Article(id=1320441045960216895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766332800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-22, revisedDate=1768406400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747277965, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747277965, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747277965, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747277965, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320440935603880850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='523', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747251654, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749737175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=622, endPage=633, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441046165737792, articleId=1320441045960216895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=From disease management to social risk governance: evidence and strategies for integrating anti-domestic violence, anti-bullying, and child protection into China’s comprehensive depression prevention and control system, columnId=1320434453051199700, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Think Tank for Public Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze long-term trends in the burden of major depressive disorder(MDD) in China and globally from 1990 to 2023 based on the Global Burden of Disease 2023(GBD 2023), characterize pre- and post-pandemic patterns and demographic drivers, and project future burden trends.

Methods

Data were extracted from the GBD 2023 database covering 204 countries/territories. Age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate(ASDR), and their 95% uncertainty intervals(UI) were calculated. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to estimate average annual percent change(AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals(CI), along with correlations with sociodemographic index(SDI), inequality, and frontier gaps. Das Gupta decomposition was applied to assess demographic contributions. Autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) models were developed based on 1990 to 2018 time-series to forecast trends from 2024 to 2040. Attributable burdens of major modifiable social risk factors were also analyzed.

Results

In 2023, China’s ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR were 3 002.50/100 000, 2 107.50/100 000, and 429.44/100 000, respectively, all lower than the global estimates of 3 464.17/100 000, 2 815.75/100 000, and 567.77/100 000, correspondingly. From 1990 to 2023, all 3 age-standardized rates showed upward trends. In China, AAPC was 1.214%(P<0.05) for ASIR, 0.920%(P<0.05) for ASPR, and 0.947%(P<0.05) for ASDR; globally, corresponding AAPCs were 1.222%(P<0.05), 1.385%(P<0.05), and 1.380%(P<0.05), respectively. Post-pandemic ASPR and ASDR maintained high plateau levels: in 2023, China’s rate increased by 7.5% and 7.4% relative to 2019, while global rates increased by 24.5% and 24.1%, respectively. Age distribution patterns showed that in 2023, China’s crude incidence rate peaked at 3 909.88/100 000(95%UI: 3 009.15 to 4 874.13) in the 15 to 19 years age group, and crude DALY rate also peaked at 584.29/100 000(95%UI: 361.23 to 887.27) in the same age group. Whereas the crude prevalence rate increased with age and peaked at age of ≥95 years at 3 084.41/100 000(2 410.08 to 4 107.62). In 2023, correlations between ASIR/ASPR/ASDR and SDI were weak and not statistically significant(P>0.05). ARIMA projections suggested that by 2040, China’s ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR would reach 3 648.92/100 000, 2 576.16/100 000, and 536.31/100 000, respectively. In 2023, attributable proportions of DALYs(China/global) were 8.70%/8.32% for intimate partner violence, 8.24%/6.82% for bullying victimization, and 7.48%/8.20% for childhood sexual abuse. Sex-stratified analyses consistently showed higher burdens in females than in males.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2023, the burden of MDD in China and globally continued to rise. The COVID-19 pandemic produced an additional surge, with accumulated burden maintaining high levels post-pandemic. Age patterns indicate coexistence of “high incidence and high health loss in adolescence” and “accumulation of absolute burden in middle-aged and older adults.” Projections based on pre-pandemic trends suggest that China’s future burden may continue to increase. Countermeasures While improving service accessibility, we recommend advancing screening and stratified interventions to priority populations, especially adolescents and females, and integrating social risk governance measures, such as anti-domestic violence, anti-bullying, and child protection, into a comprehensive MDD prevention and control system.

, authors=Derong LIN1, Menglin KOU1, Shasha WANG2, Jingya FANG1, Xiaohua XIE1, Jingrong LIANG1, Shuxiong LUO1, Aiguo XUE1, authorsList=Derong LIN, Menglin KOU, Shasha WANG, Jingya FANG, Xiaohua XIE, Jingrong LIANG, Shuxiong LUO, Aiguo XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aiguo XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441047587606863, articleId=1320441045960216895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=从疾病管理到社会风险治理:将反家暴、反欺凌与儿童保护纳入中国抑郁综合防控体系的证据与策略, columnId=1320434453520961751, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·公共卫生智库, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)数据库2023年数据,分析1990—2023年中国与全球重性抑郁障碍(major depressive disorder,MDD)负担的长期趋势,探讨疫情前后特征与人口学驱动因素,并预测未来负担趋势。

方法

采用GBD 2023数据库提取204个国家/地区数据,计算年龄标准化发病率(age-standardized incidence rate,ASIR)、年龄标准化患病率(age-standardized prevalence rate,ASPR)和年龄标准化伤残调整生命年率(age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate,ASDR)及95%不确定区间(uncertainty interval,UI)。采用Joinpoint分段回归估计平均年变化百分比(average annual percent change,AAPC)及95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI),结合社会人口学指数(sociodemographic index,SDI)、不平等评估及前沿差距进行分析;使用Das Gupta分解评估人口学因素贡献;基于1990—2018年时间序列建立自回归积分滑动平均模型(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)预测2024—2040年趋势;同时分析主要可干预社会风险因素归因。

结果

2023年中国ASIR、ASPR、ASDR分别为3 002.50/100 000、2 107.50/100 000和429.44/100 000,均低于全球(3 464.17/100 000、2 815.75/100 000和567.77/100 000)。1990—2023年3项标准化率总体上升:中国ASIR、ASPR、ASDR的AAPC值分别为1.214%(P<0.05)、0.920%(P<0.05)、0.947%(P<0.05);全球分别为1.222%(P<0.05)、1.385%(P<0.05)和1.380%(P<0.05)。疫情后ASPR与ASDR维持高水平:2023年中国分别较2019年上升7.5%和7.4%,全球分别上升24.5%和24.1%。年龄分布方面:2023年中国粗发病率峰值位于15~19岁,为3 909.88/100 000(95%UI:3 009.15~4 874.13),粗DALY率峰值位于15~19岁,为584.29/100 000(95%UI:361.23~887.27),粗患病率随年龄上升并在≥95岁时达到3 084.41/100 000(95%UI:2 410.08~4 107.62)。2023年ASIR/ASPR/ASDR与SDI的相关性均较弱且差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ARIMA预测显示,中国ASIR、ASPR、ASDR至2040年分别达3 648.92/100 000、2 576.16/100 000和536.31/100 000;2023年DALYs归因占比(中国/全球)为亲密伴侣暴力(8.70%/8.32%)、欺凌受害(8.24%/6.82%)和儿童期性虐待(7.48%/8.20%)。性别分层总体呈现出“女性高于男性”的趋势。

结论

1990—2023年中国与全球MDD负担持续上升,疫情带来额外上冲并使存量负担在疫情后维持较高水平。年龄结构提示“青少年期高新发与高健康损失”与“中老年阶段绝对量累积”并存;基于疫情前序列的预测显示,我国未来负担仍可能继续增加。对策 建议在提升服务可及性的同时,将筛查与分层干预前移至青少年和女性等重点人群,并把反家暴、反欺凌与儿童保护等社会风险治理纳入抑郁综合防控。

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薛爱国,E-mail:
XUE Aiguo, E-mail:
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Int J Ment Health Syst, 2022, 16(1): 29., articleTitle=Determinants of effective treatment coverage for major depressive disorder in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441047826682192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441047835070801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, companyId=1320441047826682192, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, Guangdong), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441047843459410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, companyId=1320441047826682192, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广州中医药大学东莞医院针灸科,广东 东莞)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320441047918956883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441047927345492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, companyId=1320441047918956883, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441047935734101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, companyId=1320441047918956883, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广州中医药大学第二临床医学院,广东 广州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441050506842500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Sex-specific trends in ASIR(A), ASPR(B) and ASDR(C) of major depressive disorder in China and globally, 1990 to 2023, figureFileSmall=0jrun4LhSbC9wyJ5d7lW5g==, figureFileBig=ykAvm6hLbiPkYKB6fd33Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441050607505797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2023年中国与全球重性抑郁障碍ASIR(A)、ASPR(B)与ASDR(C)性别分层趋势

ASIR: Age-standardized incidence rate; ASPR: Age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR: Age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate

, figureFileSmall=0jrun4LhSbC9wyJ5d7lW5g==, figureFileBig=ykAvm6hLbiPkYKB6fd33Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441050825609606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Age patterns of major depressive disorder burden in China and globally in 1990 and 2023, figureFileSmall=i5lOdKTFM91pvpDDQTj/ag==, figureFileBig=lMfyT5Wj4csHpfrzmAGcfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441050905301383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990与2023年中国与全球重性抑郁障碍负担年龄分布特征

A~C: The China estimates of incidence (A), prevalence (B) and DALYs (C); D~F: The Global estimates of incidence (D), prevalence (E) and DALYs (F). UI:Uncertainty intervals; DALYs: Disability-adjusted life-years

, figureFileSmall=i5lOdKTFM91pvpDDQTj/ag==, figureFileBig=lMfyT5Wj4csHpfrzmAGcfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441050993381768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Correlations of ASIR(A), ASPR(B) and ASDR(C) with SDI for major depressive disorder in 2023, figureFileSmall=lqXrK0BirfIBdkf0Yqnp6Q==, figureFileBig=QFllWrPf3w62b9d0bGrNFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051056296329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2023年重性抑郁障碍ASIR(A)、ASPR(B)与ASDR(C)与SDI的相关性

SDI: Sociodemographic index; ASIR: Age-standardized incidence rate; ASPR: Age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR: Age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate; CI: Confidence interval

, figureFileSmall=lqXrK0BirfIBdkf0Yqnp6Q==, figureFileBig=QFllWrPf3w62b9d0bGrNFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051131793802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Inequality in ASDR of major depressive disorder in 1990 and 2023: slope index of inequality and concentration curves, figureFileSmall=wAAaR8Dm0zV7Xqx/+Z1AgA==, figureFileBig=areR6Usg9QVvm66w0ezT4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051190514059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1990与2023年重性抑郁障碍ASDR的不平等分析(SII/CIX)

ASDR: Age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate; DALYs: Disability-adjusted life-year; SDI: Sociodemographic index; SII: Slope index of inequality; CIX: Concentration index

, figureFileSmall=wAAaR8Dm0zV7Xqx/+Z1AgA==, figureFileBig=areR6Usg9QVvm66w0ezT4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051261817228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Frontier analysis of ASDR for major depressive disorder: multi-timepoint trajectories(1990 to 2020) and frontier gaps in 2023, figureFileSmall=G8yL21q2qQTTQkdksZ2t7w==, figureFileBig=OAvy+tefZwWiYwgtRka0tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051328926093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=图5, caption=重性抑郁障碍ASDR的前沿分析:1990—2020年多时点轨迹与2023年前沿差距

ASDR: Age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate; SDI: Sociodemographic index

, figureFileSmall=G8yL21q2qQTTQkdksZ2t7w==, figureFileBig=OAvy+tefZwWiYwgtRka0tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051391840654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Sex-specific ARIMA projections of ASIR(A), ASPR(B), and ASDR(C) for major depressive disorder in China based on the 1990 to 2018 time-series, figureFileSmall=IoBuLTWdIB+0EjM7s5G+7A==, figureFileBig=huKsHR1Vbi7fJKfiVaX+rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051467338127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于1990—2018年序列的ARIMA模型对中国重性抑郁障碍ASIR(A)、ASPR(B)与ASDR(C)的性别分层外推预测

ASIR: Age-standardized incidence rate; ASPR: Age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR: Age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate

, figureFileSmall=IoBuLTWdIB+0EjM7s5G+7A==, figureFileBig=huKsHR1Vbi7fJKfiVaX+rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051530252688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Trends in the attributable percent of DALYs of major depressive disorder attributable to 3 key risk factors in China and globally, 1990 to 2023, figureFileSmall=LL00xmBiPCOuC9HF29fC7Q==, figureFileBig=qD+WjrA4oC/682dT1qdp+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051609944465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=图7, caption=1990—2023年中国与全球重性抑郁障碍DALYs归因于主要危险因素的比例趋势

A: Bullying victimization attributable DALYs; B: Intimate partner violence attributable DALYs; B: Childhood sexual abuse attributable DALYs. DALYs: disability-adjusted life-year

, figureFileSmall=LL00xmBiPCOuC9HF29fC7Q==, figureFileBig=qD+WjrA4oC/682dT1qdp+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441051685441938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Burden of major depressive disorder in China and globally in 1990 and 2023, and temporal trends from 1990 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexLocationMeasure199020231990—2023
ASR(95%UI)ASR(95%UI)AAPC(95%CI)
BothChinaASIR2 429.21(2 120.77~2 755.30)3 002.50(2 649.88~3 405.77)1.214(0.504~1.925)a
ASPR1 669.10(1 348.64~1 980.43)2 107.50(1 788.24~2 493.69)0.920(0.710~1.131) a
ASDR337.73(226.68~475.75)429.44(294.93~608.35)0.947(0.736~1.157)a
GlobalASIR3 032.75(2 613.31~3 481.82)3 464.17(3 001.81~3 994.45)1.222(0.552~1.893)a
ASPR1 992.85(1 572.69~2 472.22)2 815.75(2 312.28~3 478.08)1.385(1.131~1.639)a
ASDR401.26(264.68~578.09)567.77(382.72~810.20)1.380(1.127~1.633)a
MaleChinaASIR1 975.49(1 714.89~2 260.43)2 343.45(2 058.36~2 670.53)0.406(-0.106~0.919)
ASPR1 368.11(1 095.06~1 650.82)1 674.20(1 400.26~2 014.32)0.983(0.557~1.410)a
ASDR278.91(185.69~398.52)342.63(233.91~488.36)0.844(0.698~0.990)a
GlobalASIR2 435.26(2 088.10~2 813.29)2 733.08(2 354.25~3 162.97)1.157(0.488~1.827)a
ASPR1 586.90(1 233.43~2 015.21)2 200.20(1 782.98~2 760.82)1.321(1.065~1.577)a
ASDR322.49(210.44~471.16)448.44(297.46~643.93)1.322(1.067~1.578) a
FemaleASIR2 897.63(2 543.43~3 269.15)3 705.48(3 277.17~4 191.78)0.528(0.007~1.049)a
ChinaASPR1 978.22(1 608.72~2 318.05)2 567.79(2 199.19~2 999.79)1.036(0.827~1.245)a
ASDR398.50(268.88~556.10)522.06(360.19~735.46)1.017(0.612~1.422)a
ASIR3 623.38(3 130.23~4 145.38)4 196.86(3 651.40~4 829.11)1.271(0.599~1.943)a
GlobalASPR2 393.17(1 907.20~2 926.08)3 431.96(2 841.04~4 195.98)1.874(1.749~2.000)a
ASDR479.22(318.17~684.59)687.56(469.01~977.04)1.424(1.172~1.676)a
), ArticleFig(id=1320441051765133715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990与2023年中国与全球重性抑郁障碍负担概况及1990—2023年变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SexLocationMeasure199020231990—2023
ASR(95%UI)ASR(95%UI)AAPC(95%CI)
BothChinaASIR2 429.21(2 120.77~2 755.30)3 002.50(2 649.88~3 405.77)1.214(0.504~1.925)a
ASPR1 669.10(1 348.64~1 980.43)2 107.50(1 788.24~2 493.69)0.920(0.710~1.131) a
ASDR337.73(226.68~475.75)429.44(294.93~608.35)0.947(0.736~1.157)a
GlobalASIR3 032.75(2 613.31~3 481.82)3 464.17(3 001.81~3 994.45)1.222(0.552~1.893)a
ASPR1 992.85(1 572.69~2 472.22)2 815.75(2 312.28~3 478.08)1.385(1.131~1.639)a
ASDR401.26(264.68~578.09)567.77(382.72~810.20)1.380(1.127~1.633)a
MaleChinaASIR1 975.49(1 714.89~2 260.43)2 343.45(2 058.36~2 670.53)0.406(-0.106~0.919)
ASPR1 368.11(1 095.06~1 650.82)1 674.20(1 400.26~2 014.32)0.983(0.557~1.410)a
ASDR278.91(185.69~398.52)342.63(233.91~488.36)0.844(0.698~0.990)a
GlobalASIR2 435.26(2 088.10~2 813.29)2 733.08(2 354.25~3 162.97)1.157(0.488~1.827)a
ASPR1 586.90(1 233.43~2 015.21)2 200.20(1 782.98~2 760.82)1.321(1.065~1.577)a
ASDR322.49(210.44~471.16)448.44(297.46~643.93)1.322(1.067~1.578) a
FemaleASIR2 897.63(2 543.43~3 269.15)3 705.48(3 277.17~4 191.78)0.528(0.007~1.049)a
ChinaASPR1 978.22(1 608.72~2 318.05)2 567.79(2 199.19~2 999.79)1.036(0.827~1.245)a
ASDR398.50(268.88~556.10)522.06(360.19~735.46)1.017(0.612~1.422)a
ASIR3 623.38(3 130.23~4 145.38)4 196.86(3 651.40~4 829.11)1.271(0.599~1.943)a
GlobalASPR2 393.17(1 907.20~2 926.08)3 431.96(2 841.04~4 195.98)1.874(1.749~2.000)a
ASDR479.22(318.17~684.59)687.56(469.01~977.04)1.424(1.172~1.676)a
), ArticleFig(id=1320441051844825492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Decomposition of total changes in incident cases, prevalent cases and DALYs in China and globally, 1990 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Country/RegionBurden metricOverall differenceAgingPopulation growthEpidemiological changeAging/%Population growth/%Epidemiological change/%
ChinaIncident cases18 829 865.43-3 403 269.6714 235 488.397 997 646.71-18.0775.642.47
Prevalent cases14 441 626.53-1 723 349.159 976 057.636 188 918.06-11.9369.0842.85
DALYs2 836 756.85-478 385.162 022 732.651 292 409.35-16.8671.345.56
GlobalIncident cases132 945 680.7322 745 852.8481 129 638.1529 070 189.7417.1161.0221.87
Prevalent cases134 104 157.0118 572 649.6760 108 105.7555 423 401.5913.8544.8241.33
DALYs26 795 938.853 434 457.0212 132 296.7611 229 185.0712.8245.2841.91
), ArticleFig(id=1320441051916128661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441045960216895, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2023年中国与全球发病数、患病数与DALYs变动的分解

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Country/RegionBurden metricOverall differenceAgingPopulation growthEpidemiological changeAging/%Population growth/%Epidemiological change/%
ChinaIncident cases18 829 865.43-3 403 269.6714 235 488.397 997 646.71-18.0775.642.47
Prevalent cases14 441 626.53-1 723 349.159 976 057.636 188 918.06-11.9369.0842.85
DALYs2 836 756.85-478 385.162 022 732.651 292 409.35-16.8671.345.56
GlobalIncident cases132 945 680.7322 745 852.8481 129 638.1529 070 189.7417.1161.0221.87
Prevalent cases134 104 157.0118 572 649.6760 108 105.7555 423 401.5913.8544.8241.33
DALYs26 795 938.853 434 457.0212 132 296.7611 229 185.0712.8245.2841.91
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林德荣 1 , 寇梦琳 1 , 王莎莎 2 , 方静雅 1 , 谢小花 1 , 梁靖蓉 1 , 罗树雄 1 , 薛爱国 1
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从疾病管理到社会风险治理:将反家暴、反欺凌与儿童保护纳入中国抑郁综合防控体系的证据与策略
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林德荣1, 寇梦琳1, 王莎莎2, 方静雅1, 谢小花1, 梁靖蓉1, 罗树雄1, 薛爱国1
作者信息
  • 1广州中医药大学东莞医院针灸科,广东 东莞
  • 2广州中医药大学第二临床医学院,广东 广州
通讯作者:
薛爱国,E-mail:
XUE Aiguo, E-mail:
From disease management to social risk governance: evidence and strategies for integrating anti-domestic violence, anti-bullying, and child protection into China’s comprehensive depression prevention and control system
Derong LIN1, Menglin KOU1, Shasha WANG2, Jingya FANG1, Xiaohua XIE1, Jingrong LIANG1, Shuxiong LUO1, Aiguo XUE1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, Guangdong
  • 2Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512129
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目的

基于全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)数据库2023年数据,分析1990—2023年中国与全球重性抑郁障碍(major depressive disorder,MDD)负担的长期趋势,探讨疫情前后特征与人口学驱动因素,并预测未来负担趋势。

方法

采用GBD 2023数据库提取204个国家/地区数据,计算年龄标准化发病率(age-standardized incidence rate,ASIR)、年龄标准化患病率(age-standardized prevalence rate,ASPR)和年龄标准化伤残调整生命年率(age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate,ASDR)及95%不确定区间(uncertainty interval,UI)。采用Joinpoint分段回归估计平均年变化百分比(average annual percent change,AAPC)及95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI),结合社会人口学指数(sociodemographic index,SDI)、不平等评估及前沿差距进行分析;使用Das Gupta分解评估人口学因素贡献;基于1990—2018年时间序列建立自回归积分滑动平均模型(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)预测2024—2040年趋势;同时分析主要可干预社会风险因素归因。

结果

2023年中国ASIR、ASPR、ASDR分别为3 002.50/100 000、2 107.50/100 000和429.44/100 000,均低于全球(3 464.17/100 000、2 815.75/100 000和567.77/100 000)。1990—2023年3项标准化率总体上升:中国ASIR、ASPR、ASDR的AAPC值分别为1.214%(P<0.05)、0.920%(P<0.05)、0.947%(P<0.05);全球分别为1.222%(P<0.05)、1.385%(P<0.05)和1.380%(P<0.05)。疫情后ASPR与ASDR维持高水平:2023年中国分别较2019年上升7.5%和7.4%,全球分别上升24.5%和24.1%。年龄分布方面:2023年中国粗发病率峰值位于15~19岁,为3 909.88/100 000(95%UI:3 009.15~4 874.13),粗DALY率峰值位于15~19岁,为584.29/100 000(95%UI:361.23~887.27),粗患病率随年龄上升并在≥95岁时达到3 084.41/100 000(95%UI:2 410.08~4 107.62)。2023年ASIR/ASPR/ASDR与SDI的相关性均较弱且差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ARIMA预测显示,中国ASIR、ASPR、ASDR至2040年分别达3 648.92/100 000、2 576.16/100 000和536.31/100 000;2023年DALYs归因占比(中国/全球)为亲密伴侣暴力(8.70%/8.32%)、欺凌受害(8.24%/6.82%)和儿童期性虐待(7.48%/8.20%)。性别分层总体呈现出“女性高于男性”的趋势。

结论

1990—2023年中国与全球MDD负担持续上升,疫情带来额外上冲并使存量负担在疫情后维持较高水平。年龄结构提示“青少年期高新发与高健康损失”与“中老年阶段绝对量累积”并存;基于疫情前序列的预测显示,我国未来负担仍可能继续增加。对策 建议在提升服务可及性的同时,将筛查与分层干预前移至青少年和女性等重点人群,并把反家暴、反欺凌与儿童保护等社会风险治理纳入抑郁综合防控。

重性抑郁障碍  /  全球疾病负担  /  伤残调整生命年
Objective

To analyze long-term trends in the burden of major depressive disorder(MDD) in China and globally from 1990 to 2023 based on the Global Burden of Disease 2023(GBD 2023), characterize pre- and post-pandemic patterns and demographic drivers, and project future burden trends.

Methods

Data were extracted from the GBD 2023 database covering 204 countries/territories. Age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate(ASDR), and their 95% uncertainty intervals(UI) were calculated. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to estimate average annual percent change(AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals(CI), along with correlations with sociodemographic index(SDI), inequality, and frontier gaps. Das Gupta decomposition was applied to assess demographic contributions. Autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) models were developed based on 1990 to 2018 time-series to forecast trends from 2024 to 2040. Attributable burdens of major modifiable social risk factors were also analyzed.

Results

In 2023, China’s ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR were 3 002.50/100 000, 2 107.50/100 000, and 429.44/100 000, respectively, all lower than the global estimates of 3 464.17/100 000, 2 815.75/100 000, and 567.77/100 000, correspondingly. From 1990 to 2023, all 3 age-standardized rates showed upward trends. In China, AAPC was 1.214%(P<0.05) for ASIR, 0.920%(P<0.05) for ASPR, and 0.947%(P<0.05) for ASDR; globally, corresponding AAPCs were 1.222%(P<0.05), 1.385%(P<0.05), and 1.380%(P<0.05), respectively. Post-pandemic ASPR and ASDR maintained high plateau levels: in 2023, China’s rate increased by 7.5% and 7.4% relative to 2019, while global rates increased by 24.5% and 24.1%, respectively. Age distribution patterns showed that in 2023, China’s crude incidence rate peaked at 3 909.88/100 000(95%UI: 3 009.15 to 4 874.13) in the 15 to 19 years age group, and crude DALY rate also peaked at 584.29/100 000(95%UI: 361.23 to 887.27) in the same age group. Whereas the crude prevalence rate increased with age and peaked at age of ≥95 years at 3 084.41/100 000(2 410.08 to 4 107.62). In 2023, correlations between ASIR/ASPR/ASDR and SDI were weak and not statistically significant(P>0.05). ARIMA projections suggested that by 2040, China’s ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR would reach 3 648.92/100 000, 2 576.16/100 000, and 536.31/100 000, respectively. In 2023, attributable proportions of DALYs(China/global) were 8.70%/8.32% for intimate partner violence, 8.24%/6.82% for bullying victimization, and 7.48%/8.20% for childhood sexual abuse. Sex-stratified analyses consistently showed higher burdens in females than in males.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2023, the burden of MDD in China and globally continued to rise. The COVID-19 pandemic produced an additional surge, with accumulated burden maintaining high levels post-pandemic. Age patterns indicate coexistence of “high incidence and high health loss in adolescence” and “accumulation of absolute burden in middle-aged and older adults.” Projections based on pre-pandemic trends suggest that China’s future burden may continue to increase. Countermeasures While improving service accessibility, we recommend advancing screening and stratified interventions to priority populations, especially adolescents and females, and integrating social risk governance measures, such as anti-domestic violence, anti-bullying, and child protection, into a comprehensive MDD prevention and control system.

major depressive disorder  /  Global Burden of Disease  /  disability-adjusted life-years
林德荣, 寇梦琳, 王莎莎, 方静雅, 谢小花, 梁靖蓉, 罗树雄, 薛爱国. 从疾病管理到社会风险治理:将反家暴、反欺凌与儿童保护纳入中国抑郁综合防控体系的证据与策略. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (5) : 622 -633 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512129
Derong LIN, Menglin KOU, Shasha WANG, Jingya FANG, Xiaohua XIE, Jingrong LIANG, Shuxiong LUO, Aiguo XUE. From disease management to social risk governance: evidence and strategies for integrating anti-domestic violence, anti-bullying, and child protection into China’s comprehensive depression prevention and control system[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (5) : 622 -633 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512129
重性抑郁障碍(major depressive disorder,MDD)以持续抑郁心境或兴趣缺失为核心,常伴认知及躯体症状,易复发、可迁延慢性化,是全球致残负担的重要来源,并与自杀风险及多系统共病密切相关[1-2]。尽管心理治疗、抗抑郁药物与协作照护等循证干预可改善症状并降低复发,但在全球范围内,“识别-就诊-最低充分治疗”的覆盖范围仍明显不足[3-4]。我国全国代表性调查同样显示,患病规模与治疗利用之间存在差距,可预防、可干预的存量负担仍在累积[5]。
在全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)框架下,统一的原因清单、分层建模与标准化流程为跨时期与跨地区比较提供了可比基础[6-7]。研究显示,新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)在2020年导致抑郁相关负担显著上升,并加剧了部分国家/地区的服务压力[8]。既往基于GBD 2019/2021的工作已从全球与中国省级层面描述抑郁障碍负担的长期变化及其与社会发展水平的异质性,并在比较风险评估中量化了童年期性虐待、亲密伴侣暴力与欺凌受害等可干预风险因素的归因贡献[9-10]。然而,在GBD 2023更新结果(延展至2023年)框架下,中国与全球MDD负担的最新时空格局及其社会人口学指数(sociodemographic index,SDI)不平等与可达前沿差距仍需系统评估[7]。基于此,本研究利用GBD 2023 数据,系统评估1990—2023年中国与全球MDD在年龄标准化发病率(age-standardized incidence rate,ASIR)、年龄标准化患病率(age-standardized prevalence rate,ASPR)与年龄标准化伤残调整生命年率(age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate,ASDR)上的时空变化,并进一步开展SDI相关性、不平等与前沿分析、分解分析及预测与危险因素归因分析,为优化我国抑郁防控策略提供量化证据。
本研究数据来源于美国华盛顿大学健康指标与评估研究所(institute for health metrics and evaluation,IHME)发布的GBD 2023结果工具(GBD 2023 Results Tool)。通过该工具提取1990—2023年中国与全球(204个国家/地区)MDD的发病率、患病率与伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life-years,DALYs)及其年龄标准化率等指标[11]。
在GBD精神障碍病因框架中,MDD采用GBD统一病例定义,并与《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第四版修订本(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders,fourth edition,text revision,DSM-Ⅳ-TR)及《国际疾病分类》第十版(international classification of diseases, 10th Revision,ICD-10)编码对齐:依据DSM-Ⅳ-TR 296.21~296.24、296.31~296.34(对应ICD-10 F32.0~F32.9、F33.0~F33.9)进行识别,且排除由一般躯体疾病所致及由物质/药物所致的抑郁病例[12]。本研究的分析对象为GBD 2023中定义的MDD人群,按照性别和年龄分组进行描述和比较。
在GBD框架下,除少数进食障碍(如神经性厌食症)可获得死亡数据外,多数精神障碍(包括MDD)不作为死因条目,相关DALYs几乎完全由伤残生存年(years lived with disability,YLDs)构成。因此,本研究报告的ASDR可以被理解为MDD的年龄标准化YLD率,用以反映总体健康损失水平[13]。本研究基于公开的汇总数据开展,不涉及个人隐私信息与干预试验,故无需额外伦理审批。
年龄标准化率(age-standardized rate,ASR)依据GBD世界标准人口对分年龄率进行加权得到,并分别记为ASIR、ASPR与ASDR。由于MDD不纳入死因条目,其DALYs=YLDs。1990—2023年的相对变化以百分比(%)表示,用于量化长期水平差异[14]。
对1990—2023年ASR序列采用Joinpoint分段回归分析趋势,估计平均年变化百分比(average annual percent change,AAPC)及95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。拐点数量与模型复杂度通过Monte Carlo置换检验确定;在不平等评估方面,基于按SDI排序的国家/地区横截面分布,采用斜率不平等指数(slope index of inequality,SII)刻画绝对不平等,并采用浓度指数(concentration index,CIX)刻画相对不平等[15-17]。
前沿分析用于评估在既定SDI水平下“可达的最低负担”。具体做法为:以国家/地区SDI为横轴、ASDR为纵轴,拟合低分位边界作为低负担“前沿曲线”[18],并计算各国家/地区与前沿的差距(effective difference),用于刻画同等发展水平下的可改进空间[19]。
采用Das Gupta对称加法分解,将1990与2023年发病数、患病数与DALYs的变化拆解为3部分:人口增长效应(总人口变化)、人口老龄化效应(年龄结构变化)与流行病学变化效应(年龄别率变化)。同时计算3因素的相对贡献(%),以支持地区间与指标间的可比解释[20-21]。
为避免COVID-19及社会事件对时间序列造成的结构性扰动,本研究仅使用1990—2018年数据建立ARIMA模型,预测2024—2040年中国ASIR、ASPR与ASDR趋势。模型阶数(p,d,q)依据赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)与残差诊断综合确定,并通过残差自相关/偏自相关及白噪声检验评价拟合质量[22]。危险因素分析基于GBD比较风险评估框架(comparative risk assessment,CRA)下“归因负担(attributable burden)”计算,不等同于个体层面的因果推断或全量影响因素挖掘,提取亲密伴侣暴力(intimate partner violence,IPV)、欺凌受害(bullying victimization,BV)和儿童期性虐待(childhood sexual abuse,CSA)3项风险的DALYs归因率,并比较中国与全球在1990—2023年的变化轨迹[22]。
数据整理与制图在R 4.4.2软件和Python环境中完成,Joinpoint分析使用Joinpoint Regression Program 5.4.0[10]。所有估计值以均值表示,95%不确定区间(uncertainty interval,UI)来自后验分布的第2.5与第97.5百分位[11]。当AAPC的95%CI不包含0时,认为趋势变化具有统计学意义[15]。所有检验均为双侧,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
1990—2023年,中国与全球MDD的ASIR、ASPR及ASDR整体呈现上升趋势(表1,图1)。时间序列分析显示,二者在COVID-19防控期间均出现短期上冲后回落,但不同指标恢复幅度不一:ASIR呈“上冲-回落”特征,中国回落后基本恢复至疫情前水平,而全球上冲幅度更大、回落后仍略高于疫情前水平;相较之下,ASPR与ASDR在疫情后维持较高平台,且全球平台抬升更为明显,以2019年为参照,2023年中国ASPR与ASDR分别上升7.5%和7.4%,全球分别上升24.5%和24.1%。横截面比较显示,2023年中国总体负担水平低于全球。趋势分析进一步表明,1990—2023年中国与全球MDD负担总体持续上升,且全球ASPR与ASDR的长期增幅高于中国(表1,图1)。
在性别分层方面,中国与全球均呈现稳定的“女性负担高于男性”的趋势(表1,图1)。总体趋势表明,除中国男性ASIR的变化未达统计学显著外,其他性别分层下的ASIR以及两性ASPR、ASDR均表现为长期上升,且差异具有统计学意义(表1,图1)。
1990年与2023年中国与全球MDD的年龄分布呈现不同峰型,其中部分指标的峰值年龄发生了迁移(图2)。粗发病率方面,2023年中国峰值位于15~19岁,为3 909.88/100 000(95%UI:3 009.15~4 874.13),低于全球同龄峰值4 794.72/100 000(95%UI:3 622.07~6 181.34);1990年中国峰值位于≥95岁,为3 682.62/100 000(95%UI:2 981.41~4 475.32),而全球在1990与2023年峰值均稳定于15~19岁;发病例数方面,中国峰值由1990年20~24岁(4 282 170例)右移至2023年50~54岁(4 617 794例);全球两年峰值均集中于15~19岁(1990年21 767 104例,2023年30 908 276例)。
粗患病率方面,中国随年龄上升并在≥95岁达到峰值,而全球峰值均位于15~19岁。对应患病例数峰值,中国由1990年20~24岁(2 887 620例)右移至2023年55~59岁(3 378 179例);全球两年峰值均在15~19岁(1990年14 531 931例,2023年26 199 208例)。
粗DALY率方面,中国峰值由1990年的≥95岁[467.65/100 000(95%UI:319.92~642.70)]前移至2023年的15~19岁[584.29/100 000(95%UI:361.23~887.27)];全球峰值均位于15~19岁且水平上升。DALYs数(人年)峰值方面,中国由1990年的20~24岁(606 385人年)右移至2023年的50~54岁(674 463人年);全球峰值均集中于15~19岁(1990年3 046 430人年,2023年5 486 335人年)。
基于2023年204个国家/地区的横截面分析(图3),3项年龄标准化指标与SDI均呈弱负相关,但未达统计学意义:ASIR与SDI的Spearman相关系数r=-0.071 6(95%CI:-0.227 3~0.059 5,P=0.308 7);ASPR的相关系数r=-0.101 2(95%CI:-0.246 4~0.033 2,P=0.149 7);ASDR的相关系数r=-0.095 6(95%CI:-0.241 8~0.039 6,P=0.173 8)。总体而言,三者相关强度均较弱(|r|<0.11),提示MDD负担与发展水平之间不存在稳定的单调关系。中国位于中高SDI国家/地区簇中,3项指标点位总体处于拟合带附近,未表现为明显离群。
基于1990与2023年按SDI排序的浓度曲线及不平等指标,MDD所致ASDR整体呈轻度向低SDI端集中的趋势,但统计学证据不足:CIX在1990年为-0.019(95%CI:-0.042~0.005),2023年为-0.015(95%CI:-0.039~0.009),2个时点均包含0,提示相对不平等不显著且变化幅度有限;SII在1990年为-48.32(95%CI:-97.53~0.89),2023年为-51.90(95%CI:-119.35~15.55),同样包含0,提示绝对差距未呈现稳定、显著的扩大或缩小(图4)。
前沿分析显示,2023年同等SDI水平下的“最优前沿”随SDI升高而下移(低SDI端前沿约330/100 000,高SDI端稳定在约170/100 000),多数国家/地区点位高于前沿,提示仍存在可压缩空间。中国位于中高SDI簇,2023年ASDR为429.44/100 000,高于同等SDI前沿值(约170.35/100 000),差距约259.09/100 000,提示仍存在进一步减负空间。多时点轨迹(1990、2000、2010、2020)显示,在中国SDI由1990年的0.465升至2020年的0.706的同时,ASDR由337.73/100 000增至441.73/100 000,2023年略回落至429.44/100 000,整体呈现“发展水平提升但健康损失未同步下降”的轨迹特征(图5)。
根据1990—2023年分解结果,中国与全球MDD负担增量的驱动结构存在差异。总体上,中国在发病数、患病数与DALYs的增量中,人口增长贡献最大,而人口老龄化呈负贡献;同时,流行病学变化亦为正向贡献,但其相对作用弱于人口增长(表2)。
全球层面3项指标的增量则呈现不同模式:人口增长与流行病学变化共同构成主要正向驱动,人口老龄化亦为正向贡献但相对作用较小(表2)。
基于1990—2018年中国MDD的ASIR、ASPR与ASDR年度序列建立ARIMA模型,并在预测建模中剔除2019—2023年数据,对2024—2040年进行预测(图6)。模型预测显示,在基线趋势延续情景下,中国总人群ASIR预计由2024年的3 190.15/100 000(95%UI:2 876.69~3 537.76)上升至2040年的3 648.92/100 000(95%UI:3 070.73~4 335.97);ASPR由2024年的2 097.10/100 000(95%UI:1 756.60~2 503.61)上升至2040年的2 576.16/100 000(95%UI:951.90~6 971.98);ASDR由2024年的429.74/100 000(95%UI:360.41~512.39)上升至2040年的536.31/100 000(95%UI:199.63~1 440.77)。性别方面,女性持续高于男性:2040年男性与女性ASDR预测值分别为432.41/100 000(95%UI:160.26~1 166.70)与653.99/100 000(95%UI:243.47~1 756.72),女性与男性的ASDR比约为1.51(图6)。
危险因素分析显示,与人际暴力相关的3项可干预危险因素对MDD DALYs具有稳定归因贡献。2023年中国DALYs归因占比依次为IPV 8.70%、BV 8.24%、CSA 7.48%;全球相应占比分别为8.32%、6.82%与8.20%。与全球相比,中国BV归因占比更高,而CSA归因占比更低(图7)。
本研究基于GBD 2023,从趋势、分解、预测与危险因素归因等维度,对1990—2023年中国与全球MDD负担进行了系统刻画。结果显示,中国与全球ASIR、ASPR及ASDR整体呈长期上升趋势;疫情期出现阶段性上冲后回落,但不同指标恢复幅度不一:ASIR在中国基本回归疫情前水平,而ASPR与ASDR在2023年仍维持较高平台。既往系统综述与Meta分析提示,COVID-19相关的社会心理应激、服务可及性波动与就医行为改变,可能共同推高抑郁相关症状与存量负担[23-24]。结合长期AAPC结果,疫情造成的短期冲击更可能是在既有上升趋势上的“叠加放大”,提示对趋势解读需同时考虑结构性上升与突发公共卫生事件效应[25]。
性别分层显示,中国与全球均呈稳定的“女性高于男性”趋势,且预测期差异仍将持续,提示女性相关的易感性与暴露结构可能在不同地区具有一致性,应将其作为防控与服务配置的重点人群[26]。
年龄模式方面,本研究结果提示需区分“率”与“量”:中国在2023年粗发病率与粗DALY率峰值均位于15~19岁,而粗患病率随年龄上升并在高龄达峰;同时,病例数与DALYs绝对量的峰值更多反映人口结构与累积效应,呈向中老年阶段集中的特征。这意味着MDD防控应同时覆盖两条链条:一是青少年阶段的早识别与早干预(减少新发与早期健康损失),二是中老年阶段的持续管理与复发预防(降低绝对量累积与长期致残)[27]。
2023年横截面分析显示,ASIR/ASPR/ASDR与SDI的相关性均较弱且未达统计学意义,提示仅以发展水平难以解释国家间MDD负担差异。同期不平等指标(CIX、SII)置信区间包含0亦提示负担并未稳定、显著地向某一SDI端聚集。
但前沿分析提供了更具政策指向的信息:在同等SDI水平下,各国/地区仍存在明显“可达最低负担”差距,中国处于中高SDI簇且仍存在一定前沿差距,提示通过优化服务体系与风险治理仍可进一步压缩负担。与单纯比较“水平高低”相比,围绕“前沿差距”识别可操作改进空间更有助于提高减负策略的靶向性与效率[28]。
分解分析显示,1990—2023年中国与全球发病数、患病数与DALYs的绝对量变化均由人口学因素与流行病学变化共同驱动;中国增量主要由人口增长贡献,老龄化呈负贡献,而全球同时受人口增长与流行病学变化推动。该模式与既往GBD研究中“人口规模与率值变化共同塑造绝对量”的结论一致[29]。
因此,减负的关键不在于被动应对人口结构变化,而在于压低年龄别率并减少病程迁延带来的存量累积。循证证据表明,规范治疗和维持管理可以降低复发风险,为“以降低年龄别率为核心的持续规范管理”提供了重要支撑[30]。
基于1990—2018年序列建立并剔除2019—2023年扰动数据的ARIMA预测显示,中国ASIR、ASPR与ASDR在基线情景下至2040年仍呈上升趋势,提示若不进一步强化干预与服务供给,未来新发、存量患病与健康损失仍可能继续累积。
危险因素归因结果显示,人际暴力相关的3项可干预风险(IPV、BV、CSA)对MDD DALYs具有稳定归因贡献;且中国BV归因占比高于全球、CSA低于全球,提示我国在校园欺凌与亲密伴侣暴力等社会行为风险方面存在更明确的干预切入点[25]。相关系统综述亦支持在校园场域开展一级预防与早期干预[31];同时,治疗缺口与服务可及性不足仍是降低长期负担的关键瓶颈,需同步提升基层识别、心理治疗与循证药物治疗可及性,并完善连续随访与复发预防机制[31-32]。
本研究采用GBD 2023的模型化估计,国家级数据整合了问卷调查、疾病登记与分层建模推算。对中国而言,基层精神卫生监测与服务情况仍存在地区差异,加之文化语境下症状表达与求助行为不同,均可能导致以调查与登记为基础的资料出现低估。以全国流行病学调查为例,LU等[5]基于中国精神卫生调查报告显示,抑郁障碍终身患病率约为6.8%,明显高于GBD同年推算值。两者差异可能来自病例定义与测量工具(临床诊断访谈与量表筛查)、样本覆盖与报告偏倚,以及GBD建模在高不确定性地区的收敛性调整。总体而言,GBD估计更适用于趋势与地区差异比较;对绝对水平的解释,建议结合我国本土监测与临床数据进行交叉验证。
本研究在统一的GBD 2023框架下,将不同分析方法及危险因素归因纳入同一研究链条,有助于从“水平比较”进一步走向“机制解释与政策落点”。局限性主要在于:①GBD估计的模型依赖性与跨文化测量异质性可能影响绝对水平解释;②归因分析受限于当前可量化风险列表;③ARIMA属于时间序列外推,难以反映政策强化与社会环境突变带来的情景变化,远期预测区间扩大应更侧重趋势研判而非点估计。
对策建议:为应对1990—2023年中国与全球MDD负担的持续上升,以及疫情后高负担的现状,提升服务可及性和前移防控关口是关键。①建议将MDD的筛查与分层干预前移至青少年和女性等重点人群,尤其是在学校和社区等基层场所,确保早期发现和及时干预,以减少患病率和健康损失。②基层医疗系统需强化复发预防机制,除了早期筛查,还要为已诊断的患者提供长期的心理支持和治疗,减少MDD的反复发作。③将反家暴、反欺凌和儿童保护等社会风险治理纳入抑郁综合防控体系,特别关注高风险群体的心理健康问题。通过跨部门协作,提升对受害者的早期识别和及时转介能力,制定针对性的干预措施。④应加大对资源薄弱地区的支持,特别是提高心理健康服务和社会工作者的培训,提升基层医疗服务体系的心理健康服务能力,确保服务的公平性和可达性。

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2026年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512129
  • 接收时间:2025-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-22
  • 修回日期:2026-01-15
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    1广州中医药大学东莞医院针灸科,广东 东莞
    2广州中医药大学第二临床医学院,广东 广州

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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