Article(id=1320441391071740132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=1769788800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747360246, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747360246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747360246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747360246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441063936996073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='831', pageEnd='970', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747282251, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749796678, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=871, endPage=881, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441391457616101, articleId=1320441391071740132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Disuccinate artemisinin mitigates LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory responses by protecting mitochondria and inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Endotoxemia is a common high-risk subtype of sepsis, primarily caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released from Gram-negative bacteria. Macrophages, essential components of the innate immune system, represent one of the most critical defense cells within the immune system once LPS breaches physical barriers; LPS can activate macrophages and induce a severe inflammatory response. Mitochondria, vital organelles regulating cellular metabolism and inflammatory responses, undergo structural and functional damage that further exacerbates the inflammatory activation of macrophages. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of a novel artemisinin derivative, disuccinate artemisinin (DA), on macrophage mitochondrial damage and inflammatory responses induced by low-concentration LPS, as well as the interrelationships between these effects and the preliminary mechanisms of action.

Methods

Low-concentration LPS (20 ng/mL) was used to induce mitochondrial damage and inflammatory cytokine expression in the mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Cell toxicity of DA at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 μg/mL was assessed using CCK-8 assay (n=6); qPCR was employed to monitor the dynamic changes in mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells at 0, 1/12, 1/6, 1/3, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after stimulation with 20 ng/mL LPS (n=3 or 4). qPCR was further performed to assess the effects of 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL DA on the expression of the aforementioned genes in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with 20 ng/mL LPS (n=3 or 4). RAW264.7 cells were divided into the control group (medium), 20 μg/mL DA group, 20 ng/mL LPS group, LPS+DA (5 μg/mL) group, LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group, and LPS+DA (20 μg/mL) group. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), NF-κB p50, and NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) in cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins (n=3). RAW264.7 cells were divided into a control group (medium), a 10 μg/mL DA group, a 20 ng/mL LPS group, and an LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway proteins in total cell lysates (n=3). RAW264.7 cells were divided into a control group (medium), a 20 ng/mL LPS group, and an LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group. Western blotting, fluorescence imaging, and qPCR were utilized to detect the expression of p-NF-κB p65(Ser536), inhibitor of κB kinase α (IKKα), inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ), p-IKKα/β (Ser176/180) and cGAS-STING pathway proteins in total cell lysates (n=3). The mitochondrial morphology, membrane potential (n=5), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (n=4) were observed. Free mitochondrial DNA and chromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm were also detected (n=4).

Results

The IC10 value of DA was 13.2 μg/mL for the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells. Peak TNF-α expression occurred at 1 h after LPS stimulation (P<0.05), that of IL-6 at 24 h (P<0.05), and that of IL-1β at 4 h (P<0.05). DA sustainably downregulated the expression of these LPS-induced genes. Compared with 20 ng/mL LPS, DA also downregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β genes in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05), with an optimal concentration of 10 μg/mL (<IC10). Western blotting showed that, compared with 20 ng/mL LPS, DA concentration-dependently inhibited LPS-induced IκB-α degradation, reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50 and NF-κB p65, and decreased p-NF-κB p65(Ser536) levels, thereby inhibiting the activation of NF-κB (P<0.05). DA exerted no significant effect on the TLR4 pathway (P>0.05), but it did inhibit the activation of p-IKKα/β (Ser176/180) (P<0.05). Mitochondrial damage assays demonstrated that, compared to 20 ng/mL LPS, DA inhibited LPS-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, membrane potential decline, ROS production, and mitochondrial DNA release (P<0.05), thereby downregulating cGAS, p-STING (Ser366), p-TBK1 (Ser172), and p-IRF3 (Ser396) (P<0.05), thereby inhibiting the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway.

Conclusion

DA mitigates mitochondrial damage induced by low-concentration LPS in macrophages, thereby inhibiting the activation of cGAS-STING pathway to alleviate mitochondria-related inflammatory responses. DA is considered an anti-inflammatory candidate drug with mitochondrial protective properties.

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目的

内毒素血症是脓毒症常见的高危压型,主要由革兰氏阴性菌释放的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)引起。巨噬细胞是机体固有免疫的重要组成部分,是LPS突破物理屏障后,机体内免疫系统中关键的防御细胞,LPS可激活巨噬细胞并诱发剧烈炎症反应。线粒体作为调控细胞代谢与炎症反应的重要细胞器,其结构与功能损伤会进一步加剧巨噬细胞炎性活化。本研究旨在探讨一种新的青蒿素衍生物青蒿双琥酯(disuccinate artemisinin, DA)对低浓度脂多糖所致巨噬细胞线粒体损伤和炎性反应的抑制作用、相互关系及初步的作用机制。

方法

采用低浓度LPS(20 ng/mL)诱导小鼠单核/巨噬细胞株RAW264.7线粒体损伤和炎症因子表达;使用CCK-8试剂盒检测0、1、2、4、8、16、32和64 μg/mL DA的细胞毒性(n=6);采用qPCR观察20 ng/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞0、1/12、1/6、1/3、0.5、1、2、4、8、24和48 h后TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β的mRNA水平的动态变化(n=3或4);进一步采用qPCR检测5、10和20 μg/mL的DA对20 ng/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞表达上述基因的影响(n=3或4);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常(medium)组、20 μg/mL DA组、20 ng/mL LPS组、LPS+DA(5 μg/mL)组、LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组和LPS+DA(20 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting检测细胞质蛋白或核蛋白中核因子κB p65亚基(nuclear factor kappa B p65,NF-κB p65)、核因子κB p50亚基(nuclear factor kappa B p50,NF-κB p50)以及核因子κB抑制蛋白α(nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor α,IκB-α)的蛋白表达(n=3);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常(medium)组、10 μg/mL DA组、20 ng/mL LPS组和LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting检测总蛋白中Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)通路的表达(n=3);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常组(medium)、20 ng/mL LPS组和LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting、荧光成像、qPCR分别检测总蛋白中p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)、抑制因子κB激酶α(inhibitor of κB kinase α,IKKα)、抑制因子κB激酶β(inhibitor of κB kinase β,IKKβ)、p-IKKα/β(Ser176/180)和cGAS-STING通路的蛋白表达(n=3),观察线粒体形态、膜电位(n=5)和线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的特征(n=4),以及检测胞质中游离的线粒体DNA和染色体DNA(n=4)。

结果

DA对RAW264.7细胞增殖的IC10值为13.2 μg/mL。TNF-α达峰时间为LPS刺激后1 h(P<0.05)、IL-6达峰时间为LPS刺激后24 h(P<0.05)、IL-1β的达峰时间为LPS刺激后4 h(P<0.05),DA可持续性地下调LPS诱导的上述基因表达。与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA也浓度依赖性地下调TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β基因的表达(P<0.05),DA的最佳处理浓度为10 μg/mL(<IC10)。Western blotting检测显示,与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA浓度依赖地抑制LPS诱导的IκB-α降解、减少NF-κB p50和NF-κB p65的核转位,并降低p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)水平,具有抑制NF-κB活化作用(P<0.05);DA对TLR4通路没有明显抑制作用(P>0.05),但能抑制p-IKKα/β(Ser176/180)活化(P<0.05)。一系列线粒体损伤检测显示,与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA能抑制LPS所致的线粒体断裂、膜电位下降、ROS生成和线粒体DNA释放(P<0.05),从而下调cGAS、p-STING(Ser366)、p-TBK1(Ser172)、p-IRF3(Ser396)表达(P<0.05),具有抑制cGAS-STING通路活化作用。

结论

DA减轻低浓度LPS刺激所致的巨噬细胞线粒体损伤,从而通过抑制cGAS-STING通路活化减轻线粒体相关的炎性反应,是一种具有线粒体保护作用的抗炎候选药物。

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潘夕春,E-mail:
岑彦艳,E-mail:
PAN Xichun,E-mail:
CEN Yanyan,E-mail:
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Cell Commun Signal, 2025, 23(1): 142., articleTitle=An examination of the LPS-TLR4 immune response through the analysis of molecular structures and protein-protein interactions, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441394418794739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441394427183348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, companyId=1320441394418794739, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441394435571957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, companyId=1320441394418794739, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系药理学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441399871389977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Disuccinate artemisinin (DA) promotes the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, figureFileSmall=d62vYhCiAeSBpi2QeL0UVw==, figureFileBig=3EHK2IEK0xyvW9W9XC0YWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441401855295770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图1, caption=DA浓度依赖性地促进RAW264.7细胞增殖

A: chemical structure of DA; B: effect of DA (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 μg/mL) on the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells

, figureFileSmall=d62vYhCiAeSBpi2QeL0UVw==, figureFileBig=3EHK2IEK0xyvW9W9XC0YWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402031456539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=DA inhibits LPS-induced cytokine expression in macrophages, figureFileSmall=tgoFvAJJhDe5cGJJeFmU3g==, figureFileBig=kz+5l88DNZ/8i04nGN8e1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402274726172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DA抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症因子表达

A: influence of DA on LPS-induced mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells for up to 48 h; B: effect of DA (5, 10 and 20 μg/mL) on LPS-induced mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells

, figureFileSmall=tgoFvAJJhDe5cGJJeFmU3g==, figureFileBig=kz+5l88DNZ/8i04nGN8e1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402329252125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=DA inhibits LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages, figureFileSmall=8fV+GZ3QwOY+JH24UBktZA==, figureFileBig=n8HjLJuXyGOS9wzzSCPmkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402392166686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DA抑制LPS诱导巨噬细胞NF-κB通路活化

A: effects of DA on cytoplasm and nuclear levels of NF-κB p65, NF-κB p50, and IκB-α in RAW264.7 cells at 1 h post-exposure to LPS; B and C: relative protein levels in cytoplasm and nucleus; D and E: effects of DA on levels of p-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) and NF-κB p65 in RAW264.7 cells at 1 h post-exposure to LPS

, figureFileSmall=8fV+GZ3QwOY+JH24UBktZA==, figureFileBig=n8HjLJuXyGOS9wzzSCPmkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402681573663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=DA did not significantly affect LPS-induced activation of the TLR4 pathway in macrophages, figureFileSmall=njMjbDzaIO/DYMIraSsppw==, figureFileBig=EEKt1q2ZRr06h6RDnQ0gEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441402757071136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DA未显著影响 LPS 诱导的巨噬细胞TLR4通路活化

A and D: effects of DA on protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, IRAK4, TRAF6 in macrophages at 1 h after LPS stimulation; B and C: effects of DA on protein levels of IKKα, IKKβ and p-IKK α/β (Ser176/180) of macrophages at 4 h after LPS stimulation

, figureFileSmall=njMjbDzaIO/DYMIraSsppw==, figureFileBig=EEKt1q2ZRr06h6RDnQ0gEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441403113586977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=DA alleviates LPS-induced mitochondrial damage in RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=JyB5LqNQ3n/BuEjfVG99Yg==, figureFileBig=X1BxNnj1OEVepZAXHZ2UUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441403193278754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DA改善LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞线粒体损伤

A: mitotracker staining of live RAW264.7 cells after LPS and DA treatment; B: images of live RAW264.7 cells by JC-1 staining; C: images of live RAW264.7 cells by MitoSOX staining; D: qPCR analysis for cytoplasmic Cytb and nuclear HK2

, figureFileSmall=JyB5LqNQ3n/BuEjfVG99Yg==, figureFileBig=X1BxNnj1OEVepZAXHZ2UUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441403264581923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=DA inhibits LPS-induced activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in macrophages, figureFileSmall=qA1R9NpuVUq4+TFyHvMjlg==, figureFileBig=MwxHea9s7PWVAYHxn/OCWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441403574960420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441391071740132, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DA抑制LPS诱导巨噬细胞cGAS-STING通路活化

A and B: effects of DA on the levels of cGAS-STING pathway-related proteins in macrophages at 4 h after LPS stimulation; C: diagram of the mechanism of DA’s effect on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages

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青蒿双琥酯通过保护线粒体抑制cGAS-STING通路减轻LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎性反应
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朱婷 , 王攀 , 鲍晨震 , 岑彦艳 , 潘夕春
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(7): 871-881
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (7) : 871 -881
青蒿双琥酯通过保护线粒体抑制cGAS-STING通路减轻LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎性反应
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朱婷, 王攀, 鲍晨震, 岑彦艳 , 潘夕春
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系药理学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
潘夕春,E-mail:
岑彦艳,E-mail:
PAN Xichun,E-mail:
CEN Yanyan,E-mail:
Disuccinate artemisinin mitigates LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory responses by protecting mitochondria and inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway
Ting ZHU, Pan WANG, Chenzhen BAO, Yanyan CEN , Xichun PAN
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512152
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目的

内毒素血症是脓毒症常见的高危压型,主要由革兰氏阴性菌释放的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)引起。巨噬细胞是机体固有免疫的重要组成部分,是LPS突破物理屏障后,机体内免疫系统中关键的防御细胞,LPS可激活巨噬细胞并诱发剧烈炎症反应。线粒体作为调控细胞代谢与炎症反应的重要细胞器,其结构与功能损伤会进一步加剧巨噬细胞炎性活化。本研究旨在探讨一种新的青蒿素衍生物青蒿双琥酯(disuccinate artemisinin, DA)对低浓度脂多糖所致巨噬细胞线粒体损伤和炎性反应的抑制作用、相互关系及初步的作用机制。

方法

采用低浓度LPS(20 ng/mL)诱导小鼠单核/巨噬细胞株RAW264.7线粒体损伤和炎症因子表达;使用CCK-8试剂盒检测0、1、2、4、8、16、32和64 μg/mL DA的细胞毒性(n=6);采用qPCR观察20 ng/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞0、1/12、1/6、1/3、0.5、1、2、4、8、24和48 h后TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β的mRNA水平的动态变化(n=3或4);进一步采用qPCR检测5、10和20 μg/mL的DA对20 ng/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞表达上述基因的影响(n=3或4);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常(medium)组、20 μg/mL DA组、20 ng/mL LPS组、LPS+DA(5 μg/mL)组、LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组和LPS+DA(20 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting检测细胞质蛋白或核蛋白中核因子κB p65亚基(nuclear factor kappa B p65,NF-κB p65)、核因子κB p50亚基(nuclear factor kappa B p50,NF-κB p50)以及核因子κB抑制蛋白α(nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor α,IκB-α)的蛋白表达(n=3);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常(medium)组、10 μg/mL DA组、20 ng/mL LPS组和LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting检测总蛋白中Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)通路的表达(n=3);将RAW264.7细胞分为正常组(medium)、20 ng/mL LPS组和LPS+DA(10 μg/mL)组,采用Western blotting、荧光成像、qPCR分别检测总蛋白中p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)、抑制因子κB激酶α(inhibitor of κB kinase α,IKKα)、抑制因子κB激酶β(inhibitor of κB kinase β,IKKβ)、p-IKKα/β(Ser176/180)和cGAS-STING通路的蛋白表达(n=3),观察线粒体形态、膜电位(n=5)和线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的特征(n=4),以及检测胞质中游离的线粒体DNA和染色体DNA(n=4)。

结果

DA对RAW264.7细胞增殖的IC10值为13.2 μg/mL。TNF-α达峰时间为LPS刺激后1 h(P<0.05)、IL-6达峰时间为LPS刺激后24 h(P<0.05)、IL-1β的达峰时间为LPS刺激后4 h(P<0.05),DA可持续性地下调LPS诱导的上述基因表达。与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA也浓度依赖性地下调TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β基因的表达(P<0.05),DA的最佳处理浓度为10 μg/mL(<IC10)。Western blotting检测显示,与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA浓度依赖地抑制LPS诱导的IκB-α降解、减少NF-κB p50和NF-κB p65的核转位,并降低p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)水平,具有抑制NF-κB活化作用(P<0.05);DA对TLR4通路没有明显抑制作用(P>0.05),但能抑制p-IKKα/β(Ser176/180)活化(P<0.05)。一系列线粒体损伤检测显示,与20 ng/mL LPS相比,DA能抑制LPS所致的线粒体断裂、膜电位下降、ROS生成和线粒体DNA释放(P<0.05),从而下调cGAS、p-STING(Ser366)、p-TBK1(Ser172)、p-IRF3(Ser396)表达(P<0.05),具有抑制cGAS-STING通路活化作用。

结论

DA减轻低浓度LPS刺激所致的巨噬细胞线粒体损伤,从而通过抑制cGAS-STING通路活化减轻线粒体相关的炎性反应,是一种具有线粒体保护作用的抗炎候选药物。

青蒿双琥酯  /  巨噬细胞  /  脂多糖  /  线粒体损伤  /  炎症因子
Objective

Endotoxemia is a common high-risk subtype of sepsis, primarily caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released from Gram-negative bacteria. Macrophages, essential components of the innate immune system, represent one of the most critical defense cells within the immune system once LPS breaches physical barriers; LPS can activate macrophages and induce a severe inflammatory response. Mitochondria, vital organelles regulating cellular metabolism and inflammatory responses, undergo structural and functional damage that further exacerbates the inflammatory activation of macrophages. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of a novel artemisinin derivative, disuccinate artemisinin (DA), on macrophage mitochondrial damage and inflammatory responses induced by low-concentration LPS, as well as the interrelationships between these effects and the preliminary mechanisms of action.

Methods

Low-concentration LPS (20 ng/mL) was used to induce mitochondrial damage and inflammatory cytokine expression in the mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Cell toxicity of DA at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 μg/mL was assessed using CCK-8 assay (n=6); qPCR was employed to monitor the dynamic changes in mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells at 0, 1/12, 1/6, 1/3, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after stimulation with 20 ng/mL LPS (n=3 or 4). qPCR was further performed to assess the effects of 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL DA on the expression of the aforementioned genes in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with 20 ng/mL LPS (n=3 or 4). RAW264.7 cells were divided into the control group (medium), 20 μg/mL DA group, 20 ng/mL LPS group, LPS+DA (5 μg/mL) group, LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group, and LPS+DA (20 μg/mL) group. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), NF-κB p50, and NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) in cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins (n=3). RAW264.7 cells were divided into a control group (medium), a 10 μg/mL DA group, a 20 ng/mL LPS group, and an LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway proteins in total cell lysates (n=3). RAW264.7 cells were divided into a control group (medium), a 20 ng/mL LPS group, and an LPS+DA (10 μg/mL) group. Western blotting, fluorescence imaging, and qPCR were utilized to detect the expression of p-NF-κB p65(Ser536), inhibitor of κB kinase α (IKKα), inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ), p-IKKα/β (Ser176/180) and cGAS-STING pathway proteins in total cell lysates (n=3). The mitochondrial morphology, membrane potential (n=5), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (n=4) were observed. Free mitochondrial DNA and chromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm were also detected (n=4).

Results

The IC10 value of DA was 13.2 μg/mL for the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells. Peak TNF-α expression occurred at 1 h after LPS stimulation (P<0.05), that of IL-6 at 24 h (P<0.05), and that of IL-1β at 4 h (P<0.05). DA sustainably downregulated the expression of these LPS-induced genes. Compared with 20 ng/mL LPS, DA also downregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β genes in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05), with an optimal concentration of 10 μg/mL (<IC10). Western blotting showed that, compared with 20 ng/mL LPS, DA concentration-dependently inhibited LPS-induced IκB-α degradation, reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50 and NF-κB p65, and decreased p-NF-κB p65(Ser536) levels, thereby inhibiting the activation of NF-κB (P<0.05). DA exerted no significant effect on the TLR4 pathway (P>0.05), but it did inhibit the activation of p-IKKα/β (Ser176/180) (P<0.05). Mitochondrial damage assays demonstrated that, compared to 20 ng/mL LPS, DA inhibited LPS-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, membrane potential decline, ROS production, and mitochondrial DNA release (P<0.05), thereby downregulating cGAS, p-STING (Ser366), p-TBK1 (Ser172), and p-IRF3 (Ser396) (P<0.05), thereby inhibiting the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway.

Conclusion

DA mitigates mitochondrial damage induced by low-concentration LPS in macrophages, thereby inhibiting the activation of cGAS-STING pathway to alleviate mitochondria-related inflammatory responses. DA is considered an anti-inflammatory candidate drug with mitochondrial protective properties.

disuccinate artemisinin  /  macrophage  /  lipopolysaccharide  /  mitochondrial damage  /  inflammatory cytokine
朱婷, 王攀, 鲍晨震, 岑彦艳, 潘夕春. 青蒿双琥酯通过保护线粒体抑制cGAS-STING通路减轻LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎性反应. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (7) : 871 -881 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512152
Ting ZHU, Pan WANG, Chenzhen BAO, Yanyan CEN, Xichun PAN. Disuccinate artemisinin mitigates LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory responses by protecting mitochondria and inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (7) : 871 -881 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512152
细菌等病原体感染时,其产生的病原相关分子模式如脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)等导致机体产生炎症风暴和免疫抑制状态,是脓毒症患者免疫失调和多器官衰竭的关键病因[1]。LPS是已知致病和致炎能力最强的热原,研究拮抗LPS的药物具有重要意义[2]。
天然免疫细胞如巨噬细胞等通过膜受体Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)和胞浆受体NLRP3(nod-like receptor family protein 3, NLRP3)识别LPS。TLR4识别LPS后,招募髓分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)和含TIR结构域干扰素诱导接头分子(tir domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon β,TRIF),从而激活核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)和干扰素调节因子3(interferon regulatory factor 3, IRF3),最终激活炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β和干扰素的表达[3]。入胞的游离LPS也可激活NLRP3,诱导NLRP3装配为炎症小体,由活化的天冬氨酸酶1剪切IL-1β和IL-18前体使其成熟并释放到胞外[4]。不论LPS激活TLR4还是NLRP3通路,均可导致大量炎症因子释放乃至免疫失调,因此这成为脓毒症等相关疾病治疗的重要靶点[5]。
研究显示,LPS也会导致巨噬细胞等免疫细胞发生线粒体损伤,从而导致线粒体动力学下降(融合减少和断裂增多)、膜电位(ΔψM)下降、内外膜受损和嵴紊乱,最终导致线粒体物质如线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、线粒体DNA等泄漏到胞浆中,激活线粒体相关炎症通路,如cGAS-STING和NLRP3炎症小体通路等,也会导致转录因子IRF3和NF-κB活化及促炎因子释放,甚至细胞程序性死亡如凋亡和焦亡[6]。研究表明,上述线粒体损伤引起的线粒体炎性反应和细胞死亡使巨噬细胞等免疫细胞功能异常,导致脓毒症发生发展,特别是在发生脓毒症休克和多器官衰竭的重症患者中尤为显著[7]。
本研究前期设计合成了一个新的青蒿素衍生物——青蒿双琥酯(disuccinate artemisinin, DA)。本研究拟采用低浓度LPS诱导巨噬细胞炎性反应,通过促炎基因表达检测,TLR4、NF-κB和cGAS-STING通路活化检测,线粒体损伤评价等一系列实验方案,探讨DA通过减轻巨噬细胞的线粒体损伤抑制线粒体相关炎性反应的作用,为开发靶向线粒体炎性反应的防治脓毒症药物提供候选药物。
小鼠单核/巨噬细胞系RAW264.7(购自美国ATCC中心)的培养基为含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培养基(购自美国Gibco公司),在CO2培养箱(5%CO2)中37 ℃恒温培养。细胞融合度达到70%~80%后,直接吹下细胞传代培养,选用生长旺盛的对数生长期细胞开展后续实验。
将生长旺盛的RAW264.7加入到96孔板中(5×103个/孔),总体积0.1 mL。DA由本课题组设计合成,纯度>98%,溶于DMSO,用DMEM高糖培养基稀释后使用(DMSO<0.1%)。细胞完全贴壁后,加入DA(0、1、2、4、8、16、32和64 μg/mL)处理细胞,每组5复孔。继续培养24 h后去除培养基,加入0.1 mL含10% CCK-8(购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)的新鲜培养基,继续孵育1~4 h(观察颜色变化决定终止时间),用酶标仪测定[OD(450)]并计算IC10。
将生长旺盛的RAW264.7加入到12孔板(1×106个/孔),总体积1 mL。贴壁后加入DA和LPS处理细胞,其中DA按要求浓度提前1 h加入,然后加入20 ng/mL LPS(购自美国Sigma公司,大肠杆菌055:B5型来源)处理细胞。①对于时效关系实验,先加入10 μg/mL DA处理1 h,再加入LPS处理0、5、10、20、30、60、120、240、1 440和4 880 min,去上清后用RNAiso Plus(购自日本TaKaRa公司)提取总RNA,取1 μg总RNA,用Primescript RT试剂盒(购自日本TaKaRa公司)逆转录为cDNA,采用SYBR green PCR Mix(购自美国Bio-rad公司)进行qPCR检测,实验结果采用2-ΔΔCt法统计结果。②对于量效关系实验,分为对照组(medium)组、20 μg/mL DA组、20 ng/mL LPS组和LPS+DA组(5 μg/mL、10 μg/mL和20 μg/mL),LPS加入后处理1 h或4 h,后续实验方法与时效关系实验相同。引物(生工生物合成)序列自行设计,序列依次为TNF-α(上游引物: 5′-CAGGT-TCTGTCCCTTTCACTCACT-3′;下游引物: 5′-GTTCA-GTAGACAGAAGAGCGTGGT-3′)、IL-6(上游引物: 5′-ACCACGGCCTTCCCTACTT-3′;下游引物: 5′-CA-TTTCCACGATTTCCCAGA-3′)、IL-1β(上游引物: 5′-CTCAACTGTGAAATGCCACC-3′;下游引物: 5′-GA-GTGATACTGCCTGCCTGA-3′)、β-actin(上游引物: 5′-GAGACCTTCAACACCCCAGC-3′;下游引物: 5′-AT-GTCACGCACGATTTCCC-3′)。
将生长旺盛的RAW264.7加入到6孔板(2×106个/孔),总体积2 mL。贴壁后加入DA和LPS处理细胞,分组为对照(medium)组,20 μg/mL DA组, 20 ng/mL LPS组和LPS+DA组(5 μg/mL、10 μg/mL或20 μg/mL)。DA提前1 h加入,然后加入LPS处理1 h或4h,采用IP细胞裂解液(购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)提取总蛋白,采用细胞核蛋白提取试剂盒(购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)分别提取细胞质蛋白和核蛋白。蛋白定量后取200 μg蛋白,采用Western blotting试剂盒(购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)检测总蛋白中TLR4通路的TLR4、MyD88、TRIF、IRAK4、TRAF6的表达,cGAS-STING通路的cGAS、STING、p-STING(Ser366)、TBK1、p-TBK1(Ser172)、IRF3、p-IRF3(Ser396)(购自美国Cell Signaling公司)表达,NF-κB通路的抑制因子κB激酶α(inhibitor of κB kinase α,IKKα)、抑制因子κB激酶β(inhibitor of κB kinase β,IKKβ)、p-IKKα/β(Ser176/180)表达;此外,在细胞质蛋白和核蛋白中分别检测NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)、NF-κB p50和IκB-α表达(上述抗体均购自美国Cell Signaling公司)。细胞质或总蛋白检测以热休克蛋白90(heat shock protein 90,HSP90)为内参,核蛋白以Histone H3为内参(购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)。实验结束后采用化学发光成像仪(Bio-rad)中成像并分析。
将生长旺盛的RAW264.7加入到共聚焦皿(1.5×105个/孔),总体积1 mL。贴壁后加入10 μg/mL DA处理细胞1 h,然后加入20 ng/mL LPS处理细胞4 h。LPS处理结束前20 min,分别加入200 nmol/L MitoTracker Red CMXRos(购自美国赛默飞公司)、JC-1(1∶2 000稀释,购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)、5 μmol/L MitoSOX red(购自美国MCE公司)处理细胞20 min,漂洗细胞后重新加入新鲜DMEM培养基,在激光共聚焦显微镜(Zeiss)下进行活细胞荧光成像并分析。
将生长旺盛的RAW264.7加入到T75细胞培养瓶(1×107个/孔),总体积10 mL。贴壁后加入10 μg/mL DA处理细胞1 h,再加入20 ng/mL LPS处理细胞4 h。处理完毕后,PBS(0.01 mol/L;pH值为7.2~7.4)漂洗细胞1~2次,快速刮下细胞并等分为2份,分别离心去上清。一份样品重悬于0.5 mL NaOH(50 μmol/L)中,煮沸30 min溶解DNA,然后加入50 μL Tris-HCl (1 mol/L;pH=8.0)中和裂解液,裂解完成后4 ℃、10 050×g离心15 min取上清,即为染色质DNA提取液;另一份样品重悬于0.5 mL含150 mmol/L NaCl、50 mmol/L HEPES和20 μg/mL洋地黄苷缓冲液(pH=7.4)中孵育10 min,然后连续离心3次(4 ℃,3 min/次、980×g),将上清液移出并离心(4 ℃,17 000×g、10 min),得到无细胞核、线粒体和内质网污染的细胞质提取液作为线粒体DNA检测模板。qPCR方案同1.3,序列依次为Cytb(上游引物: 5′-GCTTTCCACTTCATCTTA-CCATTTA-3′;下游引物: 5′-TGTTGGGTTGTTTGAT-CCTG-3′)、HK2(上游引物: 5′-GCCAGCCTCTCCTGA-TTTTAGTGT-3′;下游引物: 5′-GG-GAACACAAAAG-ACCTCTTCTGG-3′),β-actin引物如前所述。最后,Cytb统计结果还要参照HK2结果进行归一化处理以避免因为细胞数量差异引起的线粒体DNA检测误差。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.0进行统计分析,计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组比较采用单因素方差分析进行分析。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究前期设计合成一个新的青蒿素衍生物,即DA(图1A)。为初步评价DA是否对RAW264.7具有毒性,本研究采用CCK-8实验观察不同浓度DA对细胞增殖的影响。结果显示(图1B),DA浓度范围在1、2、4和8 μg/mL时与0 μg/mL相比无差异(P>0.05),提示该浓度范围内DA对RAW264.7细胞活力无影响;但当预处理细胞的DA浓度达到16 μg/mL后,RAW264.7细胞活力开始受到抑制,与0 μg/mL组相比具有显著差异(P<0.05);DA浓度进一步提高到32和64 μg/mL后表现出明显细胞毒性(P<0.01)。通过计算,DA的IC10值为13.2 μg/mL、IC20值为21.7 μg/mL。
本研究首先采用qPCR,探讨DA对LPS所致巨噬细胞炎症因子表达的影响。实验首先采用10 μg/mL浓度的DA(<IC10),动态观察其对20 ng/mL LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞促炎因子表达的影响(0~48 h)。qPCR结果显示,随着LPS诱导时间延长,TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的mRNA表达均呈先上升后下降趋势,其中TNF-α达峰时间为1 h、IL-6达峰时间为24 h、IL-1β的达峰时间为4 h;10 μg/mL DA单次给药处理后,可以持续抑制LPS诱导的上述3个促炎因子mRNA表达(图2A)。该结果提示,DA可持续性地下调LPS诱导的促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β表达。
接下来,采用5、10和20 μg/mL的DA观察其对20 ng/mL LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞促炎因子表达的影响,探讨DA是否具有剂量依赖的抗炎作用。在本部分,TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6表达的检测时间点分别为LPS处理细胞后1 h、4 h和4 h。qPCR结果显示,单用DA也能轻度下调巨噬细胞TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的mRNA表达(P<0.05,图2A);与前述结果一致,LPS显著上调上述3个促炎因子表达;不同浓度DA处理后,可见5 μg/mL DA对LPS诱导的促炎因子表达无显著下调作用(P>0.05,图2B),但10 μg/mL DA和20 μg/mL DA均可显著下调LPS诱导的促炎因子表达(P<0.05,图2B)。由于20 μg/mL DA并未表现出更强的抑制作用,后续实验选择10 μg/mL作为DA的使用浓度。
LPS和DA处理RAW264.7 1 h后,提取胞浆蛋白和核蛋白,采用免疫印迹实验观察DA是否通过影响LPS诱导NF-κB通路活化发挥作用。实验分别采用HSP90和Histone H3作为细胞质蛋白和核蛋白的内参。细胞质蛋白检测结果显示(图3A、B):DA对NF-κB p65和IκB-α表达无明显影响(P>0.05),仅轻度减少NF-κB p50(P<0.05);与正常(medium)组相比,20 ng/mL LPS即可显著减少细胞质NF-κB p65和NF-κB p50并诱导IκB-α降解(P<0.05);5、10和20 μg/mL DA处理可剂量依赖地将细胞质中NF-κB p65和NF-κB p50恢复到正常水平并抑制IκB-α降解(P<0.05,图3B)。核蛋白检测结果显示(图3A、C):20 μg/mL DA显著增加细胞核中NF-κB p50水平(P<0.05),但减少细胞核中NF-κB p65水平(P<0.05);20 ng/mL LPS显著上调细胞核中NF-κB p65和NF-κB p50水平(P<0.05);5、10和20 μg/mL DA处理可剂量依赖地抑制细胞核NF-κB p65和NF-κB p50表达(P<0.05);在细胞核中,未检测到明显的IκB-α条带。同样地,总蛋白检测结果显示(图3D、E),与正常(medium)组相比,20 ng/mL LPS显著上调p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)水平(P<0.05);而相较20 ng/mL LPS组,10 μg/mL DA处理却减少p-NF-κB p65(Ser536)水平(P<0.05)。综上,结果提示,DA剂量依赖地抑制LPS诱导的抑制性NF-κB亚基IκB-α降解,从而减少NF-κB p65和NF-κB p50入核,具有抑制NF-κB活化的作用。
巨噬细胞负责识别LPS的受体为TLR4,其活化后招募衔接蛋白MyD88及其下游级联的IRAK4和TRAF6,进一步活化IKK复合物从而激活转录因子NF-κB通路,也可招募TRIF及其下游级联的TRAF3和TRAF6从而激活转录因子IRF3通路。本部分采用Western blotting,探讨DA对LPS诱导的NF-κB通路活化的抑制作用是否与TLR4通路有关。胞浆蛋白检测结果显示(图4A、D):与正常(medium)组相比,20 ng/mL LPS仅能略微上调TRAF6表达(P<0.05),但对TLR4、MyD88、TRIF和IRAK4无明显上调作用(P>0.05);与LPS组相比,DA+LPS处理仅可下调TRAF6蛋白表达(P<0.05),但TRAF6蛋白基础表达水平和LPS诱导表达的水平均较低,加之其下游分子MyD88表达水平也很低,且LPS+DA处理后无显著变化(P>0.05),因此推测DA对TRAF6蛋白表达的影响是基于对巨噬细胞炎性反应的抗炎调控。
TLR4通路下游为直接激活NF-κB的IKK复合物,Western blotting结果显示(图4B、C):与正常(medium)组相比,20 ng/mL LPS能显著上调p-IKKα/β(Ser176/180),DA处理能显著抑制这种上调作用(P<0.05)。结果表明,DA对TLR4通路无显著抑制作用但抑制IKK复合物活化,因此DA可能通过TLR4非依赖途径抑制IKK-NF-κB活化从而发挥抗炎作用。
为探究DA抑制LPS诱导的NF-κB-促炎因子通路作用的TLR4非依赖机制,采用线粒体荧光染色(Mitotracker和JC-1)观察DA对LPS诱导线粒体形态和膜电位(ΔψM)变化的影响。线粒体荧光染色结果(图5A)显示:正常(medium)组约80%线粒体为长杆状和网状融合的线粒体;LPS刺激导致线粒体大量发生断裂,约90%为点状线粒体,长杆状和网状融合线粒体较少;DA处理将长杆状和网状融合的线粒体比例恢复到正常水平。JC-1染色结果(图5B)显示:正常组(medium)仅少量细胞出现JC-1单体阳性(绿色荧光),提示膜电位下降较少;LPS刺激导致大部分线粒体膜电位下降(P<0.05),与大量线粒体断裂的现象一致;DA将LPS诱导线粒体膜电位下降恢复正常(P<0.05),与其恢复线粒体形态正常的作用也是一致的。综上所述,DA可抑制LPS所致的巨噬细胞线粒体损伤。
本研究继续从分子水平包括线粒体ROS生成(MitoSOX探针)和线粒体DNA释放(胞质游离mtDNA的qPCR检测)观察DA对LPS诱导巨噬细胞线粒体结构失衡的影响。活细胞线粒体ROS成像结果(图5C)显示:正常组(medium)仅有约20%细胞有MitoSOX信号且较弱;LPS诱导约50%细胞出现强阳性MitoSOX信号(P<0.05);而DA处理后,能将LPS诱导的大量线粒体ROS产生恢复到正常水平(P<0.05)。qPCR结果(图5D)显示:LPS刺激导致释放到胞质中的线粒体DNA(线粒体Cytb基因)增多(P<0.05),而DA显著减少LPS诱导的线粒体DNA释放(P<0.05);作为对照,LPS和DA均对细胞核中的染色体DNA(HK2)无明显影响(P>0.05)。上述结果表明,DA可抑制LPS所致的巨噬细胞线粒体损伤,从而减少线粒体ROS和线粒体DNA等有害的线粒体致炎物质释放。
cGAS-STING通路既是响应线粒体DNA的主要途径,也能被线粒体ROS活化。前述结果表明DA抑制线粒体损伤从而减少线粒体有害物质释放,本部分实验采用免疫印迹观察DA是否抑制LPS诱导的cGAS-STING活化。结果显示(图6A、B):与正常组(medium)相比,LPS上调cGAS、p-STING(Ser366)、p-TBK1(Ser172)、p-IRF3(Ser396)(P<0.05);DA处理可下调上述4个分子表达(P<0.05),表明DA确实具有抑制cGAS-STING通路活化的作用。
综上所述,本研究发现DA对低浓度LPS诱导的线粒体损伤具有抑制作用,可以显著减少线粒体损伤所致的线粒体有害物质释放,从而通过抑制cGAS-STING通路活化减少转录因子NF-κB和IRF3活化,最终下调线粒体损伤相关的促炎因子表达(图6C)。
脓毒症属于重症疾病,脓毒症相关死亡率高达30%,是全球范围内导致死亡的主要原因之一[8]。我国脓毒症的年标准化发病率为421/10万,脓毒症相关死亡率为13.1%[9],带来了沉重的负担。近年来,尽管脓毒症的基础和临床研究日益深入,临床生命支持综合疗法也有了长足进步,但脓毒症特别是重症患者的死亡率依然居高不下。脓毒症是全身性疾病,参与的器官、细胞和分子机制众多,其发病机制目前仍不够清楚,尚缺乏有效防治药物。因此,阐明其发病机制并获得新的治疗靶点,对研究脓毒症新药具有重要意义。
直接拮抗LPS是一种临床上治疗脓毒症的策略。在临床实践中,多黏菌素类抗生素如多黏菌素B(polymyxin B,PMB)和多黏菌素E(polymyxin E,PMB)是唯一能结合LPS的药物,临床主要用于耐药革兰氏阴性菌感染[10]。此外,PMB和PME也可用于制备LPS吸附柱,目前已在临床作为血液净化措施用于降低内毒素血症患者血清LPS水平,可有效促进临床重症患者转为轻症[11]。但是PMB吸附柱制备成本高昂、医保覆盖不足,同时其单靶点清除、适用场景狭窄、总体生存获益证据不足,难以覆盖复杂感染与炎症风暴病情,临床应用与推广显著受限。
脓毒症是一个从局部感染发展为全身炎症、免疫紊乱、器官损伤直至休克的连续病理过程,早期以LPS介导的巨噬细胞过度活化与炎症风暴为核心特征[12],后期常伴随免疫抑制与器官功能衰竭[13-15]。临床治疗脓毒症始终贯彻“早发现、早治疗”的原则,因此除了拮抗LPS本身,早期干预、及时抑制早期炎症因子的过度释放,对于阻断炎症级联反应、避免病情向重症脓毒症及感染性休克进展至关重要。目前,针对LPS诱导的过度炎症反应,已有多类药物进入临床或处于临床研究阶段,例如,靶向促炎因子TNF-α的阿达木单抗、靶向IL-6及其受体IL-6R的单克隆抗体均已在临床使用,但由于有限的脓毒症适应证和高昂的成本导致应用也受到限制[16]。针对炎症信号通路的小分子NF-κB抑制剂、髓样分化蛋白抑制剂也有报道,但上述药物在临床研究中未能取得满意的效果[17]。究其原因,LPS下游信号通路众多,产生的炎症因子还能通过其受体产生炎症瀑布信号,导致单一靶点的大分子或小分子药物难以全面抑制炎症反应。此外,过度抑制炎症反应的非特异性抗炎药物如糖皮质激素,又会导致免疫抑制,增加脓毒症患者院内二次感染的风险。因此,对LPS所致过度炎症反应具有既全面、又适度抑制作用的药物可能更适合用于治疗脓毒症。
有近期研究发现,荷包牡丹碱可通过调节巨噬细胞凋亡,从而有效遏制由LPS刺激所激发的巨噬细胞炎症反应[18],提示该药物可能通过靶向调控巨噬细胞炎症与凋亡平衡,成为脓毒症抗炎治疗的潜在候选药物。重要的是,本课题组也前期发现,青蒿琥酯既能全面且适度地抑制LPS所致巨噬细胞促炎因子释放,又能逆转LPS持续刺激导致的免疫抑制,是一个更有效且全面的脓毒症抗炎治疗候选药物[19-20]。
鉴于青蒿琥酯展现出良好的脓毒症治疗潜力,为进一步提升其药理作用,本研究前期对其进行结构修饰,合成了一个新的青蒿素双琥珀酯衍生物DA,本研究采用了较低的LPS工作浓度(20 ng/mL),这远低于多数文献和本课题组前期采用的100~1 000 ng/mL浓度范围。研究表明,高浓度LPS刺激过度激活TLR4-NF-κB炎症信号通路,导致细胞炎症风暴和免疫抑制[21-22]。本研究发现,低浓度LPS刺激并没有显著激活经典TLR4通路活化,而是增加线粒体损伤从而上调线粒体相关炎性反应;所用的抗炎药物DA对TLR4通路也没有明显抑制作用,而是通过减轻LPS所致的线粒体损伤从而减少线粒体有害物质(线粒体ROS和线粒体DNA)的释放,进而抑制cGAS-STING通路活化,最终下调NF-κB和IRF3介导的促炎因子表达。这一发现也为脓毒症治疗提供了新的理论依据,也为开发新型抗炎药物提供了新的思路。与传统的抗炎药物相比,DA的作用靶点更为上游,能够从源头上抑制炎症反应的发生和发展,同时避免了对免疫系统的过度抑制。
本研究发现DA通过抑制LPS诱导的线粒体损伤,减少线粒体有害物质(线粒体ROS和线粒体DNA)的释放,进一步抑制cGAS-STING通路活化,最终下调促炎因子表达来发挥抗炎作用,有望成为新的脓毒症治疗候选药物。
然而,本研究仍存在一定局限:首先,本研究主要开展了DA的体外活性和机制研究,未来需进一步通过体内实验探讨DA对脓毒症或内毒素血症模型的保护作用;其次,本研究仅观察了DA对LPS诱导炎症模型的作用,未来需探讨DA对其他炎症刺激(如细菌、病毒等)诱导的炎症反应是否具有类似作用;此外,本研究聚焦DA对低浓度LPS所致的线粒体相关炎症反应的抑制作用,未来还需要深入探讨DA对线粒体的直接保护作用。

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2026年第48卷第7期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512152
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 修回日期:2026-01-31
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系药理学教研室,重庆

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潘夕春,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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