Article(id=1320441368393138279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766592000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-25, revisedDate=1769184000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747354838, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747354838, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747354838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747354838, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441063936996073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='831', pageEnd='970', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747282251, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749796678, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451610262745637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441063936996073, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=861, endPage=870, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441368841928809, articleId=1320441368393138279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Tfh/Tfr cell imbalance and changes in joint injury-related molecules in Brucella osteoarthritis, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective The immuno-inflammatory mechanisms underlying acute and chronic Brucella osteoarthritis (BOA) remain unclear, and the dynamic changes in T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells in this disease, as well as their associations with immune-inflammatory responses, have not been systematically reported. This study aimed to characterize the stage-specific changes in Tfh and Tfr cells in peripheral blood and synovial tissue of BOA patients, and to analyze their relationships with related cytokines, transcription factors, and immunoglobulins, thereby providing the immunological evidence for pathogenesis and clinical management of the disease.
Methods A cross-sectional study design was adopted in this research. A total of 13 patients with acute BOA and 21 patients with chronic BOA, who were diagnosed in the Department of Orthopedics at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University and its medical consortium hospitals from January 2024 to August 2025, were enrolled, and another 20 healthy individuals were subjected and served as the control group. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants, while synovial tissue specimens were obtained from 3 chronic BOA patients and 3 patients with non-infectious joint injury undergoing surgery for local tissue-level validation, which were not included in the overall clinical statistical analysis. Flow cytometry was performed to determine the proportions of Tfh cells (CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD25⁻CD127⁺) and Tfr cells (CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD25⁺CD127⁻) in peripheral blood, as well as the Tfh/Tfr ratio. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-21, IL-10, TGF-β, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgE and IgM) were measured by ELISA. The mRNA expression of Tfh-related transcription factor BCL-6 and cytokine IL-21, as well as Tfr-related transcription factor FOXP3 and cytokine IL-10, was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using qRT-PCR. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of IL-21, FOXP3, and joint matrix metabolism-related proteins MMP-13, type Ⅱ collagen (COLⅡ), and ADAMTS5) in synovial tissues.
Results ① In the synovial tissues, the chronic BOA group showed significantly higher protein levels of FOXP3 (P=0.020 1), MMP-13 (P=0.004 8), and ADAMTS5 (P=0.002 3), while lower levels of IL-21 (P<0.000 1) and COLⅡ (P=0.009 2) compared with the control group. ② Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood revealed that the proportion of Tfh cells in acute-phase patients was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.001 4) and the chronic-phase group (P<0.000 1); so was the Tfh/Tfr ratio when compared with that in the control group (P=0.020 4) and the chronic-phase group (P<0.000 1); whereas the proportion of Tfr cells was lower than that in the control group (P=0.015 5) and the chronic-phase group (P<0.000 1). ③ qRT-PCR in PBMCs showed that the mRNA levels of the Tfh-related cytokine IL-21 and transcription factor BCL-6 were upregulated in acute-phase patients than the control group (P=0.000 8, P<0.000 1); those of the cytokine IL-10 and transcription factor FOXP3 were also enhanced in chronic-phase patients compared with the control group (both P<0.000 1). ④ ELISA results showed that serum levels of IL-21, IL-4, and IgG were significantly elevated in acute-phase patients, all higher than those in the control group (all P<0.000 1); these 3 indicators showed a decreasing trend in the chronic phase compared with the acute group (P<0.05). In contrast, serum IL-10 level was significantly increased in the chronic phase, higher than that in the control group (P<0.000 1) and the acute-phase patients (P=0.034 3). Serum IgA and IgM levels in patients in both acute and chronic phases were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the 2 phase groups. ⑤ Spearman correlation analysis indicated that, in the acute phase, the proportion of Tfh cells was positively correlated with IL-21, IgA, and IgM (r=0.26, 0.34, and 0.37, respectively), and negatively with Tfr cells (r=-0.54). IL-21 showed a strong positive correlation with IgG and IgM (r=0.75 and 0.58). In the chronic phase, the above correlations overall weakened, while correlations with Tfr-related indexes exhibited stronger associations compared with the other indicators.
Conclusion This study preliminarily revealed the changes in Tfh/Tfr cell imbalance in BOA, with the acute phase characterized by Tfh cells and high expression of related factors, and the chronic phase by larger proportion of Tfr cells and high expression of related factors, accompanied by pathological joint damage.
, authors=Zefan GUO, Zijing YANG, Wenxuan LI, Wenhao WENG, Tao MA, Zhendong ZHANG, Nannan PANG, Weishan WANG, authorsList=Zefan GUO, Zijing YANG, Wenxuan LI, Wenhao WENG, Tao MA, Zhendong ZHANG, Nannan PANG, Weishan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weishan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441374336467064, articleId=1320441368393138279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=布鲁氏菌性骨关节炎中Tfh/Tfr细胞失衡特征及关节损伤相关分子的变化, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 布鲁氏菌性骨关节炎急慢性期免疫炎症机制尚未明确,滤泡辅助性T细胞(T follicular helper cells,Tfh)和滤泡调节性T细胞(follicular regulatory T cells,Tfr)细胞在该疾病中的动态变化及其与免疫炎症反应无相关报道。本研究旨在探讨布鲁氏菌性骨关节炎患者外周血及滑膜组织中Tfh细胞与Tfr细胞急性期与慢性期的变化特点,及其相关细胞因子、转录因子与免疫球蛋白的关联性,为该疾病免疫机制及临床诊疗提供科学依据。
方法 本研究采用横断面研究设计,共纳入2024年1月至2025年8月石河子大学第一附属医院及医共体医院骨科确诊的急性期布鲁氏菌性骨关节炎患者13例、慢性期患者21例,另选取20例健康人群作为对照。收集所有研究对象外周血样本,同时收集慢性期患者3例及非感染性关节损伤手术患者的滑膜组织3例作为局部组织水平验证,未纳入总体临床统计分析。采用流式细胞术检测外周血中(CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD25⁻CD127⁺)Tfh细胞与(CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD25⁺CD127⁻)Tfr细胞百分比及两者比值;ELISA法测定血清中IL-4、IL-21、IL-10、TGF-β等细胞因子及IgA、IgG、IgE、IgM等免疫球蛋白水平;qRT-PCR检测外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs)中Tfh相关转录因子BCL-6、细胞因子IL-21及Tfr相关转录因子FOXP3、细胞因子IL-10的mRNA表达;Western blotting检测滑膜组织中IL-21、FOXP3蛋白及关节基质代谢相关蛋白MMP-13、COLⅡ、ADAMTS5的表达。
结果 ①滑膜组织中相关蛋白检测结果显示,相较于对照组,慢性期患者FOXP3(P=0.020 1)、MMP-13(P=0.004 8)、ADAMTS5(P=0.002 3)蛋白表达均显著升高,而IL-21(P<0.000 1)、COLⅡ(P=0.009 2)蛋白表达则显著降低。②外周血流式细胞术检测发现,急性期患者Tfh细胞比例较对照组(P=0.001 4)、慢性期组(P<0.000 1)均显著升高;Tfh/Tfr比值分别高于对照组(P=0.020 4)及慢性期组(P<0.000 1);而Tfr细胞比例则低于对照组(P<0.015 5)和慢性期组(P<0.000 1)。③qRT-PCR检测显示,急性期患者PBMCs中Tfh相关细胞因子IL-21、转录因子BCL-6相较于对照组升高(P=0.000 8,P<0.000 1);慢性期患者细胞因子IL-10、转录因子FOXP3相较于对照组表达均明显上调(P<0.000 1)。④酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测结果显示,急性期患者血清IL-21、IL-4、IgG水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.000 1);慢性期患者较急性期三者呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。而IL-10水平在慢性期显著升高,高于对照组(P<0.000 1)及急性期(P=0.034 3)。患者血清IgA、IgM水平在急、慢性期均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但在2组间比较无统计学差异。⑤Spearman相关性分析显示,急性期Tfh细胞比例与IL-21、IgA、IgM呈正相关(r=0.26、0.34、0.37),与Tfr细胞呈负相关(r=-0.54),IL-21与IgG、IgM呈强正相关(r=0.75、0.58);慢性期上述相关性整体减弱,Tfr相关指标与其余指标联动增强。
结论 本研究初步揭示了Tfh/Tfr细胞失衡在布鲁氏菌性骨关节炎中的变化,急性期以Tfh细胞及其相关因子高表达为主;慢性期以Tfr细胞及其相关因子高表达为特征,且存在骨关节病理损伤。
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1Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441375020138621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, companyId=1320441374739120251, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1石河子大学第一附属医院关节外科,新疆 石河子)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441382620217518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Lumbar spine MR images of a patient with Brucella osteoarthritis (BOA), figureFileSmall=pjOIUEWkAbEmK1OjVsdfbg==, figureFileBig=Dz0/rM3FSCkUPVvJISlVXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441382683132079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
布鲁氏菌性骨关节炎患者腰椎MRIA: T1-weighted image; B: T2-weighted image. The red arrows indicate abnormal bone changes in the L5 and S1 vertebrae accompanied by a paraspinal abscess
, figureFileSmall=pjOIUEWkAbEmK1OjVsdfbg==, figureFileBig=Dz0/rM3FSCkUPVvJISlVXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383064813745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Expression of Tfh/Tfr-related transcription factors, cytokines, and cartilage injury markers in healthy controls and patients with chronic BOA by Western blotting, figureFileSmall=jzNBfVzCqi27Mql+3blVRA==, figureFileBig=wdiM60fQo8Q/mcBUAxPAfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383178059955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
Western blotting检测对照组和慢性布鲁氏菌性骨关节炎患者中Tfh细胞、Tfr细胞相关转录、细胞因子以及软骨损伤标志物A: representative images of protein expression levels; B: decreased IL-21 expression in the chronic phase; C: increased FOXP3 expression in the chronic phase; D: reduced COL Ⅱ expression in the chronic phase; E: elevated MMP-13 expression in the chronic phase; F: elevated ADAMTS5 expression in the chronic phase
, figureFileSmall=jzNBfVzCqi27Mql+3blVRA==, figureFileBig=wdiM60fQo8Q/mcBUAxPAfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383245168820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Comparison of Tfh and Tfr cell frequencies and their ratios among healthy controls and acute and chronic BOA patients, figureFileSmall=LokES6SuEb0wmnsh191ayQ==, figureFileBig=JtgDYi/miM+xibR56stddg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383463272629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
对照组与急性期、慢性期布鲁氏菌性骨关节炎患者Tfh细胞百分比及Tfr细胞比例及比值比较A: gating strategy for flow cytometric analysis; B: comparison of Tfh cell frequencies among the 3 groups; C: comparison of Tfr cell frequencies; D: comparison of Tfh/Tfr ratios
, figureFileSmall=LokES6SuEb0wmnsh191ayQ==, figureFileBig=JtgDYi/miM+xibR56stddg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383534575798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
mRNA expression of Tfh/Tfr-related transcription factors and cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy controls and acute and chronic BOA patients, figureFileSmall=+cXYz1ByY6lALmFIgqpW0A==, figureFileBig=vezlovarZiBmb5Jt/RRQlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383597490360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
PBMCs中Tfh细胞/Tfr细胞的转录因子、细胞因子mRNA表达A: significantly increased BCL-6 expression in the acute phase; B: elevated IL-21 expression in the acute phase; C: elevated FOXP3 expression in the chronic phase; D: elevated IL-10 expression in the chronic phase
, figureFileSmall=+cXYz1ByY6lALmFIgqpW0A==, figureFileBig=vezlovarZiBmb5Jt/RRQlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383819788473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Serum levels of cytokines and immunoglobulins among healthy controls and acute and chronic BOA patients, figureFileSmall=UUoGp0kpLTKu90OmS0XOqA==, figureFileBig=jCQjmJ29T707rl/ZUzJcRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383891091642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
细胞因子和免疫球蛋白在各组中的变化A:IL-21;B:IL-4;C:IL-10;D:TGF-β;E:IgA;F:IgM;G:IgG;H:IgE
, figureFileSmall=UUoGp0kpLTKu90OmS0XOqA==, figureFileBig=jCQjmJ29T707rl/ZUzJcRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441383949811899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Spearman correlation analysis between Tfh/Tfr cell frequencies and cytokine or immunoglobulin levels in patients with acute and chronic BOA, figureFileSmall=Ww/i7wZm0APGwUv1W47AmQ==, figureFileBig=PyN1LeorIDgfu53YwZsaYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441384235024572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
Spearman相关分析显示急性期与慢性期患者Tfh、Tfr细胞比例与细胞因子及免疫球蛋白之间的相关性分析A: acute phase;B: chronic phase
, figureFileSmall=Ww/i7wZm0APGwUv1W47AmQ==, figureFileBig=PyN1LeorIDgfu53YwZsaYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441384314716349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Primer sequences in qRT-PCR
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene names | Primer (5'→3') |
|---|
| BCL-6 | Forward:ACACATCTCGGCTCAATTTGC Reverse:AGTGTCCACAACATGCTCCAT |
| FOXP3 | Forward:GTGGCCCGGATGTGAGAAG Reverse:GGAGCCCTTGTCGGATGATG |
| IL-21 | Forward:GCACTTCCCACAGTGCCTAT Reverse:AGTTCTTCCCTTGATGGCCG |
| IL-10 | Forward:TGCTCTTGCAAAACCAAACC Reverse:TTCACTCTGCTGAAGGCATC |
), ArticleFig(id=1320441384662843582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
qRT-PCR引物序列
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene names | Primer (5'→3') |
|---|
| BCL-6 | Forward:ACACATCTCGGCTCAATTTGC Reverse:AGTGTCCACAACATGCTCCAT |
| FOXP3 | Forward:GTGGCCCGGATGTGAGAAG Reverse:GGAGCCCTTGTCGGATGATG |
| IL-21 | Forward:GCACTTCCCACAGTGCCTAT Reverse:AGTTCTTCCCTTGATGGCCG |
| IL-10 | Forward:TGCTCTTGCAAAACCAAACC Reverse:TTCACTCTGCTGAAGGCATC |
), ArticleFig(id=1320441384738341055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Baseline data and results of routine laboratory tests
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Items | Healthy Group (n=20) | Acute Phase Group (n=13) | Chronic Phase Group (n=21) | P |
|---|
| Gender (M/F) | 8/12 | 10/3 | 13/8 | 0.113 7 |
| ESR/(mm/h) | 7.20±4.02 | 34.36±26.52 | 16.33±10.63 | 0.004 9 |
| CRP/(mg/L) | 1.13±0.79 | 41.54±28.46 | 12.53±9.79 | <0.000 1 |
| LC(×10⁹/L) | 1.99±0.46 | 2.00±0.99 | 1.80±0.66 | 0.284 7 |
| Lym/% | 32.06±8.09 | 37.19±11.77 | 37.47±10.08 | 0.399 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320441384813838528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441368393138279, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
基线及常规实验室检查结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Items | Healthy Group (n=20) | Acute Phase Group (n=13) | Chronic Phase Group (n=21) | P |
|---|
| Gender (M/F) | 8/12 | 10/3 | 13/8 | 0.113 7 |
| ESR/(mm/h) | 7.20±4.02 | 34.36±26.52 | 16.33±10.63 | 0.004 9 |
| CRP/(mg/L) | 1.13±0.79 | 41.54±28.46 | 12.53±9.79 | <0.000 1 |
| LC(×10⁹/L) | 1.99±0.46 | 2.00±0.99 | 1.80±0.66 | 0.284 7 |
| Lym/% | 32.06±8.09 | 37.19±11.77 | 37.47±10.08 | 0.399 5 |
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