Article(id=1320441044538343494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766678400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-26, revisedDate=1769184000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747277626, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747277626, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747277626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747277626, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320440935603880850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='523', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747251654, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749737175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=583, endPage=591, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441045758885960, articleId=1320441044538343494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=No overall survival difference but elevated risk in specific subgroups: a retrospective cohort study of total intravenous anesthesia versus intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia in patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the impact of propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia(TIVA) versus sevoflurane-propofol intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia(IICA) on 5-year postoperative survival rates in patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on the clinical and follow-up data from 504 patients undergoing radical HCC surgery in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2017. According to different anesthesia techniques, the patients were divided into a IICA groups(n=176) and a TIVA group(n=328). The 5-year postoperative survival rates were compared between the 2 groups of patients. Stratified analyses were carried out by age, tumor size and number, Child-Pugh class and model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score, presence of portal vein tumor thrombus(PVTT), intraoperative transfusion, hepatitis B surface antigen status, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP), tumor node metastasis(TNM) stage, and Barcelona clinic liver cancer(BCLC) stage to compare the impact of the 2 anesthesia methods on postoperative survival rates in subgroups.

Results

Among the cohort, the median 5-year survival was 33.00(14.25 to 60.00) months in the TIVA group with 212 deaths(64.60%), and 27.00(11.00 to 60.00) months in the IICA group with 125 deaths(71.00%). There was no statistically significant difference in 5-year survival rate between groups(HR=1.27, 95%CI: 0.96 to 1.67, P>0.05). Stratified analysis revealed significant increased 5-year mortality risk with CIVA in subgroups with MELD score >7.24(HR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.11 to 2.32, P=0.011), BCLC stage B(HR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.11 to 2.71, P=0.015), absence of PVTT(HR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.04 to 1.74, P=0.026), and no intraoperative transfusion(HR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.75, P=0.034).

Conclusion

Among patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for HCC, there is no difference in 5-year overall survival between propofol-based TIVA and sevoflurane-propofol IICA. However, IICA is associated with significantly increased 5-year mortality risk in specific subgroups: MELD score >7.24, absence of PVTT, BCLC stage B, and no intraoperative transfusion.

, authors=Zhuomin QIU, Xinyu LI, Xian GAO, Ning ZHANG, Jing WEN, Shunhong WANG, Xiaodong LI, Zhiyu CHEN, Jiaolin NING, authorsList=Zhuomin QIU, Xinyu LI, Xian GAO, Ning ZHANG, Jing WEN, Shunhong WANG, Xiaodong LI, Zhiyu CHEN, Jiaolin NING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiaolin NING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441048019615821, articleId=1320441044538343494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=全凭静脉与静吸复合麻醉对肝癌根治术后患者生存率影响总体无差异但特定亚组风险增高:一项回顾性队列研究, columnId=1320435175822050102, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨基于丙泊酚的全凭静脉麻醉(total intravenous anesthesia, TIVA)和基于七氟烷联合丙泊酚静吸复合麻醉(intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia, IICA)对肝癌根治患者术后5年生存率的影响。

方法

本研究采用回顾性队列研究设计方案,分析陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科2015年1月至2017年12月期间行肝癌根治术患者504例的临床及随访资料,按照麻醉方式不同分为IICA组(n=176)和TIVA组(n=328)。比较在2种不同麻醉方式下接受肝癌根治术,患者术后5年的生存率;并按年龄段、肿瘤大小及数量、终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease, MELD)评分、是否有门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)、术中是否输血、乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)、甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein, AFP)浓度、肿瘤-淋巴-结转移(tumor node metastasis, TNM)分期、巴塞罗那临床肝癌(Barcelona clinic liver cancer, BCLC)分期等进行分层分析,比较亚组下接受2种麻醉方式对肝癌根治术患者术后生存率的影响。

结果

在肝癌根治术患者中,TIVA组肝癌根治术患者5年生存时间为33.00(14.25,60.00)个月,死亡212例(64.60%)。IICA组肝癌根治术患者5年生存时间为27.00(11.00,60.00)个月,死亡125例(71.00%)。在IICA和TIVA下接受肝癌根治术的2组患者术后5年的生存率差异无统计学意义(HR=1.27,95%CI:0.96~1.67,P>0.05)。分层分析发现,MELD评分>7.24(HR=1.61,95%CI:1.11~2.32,P=0.011)、BCLC分期B期(HR=1.74,95%CI:1.11~2.71, P=0.015)、无门静脉癌栓(R=1.35,95%CI:1.04~1.74,P=0.026)术中未接受输血(R=1.34,95%CI:1.02~1.75,P=0.034)的IICA组的患者5年死亡风险增高,亚组比较差异具有统计学意义。

结论

在肝癌根治术患者中,TIVA组与IICA组的患者5年总体生存率无差异;但在术前MELD评分>7.24、无门静脉癌栓、BCLC分期B期、未输血的亚组中,IICA方案显著增加患者5年死亡风险。

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甯交琳,E-mail:
NING Jiaolin, E-mail:
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Br J Anaesth, 2019, 122(6): e157-e167., articleTitle=The mu-opioid receptor is a molecular marker for poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma and represents a potential therapeutic target, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441048791367758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441049097551951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, companyId=1320441048791367758, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University(Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441049114329168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, companyId=1320441048791367758, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441060048879754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Five-year survival curves for patients receiving radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma under 2 anesthesia methods, figureFileSmall=OMOwjrH/VxEpaIpoKZU0Jw==, figureFileBig=vx+bqfPra0YwCBDgRY6o6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441060124377227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, language=CN, label=图1, caption=两种麻醉方式下肝癌患者术后5年生存曲线

TIVA: Total intravenous anesthesia; IICA: Intravenous-inhalation anesthesia; BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Aneshesiologists; TNM: Tumor node metastasis; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer

, figureFileSmall=OMOwjrH/VxEpaIpoKZU0Jw==, figureFileBig=vx+bqfPra0YwCBDgRY6o6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441060891934860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Subgroup analyses of 2 anesthesia methods on long-term survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after radical surgery, figureFileSmall=xv0QpdTz0GJMw6rRXm/QkA==, figureFileBig=xFAMFMqa49+LrKJmNMyJpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441061273616525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两种麻醉方式对肝癌患者术后远期生存的亚组分析, figureFileSmall=xv0QpdTz0GJMw6rRXm/QkA==, figureFileBig=xFAMFMqa49+LrKJmNMyJpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441061374279822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of clinical baseline data among 504 patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma [n(%),M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemTIVA group(n=328)IICA group(n=176)t/χ2/ZP
Sex1.2570.273
Male281(85.7)157(89.2)
Female47(14.3)19(10.8)
Age/years49.0(43.0,58.0)51.0(43.0,60.0)-1.2020.229
MELD score7.2(6.5,8.1)7.0(6.4,7.7)-1.5310.126
SII score378.9(219.5,585.5)356.4(198.8,556.4)-0.8310.406
ALT/(U/L)35.3(24.2,52.7)39.9(26.8,60.4)-1.7720.076
AST/(U/L)38.2(29.7,53.4)41.8(29.7,57.8)-1.2310.218
EGFR/(mL/min/1.73m2)101.5(92.5,108.6)100.2(90.1,108.2)-0.5730.567
UA/(μmol/L)332.5(283.3,393.8)329.5(280.3,386.0)-0.1690.886
Fib/(mg/dL)2.4(2.1,3.1)2.5(2.0,3.2)-0.0710.943
HbsAg272(82.9)143(81.2)0.2210.638
ASA physical status0.719
Ⅱ322(98.2)174(98.9)
Ⅲ6(1.8)2(1.1)
Tumor size/mm57.0(37.0,87.0)58.0(39.0,90.8)-0.3370.706
Tumor number1.3400.275
1264(80.5)149(84.7)
>164(19.5)27(15.3)
PVTT47(14.3)18(10.2)1.7160.211
Child-Pugh score1.000
A325(99.1)174(98.9)
B3(0.9)2(1.1)
TNM stage of primary tumor0.7630.858
Ⅰ97(29.6)50(28.4)
Ⅱ115(35.1)57(32.4)
Ⅲ102(31.1)61(34.7)
Ⅳ14(4.3)8(4.5)
BCLC stage0.7850.690
A160(48.8)81(46.0)
B101(30.8)61(34.7)
C67(20.4)34(19.3)
Tumor differentiation1.7040.435
Highly differentiated25(7.6)17(9.7)
Moderately differentiated229(69.8)127(72.2)
Poorly differentiated74(22.6)32(18.2)
AFP/(ng/mL)1.2090.272
≤20107(32.6)66(37.5)
>20221(67.4)110(62.5)
Intraoperative blood transfusion45(13.7)31(17.6)1.3560.296
Hepatic portal occlusion time/min18.0(0,45.0)18,0(0,43.8)-0.3750.708
Intraoperative blood loss/mL300.0(200.0,487.5)300.0(200.0,500.0)-1.2880.198
Postoperative immunotherapy14(4.3)12(6.8)1.5220.290
Postoperative interventional therapy41(12.5)25(14.2)0.2920.678
Postoperative chemotherapy8(2.4)7(4.0)0.9390.411
Recurrence140(42.7)82(46.6)0.7100.452
Distant metastasis43(13.1)24(13.6)0.0280.891
), ArticleFig(id=1320441061726601359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

504例患者临床基线资料比较[例(%),M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemTIVA group(n=328)IICA group(n=176)t/χ2/ZP
Sex1.2570.273
Male281(85.7)157(89.2)
Female47(14.3)19(10.8)
Age/years49.0(43.0,58.0)51.0(43.0,60.0)-1.2020.229
MELD score7.2(6.5,8.1)7.0(6.4,7.7)-1.5310.126
SII score378.9(219.5,585.5)356.4(198.8,556.4)-0.8310.406
ALT/(U/L)35.3(24.2,52.7)39.9(26.8,60.4)-1.7720.076
AST/(U/L)38.2(29.7,53.4)41.8(29.7,57.8)-1.2310.218
EGFR/(mL/min/1.73m2)101.5(92.5,108.6)100.2(90.1,108.2)-0.5730.567
UA/(μmol/L)332.5(283.3,393.8)329.5(280.3,386.0)-0.1690.886
Fib/(mg/dL)2.4(2.1,3.1)2.5(2.0,3.2)-0.0710.943
HbsAg272(82.9)143(81.2)0.2210.638
ASA physical status0.719
Ⅱ322(98.2)174(98.9)
Ⅲ6(1.8)2(1.1)
Tumor size/mm57.0(37.0,87.0)58.0(39.0,90.8)-0.3370.706
Tumor number1.3400.275
1264(80.5)149(84.7)
>164(19.5)27(15.3)
PVTT47(14.3)18(10.2)1.7160.211
Child-Pugh score1.000
A325(99.1)174(98.9)
B3(0.9)2(1.1)
TNM stage of primary tumor0.7630.858
Ⅰ97(29.6)50(28.4)
Ⅱ115(35.1)57(32.4)
Ⅲ102(31.1)61(34.7)
Ⅳ14(4.3)8(4.5)
BCLC stage0.7850.690
A160(48.8)81(46.0)
B101(30.8)61(34.7)
C67(20.4)34(19.3)
Tumor differentiation1.7040.435
Highly differentiated25(7.6)17(9.7)
Moderately differentiated229(69.8)127(72.2)
Poorly differentiated74(22.6)32(18.2)
AFP/(ng/mL)1.2090.272
≤20107(32.6)66(37.5)
>20221(67.4)110(62.5)
Intraoperative blood transfusion45(13.7)31(17.6)1.3560.296
Hepatic portal occlusion time/min18.0(0,45.0)18,0(0,43.8)-0.3750.708
Intraoperative blood loss/mL300.0(200.0,487.5)300.0(200.0,500.0)-1.2880.198
Postoperative immunotherapy14(4.3)12(6.8)1.5220.290
Postoperative interventional therapy41(12.5)25(14.2)0.2920.678
Postoperative chemotherapy8(2.4)7(4.0)0.9390.411
Recurrence140(42.7)82(46.6)0.7100.452
Distant metastasis43(13.1)24(13.6)0.0280.891
), ArticleFig(id=1320441062167003280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Five-year survival rates for patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with 2 anesthesia methods[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group1 year2 year3 year4 year5 year
TIVA(n=328)267(81.4)202(61.6)154(47.0)130(39.6)116(35.4)
IICA(n=176)129(73.3)94(53.4)74(42.0)64(34.7)51(29.0)
P0.0340.0760.2910.2720.146
Adjusted P0.0850.0920.2930.2930.184
), ArticleFig(id=1320441062544490641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441044538343494, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组麻醉方式肝癌根治术患者5年内生存率[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group1 year2 year3 year4 year5 year
TIVA(n=328)267(81.4)202(61.6)154(47.0)130(39.6)116(35.4)
IICA(n=176)129(73.3)94(53.4)74(42.0)64(34.7)51(29.0)
P0.0340.0760.2910.2720.146
Adjusted P0.0850.0920.2930.2930.184
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全凭静脉与静吸复合麻醉对肝癌根治术后患者生存率影响总体无差异但特定亚组风险增高:一项回顾性队列研究
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邱卓敏 , 李鑫雨 , 高宪 , 张宁 , 文静 , 王顺宏 , 李小东 , 陈志宇 , 甯交琳
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·临床医学 2026,48(5): 583-591
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·临床医学 2026 , 48 (5) : 583 -591
全凭静脉与静吸复合麻醉对肝癌根治术后患者生存率影响总体无差异但特定亚组风险增高:一项回顾性队列研究
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邱卓敏, 李鑫雨, 高宪, 张宁, 文静, 王顺宏, 李小东, 陈志宇, 甯交琳
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆
通讯作者:
甯交琳,E-mail:
NING Jiaolin, E-mail:
No overall survival difference but elevated risk in specific subgroups: a retrospective cohort study of total intravenous anesthesia versus intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia in patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Zhuomin QIU, Xinyu LI, Xian GAO, Ning ZHANG, Jing WEN, Shunhong WANG, Xiaodong LI, Zhiyu CHEN, Jiaolin NING
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University(Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512147
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目的

探讨基于丙泊酚的全凭静脉麻醉(total intravenous anesthesia, TIVA)和基于七氟烷联合丙泊酚静吸复合麻醉(intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia, IICA)对肝癌根治患者术后5年生存率的影响。

方法

本研究采用回顾性队列研究设计方案,分析陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科2015年1月至2017年12月期间行肝癌根治术患者504例的临床及随访资料,按照麻醉方式不同分为IICA组(n=176)和TIVA组(n=328)。比较在2种不同麻醉方式下接受肝癌根治术,患者术后5年的生存率;并按年龄段、肿瘤大小及数量、终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease, MELD)评分、是否有门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)、术中是否输血、乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)、甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein, AFP)浓度、肿瘤-淋巴-结转移(tumor node metastasis, TNM)分期、巴塞罗那临床肝癌(Barcelona clinic liver cancer, BCLC)分期等进行分层分析,比较亚组下接受2种麻醉方式对肝癌根治术患者术后生存率的影响。

结果

在肝癌根治术患者中,TIVA组肝癌根治术患者5年生存时间为33.00(14.25,60.00)个月,死亡212例(64.60%)。IICA组肝癌根治术患者5年生存时间为27.00(11.00,60.00)个月,死亡125例(71.00%)。在IICA和TIVA下接受肝癌根治术的2组患者术后5年的生存率差异无统计学意义(HR=1.27,95%CI:0.96~1.67,P>0.05)。分层分析发现,MELD评分>7.24(HR=1.61,95%CI:1.11~2.32,P=0.011)、BCLC分期B期(HR=1.74,95%CI:1.11~2.71, P=0.015)、无门静脉癌栓(R=1.35,95%CI:1.04~1.74,P=0.026)术中未接受输血(R=1.34,95%CI:1.02~1.75,P=0.034)的IICA组的患者5年死亡风险增高,亚组比较差异具有统计学意义。

结论

在肝癌根治术患者中,TIVA组与IICA组的患者5年总体生存率无差异;但在术前MELD评分>7.24、无门静脉癌栓、BCLC分期B期、未输血的亚组中,IICA方案显著增加患者5年死亡风险。

丙泊酚  /  七氟烷  /  全凭静脉麻醉  /  肝癌  /  生存率
Objective

To investigate the impact of propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia(TIVA) versus sevoflurane-propofol intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia(IICA) on 5-year postoperative survival rates in patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on the clinical and follow-up data from 504 patients undergoing radical HCC surgery in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2017. According to different anesthesia techniques, the patients were divided into a IICA groups(n=176) and a TIVA group(n=328). The 5-year postoperative survival rates were compared between the 2 groups of patients. Stratified analyses were carried out by age, tumor size and number, Child-Pugh class and model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score, presence of portal vein tumor thrombus(PVTT), intraoperative transfusion, hepatitis B surface antigen status, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP), tumor node metastasis(TNM) stage, and Barcelona clinic liver cancer(BCLC) stage to compare the impact of the 2 anesthesia methods on postoperative survival rates in subgroups.

Results

Among the cohort, the median 5-year survival was 33.00(14.25 to 60.00) months in the TIVA group with 212 deaths(64.60%), and 27.00(11.00 to 60.00) months in the IICA group with 125 deaths(71.00%). There was no statistically significant difference in 5-year survival rate between groups(HR=1.27, 95%CI: 0.96 to 1.67, P>0.05). Stratified analysis revealed significant increased 5-year mortality risk with CIVA in subgroups with MELD score >7.24(HR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.11 to 2.32, P=0.011), BCLC stage B(HR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.11 to 2.71, P=0.015), absence of PVTT(HR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.04 to 1.74, P=0.026), and no intraoperative transfusion(HR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.75, P=0.034).

Conclusion

Among patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for HCC, there is no difference in 5-year overall survival between propofol-based TIVA and sevoflurane-propofol IICA. However, IICA is associated with significantly increased 5-year mortality risk in specific subgroups: MELD score >7.24, absence of PVTT, BCLC stage B, and no intraoperative transfusion.

propofol  /  sevoflurane  /  total intravenous anesthesia  /  hepatocellular carcinoma  /  survival rate
邱卓敏, 李鑫雨, 高宪, 张宁, 文静, 王顺宏, 李小东, 陈志宇, 甯交琳. 全凭静脉与静吸复合麻醉对肝癌根治术后患者生存率影响总体无差异但特定亚组风险增高:一项回顾性队列研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (5) : 583 -591 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512147
Zhuomin QIU, Xinyu LI, Xian GAO, Ning ZHANG, Jing WEN, Shunhong WANG, Xiaodong LI, Zhiyu CHEN, Jiaolin NING. No overall survival difference but elevated risk in specific subgroups: a retrospective cohort study of total intravenous anesthesia versus intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia in patients undergoing radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (5) : 583 -591 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512147
我国肝细胞癌(简称肝癌)发生率居恶性肿瘤第5位[1],致死率位居肿瘤致死率第2位,严重威胁人类健康[2]。根治性肝切除是治疗肝癌的首选手段,也是肝癌患者获得长期生存的重要手段[3]。肝癌患者术后5年总生存期(overall survival,OS)为60%~70%,然而术后5年复发率仍高达40%~70%,且60%的患者在术后2年内复发[4]。因此,抑制早期复发是改善长期预后的关键。
越来越多的证据表明,手术本身可通过释放循环肿瘤细胞、诱发免疫抑制及血管生成等机制,加速微转移灶的出现[5]。即使手术切缘清晰,微小残留病灶也可能仍然存在并迅速发展[6]。围术期因素包括麻醉药物、阿片类镇痛药、异体输血、低体温及疼痛应激,被证实可抑制自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞与CD8+T细胞等免疫细胞功能,从而为残余肿瘤细胞提供“免疫窗口期”[7]。动物模型进一步证实,丙泊酚更能维持NK细胞毒活性并减少肺转移灶[8]。然而,上述机制研究多局限于细胞或动物水平,临床证据尚不一致。
既往研究提示,全凭静脉麻醉(total intravenous anesthesia, TIVA)可改善卵巢癌、食管癌及结肠癌的无瘤生存与总体生存[9-11]。但在肝癌领域,现有报道主要聚焦于单一麻醉药物(丙泊酚或七氟烷)对生存率的影响。值得注意的是,肝切除术中为控制出血,常需间歇性阻断肝门,可致肝脏血流减少60%~80%,并导致丙泊酚代谢率降低及苏醒时间延长[12]。因此,陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科采用“丙泊酚-七氟烷静吸复合麻醉(intravenous-inhalation combined anesthesia, IICA)”方案,以期在维持足够麻醉深度同时加快术后苏醒。然而,关于该策略对肝癌患者术后远期生存率的影响,目前仍属空白。为此,本研究采用回顾性队列研究,比较TIVA与IICA对肝癌根治术后患者远期生存及复发的影响,并探索其相关影响因素,为围术期麻醉策略的选择提供一定的理论依据。
本研究纳入2015年1月至2017年12月于陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科接受肝癌根治手术治疗的504例原发性肝癌患者,其中男性438例、女性66例;年龄19~75岁。根据患者麻醉方式不同分为IICA组176例,TIVA组328例。纳入标准:①按照《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2022年版)》诊断为肝癌;②术后病理学诊断为肝癌。排除标准:①急诊手术;②术前进行放疗、化疗;③合并其他系统肿瘤;④合并严重心、肝、肺、肾、脑等疾病;⑤肝癌复发并再次手术;⑥病历资料不全。本研究为回顾性队列研究,并经陆军军医大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会批准[(B)KY2024242]。
纳入患者均在全身麻醉下接受肝癌根治术,手术方法步骤大致相同。术前所有患者常规禁食禁饮8 h。对每例患者进行常规监测,包括心电图、脉搏血氧饱和度和呼气末二氧化碳浓度,以及桡动脉血压、中心静脉压监测。所有患者麻醉诱导均使用:咪达唑仑0.02~0.05 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.2~0.3 mg/kg、芬太尼2~4 μg/kg或舒芬太尼0.1~1.0 μg/kg、顺式阿曲库铵 0.10~0.15 mg/kg静脉推注,气管插管后行机械通气,潮气量为10~12 mL/kg,呼吸频率为8~12次/min,呼气末二氧化碳浓度维持在35~45 mmHg。
TIVA的麻醉维持方案为:采用2.0~6.0 μg/mL丙泊酚靶控输注,2.0~4.0 ng/mL瑞芬太尼靶控输注,间断推注顺式阿曲库铵维持肌肉松弛。IICA的麻醉维持方案为:采用2.0~2.5 μg/mL丙泊酚和0.5%~1.3%七氟烷、2.0~3.0 ng/mL瑞芬太尼靶控输注,间断推注顺式阿曲库铵维持肌肉松弛。
两组麻醉深度均由脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)指导,BIS值维持在40~60,手术结束后拔出气管导管送回肝胆病房。术后镇痛统一为:术后0~48 h内予以0.1~0.2 mg/h氢吗啡酮,出现爆发性疼痛予以40 mg帕瑞西布纳。
收集患者的人口学特征、全身炎症指数(systemic immune inflammation index,SII)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、肾小球滤过率估算值(estimated glomerular filtration rate,EGFR)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fib)、乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HbsAg)阳性、肿瘤-淋巴-结转移(tumor node metastasis,TNM)分期、巴塞罗那临床肝癌(Barcelona clinic liver cancer,BCLC)分期、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Aneshesiologists,ASA)分级、肿瘤个数、肿瘤大小、肿瘤组织分化程度、门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)、Child-Pugh分级、甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)浓度并进行终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease,MELD)评分、术中出血量、术中输液量、术中输血、术后免疫治疗、术后介入治疗、术后放化疗、复发、远处转移、术后随访等资料。对于AFP浓度和MELD评分,文献报道AFP>20 ng/mL和MELD评分>7.24是影响生存率的界值[13-14],因此根据患者AFP是否>20 ng/mL和MELD评分是否>7.24进行分组。
本研究以总生存期(overall survival, OS)为主要结局指标,患者术后通过门诊、电话和住院进行随访,术后1月、3月、6月及1年各随访1次,此后每隔一年专人电话随访一次,随访内容包括术后基本情况、用药情况、复发情况及复发时间、死亡及死亡时间、死亡原因等情况,直至患者死亡或退出随访。随访时间起于2015年1月至2022年12月,期间失访按删失事件处理。
肝癌患者术后5年OS为60%~70%。因此,本研究预计TIVA组的5年生存率为60%,而IICA组的5年生存率为45%。使用PASS 15.0软件进行样本量计算,设定双侧检验、α=0.05、检验效能1-β=0.8,N2/N1=2,则样本量N1=157,N2=316(失访率为15%时),故本研究样本量符合要求。
主要研究终点为总生存率,比较接受丙泊酚或丙泊酚联合七氟烷作为主要麻醉药物的组间生存率。采用SPSS 23.0软件及R2.4.5.0分析数据,采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov test检验计量资料是否符合正态分布。正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布的计量资料以[M(P25,P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann Whitney检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用Pearson χ2检验,对理论频数不符合卡方检验的采用Fisher精确检验。对于主要终点,总生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier估计,组间差异采用log-rank检验,且对1~5年生存率进行多重比较,使用Benjamini-Hochberg方法控制错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)。采用Cox比例风险模型对年龄、性别、BMI、ASA、TNM分期、BCLC分期等因素进行校正。效应量以风险比(hazard ratio, HR)和95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)表示。采用Cox比例风险模型检验不同亚组患者总生存期的差异。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究共纳入504名患者,其中TIVA组328例,IICA组176例。两组患者基线资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
术后5年随访期后,100例(19.80%)患者失访,所有肝癌根治术患者的5年生存时间为31.00(13.00,60.00)个月。其中TIVA组肝癌根治术患者的5年生存时间为33.00(14.25,60.00)个月。IICA组肝癌根治术患者的5年生存时间为27.00(11.00,60.00)个月。
与TIVA组患者比较,IICA组患者术后5年生存率差异无统计学意义(图1)。随访结束时,TIVA组中,328例患者中死亡212例(64.60%),IICA组中,176例患者中死亡125例(71.00%),2种麻醉方式的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线如图1所示。此外对2组1~5年生存率进行多重比较,组间比较未发现统计学差异(表2)。
不同麻醉方式对增加肝癌根治术的患者术后5年的死亡率风险的趋势在大多数亚组中保持一致(图2)。但在MELD评分、是否有门静脉癌栓、BCLC分期、术中是否输血亚组分析中,IICA组MELD评分>7.24(HR=1.61,95%CI:1.11~2.32,P=0.011)、BCLC分期B期(HR=1.74,95%CI:1.11~2.71, P=0.015)、无门静脉癌栓(HR=1.35,95%CI:1.04~1.74,P=0.026)及术中未接受输血(HR=1.34,95%CI:1.02~1.75,P=0.034)的患者5年死亡风险增高,亚组比较差异具有统计学意义。
肝癌根治术后的局部复发和远处转移是影响5年生存率的首要原因[15]。多项研究发现,不同的麻醉药物通过影响肿瘤微环境和肿瘤相关信号通路对肿瘤的生物学活性及肿瘤患者的预后产生影响。不同的麻醉技巧及药物对缓解手术导致的应激反应及炎症因子产生不同影响,而应激反应及炎症因子与肝细胞癌的发生发展密切相关。因此,不同麻醉药物、不同麻醉方式对肿瘤发生、发展及预后的影响已经受到广泛关注。
本研究回顾性比较了TIVA与IICA对肝癌根治术患者5年生存率的影响。结果显示,2种麻醉方案对总体5年生存率无显著差异,这与多数研究报道一致[16-17]。然而分层分析发现,对于MELD评分>7.24、无门静脉癌栓、BCLC分期B期及术中未输血的患者,TIVA组5年生存率更高。这一发现提示麻醉药物的选择可能在特定亚组患者中具有临床意义。
尽管体外研究证实丙泊酚可通过调控微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)表达及相关信号通路影响肿瘤细胞凋亡、增殖和迁移[18-19],但本研究未观察到TIVA在整体人群中的显著生存获益,其原因可从3方面解析:①手术创伤的压倒性影响:在本研究中本研究纳入均为开腹手术患者,开放手术作为强免疫抑制源,通过损伤相关分子释放引发系统性炎症反应和免疫细胞功能抑制,创造有利于残留肿瘤细胞存活的微环境[20-21],丙泊酚的免疫调节效应难以抗衡开放手术诱导的剧烈免疫抑制状态。②时间窗口的局限性:围术期免疫抑制与神经-炎症网络的同步激活可在术后一周以上时间窗内为播散肿瘤细胞提供种植存活的“土壤”[22],而术中麻醉药物暴露时间相对短暂,难以对肿瘤长期生物学行为产生决定性改变。③肿瘤异质性与复杂性:肝癌具有高度的生物学异质性。肿瘤分期、分化程度[23]、微环境状态[24]、基础肝病情况、合并症等因素均显著影响其自然进程和预后。单一麻醉干预的效应可能被这种巨大的异质性所稀释或掩盖。尽管LAI等[25]发现,与地氟烷麻醉比较,以丙泊酚为主的TIVA显著提高开腹肝癌根治术患者的长期生存率。但这种结果的差异性,可能与纳入研究的人群基本特征、吸入麻醉药物类型及患者术后治疗措施等有关,这也解释了本研究在肝细胞癌术后整体5年生存率没有统计学差异的原因。
MELD评分是预测肝硬化患者短期死亡风险的客观指标[26]。中国肝癌患者多合并乙肝-肝硬化背景,本研究以7.24为界值进行分层,发现TIVA可改善肝肾功能较差患者的长期存活。虽然丙泊酚主要经肝微粒体酶代谢[27],95%的七氟烷以原形经肺排出,但药物代谢途径差异可能并非主因。BELLANTI等[28]研究显示,丙泊酚在缺血/再灌注损伤中可抑制缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha,HIF-1α)激活,保护线粒体功能,减轻氧化应激和肝细胞损伤,而七氟烷无此保护效应,这一机制可能对肝功能有益。
术中输血与贫血程度及手术难度相关,既往研究证实输注异体血是术后肿瘤复发转移的独立危险因素[29],本研究TIVA获益仅见于未输血患者,提示输血可能逆转丙泊酚的保护效益,需更大样本研究验证。
本研究结果发现丙泊酚TIVA对合并门静脉癌栓的患者远期预后不利,这与MENG等[30]报道相反。这可能与本研究对照为七氟烷联合丙泊酚而非单纯吸入麻醉有关,七氟烷的促肿瘤效应可能抵消了丙泊酚的保护作用;同时门静脉癌栓局部微环境处于高度免疫抑制状态[31],丙泊酚的全身性免疫保护作用在此情境下可能失效。
本研究的创新之处在于对照研究了基于丙泊酚的TIVA和丙泊酚联合七氟烷的IICA对肝癌患者术后长期生存的影响,尽管总体结果为阴性,但分层分析识别出TIVA可能获益的特定人群(MELD评分>7.24、无门静脉癌栓、BCLC分期B期、未输血),为精准麻醉策略提供依据。
本研究存在以下方面的局限性:①回顾性设计无法随机分组,尽管主要混杂因素均衡,仍可能存在未测量偏倚;②样本量较小,TIVA组各年生存率虽均高于IICA组但未达统计学意义,需扩大样本或独立队列验证;③未纳入阿片类[32]、右美托咪定等药物影响分析,将在后续研究中完善。
综上,本研究表明术中麻醉药物选择不影响肝癌肝切除术患者整体5年生存率,但对特定亚组患者,丙泊酚TIVA可能带来生存获益。这一发现强调了个体化麻醉策略在肿瘤手术中的潜在价值。在本研究中未纳入分析,将在正在进行的大样本回顾性分析中纳入分析。

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2026年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512147
  • 接收时间:2025-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-26
  • 修回日期:2026-01-24
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆

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甯交琳,E-mail:
NING Jiaolin, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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