Article(id=1320441391071740132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=1769788800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747360246, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747360246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747360246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747360246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441063936996073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='831', pageEnd='970', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747282251, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749796678, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=871, endPage=881, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441391457616101, articleId=1320441391071740132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Disuccinate artemisinin mitigates LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory responses by protecting mitochondria and inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Endotoxemia is a common high-risk subtype of sepsis, primarily caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released from Gram-negative bacteria. Macrophages, essential components of the innate immune system, represent one of the most critical defense cells within the immune system once LPS breaches physical barriers; LPS can activate macrophages and induce a severe inflammatory response. Mitochondria, vital organelles regulating cellular metabolism and inflammatory responses, undergo structural and functional damage that further exacerbates the inflammatory activation of macrophages. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of a novel artemisinin derivative, disuccinate artemisinin (DA), on macrophage mitochondrial damage and inflammatory responses induced by low-concentration LPS, as well as the interrelationships between these effects and the preliminary mechanisms of action.
Methods Low-concentration LPS (20 ng/mL) was used to induce mitochondrial damage and inflammatory cytokine expression in the mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Cell toxicity of DA at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 μg/mL was assessed using CCK-8 assay (n=6); qPCR was employed to monitor the dynamic changes in mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells at 0, 1/12, 1/6, 1/3, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after stimulation with 20 ng/mL LPS (n=3 or 4). qPCR was further performed to assess the effects of 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL DA on the expression of the aforementioned genes in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with 20 ng/mL LPS (n=3 or 4). RAW264.7 cells were divided into the control group (medium), 20 μg/mL DA group, 20 ng/mL LPS group, LPS+DA (5 μg/mL) group, LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group, and LPS+DA (20 μg/mL) group. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), NF-κB p50, and NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) in cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins (n=3). RAW264.7 cells were divided into a control group (medium), a 10 μg/mL DA group, a 20 ng/mL LPS group, and an LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway proteins in total cell lysates (n=3). RAW264.7 cells were divided into a control group (medium), a 20 ng/mL LPS group, and an LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group. Western blotting, fluorescence imaging, and qPCR were utilized to detect the expression of p-NF-κB p65(Ser536), inhibitor of κB kinase α (IKKα), inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ), p-IKKα/β (Ser176/180) and cGAS-STING pathway proteins in total cell lysates (n=3). The mitochondrial morphology, membrane potential (n=5), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (n=4) were observed. Free mitochondrial DNA and chromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm were also detected (n=4).
Results The IC10 value of DA was 13.2 μg/mL for the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells. Peak TNF-α expression occurred at 1 h after LPS stimulation (P<0.05), that of IL-6 at 24 h (P<0.05), and that of IL-1β at 4 h (P<0.05). DA sustainably downregulated the expression of these LPS-induced genes. Compared with 20 ng/mL LPS, DA also downregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β genes in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05), with an optimal concentration of 10 μg/mL (<IC10). Western blotting showed that, compared with 20 ng/mL LPS, DA concentration-dependently inhibited LPS-induced IκB-α degradation, reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50 and NF-κB p65, and decreased p-NF-κB p65(Ser536) levels, thereby inhibiting the activation of NF-κB (P<0.05). DA exerted no significant effect on the TLR4 pathway (P>0.05), but it did inhibit the activation of p-IKKα/β (Ser176/180) (P<0.05). Mitochondrial damage assays demonstrated that, compared to 20 ng/mL LPS, DA inhibited LPS-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, membrane potential decline, ROS production, and mitochondrial DNA release (P<0.05), thereby downregulating cGAS, p-STING (Ser366), p-TBK1 (Ser172), and p-IRF3 (Ser396) (P<0.05), thereby inhibiting the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway.
Conclusion DA mitigates mitochondrial damage induced by low-concentration LPS in macrophages, thereby inhibiting the activation of cGAS-STING pathway to alleviate mitochondria-related inflammatory responses. DA is considered an anti-inflammatory candidate drug with mitochondrial protective properties.
, authors=Ting ZHU, Pan WANG, Chenzhen BAO, Yanyan CEN, Xichun PAN, authorsList=Ting ZHU, Pan WANG, Chenzhen BAO, Yanyan CEN, Xichun PAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanyan CEN, Xichun PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441394204885234, articleId=1320441391071740132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=青蒿双琥酯通过保护线粒体抑制cGAS-STING通路减轻LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎性反应, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 内毒素血症是脓毒症常见的高危压型,主要由革兰氏阴性菌释放的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)引起。巨噬细胞是机体固有免疫的重要组成部分,是LPS突破物理屏障后,机体内免疫系统中关键的防御细胞,LPS可激活巨噬细胞并诱发剧烈炎症反应。线粒体作为调控细胞代谢与炎症反应的重要细胞器,其结构与功能损伤会进一步加剧巨噬细胞炎性活化。本研究旨在探讨一种新的青蒿素衍生物青蒿双琥酯(disuccinate artemisinin, DA)对低浓度脂多糖所致巨噬细胞线粒体损伤和炎性反应的抑制作用、相互关系及初步的作用机制。
方法 采用低浓度LPS(20 ng/mL)诱导小鼠单核/巨噬细胞株RAW264.7线粒体损伤和炎症因子表达;使用CCK-8试剂盒检测0、1、2、4、8、16、32和64 μg/mL DA的细胞毒性(n=6);采用qPCR观察20 ng/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞0、1/12、1/6、1/3、0.5、1、2、4、8、24和48 h后TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β的mRNA水平的动态变化(n=3或4);进一步采用qPCR检测5、10和20 μg/mL的DA对20 ng/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞表达上述基因的影响(n=3或4);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常(medium)组、20 μg/mL DA组、20 ng/mL LPS组、LPS+DA(5 μg/mL)组、LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组和LPS+DA(20 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting检测细胞质蛋白或核蛋白中核因子κB p65亚基(nuclear factor kappa B p65,NF-κB p65)、核因子κB p50亚基(nuclear factor kappa B p50,NF-κB p50)以及核因子κB抑制蛋白α(nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor α,IκB-α)的蛋白表达(n=3);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常(medium)组、10 μg/mL DA组、20 ng/mL LPS组和LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting检测总蛋白中Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)通路的表达(n=3);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常组(medium)、20 ng/mL LPS组和LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting、荧光成像、qPCR分别检测总蛋白中p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)、抑制因子κB激酶α(inhibitor of κB kinase α,IKKα)、抑制因子κB激酶β(inhibitor of κB kinase β,IKKβ)、p-IKKα/β(Ser176/180)和cGAS-STING通路的蛋白表达(n=3),观察线粒体形态、膜电位(n=5)和线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的特征(n=4),以及检测胞质中游离的线粒体DNA和染色体DNA(n=4)。
结果 DA对RAW264.7细胞增殖的IC10值为13.2 μg/mL。TNF-α达峰时间为LPS刺激后1 h(P<0.05)、IL-6达峰时间为LPS刺激后24 h(P<0.05)、IL-1β的达峰时间为LPS刺激后4 h(P<0.05),DA可持续性地下调LPS诱导的上述基因表达。与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA也浓度依赖性地下调TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β基因的表达(P<0.05),DA的最佳处理浓度为10 μg/mL(<IC10)。Western blotting检测显示,与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA浓度依赖地抑制LPS诱导的IκB-α降解、减少NF-κB p50和NF-κB p65的核转位,并降低p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)水平,具有抑制NF-κB活化作用(P<0.05);DA对TLR4通路没有明显抑制作用(P>0.05),但能抑制p-IKKα/β(Ser176/180)活化(P<0.05)。一系列线粒体损伤检测显示,与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA能抑制LPS所致的线粒体断裂、膜电位下降、ROS生成和线粒体DNA释放(P<0.05),从而下调cGAS、p-STING(Ser366)、p-TBK1(Ser172)、p-IRF3(Ser396)表达(P<0.05),具有抑制cGAS-STING通路活化作用。
结论 DA减轻低浓度LPS刺激所致的巨噬细胞线粒体损伤,从而通过抑制cGAS-STING通路活化减轻线粒体相关的炎性反应,是一种具有线粒体保护作用的抗炎候选药物。
, authors=朱婷, 王攀, 鲍晨震, 岑彦艳, 潘夕春, authorsList=朱婷, 王攀, 鲍晨震, 岑彦艳, 潘夕春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=岑彦艳, 潘夕春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320441394741756154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, authorId=1320441394494292215, language=CN, stringName=朱婷, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=
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1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441394435571957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, companyId=1320441394418794739, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441394435571957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, companyId=1320441394418794739, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系药理学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441399871389977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Disuccinate artemisinin (DA) promotes the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, figureFileSmall=d62vYhCiAeSBpi2QeL0UVw==, figureFileBig=3EHK2IEK0xyvW9W9XC0YWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441401855295770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
DA浓度依赖性地促进RAW264.7细胞增殖A: chemical structure of DA; B: effect of DA (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 μg/mL) on the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells
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DA inhibits LPS-induced cytokine expression in macrophages, figureFileSmall=tgoFvAJJhDe5cGJJeFmU3g==, figureFileBig=kz+5l88DNZ/8i04nGN8e1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402274726172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
DA抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症因子表达A: influence of DA on LPS-induced mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells for up to 48 h; B: effect of DA (5, 10 and 20 μg/mL) on LPS-induced mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells
, figureFileSmall=tgoFvAJJhDe5cGJJeFmU3g==, figureFileBig=kz+5l88DNZ/8i04nGN8e1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402329252125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
DA inhibits LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages, figureFileSmall=8fV+GZ3QwOY+JH24UBktZA==, figureFileBig=n8HjLJuXyGOS9wzzSCPmkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402392166686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
DA抑制LPS诱导巨噬细胞NF-κB通路活化A: effects of DA on cytoplasm and nuclear levels of NF-κB p65, NF-κB p50, and IκB-α in RAW264.7 cells at 1 h post-exposure to LPS; B and C: relative protein levels in cytoplasm and nucleus; D and E: effects of DA on levels of p-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) and NF-κB p65 in RAW264.7 cells at 1 h post-exposure to LPS
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DA did not significantly affect LPS-induced activation of the TLR4 pathway in macrophages, figureFileSmall=njMjbDzaIO/DYMIraSsppw==, figureFileBig=EEKt1q2ZRr06h6RDnQ0gEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402757071136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
DA未显著影响 LPS 诱导的巨噬细胞TLR4通路活化A and D: effects of DA on protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, IRAK4, TRAF6 in macrophages at 1 h after LPS stimulation; B and C: effects of DA on protein levels of IKKα, IKKβ and p-IKK α/β (Ser176/180) of macrophages at 4 h after LPS stimulation
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DA alleviates LPS-induced mitochondrial damage in RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=JyB5LqNQ3n/BuEjfVG99Yg==, figureFileBig=X1BxNnj1OEVepZAXHZ2UUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441403193278754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
DA改善LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞线粒体损伤A: mitotracker staining of live RAW264.7 cells after LPS and DA treatment; B: images of live RAW264.7 cells by JC-1 staining; C: images of live RAW264.7 cells by MitoSOX staining; D: qPCR analysis for cytoplasmic Cytb and nuclear HK2
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DA inhibits LPS-induced activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in macrophages, figureFileSmall=qA1R9NpuVUq4+TFyHvMjlg==, figureFileBig=MwxHea9s7PWVAYHxn/OCWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441403574960420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
DA抑制LPS诱导巨噬细胞cGAS-STING通路活化A and B: effects of DA on the levels of cGAS-STING pathway-related proteins in macrophages at 4 h after LPS stimulation; C: diagram of the mechanism of DA’s effect on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages
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