶B直接损伤肾脏组织细胞[43];而在IgAN样本中观察到CD103⁺Teff相对富集。有研究表明肾脏内皮细胞在特定条件下能驱动CD103⁺T细胞在肾脏驻留,导致持续的免疫攻击[44],继而可能引发级联免疫应答。肾脏纤维化进程与复杂的免疫细胞浸润密切相关。本研究鉴定出多种新型免疫细胞亚群,很可能参与驱动或调节肾脏纤维化,但受限于研究队列样本数量较少,这些新型细胞群体在CKD中的确切作用,有待于在更大规模的样本队列中予以证实和深入探究。
本研究尝试了不同的距离阈值进行空间分析,当距离阈值设为10 µm时,细胞互作关系与肾脏形态学观察最为吻合,这一参数与肿瘤微环境(6 μm)中的常用设置不同[45-47],反映了肾脏细胞独特的空间排布。基于构建的细胞间互作网络,原本相对孤立的免疫细胞群体(如巨噬细胞、B细胞、效应T细胞等)在病理条件下形成了显著的空间互作网络,提示CKD肾脏组织中存在功能活化的免疫微环境。这种互作网络很可能首先由损伤的实质细胞(如近端小管细胞)所释放的“危险信号”(如IFN-α等)启动,募集并活化多种免疫细胞,聚集的免疫细胞进而释放多种炎症因子形成正反馈环路[48]。除此之外,本研究发现肾的肌成纤维细胞分别与肾组织细胞和免疫细胞存在广泛的空间相互作用,表明肌成纤维细胞在病变免疫微环境中扮演“免疫-实质细胞桥梁”的作用。有研究显示肌成纤维细胞能通过自分泌促纤维化因子如TGF-β等诱导肾小管上皮细胞转分化,同时分泌多种趋化因子招募巨噬细胞和T细胞至肾间质,形成“免疫-肌成纤维”生态位并进一步加速肾脏的纤维化损伤[49]。
本研究进一步通过CN分析识别出了成纤维细胞富集区、血管与纤维化区和免疫细胞富集区。空间分析揭示免疫细胞富集区与肾脏结构区域紧密毗邻,表明免疫细胞主要是通过大量细胞间聚集和互作,持续损伤肾脏功能[50]。在血管与纤维化区发现GrzB⁺巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和T细胞等多类细胞的聚集,进一步证实纤维化进程与免疫细胞间存在相互促进关系。本研究同时发现DN与IgAN在区域构成和空间关系上呈现的差异,其中DN以连接小管与集合管区域的明显扩张为特征,这与文献报道的糖尿病早期即可出现远端肾单位节段(包括集合管)扩张的现象一致[51]。该特征可能源于DN特有的代谢应激与渗透负荷改变:高血糖驱动近端肾小管过度重吸收,导致肾小管生长并引发促炎、促纤维化的细胞衰老样表型,进而驱动下游节段的损伤与重塑[52]。
本研究仍存在一定局限性。首先,本研究所用的临床样本量较小,尽管IMC技术本身可以提供极为丰富的高维空间数据,但每组仅2例的样本量极大限制了研究结论的普遍性和统计效力。研究中关于细胞亚型频率变化、疾病间差异以及空间模式改变的描述均为初步发现和趋势性提示,而非确定性结论。其次,研究所用的抗体组合虽可有效识别肾脏基本结构,但其特异性不足以区分不同CKD亚型和临床分期,未来需进一步优化抗体组合。相较于其他空间技术,IMC不仅在多参数检测上具有综合优势,同时兼容FFPE样本,便于利用临床存档资源开展回顾性研究。未来通过扩大研究队列,有望深化对慢性肾脏病发病机制的理解并推动治疗靶点的发现。

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2026年第48卷第7期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202601047
  • 接收时间:2026-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-14
  • 修回日期:2026-02-06
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    1南方医科大学基础医学院免疫学教研室,广东 广州
    2重庆国际免疫研究院,重庆
    3重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院,重庆
    4陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院肾内科,重庆
    5陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院免疫学教研室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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