Article(id=1320441042667680257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512163, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767110400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-31, revisedDate=1769443200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747277180, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747277180, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747277180, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747277180, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441010094715145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='663', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747269413, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749761919, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=783, endPage=792, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441042906755586, articleId=1320441042667680257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Causal relationships of total testosterone and bioavailable testosterone with aortic aneurysm: A Mendelian randomization study, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the causal relationships between plasma total testosterone (TT), bioavailable testosterone (Bio-T) levels and the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm (AA) using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly associated with TT and Bio-T (P<5×10-10) and with low bias were selected from the IEU Open GWAS public genome database as instrumental variables, with AA as the outcome. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method served as the primary analytical approach, complemented by MR-Egger regression, weighted median estimation (WME), simple mode, and weighted mode analyses. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO test, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plot inspection, with statistical significance set at P<0.05.

Results

Two-sample MR analyses revealed causal associations between both TT and Bio-T levels and AA risk, with consistent directional results from MR-Egger regression and WME. MR analysis indicated heterogeneity for the causal association between TT and AA (Cochran’s Q=132.081, P=0.024); MR-PRESSO identified no outlier SNPs, prompting adoption of the random-effects model as the primary result (IVW: OR=0.856, 95%CI: 0.744 to 0.985, P=0.030). The causal effect of Bio-T (IVW: OR=0.551, 95%CI: 0.304 to 0.998, P=0.049) on AA incidence was stronger than that of TT (OR=0.856). Progressive stringent SNP selection thresholds (down to P<5×10-33) and a suite of sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the causal association between Bio-T and AA.

Conclusion

Both plasma TT and Bio-T levels are causally associated with AA occurrence, with Bio-T conferring a stronger and more robust causal effect. Maintaining healthy, adequate plasma testosterone levels, particularly Bio-T levels, markedly reduce AA risk, offering novel targets and insights for AA prevention and treatment strategies.

, authors=Liwen HOU1, 2, Ying WANG1, Zhichun GAO1, Linggong ZHAO1, Yidan XU1, Jun JIN1, authorsList=Liwen HOU, Ying WANG, Zhichun GAO, Linggong ZHAO, Yidan XU, Jun JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441045805019666, articleId=1320441042667680257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=基于孟德尔随机化的总睾酮、生物可利用睾酮与主动脉瘤的因果关系研究, columnId=1320435175822050102, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究旨在通过孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization,MR)探索血浆总睾酮(total testosterone,TT)、生物可利用睾酮(bioavailable testosterone,Bio-T)水平与主动脉瘤(aortic aneurysm,AA)发病之间的因果关系。

方法

从IEU Open GWAS公开基因组数据库中,筛选与TT、Bio-T密切相关(P<5×10-10)且低偏倚度的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)作为工具变量,以AA为结局,采用逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighted,IVW)为主要分析方法,结合MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法(weighted median estimation, WME)、简单模式和加权模式分析法。通过Cochran’s Q检验、MR-Egger截距检验、MR-PRESSO检验、留一法及漏斗图法进行敏感性分析,统计显著性设定为P<0.05。

结果

两样本MR分析显示,TT和Bio-T水平与AA发病风险均存在因果关系,MR-Egger回归和WME结果的方向也一致。TT与AA的因果关联中存在异质性(Q=132.081,P=0.024),进行MR-PRESSO检验未发现异常SNP,故采用随机效应模型(IVW:OR=0.856,95% CI:0.744~0.985,P=0.030)作为主要结果。Bio-T(IVW:OR=0.551,95% CI:0.304~0.998,P=0.049)水平与AA发病的因果关联效应较TT(OR=0.856)更强,通过递进式SNP阈值筛选(严格至P<5×10-33)和敏感性分析都验证了Bio-T与AA因果关系的稳健性。

结论

血浆TT和Bio-T水平均与AA发生存在因果关联,Bio-T的因果效应更强,结果更稳健,维持健康足量的血浆睾酮水平,尤其是Bio-T水平可显著降低AA的发病风险,该发现为AA的防治策略提供了新的靶点和思路。

, authors=侯力文1, 2, 王颖1, 高智春1, 赵灵巩1, 徐一丹1, 晋军1, authorsList=侯力文, 王颖, 高智春, 赵灵巩, 徐一丹, 晋军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=晋军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
晋军,E-mail:
JIN Jun,E-mail:
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Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab, 2022, 17(6): 547-561., articleTitle=Revisiting the physiological role of androgens in women, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441046031512083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441046039900692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, companyId=1320441046031512083, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441046048289301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, companyId=1320441046031512083, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院心血管内科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320441046111203862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441046119592471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, companyId=1320441046111203862, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441046123786776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, companyId=1320441046111203862, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国人民解放军西部战区总医院心血管外科,四川 成都)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441048082526784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Core assumptions for Mendelian randomization, figureFileSmall=SmyPwDlsqWrfJgnbhrlc5A==, figureFileBig=n6X5Bdr/H9LgoKBG+aF9cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441048145441345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, language=CN, label=图1, caption=孟德尔随机化研究核心假设, figureFileSmall=SmyPwDlsqWrfJgnbhrlc5A==, figureFileBig=n6X5Bdr/H9LgoKBG+aF9cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441048346767938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Mendelian randomization analysis of the causal effects of different testosterone forms on aortic aneurysm, figureFileSmall=wuJD6Dq0qJ7Kb0xNluMuBQ==, figureFileBig=JCThtETUxkoS4bsntIQvXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441048418071107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同形式睾酮与主动脉瘤的孟德尔随机化分析

A: MR analysis for total testosterone and aortic aneurysm; B: MR analysis for bioavailable testosterone and aortic aneurysm. MR: mendelian randomization; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; β: beta coefficient; SE: standard error; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval

, figureFileSmall=wuJD6Dq0qJ7Kb0xNluMuBQ==, figureFileBig=JCThtETUxkoS4bsntIQvXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441048493568580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Scatter plots from MR analysis comparing the effects of different testosterone forms on aortic aneurysm risk, figureFileSmall=sVV6QmGKZrUBqCN/2jm85Q==, figureFileBig=a7YQAyuMJiuzANRpmlyWSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441048569066053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同形式睾酮与主动脉瘤的MR分析散点图

A: MR scatter plot for the causal effect of total testosterone on aortic aneurysm risk; B: MR scatter plot for the causal effect of bioavailable testosterone on aortic aneurysm risk. MR: mendelian randomization; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism

, figureFileSmall=sVV6QmGKZrUBqCN/2jm85Q==, figureFileBig=a7YQAyuMJiuzANRpmlyWSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441048631980614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Leave-one-out analysis of two-sample MR for total testosterone and aortic aneurysm, figureFileSmall=N5klMPe8HRlgWuvb/3llmQ==, figureFileBig=C0xqueUwXLwzOneyrkjR9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441048715866695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441042667680257, language=CN, label=图4, caption=总睾酮与主动脉瘤的两样本MR留一法分析

MR: mendelian randomization

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SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; SE: standard error

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MR: mendelian randomization

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SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; SE: standard error

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基于孟德尔随机化的总睾酮、生物可利用睾酮与主动脉瘤的因果关系研究
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侯力文 1, 2 , 王颖 1 , 高智春 1 , 赵灵巩 1 , 徐一丹 1 , 晋军 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·临床医学 2026,48(6): 783-792
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·临床医学 2026 , 48 (6) : 783 -792
基于孟德尔随机化的总睾酮、生物可利用睾酮与主动脉瘤的因果关系研究
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侯力文1, 2, 王颖1, 高智春1, 赵灵巩1, 徐一丹1, 晋军1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院心血管内科,重庆
  • 2中国人民解放军西部战区总医院心血管外科,四川 成都
通讯作者:
晋军,E-mail:
JIN Jun,E-mail:
Causal relationships of total testosterone and bioavailable testosterone with aortic aneurysm: A Mendelian randomization study
Liwen HOU1, 2, Ying WANG1, Zhichun GAO1, Linggong ZHAO1, Yidan XU1, Jun JIN1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
  • 2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512163
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目的

本研究旨在通过孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization,MR)探索血浆总睾酮(total testosterone,TT)、生物可利用睾酮(bioavailable testosterone,Bio-T)水平与主动脉瘤(aortic aneurysm,AA)发病之间的因果关系。

方法

从IEU Open GWAS公开基因组数据库中,筛选与TT、Bio-T密切相关(P<5×10-10)且低偏倚度的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)作为工具变量,以AA为结局,采用逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighted,IVW)为主要分析方法,结合MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法(weighted median estimation, WME)、简单模式和加权模式分析法。通过Cochran’s Q检验、MR-Egger截距检验、MR-PRESSO检验、留一法及漏斗图法进行敏感性分析,统计显著性设定为P<0.05。

结果

两样本MR分析显示,TT和Bio-T水平与AA发病风险均存在因果关系,MR-Egger回归和WME结果的方向也一致。TT与AA的因果关联中存在异质性(Q=132.081,P=0.024),进行MR-PRESSO检验未发现异常SNP,故采用随机效应模型(IVW:OR=0.856,95% CI:0.744~0.985,P=0.030)作为主要结果。Bio-T(IVW:OR=0.551,95% CI:0.304~0.998,P=0.049)水平与AA发病的因果关联效应较TT(OR=0.856)更强,通过递进式SNP阈值筛选(严格至P<5×10-33)和敏感性分析都验证了Bio-T与AA因果关系的稳健性。

结论

血浆TT和Bio-T水平均与AA发生存在因果关联,Bio-T的因果效应更强,结果更稳健,维持健康足量的血浆睾酮水平,尤其是Bio-T水平可显著降低AA的发病风险,该发现为AA的防治策略提供了新的靶点和思路。

总睾酮  /  生物可利用睾酮  /  主动脉瘤  /  孟德尔随机化
Objective

To explore the causal relationships between plasma total testosterone (TT), bioavailable testosterone (Bio-T) levels and the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm (AA) using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly associated with TT and Bio-T (P<5×10-10) and with low bias were selected from the IEU Open GWAS public genome database as instrumental variables, with AA as the outcome. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method served as the primary analytical approach, complemented by MR-Egger regression, weighted median estimation (WME), simple mode, and weighted mode analyses. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO test, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plot inspection, with statistical significance set at P<0.05.

Results

Two-sample MR analyses revealed causal associations between both TT and Bio-T levels and AA risk, with consistent directional results from MR-Egger regression and WME. MR analysis indicated heterogeneity for the causal association between TT and AA (Cochran’s Q=132.081, P=0.024); MR-PRESSO identified no outlier SNPs, prompting adoption of the random-effects model as the primary result (IVW: OR=0.856, 95%CI: 0.744 to 0.985, P=0.030). The causal effect of Bio-T (IVW: OR=0.551, 95%CI: 0.304 to 0.998, P=0.049) on AA incidence was stronger than that of TT (OR=0.856). Progressive stringent SNP selection thresholds (down to P<5×10-33) and a suite of sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the causal association between Bio-T and AA.

Conclusion

Both plasma TT and Bio-T levels are causally associated with AA occurrence, with Bio-T conferring a stronger and more robust causal effect. Maintaining healthy, adequate plasma testosterone levels, particularly Bio-T levels, markedly reduce AA risk, offering novel targets and insights for AA prevention and treatment strategies.

total testosterone  /  bioavailable testosterone  /  aortic aneurysm  /  Mendelian randomization
侯力文, 王颖, 高智春, 赵灵巩, 徐一丹, 晋军. 基于孟德尔随机化的总睾酮、生物可利用睾酮与主动脉瘤的因果关系研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (6) : 783 -792 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512163
Liwen HOU, Ying WANG, Zhichun GAO, Linggong ZHAO, Yidan XU, Jun JIN. Causal relationships of total testosterone and bioavailable testosterone with aortic aneurysm: A Mendelian randomization study[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (6) : 783 -792 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512163
总睾酮(total testosterone,TT)指血液循环中所有形式睾酮的总和,包括游离态及与蛋白结合的形态。生物可利用睾酮(bioavailable testosterone,Bio-T)指具有生物活性的睾酮部分,主要包括游离睾酮及与白蛋白结合的睾酮。作为男性的核心雄激素,睾酮在维持肌肉质量、骨密度、脂肪分布及红细胞生成等关键生理过程中发挥重要作用[1]。此外,生理浓度的睾酮也对心血管系统具有重要影响,包括维持血管张力、内皮功能、糖脂代谢及抗炎状态[2]。值得注意的是,男性TT和Bio-T水平均随年龄增长呈逐渐下降趋势[3-4]。
主动脉瘤(aortic aneurysm,AA)是一种严重威胁生命的心血管疾病,其主要病理特征为主动脉壁结构损伤,导致血管壁强度下降并发生进行性扩张。该病早期常无明显症状,但疾病中后期瘤体出现破裂致死率极高,属于隐匿性高危疾病[5]。流行病学资料显示AA破裂时发病急、存活率低,通常仅有50%的患者能送达医院救治,总体死亡率接近90%[6]。既往药物治疗的临床随机试验表明,部分ACEI/ARB、抗生素、抗血小板、肥大细胞抑制剂和贝特类药物均未证实有延缓腹主动脉瘤进展的作用[7]。因此,开发出有效减缓AA进展和降低其破裂风险的药物方案具有一定临床紧迫性。目前权威指南指出,AA的发病率随年龄增长显著升高[8],该趋势与TT、Bio-T水平随年龄的变化方向相反。流行病学数据显示,腹主动脉瘤在男性中的患病率为1.3%~8.9%,在女性中则为1.0%~2.2%;在胸主动脉瘤患者中,男性占比约70%,这提示总体上男性AA患病率显著高于女性[8]。
既往研究已证实,睾酮可能参与心血管疾病的调节,低血浆睾酮水平与冠状动脉疾病的不良预后显著相关[9]。近年来,睾酮与主动脉疾病之间的联系逐渐受到关注。部分临床预后研究发现,男性AA患者的睾酮水平降低可能与动脉瘤扩张速率及后期破裂风险相关[10]。然而,目前关于睾酮与AA发病风险的相关性研究较为少见,且尚未针对不同活性形式的睾酮(如TT与Bio-T等)进行系统分析,其潜在机制可能涉及遗传与非遗传等复杂因素的作用。
为此,本研究拟采用双样本孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization,MR)方法,从遗传学角度解析TT与Bio-T水平对AA发病风险的因果效应。MR是一种以遗传变异为工具变量,评估暴露因素与结局之间因果关系的统计方法[11]。该方法模拟了随机对照实验(RCT)原理:利用先天随机分配的遗传变异来模拟RCT的随机化分组逻辑,减少和控制了混杂偏倚[12-13];因遗传变异在受孕时就已随机分配,先于疾病(结局)的发生,符合RCT中先分组、后干预、再观察结局的因果时序,避免了反向因果的影响。因此MR被视为一种较为可靠的因果推断工具[14-15]。
本研究拟整合公开发表的全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)汇总数据,运用MR方法首次从遗传学角度系统评估TT与Bio-T水平对AA发病风险的因果作用,以期为AA的防治策略优化提供新的科学依据。
本研究采用两样本设计,分别以TT和Bio-T水平为暴露因素,将和暴露因素强相关的遗传变异-单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)作为工具变量,探究两种暴露因素与AA发病之间的因果关系。MR分析基于以下3个核心假设:①关联性假设:SNP与TT或Bio-T水平显著相关;②独立性假设:SNP独立于影响“暴露-结局”关系的混杂因素;③排他性假设:SNP仅通过TT或Bio-T对AA产生影响,无其他旁路途径(图1)。本研究采用两个独立的AA结局GWAS数据集,分别评估TT与Bio-T的效应,以避免使用同一数据集可能导致的潜在偏倚,从而为两种睾酮形式的独立因果关联提供更稳健的评估。
所有数据均来自公开的全基因组关联研究数据资源库IEU Open GWAS(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/)。暴露数据方面:TT数据集(编号为ieu-b-4865)基于199 569例欧洲白人血统个体,包含12 321 875个SNPs;Bio-T数据集(编号为ebi-a-GCST90012104),基于382 988例欧洲白人血统个体,包含16 137 327个SNPs。结局数据方面:为减少样本重叠,分别使用2个独立AA数据集。TT分析的AA数据(ID:ebi-a-GCST90018783)包含3 230例病例与475 964例对照;Bio-T分析的AA数据(ID: finn-b-I9_AORTANEUR_EXNONE)包含2 825例病例与215 967例对照。两组数据均来自2021年,都为欧洲白人血统。本研究仅使用已发表的公开汇总数据,无需额外的伦理审批。
利用R4.5.2软件从Open GWAS网站获取SNPs后,为保证SNPs间不存在强连锁不平衡导致的分析偏倚,并且具有强相关性,需满足以下筛选要求:①在TT和Bio-T数据集中,以常规标准P<5×10-8为阈值,筛选显著相关的SNPs,若符合的SNPs数量较多(n>200),可能引入弱工具变量偏倚及潜在水平多效性风险[16],为提升工具变量的特异性与可信度,采用严格的显著性阈值(P<5×10-10)进行筛选。研究中为获取与Bio-T高强度相关且最小化偏倚的核心工具变量,将设定更严格的显著性阈值,筛选出显著强相关的核心SNPs,并进行MR结果验证维持因果关联的稳定性。为确保SNPs之间相互独立,设置连锁不平衡系数(r²<0.001)。限制分析范围,设置遗传距离宽度为10 000 kb,以减少基因多效性对结果的影响并获得相关的工具变量。②筛选强相关的SNPs,设置F>10,以确保筛选的SNPs与暴露因素(TT,Bio-T)之间存在强相关性,F=R2×(N-2)/(1-R2),N为样本量,R2为工具变量解释的表型在总体中的方差。去除F<10的SNPs,以避免弱工具变量导致的结果偏倚。③进入网站(https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih.gov/snp/)查询SNPs是否已报道,结合生物学及临床知识判断,手动去除混杂因素(冠心病、高血压病史、吸烟)相关的SNPs。经过以上步骤最终获得的工具变量用于MR分析。
使用R studio软件(版本4.5.2)及“Two-sample MR”和离群值检验(MR-PRESSO)等R包进行分析。主要采用逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighted,IVW)作为因果效应的核心估计方法,并辅以加权中位数法(weighted median estimation,WME)、MR-Egger回归、简单模式(simple mode)与加权模式(Weighted mode)进行补充验证[17]。若IVW结果具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且其余方法与IVW结果方向一致时,则支持存在因果关联。
为验证结果的稳健性,进行以下敏感性分析:①异质性检验:采用Cochran’s Q检验评估SNPs间的异质性。若P>0.05,说明纳入的SNPs不存在异质性,采用固定效应模型;若P<0.05,提示SNPs间存在异质性,采用IVW随机效应模型作为主要结果。当存在整体异质性时,采用MR-PRESSO检验是否存在离群值,并剔除对因果估计影响最大、且可能通过独立生物学通路影响结局的少数SNPs。②水平多效性检验:采用MR-Egger回归检验,通过截距项检验水平多效性,若截距项(Egger intercept)的P<0.05,提示存在显著水平多效性;P>0.05为无显著多效性。③留一法(Leave-one-out)分析:逐一剔除单个SNP后重新进行IVW分析,观察因果效应OR值是否由某一个SNP驱动而发生显著变化。④反向因果检验:使用Steiger检验法排除结局对暴露存在反向因果关系的可能性。检验水准α=0.05。
此前本研究初步以常规显著性阈值(P<5×10-8)筛选,获取的SNPs数量较大(n>200,见附件1),为降低工具变量偏倚提高其可信度,采用严格显著性阈值(P<5×10-10) 筛选出与TT高度相关的SNPs 107个,其F统计值范围为37.397~1 429.004,每个SNP的F值均>10,符合强相关SNPs标准。经手动排除与AA已知混杂因素相关的SNPs:冠心病(rs4977574、rs10757278)[18]、高血压(rs2070759、rs11105378、rs1458038、rs1004467、rs1378942)[19]、吸烟行为(rs16969968、rs4466874、rs10193706)[20-21]。采用TwoSample MR包中的harmonise_data函数进行数据调整,移除具有中等等位基因频率的回文SNPs,避免引入的潜在错误,并提取其在结局数据集中的信息,最终纳入103个SNPs。
随机效应模型IVW显示,较高的TT水平与较低的AA患病风险相关(OR=0.856,95%CI: 0.744~0.985,P=0.030),提示TT是AA 的保护性因素。MR-Egger 回归、WME、简单模式及加权模式分析所得效应方向均与IVW模型方向一致,虽未达统计学显著性,仍能支持结论的稳健性(图2A)。散点图显示MR分析方法的斜率均为负,直观提示了TT水平与AA发病风险的负向因果关联(图3A)。
根据Cochran’s Q检验结果提示全局工具变量间存在异质性(Q=132.081,P=0.024)。故采用MR-PRESSO进行离群值检验,未在全基因组显著阈值下识别出任何单独的异常SNPs,表明异质性呈弥漫性而非某个特定变异驱动,因此可合理采用随机效应法IVW的结果。水平多效性检验:MR-Egger截距法分析显示,TT与AA关联的回归截距项为-0.006 6(SE=0.005 4),P=0.221,提示不存在显著水平多效性,满足MR分析的排他性假设,结果可靠性较高。留一法分析显示,逐一剔除SNP后的OR及其95%CI未发生明显改变,结果均在同侧,方向稳健(图4)。漏斗图示所有SNPs基本为对称分布,分析推断的主要结果稳定,基本反映了真实的因果关系(图5)。Steiger反向因果检验分析示,纳入的工具变量对TT表型变异的解释力(R2exposure=0.071 0)显著高于其对AA表型变异的解释力(R2outcome=0.000 3);Steiger Z统计量=18.84,对应的P=1.7×10-79,提示不存在反向因果,本研究假设的因果方向成立。
初步采用显著性阈值(P<5×10-10)筛选出与Bio-T相关的SNPs 123个,直接进行MR分析结果显示,该条件下Bio-T与AA存在显著因果关系。鉴于该阈值下纳入的SNPs数量仍较多,为排除潜在弱关联变异,并发掘核心遗传工具变量,本研究将筛选阈值严格至(P<5×10-33),获取与Bio-T高度相关的核心SNPs,F统计值范围为125.762~780.918。排除已报道的混杂因素(冠心病、高血压、吸烟行为)相关的SNPs,提取工具变量在结局中的信息,移除回文SNPs后,最终纳入7个SNPs。
严格筛选后的IVW分析显示较高的Bio-T水平与较低的AA患病风险显著相关(OR=0.551,95%CI: 0.304~0.998,P=0.049)。MR-Egger、WME、简单模式和加权模式结果的方向一致(图2B)。散点图结果显示5种分析方法的斜率均为负,因果效应稳定,即Bio-T水平较高时可能会降低 AA的发病风险(图3B)。
两种严格筛选条件的MR分析,验证了结论的一致性;Cochran’s Q检验未提示异质性(MR-Egger,P=0.743;IVW,P=0.834)。MR-Egger截距法显示,Bio-T与AA关联的回归截距项为0.008 8(SE=0.0319,P=0.794)提示不存在水平多效性。留一法分析显示,MR结果不受单个工具变量的偏倚影响(图6),漏斗图示所有SNPs相对分布对称,研究结果具有稳定性(图7)。
随着人口老龄化加剧及高血压患病率上升,AA的发病率总体呈现增高趋势。作为一种高病死率与高致残率的心血管疾病,AA严重威胁中老年人群的生命健康,同时也为社会医疗体系带来沉重负担。目前,临床尚缺乏有效的生物标志物用于AA的早期预警与诊断,致使部分高危患者未能获得及时干预。因此,深入开展AA相关研究,明确与其发病密切相关的特异性生物标志物,不仅对探索疾病发生机制具有重要意义,也可为临床早期识别与预防提供依据。相较于既往小规模观察性研究,本研究首次采用MR方法从遗传学角度探讨了TT、Bio-T水平与AA发病之间的因果关系。
MR分析结果显示,较高TT水平与较低的AA发病风险显著相关(OR=0.856,95% CI: 0.744~0.985,P=0.030),且不存在水平多效性,随机效应模型结果可信。尽管Cochran’s Q检验提示SNPs间存在异质性,但进一步MR-PRESSO检验未发现任何驱动异质性的SNPs,这表明该异质性并非由个别异常SNP引起,而是源于多个SNPs的微小偏离。其可能的异质性来源为:①不同遗传变异作为工具变量的效力存在差异[22];②随机误差(不同批次数据的检测偏倚、基因分型误差等技术原因)[23];③不同地域的欧洲血统人群存在遗传结构的差异,导致SNPs效应出现异质性[24],MARTIN等[25]在遗传效应异质性的研究中也证实了这一观点。
Bio-T在相同显著性阈值(P<5×10-10)下筛选出SNPs,进行两样本MR分析,结果Bio-T水平与AA发病有显著因果关联(OR=0.688,95% CI: 0.530~0.894,P=0.005)。对比发现Bio-T与AA的效应强于TT,其可能是疾病进展中起主导作用的睾酮活性形式。据此进一步严格SNPs的显著性阈值(P<5×10-33),筛选出与Bio-T高强度相关、最小化偏倚的核心工具变量,分析后验证MR结果是具有稳定性的(OR=0.551,95% CI:0.304~0.998,P=0.049)。本研究结果认为TT和Bio-T可能均为AA的保护性因素,且BioT具有更强的因果效应。TT是血液中所有形式睾酮的总和,Bio-T则包括游离型和白蛋白结合型睾酮,这部分睾酮可以相对自由地穿过毛细血管壁,进入组织器官发挥生物学效应。国际权威指南也明确指出Bio-T比TT更能反映雄激素的实际生物活性水平[26],合理解释了Bio-T与AA更强的临床关联性。上述因果关联得到多种敏感性分析结果的支持,表明本研究结论具有较好的稳健性。
本研究结果不仅进一步印证了睾酮已知的心血管保护作用,还首次从遗传层面揭示了不同形式睾酮与AA发病风险的因果关系。一项探讨内源性睾酮与心血管及全因死亡率关联的荟萃分析显示,睾酮具有潜在的心血管保护作用[27]。研究亦表明,冠心病患者的TT水平显著低于冠状动脉正常的人群,且与冠脉病变的严重程度呈负相关[28-29]。此外,MENKE等[30]的长期随访研究提示,Bio-T水平下降与全因死亡和心血管死亡风险增加有关,间接反映了Bio-T水平在心血管预后中的重要作用。尽管个别研究认为TT与心肌梗死、心绞痛等心血管事件风险无关[31],但多数证据支持低睾酮水平是心血管不良事件及死亡的危险因素[32]。总体而言,现有证据提示TT和Bio-T可能对心血管系统具有保护作用,其水平不足可能增加心血管疾病的发生及死亡风险[33]。然而,关于TT和/或Bio-T对主动脉疾病的影响,既往研究十分有限且结论不一致。一项针对腹主动脉瘤患者的研究显示,血清睾酮水平与腹主动脉瘤直径呈负相关趋势[34]。但有观点认为,该相关性可能受年龄、肥胖、糖尿病等混杂因素以及复杂的剂量-效应关系的干扰[35]。这些争议在一定程度上反映了传统观察性研究的局限性。本研究采用MR方法,能较大程度地避免上述混杂偏倚和反向因果的影响,从而为TT/Bio-T与AA之间的因果关联提供更为可靠的遗传学证据。
从机制层面看,本研究发现的TT与Bio-T对AA的保护作用,与既往机制研究结果相呼应。动物实验表明,睾酮缺乏会加速AA形成,补充睾酮可通过抑制巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应、降低IL-1β、IL-6等炎症因子表达[36],这会降低主动脉壁弹性纤维断裂、减少平滑肌细胞降解、减轻主动脉炎症,从而延缓AA进展[37]。一项体外细胞实验发现睾酮能抑制巨噬细胞产生的促炎因子IL-1β,并选择性调节抗炎(M2型)巨噬细胞相关基因的表达[38],从细胞层面证实了睾酮对巨噬细胞的直接调控可能是其延缓AA进展的重要细胞学机制。此外,基础研究提示睾酮可能通过调节基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)及其组织抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, TIMP)间的平衡影响细胞外基质重塑;低睾酮水平与主动脉壁中MMP-2和MMP-9活性升高相关,进而加速弹性纤维降解,促进动脉瘤发展[39]。细胞学研究指出睾酮可激活血管平滑肌细胞中的Gas6/Axl信号通路,抑制MMP-2的活性,上调TIMP-2的表达,从而抑制细胞外基质的异常降解与重塑、延缓细胞衰老,发挥保护血管的作用,这为睾酮改善AA进展提供了另一重要的细胞生物学依据[40]。血管平滑肌细胞和成纤维细胞均表达雄激素受体,研究表明睾酮可通过该受体信号通路调节血管平滑肌细胞的增殖、表型转换与凋亡[41],对维持主动脉壁结构完整性具有重要作用。此外,炎症在AA发生发展中扮演关键角色;研究显示睾酮水平与炎症标志物呈负相关[42],而AA患者术后炎症指标如白细胞计数常显著升高[43];CRP、IL-6、TNF-α等炎症因子可加剧主动脉壁炎症反应,影响血管平滑肌细胞功能,从而参与AA病理过程[44]。
值得关注的是,一项针对低睾酮水平冠心病患者的随机临床试验报道,睾酮治疗对心肌缺血的改善具有持续积极作用[45]。根据本研究在遗传风险层面的发现,AA的发病与睾酮水平,尤其是Bio-T水平具有显著的因果关联。临床实践中,对具有AA高危因素且合并睾酮水平低下的个体,可尽早开展Bio-T水平监测与适当干预,或有助于降低AA发病风险。未来仍需开展更深入广泛的研究,进一步探索Bio-T水平与AA患者预后的相关性。
本研究首次运用MR方法系统探究了TT、Bio-T与AA之间的因果关系,较好地克服了传统观察性研究的局限,使因果推断更为可靠。然而,本研究仍存在若干局限性:首先,所有GWAS数据均来源于欧洲人群,研究结论外推至亚洲尤其是中国人群时需谨慎,有研究显示女性中Bio-T水平与胰岛素抵抗及心血管风险呈正相关[46-47],因此未来需在不同种族与性别亚组中进行分层验证。其次,尽管通过多种敏感性分析证实主要结果的稳健性,TT相关分析中仍存在一定异质性,未能完全排除工具变量潜在的水平多效性影响。最后,本研究主要聚焦于暴露和结局的因果关联验证,未能深入阐明其背后具体的生物学机制,有待后续开展更系统、深入的功能实验与临床研究加以揭示。
综上所述,本研究采用两样本MR分析发现,较高的TT、Bio-T水平与较低的AA发病风险显著相关,且Bio-T的因果效应更强且更具稳定性,从遗传学角度为二者的因果关联提供了新证据。未来临床实践中,维持睾酮尤其是Bio-T的健康生理水平可能对保护主动脉结构与功能的完整性具有积极意义,这为该疾病的风险评估与防治策略提供了新的思考方向。相关结论有待在前瞻性研究中进一步验证。

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2026年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512163
  • 接收时间:2025-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-31
  • 修回日期:2026-01-27
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院心血管内科,重庆
    2中国人民解放军西部战区总医院心血管外科,四川 成都

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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